Treatise 44: Provinces and Districts III

¶Yamato Province (Yamato-no-Kuni) is a major province (Note: following the Engishiki). In ancient times it was called "Ōyamato" (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Shoku Nihongi. Remark: in the Man'yōshū it is written with the character "Yamato" alone, and also as "Yamatsune" and "Yamato" in other characters). It was also written "Nihon" and "Ōyamato" in a further spelling (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi and the Man'yōshū). Its reading is "Yamato" (written phonetically in the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki), which means "within the mountains"; probably the name derives from the green mountains that encircle it on all four sides (Note: following the general sense of the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki. Remark: because successive sovereigns made their capitals here, the character "Ō" (great) was added).

¶When the Founder (Emperor Jinmu) pacified the Central Land, he first appointed the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of Yamato and Katsuragi and the Agatanushi of Takeda and Shiki. Emperor Suizei established the Agatanushi of Kasuga. Emperor Kōan established the Agatanushi of Tōchi, and subsequently set up the province of Tsuge and the three districts (agata) of Takechi, Yamabe and Sofu (Note: Remark: Katsuragi, Shiki and Tōchi together are called the six districts). There were the settlements of Unade (Unade), Miyake, Nara (Nara), Magari (Magari), Muro, Katashio, Sanuki, Ikegami, Akunami (Akunami), Oshinumi (Oshinumi), Uchi, Yoshino, Uda (Uda), Yamamura, Ōyake (Ōyake), Nukata, Takamiya, Ōsaka, Taima (Taima), Ōichi, Miwa, Hatsuse (Hatsuse), Osaka (Oshisaka), Kuroda, Hoshikawa, Isonokami (Isonokami), Iware (Iware), Hinokuma (Hinokuma) and Kume (Kume) (Note: following the Nihon Shoki, the Kojiki, the Shōjiroku, the Engishiki and the Man'yōshū). These later became districts and then townships (gō) (Note: following the Engishiki and the Wamyōshō).

¶In the ninth year of Tenpyō (737), "Ōyamato" was changed to "Ōyamato" written with the characters meaning "Great Nurturing Virtue" (Ō-Yamato, alternative spelling). In the nineteenth year (747) it was restored to the former form (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi). In the first year of Tenpyō-shōhō (749), the present characters (for Yamato) were fixed (Note: following the Jindai-kan Kuketsu, the Shūgaishō and the Iroha Jirui-shō).

¶The province governs fifteen districts and eighty-nine townships, and the provincial capital is in Takechi District (Note: following the Engishiki and the Wamyōshō). The journey to the capital takes one day (Note: following the Engishiki). To the east it reaches Ise and Iga, to the south it adjoins Kii, to the west it borders Kawachi, and to the north it meets Yamashiro. Mountains rise one after another, and the products are abundant. It is long from north to south and short from east to west, and Yoshino District alone occupies about half of it. Mount Katsuragi forms the boundary with Kawachi, and the Yoshino mountains raise their peaks in a row and link up with Kii. Mount Mikuni straddles Ise and Kii. The Yamato River flows west and enters Kawachi, while the waters of Yoshino, Niu and Totsu flow south to Kii (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the map of Yamato Province).

¶At the beginning Izanagi-no-Mikoto (Izanagi-no-Mikoto) called this land "Nihon-Urayasu-no-Kuni," and also "Hosoko-Chitaru-no-Kuni" and "Isowakami-Hotsuma-no-Kuni." Ōnamuchi-no-Mikoto (Ōnamuchi-no-Mikoto) called it "Tamagaki-no-Uchitsukuni," and Nigihayahi-no-Mikoto (Nigihayahi-no-Mikoto) called it "Soramitsu Yamato-no-Kuni." The Founder once said, "What a beautiful land! It stretches on like dragonflies (akitsu) joined in mating," and from this the name "Akitsushima" arose. This is truly the land where the Heavenly Ancestor transmitted the imperial line. His bright virtue ruled the realm, and his majesty reached to the farthest corners of the world. Afterwards, the descent of the Heavenly Grandson ordered to go down to Hyūga in the west, the so-called "descent from heaven," is probably what this refers to.

¶In the Founder's reign he pacified the east and established the capital in this province. Successive sovereigns succeeded to the throne, and although the site of the capital differed from age to age, they did not dare move the capital to another province, because this land was the foundation of the ancestors' enterprise (Note: following the general sense of the Nihon Shoki, the Kojiki and the Engishiki). Emperor Tenmu had already withdrawn to Yoshino, but he resolved to go east, greatly defeated the armies of the eastern provinces in Ōmi, finally ascended the throne, and established his capital at Asuka (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). After the Wadō era, the capital was fixed at Heijō for some seven reigns, all in keeping with the ancestral enterprise. In the Enryaku era the capital was moved to Yamashiro (Note: following the Nihon Kiryaku), and Heijō came to be called the "Southern Capital" (Nanto), yet it was still ranked first among the four home provinces (Note: following the Gōke Shidai, the Genpei Seisuiki, the Heike Monogatari and the Yamato-shi).

¶Emperor Heizei caused an upheaval and plotted to return to the old capital. Emperor Saga sent troops to meet him, and the matter was settled (Note: following the Nihon Kiryaku). In the Genkō era, while Emperor Go-Daigo was in Oki, Prince Moriyoshi held Yoshino Castle and, in concert with Kusunoki Masashige and others, sought to destroy the great villain (the Hōjō clan). At the beginning of Engen the Emperor took refuge in the south and dwelt in the temporary palace at Yoshino, planning to recover Kyoto. The rebel forces attacked repeatedly, but he never attained his aim; this was because the land relied on its inner strongholds of difficult terrain and commanded Kawachi and Settsu beyond. In the reign of Emperor Go-Kameyama he returned in procession to Kyoto (Note: following the Jinnō Shōtōki, the Taiheiki and the Zoku Jinnō Shōtōki).

¶Soekami District (Soekami-no-Kōri) is a medium district (Note: following the Ryō no Gige and the Wamyōshō). At first it was called Sofu Agata (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. Remark: also written with other characters for "Sofu"). Later it was divided into two districts and the present characters were adopted (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Engishiki. Remark: the appearance of "Soekami District" in the Kinmei annals is probably a later retrospective writing). Its southeast reaches Yamabe District, its west adjoins Soeshimo District, and its north borders Sagara District in Yamashiro Province (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the provincial map). It holds eight townships (Note: following the Wamyōshō).

¶At Yamamura (Yamamura. Remark: the Nihon Ryōiki has "Yamamura Nakasato." The present Nakashō village is probably it), Emperor Kinmei settled Kochibe, a man of Paekche (Kudara) (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). His descendants took the name Yamamura (Note: following the Shōjiroku). Empress Genshō once visited it (Note: following the Man'yōshū). Later it was called "Yamamura-no-Sato" (Note: following the Konjaku Monogatari) and "Yamamura-no-Shō" (Note: following the Tōdaiji Yōroku). There were Fujiwara-no-Sato (Note: following the Fubokushū. Remark: the present Fujiwara village), the Fujiwara River (Note: following the Yamato-shi) and the Nagai Pond (Note: following the Horikawa Gohyakushu. Remark: the present Nagai village).

¶Naranaka (Naranaka. Remark: the present Nara village, southwest of Yamamura) was anciently called Wani (Wani) (Note: following the Nihon Shoki, the Engishiki and the Yamato-shi). In the reign of Emperor Yūryaku the Kasuga Wani clan lived here (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). Later the estates of Wani, Ichinomoto (Ichinomoto), Shirachi and Yokota came into being (Note: following the Tōdaiji Yōroku. Remark: all still survive as village names). There was the Wani Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki), and there is the Wani Slope (Note: Remark: it belongs to Ichinomoto village). The Founder executed Kose-no-Hafuri here. It was also here that Ōhiko-no-Mikoto (Ōhiko-no-Mikoto) defeated Takehaniyasuhiko (Takehaniyasuhiko) and enshrined the sacred jars at Takezunusaka in Wani (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Kojiki. Remark: the Kojiki has "Kanasuki-ga-oka." Nothing can now be established about Kanasuki, but it is probably the same place as Takezunu). There was the Wani Pond (Note: Remark: it belongs to Ikeda village), which was repaired in the reigns of Nintoku and Suiko (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There was Mitsuhashi (Mitsuhashi) (Note: Remark: the present Kami-Mitsuhashi and Shimo-Mitsuhashi villages), where in the reign of Empress Genmei mounted troops were sent to meet an envoy from Silla (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi). There was Tatsuichi (Tatsuichi) (Note: Remark: four villages, including Higashi-Kujō and Nishi-Kujō, are called the "Tatsuichi estate"), and the Koma Spring (Koma-no-Izumi) (Note: following the Sanbokushū. Remark: it is in Higashi-Kujō village). There was the Kakinomoto Temple (Note: Remark: it belongs to Ichinomoto village), and the tomb of Kakinomoto no Hitomaro is there (Note: following the Kiyosuke-kashū and the Hitomaro Kanmon).

¶At Yamanobe (Yamanobe. Remark: the present villages of Saho, Hōrenji and others, in the northwest of the district, are what this means) there are Mount Zōhō (Note: Remark: also written "Saho." It lies north of Hōren village) and the Saho River (Note: following the Man'yōshū). There is Yura-no-Mine (Yura-no-Mine) (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi and the Yamato-shi. Remark: also written with other characters as "Yora." In Hokkeji village), which is the very place called Unatari (Unatari), and the Takamimusubi Shrine (Takamimusubi-no-Yashiro) is there. There are the Naho and Saho imperial tombs (Note: following the Engishiki). There is Hokkeji, where Empress Kōken lived after her abdication (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi). There is Kairyūōji (Note: following the Yamato-shi. Remark: both are in Hokkeji village. In the Shoku Nihongi it is called "Sumidera"), the Eki River (Eki River; Note: following the Man'yōshū. Remark: also called the Mizuya River) and the Komomakura River (Note: following the Yamato-shi. Remark: also called the Komo River). There is the Takahashi Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki), and in the reign of Emperor Sujin it was here that Ikuhi, the sake-brewer (sakahito) of Ōmiwa, lived in the village of Takahashi (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There are the Tamura Palace (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. Remark: east of the Komo River) and the Tamura village (Note: following the Man'yōshū); there was the Tamura mansion of Fujiwara no Nakamaro, which Empress Kōken visited (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi). The Yoshida-no-Muraji had this as their place of origin (Note: following the Shōjiroku). There is the Araraha estate (Araraha-no-Shō) (Note: following the Tōdaiji documents and the map of the old southern capital); in the Tenpyō-shōhō era the god Hachiman was received and a new hall was built at Ararahara south of the palace, which is probably this place (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. Remark: the Gōke Shidai has "Araraharahara," and says it lies south of Nijō Avenue in the Southern Capital).

¶Yagyū (Yagyū. Remark: at present there are the three villages of Ō-Yagyū, Ko-Yagyū and Kita-Yagyū, in the northeast of the district) was later called "Yagyū-no-Shō" (Note: following the Hōryūji Bettō Shidai and the Taishi-den Gyokurinshō) and "Ko-Yagyū-no-Shō" (Note: following the Saidaiji Denpata Mokuroku). There is the Yagyū Yamaguchi Shrine (Yagyū-yamaguchi-no-Yashiro) (Note: following the Engishiki), and there is the Fukae River (Note: following the Yamato-shi).

¶Yashima (Yashima. Remark: at present there is the township of Yashima in the southwest of the district, and eighteen settlements belong to it) holds the Yashima imperial tomb of Emperor Sudō (Sudō-tennō) (Note: Remark: it is in Yamamura). There is Yashimadera (Note: following the Engishiki. Remark: the Genkō Shakusho has "Yamashina"; it is in Yashima village). There is the Sumi Pond (Sumi-no-Ike) (Note: following the Man'yōshū and the Horikawa Gohyakushu. Remark: in Takahi village), which was later called "Kiyosumi-no-Shō" (Note: following the Tōdaiji Yōroku). Mica is produced here (Note: following the Yamato-shi. Remark: the Shoku Nihongi records that in the sixth year of Wadō (713) Yamato Province presented mica, and it is suspected that this is the place). There are the eastern and western tombs of Tahara (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Ōoka (Ōoka. Remark: the present Hiroka village, northwest of Yagyū, is what this means) is probably the place where the Ōoka-no-Imiki lived (Note: following the Shōjiroku). Emperor Kōnin was first buried at the Hiroka tomb (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi), and this is that very place (Note: following the Yamato-shi).

¶Kasuga (Kasuga. Remark: the present area of the Southern Capital) was anciently called Kasuga Agata (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). In the reign of Emperor Nintoku, Nakatomi, a descendant of Hikokunioshihito-no-Mikoto, lived here and called himself the "Kasuga clan" (Note: following the Shōjiroku. Remark: according to that book, the house of Nakatomi was wealthy and piled up sake lees to make a fence (kaki), and for that reason was called the "Kasugaki clan," later changing the characters to "Kasuga," as though the place-name began here. But since there was already a "Kasuga Agata" in the reign of Suizei, Nakatomi took his clan name from the place-name). Later it was called Kasuga-no-Shō (Note: following the Tōdaiji Yōroku). There is Mount Kasuga, also called Mount Mikasa (Note: following the Man'yōshū). The Kasuga Shrine is here (Note: following the Engishiki). There are Karitakano (Note: following the Man'yōshū. Remark: the present Rokuyaon village), Kasuga Plain (Note: following the Man'yōshū and the Kokin Wakashū) and Tobuhiyama (Note: following the Yamato-shi. Remark: east of Rokuyaon), where in the Wadō era a beacon station was set up for communication with Heijō. There is Mount Iimori (Note: Remark: north of Wakakusa-yama), from which in the Hōki era foundation stones for the pagoda of Saidaiji were quarried (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi). There is Mount Nara (Note: Remark: in Narazaka village), so named because in the reign of Emperor Sujin, Ōhiko-no-Mikoto encamped here and his great army trampled down (narasu) the grass and trees (Note: Remark: the original note has the characters meaning "to trample," read "fumi-narasu." "Narasu" means to level, and for that reason it is also written "Hirayama" (Level Mountain), from which the Southern Capital later came to be called "Heijō." It is also written "Nara" with other characters, and in further spellings, all of which agree in sound. Further remark: according to the Kojiki, in the past anyone entering this province from Yamashiro had to pass here, and for that reason it was called "Nara-to"). In the Jinshin disturbance, General Ōno-no-Kimi Hatayasu defeated Ōtomo-no-Muraji Fukei here (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There is the Heijō-saka-ue tomb (Note: following the Engishiki). There is Hannyaji (Note: Remark: in Narazaka village), where Prince Moriyoshi took refuge during the Genkō disturbance (Note: following the Taiheiki). West of Mount Kasuga is Heijō-kyō itself (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi, the Man'yōshū and the provincial map. Remark: today the Left Capital is called the Southern Capital and the Right Capital the Western Capital). There are the Heijō Garden (Note: following the Engishiki), Tōdaiji (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi), Kōfukuji (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Kōfukuji Engi) and Gangōji, the so-called Heijō-Asuka (Note: following the Man'yōshū). There are the tomb of Asano-no-Sukune Nakai (Note: following the Yamato-shi), Kideraji (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi and the provincial map. Remark: also called Renjōji) and the village of Sai-gawa (Note: following the Daiwa Jinja Chūshin-jō. Remark: also called the village of Kasuga Isagawa). There are the Isagawa Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki), the Kasuga Isagawa Palace (Note: following the Nihon Shoki), the Kasuga Isagawa-saka-ue tomb and the Isagawa estate (Note: following the Engishiki). There is the Mashiza Pond (Note: following the Yamato Monogatari and the Fubokushū).

¶Ōyake (Ōyake. Remark: "Ōyake" appears in the song of Mononobe no Kageyahime in the Buretsu annals. In the present Byakugōji village there is a place called "Yake-Kasuga," which is its survival) is where, in the reign of Emperor Shōmu, the Ōyake clan lived (Note: following the Tōdaiji Nuhi Sekichō). Later it was called Ōyake-no-Shō (Note: following the Tōdaiji Yōroku). There is Ōyakedera, said to have been founded by Prince Naniwa (Note: following the Yamato-shi. Remark: its site is west of Byakugōji). There are Mount Takamado, Takamado Plain and the Takamado Detached Palace (Note: following the Man'yōshū). The Emperor's visit to the Kasuga Detached Palace in the first year of Wadō (708) was to this very place (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi). There is the tomb of Kibi no Makibi (Note: following the Yamato-shi. Remark: in Takabatake village). There is Shin-Yakushiji (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi and the provincial map).

¶Soeshimo District (Soeshimo-no-Kōri) is a lower district (Note: following the Ryō no Gige and the Wamyōshō). To the east it adjoins Soekami District, to the southwest it reaches Heguri District, and to the north it borders Sagara District in Yamashiro Province (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the provincial map). It holds four townships (Note: following the Wamyōshō).

¶Murakuni (Murakuni. Remark: its location is now unknown) holds the tomb of Abe no Myōbu of Murakuni (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶At Saki (Saki. Remark: also written with other characters. It is the place of the present villages of Chōshōji, Jōfukuji and others, in the northeast of the district) there is the Saki Pond, opened by Emperor Suinin and also called the Tatanami Pond (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Shoku Nihongi. Remark: "Tatanami" is also written in other characters; it is in Jōfukuji village and is called the West Pond). There are two imperial tombs, the Saki Tatanami Ikegami tomb and the Ikejiri tomb (Note: following the Engishiki), and for that reason the place was called Sanryō-no-Shō (Note: following the Saidaiji Denpata Mokuroku. Remark: the present Sanryō village). There was the Yamamomo Palace, established in the fourth year of Hōki (773) (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. Remark: its site remains in Jōfukuji village). There is the Yamamomo tomb (Note: following the Engishiki. Remark: it lies north of the Tatanami Pond and anciently belonged to Soekami District). There are the Takano tomb (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi and the Engishiki) and the Takano Plain, Mount Saki and Sakino, the Saki Palace (Note: following the Man'yōshū. Remark: in the present Chōshōji village there is a site called the "inner palace ground," which is probably it) and the Saki Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki). There is the township of Akishino (Note: following the Saidaiji Denpata Mokuroku. Remark: the present Akishino village. Remark: according to the land-allotment map held by Saidaiji, Nijō Gori in the north of the capital is called Akishino-no-Sato and contains Akishinodera; its Ichijō Sanri is called Maemichi-no-Sato, which is the Saki road), Akishinodera (Note: following the Genkō Shakusho and the map of the old southern capital), Mount Akishino (Note: following the Fubokushū) and the Akishino River (Note: following the Yamato-shi). There is the township of Sugawara (Note: following the Hōryūji Shizaichō and the Man'yōshū. Remark: the present Sugawara village), later called Sugawara-no-Shō (Note: following the Saidaiji Denpata Mokuroku). There is the township of Fushimi (Note: following the Genkō Shakusho and the Kokin Wakashū), with the eastern and western Sugawara-Fushimi tombs, the Sugawara Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki) and Sugawaradera (Note: following the Genkō Shakusho). The Haji clan lived here and later changed their name, having been granted the two names Sugawara and Akishino (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi and the Shōjiroku). There is Saidaiji (Note: Remark: in Saidaiji village) and Shōdaiji (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi and the Yamato-shi. Remark: in Sugawara Minami-Gojō village). There are Mount Akahada (Note: following the Shin Zoku Kokin Wakashū and the Yamato-shi. Remark: west of Shōdaiji) and the Katsumata Pond (Note: following the Man'yōshū and the Yamato-shi. Remark: in Rokujō village). There is Yakushiji (Note: Remark: in Suna village), which in the first year of Tenpyō-shōhō (749) became a temporary imperial residence (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi).

¶Yata (Yata. Remark: also written with other characters. At present there is Yata village, in the west of the district) is the place where the Yatabe clan lived (Note: following the Shōjiroku). In the Kenmu era it was called Yata-no-Shō (Note: following the Yoshimizu-in documents). There are the Yata Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki), Yata Plain (Note: following the Kojiki and the Yamato-shi) and Mount Yata (Note: Remark: the Gyōki Nenpu has "Yata Okamoto village"), where mica is produced (Note: following the Yamato-shi). There is the Yata Pond, opened in the seventh year of Yōrō (723) (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi). The Atomi Pond (Atomi-no-Ike; Remark: in Ikeuchi village) was opened in the thirty-fifth year of Emperor Suinin (Note: Remark: also written with other characters, as "Saki"). There is the Niiki Palace, visited by the Emperor in the fifth year of Hōki (774) (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi and the provincial map. Remark: its site remains in Niiki village, northeast of the Atomi Pond). It was here that the Founder executed Niikitobe at Hatanookasaki, and that Emperor Tenmu sent a man to Niiki to observe its situation (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There is the Yakuon Palace (Yakuon-no-Miya; Remark: at present the Yakuon Hachiman Shrine stands in Kōriyama), where in the first year of Tenpyō-shōhō (749) the Daijōsai was held (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi). The site of the Rajōmon gate is there (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi and the Yamato-shi. Remark: the foundation stones remain to this day).

¶Torikai (Torikai. Remark: the Shoku Nihongi and the Engishiki have "Tomi." The original note in the Wamyōshō reads "Torikahi"; one explanation holds that the Man'yōshū has "Torikae River," which agrees in reading with Torikai. The river survives to this day. Perhaps the township was called Tomi and the river Torikai, and the two were later confused) is, in the Wadō era, where Yamato-no-Imiki Hatayasu, a man of the district, became known for filial piety and brotherly affection and transformed the two townships of Tomi and Yata; this is the place (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi). There are the Tomi Shrine (Tomi-no-Yashiro; Note: following the Engishiki) and Tomidera (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. Remark: its site is in Kijima village), later called Tomi-no-Shō (Note: following the Saidaiji Denpata Mokuroku. Remark: it now belongs to three settlements). There is the Soi-no-Mi-agata Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki) and Ryūō-no-mine (Note: Remark: north of Takayama village), from which the Torikai River flows (Note: following the Yamato-shi. Remark: the Man'yōshū has "Torikae," and it is also called the Tomi Ogawa).

¶Heguri District (Heguri-no-Kōri) is a lower district (Note: following the Ryō no Gige and the Wamyōshō). At first it was called Akunami District (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). Later it was changed to its present name (Note: following the Engishiki). To the east it neighbors the two districts of Soeshimo and Yamabe, to the south it adjoins the three districts of Shikinoshimo, Hirose and Katsuragishimo, to the west it borders the three districts of Kawachi, Takayasu and Ōagata in Kawachi Province, and to the north it reaches Sarara District in Kawachi Province (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the provincial map). It holds six townships (Note: following the Wamyōshō).

¶Naka (Naka. Remark: its location is now unknown).

¶At Akunami (Akunami. Remark: at present the place Akunami is in Ando village, southeast of the district. The Saidaiji Denpata Mokuroku writes it with different characters), in the reign of Emperor Bidatsu a rainbow appeared in Akunami village (Note: following the Taishi-den Hokketsuki). There is the Akunami Palace, visited in the Jingo-keiun era (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. Remark: its site remains in Ando village). There is the Akunami Ashigaki Palace, where Prince Umayado (Shōtoku Taishi) lived (Note: following the Daianji Garan Engi). Later it was called Ando-no-Shō (Note: following the Tōji documents), and it is probably the village of Atohirotsu (Note: following the Nihon Shoki), the very place where Hirokitsu-no-Kimi lived (Note: following the Shōjiroku).

¶Heguri (Heguri. Remark: the present Heguri Valley, which governs sixteen villages and lies in the west of the district, is it) is the place where the Heguri clan arose (Note: following the Kojiki and the Shōjiroku). There is the Heguri Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki), and there is Mount Heguri, which Yamato-takeru-no-Mikoto (Yamato-takeru-no-Mikoto) praised in a song (Note: following the Kojiki). There is the Heguri River, which flows southeast and empties into the Tatsuta River. There is Mount Shigi (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the provincial map. Remark: also called Mount Inoue), where Prince Moriyoshi took his stand in the Genkō era (Note: following the Taiheiki. Remark: the Shūgaishō and the Uji Shūi Monogatari both attach Mount Shigi to Kawachi Province, but here the provincial map is followed). There is the Inoue Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki), and there is Mount Tatsuta (Note: Remark: it now belongs to Kawachi and is called Kuragari-no-mine), where in the reign of Emperor Tenmu a barrier was set up (Note: following the Nihon Shoki, the Shōchi Togai-hen and the provincial map). There are Okura-no-mine (Note: following the Man'yōshū) and Mount Ikoma (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the provincial map. Remark: also written with other characters, and it straddles Kawachi). It was here that the Founder, entering the Central Land, first fought the rebels (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There are the Ikoma Shrine (Ikoma-no-Yashiro; Note: following the Engishiki) and the Ikoma-in (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. Remark: in Arisato village, called Kakurinji), later called Ikoma-Shimo-no-Shō (Note: following the Tōji Hyakugō Monjo). The main township was anciently the seat of the district office (Note: following the general sense of the Wamyōshō).

¶Yama (Yama. Remark: the present villages of Kōfu, Mii and others, southeast of Heguri, are the place of the old township) is also called the township of Ikaruga, named for the many ikaruga birds in the land (Note: following the Taishi-den Gyokurinshō). There is Hōryūji, also called Ikarugadera (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Shōtoku Taishi Denryaku. Remark: in Hōryūji village), which is the old Ikaruga palace of Prince Umayado (Note: following the Taishi-den Gyokurinshō). There is the Ikaruga Tomi Ogawa (Note: following the Biography of Prince Shōtoku as cited in the Nihon Ryōiki and the Seiji Yakuryaku), which flows into the Hirose River (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the provincial map). There is the Kitaoka tomb of Prince Yamashiro-no-Ōe (Note: following the Engishiki). There is the Inaba Palace (Note: Remark: its site is in Inaba village), where the Emperor stayed on returning from the Yuge temporary palace at the beginning of Tenpyō-jingo (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi). There is Kenashidake (Note: following the Man'yōshū and the Yamato-shi. Remark: also written with other characters as "Narashi"; in Meyasu village).

¶Sakato (Sakato. Remark: "to" is also written with another character. Remark: the Hōryūji Shizaichō has: "At Sakato township, a single plot of hills, bounded on the east by the Heguri River, on the southwest by the Kudo River, and on the north by the Shihi-saka road"; south of the Ryūda River there was a Kudo weir, and the river's name is taken from it. The present villages of Tateno, Seno, Kōnan and others, in the southwest of the district, are its territory) has the Tatsuta Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki), the Iwase Grove (Iwase-no-Mori; Remark: in Kurumase village) and Mount Mimuro (Note: following the Man'yōshū and the Yamato-shi. Remark: also called Ōshima-no-mine). There is the Tatsuta River, which flows west and enters Kawachi (Note: following the Yamato-shi).

¶Nukata (Nukata. Remark: at present there is Nukatabe village, in the east of the district) anciently belonged to Yamabe District (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). It is the place where the Nukatabe clan lived (Note: following the Shōjiroku). In the reign of Emperor Ninken, Koguryŏ (Kōrai) craftsmen were settled here, the so-called Oshikawa no Koma (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There is Nukata Plain (Note: following the Man'yōshū. Remark: the land-allotment map of Nukaderā states that the land has a boat-shaped tomb, which is the burial ground of the Nukatabe clan), and there is Nukaderā (Note: Remark: in Nukaderā village), whose land was anciently called Kumagori village (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku, the Daianji Shizaichō and the Yamato-shi). There is the Sugata Pond (Note: following the Senzai Wakashū. Remark: in Sugata village, which at first belonged to Soeshimo District and later to this district), the Sugata Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki), and it is the place where Sugata-no-Obito lived (Note: following the Kojiki and the Shōjiroku). There is the Western Stable of Heijō (Note: following the Man'yōshū and the Yamato-shi. Remark: its site is in Umazukasa village).

¶Hirose District (Hirose-no-Kōri) is a lower district (Note: following the Ryō no Gige and the Wamyōshō. Remark: "se" is also written with another character). To the east it adjoins the two districts of Tōchi and Shikinoshimo, to the southwest it reaches Katsuragishimo District, and to the north it adjoins Heguri District (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the provincial map). It holds six townships.

¶Kido (Kido. Remark: at present, among the settlements belonging to Kawai in the north of the district, there is Kiko, and villages such as Kinai probably preserve traces of its name) is where Emperor Buretsu made an image of a fortress in the village of Mimata and called it Kinoe; this is it (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Yamato-shi). There is Kinoe Hill (Note: following the Yamato-shi. Remark: also written with other characters; in Ōtsuka village), where in the reign of Emperor Monmu Princess Asuka was placed in temporary interment (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi and the Man'yōshū). Later it was called Kibe-no-Shō (Note: following the Taishi-den Gyokurinshō). The waters of Hatsuse, Kudara, Katsuragi and Ōno gather here, and from this comes the name Hirose (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the provincial map). There is the Hirose Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki), and in the third year of Emperor Tenmu the god Ōimi was worshipped at the river bend of Hirose (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There are Mount Hirose (Note: following the Yamato-shi) and Hirose Plain (Note: Remark: in Ōno village), and in the ninth year a temporary palace was built there (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). In the Tenpyō era there was the Hirose estate (Note: following the Tōji Hyakugō Monjo).

¶Kamikura and Shimokura (Kamikura, Shimokura. Remark: both are now of unknown location. Remark: according to the Yamato-shi and the provincial map, the district has Anakura village and Anakuradera; since the characters for "yami" and "kura" share a reading, perhaps it was later divided into two townships, Kamikura and Shimokura. This is added provisionally as a reference).

¶Yamamori (Yamamori. Remark: its location is now unknown).

¶At Sanuki (Sanuki. Remark: the present villages of Saionji, Akabe and others, south of Kido, are this place) there are the Sanuki Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki) and Akaho-no-Chi (Akaho-no-Chi; Remark: the present Akabe village), where Prince Tōchi and Lady Hikami were buried (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There are the Mitachioka tomb of Prince Takechi, the Makino tomb of the Yamato clan, maternal grandfather of Emperor Kanmu (Remark: both are in Ōgakiuchi village), and the Naruai tomb of Prince Oshisaka-no-Hikohito-no-Ōe (Note: following the Engishiki and the Yamato-shi. Remark: in Hirao village).

¶At Shimonokuku (Shimonokuku. Remark: in the present Takechi District there is Magarikawa village, formerly named Magarikane. The characters "ku" and "magari" are interchangeable in reading) there was the Magarikanahashi Palace (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Kojiki. Remark: "hashi" is also written with another character. The site of the palace is in Magarikawa village), where, when Mononobe no Moriya was defeated, his soldiers, wearing black garments, scattered and fled, pretending to chase game on the Magarihara plain of Hirose; this is the place (Note: following the Nihon Shoki).

¶Katsuragi-no-Kami District (Katsuragi-no-Kami-no-Kōri) is a medium district (Note: following the Ryō no Gige and the Wamyōshō). At first it was called the village of Takaowari, where tsuchigumo (earth spiders) had their stronghold. When the Founder campaigned eastward, he threw a net of kudzu over them and killed them, and for that reason the name was changed to Katsuragi Province (Note: Remark: "ki" is also written with another character). Tsurugine-no-Mikoto was made Kuni-no-Miyatsuko (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). Later it was divided into two districts, called Katsuragi-no-Kami and Katsuragi-no-Shimo (Note: following the Nihon Shoki, the Shoku Nihongi and the Engishiki). To the east it reaches Takechi District, to the south it adjoins Uchi District, to the west it borders Ishikawa District in Kawachi Province, and to the north it neighbors Oshinumi District (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the provincial map). It holds ten townships (Note: following the Wamyōshō).

¶Hioki (Hioki. Remark: at present the place Hioki is in Kushira village, in the north of the district) is probably the place where the Hioki-no-Miyatsuko and the Hioki-no-Kurahito lived (Note: following the Shōjiroku).

¶Takamiya (Takamiya. Remark: the present villages of Miyato, Moriwaki and others, south of Hioki, are the place) is where, in the reign of Emperor Ōjin, Chinese immigrants (Ayahito) were settled in the village of Takamiya (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). It is the homeland (sōshi) of Iwa-no-Hime, consort of Emperor Nintoku (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Kojiki). In the reign of Empress Kōgyoku, Soga no Emishi built an ancestral shrine here, and there was the Takaoka Palace (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. Remark: its site is in Moriwaki village). There is the Hitokotonushi Shrine (Note: following the Shaku Nihongi and the Engishiki).

¶Muro (Muro. Remark: the present Muro village, east of Takamiya) was anciently written "Muro" with a different character (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There are Mount Muro, the Akitsushima Palace (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Kojiki. Remark: its site is in Muro village) and the Ikekokoro Palace (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. Remark: its site straddles the two villages of Ikeuchi and Gose). There is the Hakata-yama-ue tomb (Note: following the Engishiki). There is Hohoma-no-Oka, the very place where the Founder climbed to survey the land (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. Remark: in Honma village, also called Mount Bōkoku). There is the village of Chihara (Note: following the Nihon Ryōiki and the Genkō Shakusho. Remark: En-no-Ozunu was born here). There is the village of Tamate (Note: Remark: the present Tamate village, south of Honma village). It is so named because in the reign of Emperor Nintoku, Saeki-no-Atai Aganoko stole the jeweled ornament of Princess Metori, was found out and was due to be put to death, and atoned for the crime by presenting this village (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There are Tamate Hill (Note: following the Kojiki) and the Tamateokaue tomb (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There is the Kose Yamaguchi Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki) and Koseji (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. Remark: its site is in Furuse village). Later the estates of Hesaka and Tomo were called by those names (Note: following the Tōji documents and the Yoshimizu-in documents. Remark: at present there are the two villages of Shigesaka and Tomo). There is Mount Shigesaka, from which the Tomo River flows (Note: following the Yamato-shi).

¶Kuwabara (Kuwabara. Remark: its location is now unknown) is where, in the reign of Emperor Ōjin, Chinese immigrants were settled in the village of Kuwabara (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). Later the Kuwabara-no-Atai and the Kuwabara-no-Suguri lived there (Note: following the Nihon Shoki, the Shoku Nihongi and the Shōjiroku).

¶Kamitsutori and Shimotsutori (Kamitsutori, Shimotsutori. Remark: the Yamato-shi says there is a White Bird tomb in Tomita village. If so, the township "Shiratori" was probably divided into two. It is recorded as a reference). There is the White Bird tomb of Yamato-takeru-no-Mikoto, the so-called Kotohiki-no-Hara (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. Remark: in Tomita village).

¶Ōsaka (Ōsaka. Remark: at present the place Ōsaka is in Masu village, in the west of the district) is where, in the reign of Emperor Sujin, when Haniyasuhiko rose in revolt, his wife Ata-hime led an army forward from Ōsaka and Isaserihiko-no-Mikoto defeated it. It was also here that, when Yamatotohi-hime-no-Mikoto died, stones were taken from Mount Ōsaka to build her tomb (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). Since anciently one had to pass this place to go to Kawachi, it was called Ōsaka-to (Note: following the Nihon Shoki, the Kojiki and the Man'yōshū). In the Jinshin disturbance, Ōtomo no Fukei encamped here to ward off the Kawachi forces. In the seventh year of Emperor Tenmu the Ōsakayama barrier was first established (Note: Remark: printed editions write "saka" with the character for "e," which is an error; here one variant text is followed. There is Sekiya village, which probably preserves its name). There is Mount Katsuragi, where Emperor Yūryaku once hunted (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. Remark: it straddles the two districts of Oshinumi and Katsuragi-no-Shimo, and in the west straddles Kawachi. The Katsuragi River flows out of it). Its summit is called Mount Takama (Note: Remark: also called Mount Kongō). There is Takamadera (Note: Remark: also called Kongōsenji), as well as Asaharadera and Ishidera (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the provincial map). In remote antiquity Ame-no-Yaburu-no-Mikoto descended to Inoshioka in Katsuragi; this is the place (Note: following the Shōjiroku). There are Hosomi-no-Nagara-no-Oka (Note: following the Nihon Shoki) and the Nagara Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki). The Nagara-no-Obito lived here (Note: following the Shōjiroku). There are the Nagara Pond (Note: following the Fubokushū. Remark: in Nagara village) and the Nagara Grove, where Emperor Tenmu viewed horses (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There is Mount Asatsuma (Note: following the Man'yōshū. Remark: "tsuma" is also written with other characters, and as "Tsuma"; the present Asatsuma village, southeast of Nagara), to which Saki-no-Osaka belongs (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). In the reign of Emperor Ōjin, naturalized people of the Hata were settled at Asatsuma-wakigami, and the Asatsuma-no-Miyatsuko came from there too (Note: following the Shōjiroku). There is the Wakigami Pond (Note: Remark: in Ido village), opened by Empress Suiko (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There is Katsuragidera (Note: Remark: its site remains in Asatsuma village), the temple of the children's song that was sung while Emperor Kōnin was still in his princely residence. There is the Bodai-in (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. Remark: in Fushimi village).

¶At Narahara (Narahara. Remark: at present called Narahara Valley, to which seven villages belong) there is Shigeoka (Note: following the Man'yōshū. Remark: in Narahara village), and the Katsuragi-Inukai Shrine is there (Note: following the Engishiki and the Shinshō Kyakuchokufu).

¶At Kanbe (Kanbe. Remark: six villages including Mizuno and Sami are called the Sami estate; it lies south of Ōsaka and is the place of the old township) there is the Takakamo Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki), which was probably its village of the god (kami-no-mura). It was anciently called the village of Sabi, and in the reign of Emperor Ōjin Chinese immigrants were settled here (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. Remark: the present Kami-Sami and Shimo-Sami villages). There is the Enoha well (Note: following the Saibara songbooks. Remark: also called the Cherry Well, in Sakurai village).

¶At Amarube (Amarube. Remark: the present Odono village, southeast of Ōsaka, is the place) is probably where the Abe-no-Odono clan lived (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi).

¶Katsuragi-no-Shimo District (Katsuragi-no-Shimo-no-Kōri) is a lower district (Note: following the Ryō no Gige and the Wamyōshō). To the east it adjoins the two districts of Takechi and Hirose, to the south it neighbors Oshinumi District, to the west it borders the two districts of Ishikawa and Asuka in Kawachi Province, and to the north it joins Heguri District (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the provincial map). It holds seven townships (Note: following the Wamyōshō).

¶At Kanbe (Kanbe. Remark: the present villages of Hikita, Ōhata and others, in the south of the district, are the place) there is the Tsukita Shrine, and the main township was probably its village of the god. There is the Hanikuchi tomb of Princess Iitoyo (Note: following the Engishiki. Remark: the Nihon Shoki writes "kuchi" with the character for "hi." It is in the present Kita-Hananai village. Hananai was formerly called Hanakuchi, and "planting flowers" is close in sound. The Shoku Nihongi names Hanakuchi no Miyamaro as a man of this district, which takes a clan name from a place-name).

¶Yama-no-Atai (Yama-no-Atai. Remark: its location is now unknown) is probably the place where the Yama-no-Atai family lived (Note: following the Shōjiroku). In the Keiun era it was called Yama-no-Kimi-no-Sato (Note: following the epitaph of Inaomura. Remark: probably the Yama-no-Kimi clan lived here and later were granted the title "Atai," and the township name was changed accordingly. This is added provisionally as a reference).

¶Takanuka (Takanuka. Remark: the present Someno village, northwest of Kanbe, is the place) is said to be where Katsuragi-no-Takanukahime, mother of Empress Jingū, lived (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Kojiki). There is the Katsuragi Shitori Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki), and it is where Shitori-no-Sukune lived (Note: following the Shōjiroku). There is the Ōsaka Yamaguchi Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Kami (Kami. Remark: the present Kamisato village, north of Takanuka).

¶Tadeta (Tadeta. Remark: the present Takada village, in the east of the district) was anciently called Katashio, and had the Ukiana Palace (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. Remark: its site is in Mikuradō village, and it later belonged to Takechi District).

¶Homuji (Homuji. Remark: the present Ōji village; "hon" and "ō" are close in sound) is the place where the Homujibe lived (Note: following the Nihon Shoki, the Kojiki and the Shoku Nihongi). It was anciently called Kataoka (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There are the Kataoka-uma-saka tomb and the Kataoka Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki). There is Mount Kataoka, where Prince Umayado met a true sage (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Shōtoku Taishi Denryaku). The Kataoka Pond (Katashi no Ike; Remark: now called the Ashida Pond) was opened by Empress Suiko (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There is Asahara (Note: following the Kokin Wakashū). There is the Ashida tomb of Prince Chinu (Note: following the Engishiki). Probably the Ashida-no-Obito had this as their place of origin (Note: following the Shōjiroku. Remark: "Ashida" and "Asa" agree in reading). In the Jinshin disturbance, Iki-no-Fubito Karakuni fought the Yoshino troops at the edge of the Reed Pond; this is the place (Note: following the Nihon Shoki).

¶Taima (Taima. Remark: the present Taima village, southwest of Takanuka) is, in the reign of Emperor Suinin, the place where a man called Taima no Kehaya lived, and has the Koshiore Field (Note: Remark: in Ryōfukuji village). There is the Taima road, and it is said that when Emperor Richū fled the trouble of Prince Suminoe-no-Nakatsu, a young girl showed the sovereign the way here (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There are the Taima Yamaguchi Shrine and the Taima Tsuhiko Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki). There is Mount Futakami (Note: following the Man'yōshū. Remark: according to the Yamato-shi, it half straddles Kawachi, and its two peaks face each other and are called the Male Peak and the Female Peak), and there are the Katsuragi Futakami Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki) and the Futakamiyama tomb of Prince Ōtsu (Note: following the Man'yōshū and the Yamato-shi). There is Taimadera (Note: following the Genkō Shakusho).

¶Oshinumi District (Oshinumi-no-Kōri) is a lower district (Note: following the Ryō no Gige and the Wamyōshō). Anciently it belonged to Katsuragi Province (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Kuji Hongi), and was later established as a district (Note: following the Engishiki). To the east it adjoins Takechi District, to the south it reaches Katsuragi-no-Kami District, to the west it borders Ishikawa District in Kawachi Province, and to the north it joins Katsuragi-no-Shimo District (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the provincial map). It holds four townships (Note: following the Wamyōshō).

¶Tsutsumi and Sonohito (Tsutsumi, Sonohito. Remark: both are now of unknown location) are the place from which the Sonohito-no-Obito came (Note: following the Shōjiroku). In the reign of Emperor Yūryaku the minister Katsuragi-no-Tsuburaa presented the granaries of the five villages of Katsuragi, and they were called the Katsuragi Sonohito (Note: drawing on both the Nihon Shoki and the Kojiki).

¶Nakamura (Nakamura. Remark: its location is now unknown).

¶At Kurisu (Kurisu. Remark: at present the place Kurisu is in Yanagihara village, in the east of the district), when Prince Suminoe-no-Nakatsu rose in revolt, Yamato-no-Atai Akogotarō joined him and gathered troops in the chestnut grove of Kakihami; this is the place (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. Remark: Kakihami is now corrupted into "Shōga village" and lies west of Yanagihara). There is Kurisu Ono (Note: following the Man'yōshū. Remark: in Yanagihara village). There is the Tsunosashi Palace of Princess Iitoyo-ao (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. Remark: its site is in Oshinumi village). There are Mount Fuefuki and the Fuefuki Pond (Note: following the Fubokushū and the Yamato-shi. Remark: the pond is in Umemuro village).

¶Uchi District (Uchi-no-Kōri) is a lower district (Note: following the Ryō no Gige and the Wamyōshō. Remark: "Uchi" and "uchi" (inside) agree in sound and meaning. Remark: the Shōjiroku lists an Uchi clan among the cadet lines of Emperor Kōgen, who probably lived at Uchi in Yamashiro and took their clan name from it. Later they moved here, and the district was named from them. This is added provisionally as a reference). To the southeast it adjoins Yoshino District, to the west it borders Ito District in Kii Province and Ishikawa District in Kawachi Province, and to the north it joins Katsuragi-no-Kami District (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the provincial map). It holds four townships (Note: following the Wamyōshō).

¶At Ada (Ada. Remark: the township name survives; twelve villages belong to it, and it lies in the east of the district), the Founder, on his eastern campaign, came here from Yoshino. There was a man called Niemotsu-no-Ko who made a weir (yana) and caught fish. The Founder therefore ordered him to supply the army with food and appointed him Ada-no-Ukaibe (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Kojiki. Remark: the dwelling site of Niemotsu-no-Ko is now in Ada village, and the local people still engage in fishing). There is the Adahime Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki) and Ada Ōno (Note: following the Man'yōshū. Remark: in Adahara village). There are the Ada tomb of Fujiwara no Yoshitsugu (Remark: in Minami-Ada village) and the Nochi-no-Ada tomb of Fujiwara no Muchimaro (Note: following the Engishiki. Remark: north of Eisanji). Later it was called Ada-no-Shō, and Eisanji is there (Note: following the Eisanji documents. Remark: in Kojima village). There is the Araki Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki) and the Ukita Grove (Note: following the Yamato-shi. Remark: in Imai village), the so-called "Ōaraki Ukita Grove" (Note: following the Man'yōshū). There is Reianji (Note: following the Engishiki. Remark: in Reianji village). In the Kōwa era there was the Chikauchi Minami estate (Note: following the Futami clan documents. Remark: the present Chikauchi village). The Niu River joins the Yoshino River here (Note: following the Yamato-shi).

¶Kami (Kami. Remark: the present Kamimura. Together with the surrounding settlements it is called the Makino estate, in the west of the district, and this is probably it) still had its township name in the Kenmu era, and the two villages of Shimotsutsumi and Nunoshi belonged to it (Note: following the Yoshimizu-in documents). There is Mount Sanesari, which suffered a fire in the Keiun era (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. Remark: also called Mount Shinpuku, north of Ōsawa village, and linked to Mount Kongō). On its summit is the Takamayama Satao Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki). There is Mount Matsuchi (Note: Remark: west of Ueno village; also written with other characters), which one must pass to go to Kii (Note: following the Man'yōshū), and for that reason it was called Kido (Note: following the Kojiki. Remark: Kido is the gate to Kii). There is the tomb of the Yagi clan, the mother of Kibi no Makibi (Note: following the epitaph of the Yagi clan. Remark: in Ōsawa village).

¶Naga (Naga. Remark: at present there are Kami-Naka village and Shimo-Naka village, belonging to the Makino estate) still had its township name in the Shōryaku era, and the two settlements of Kawaminami and Haiyaki belonged to it; later it came under the Toyoi estate and was called the township of Futami (Note: following the Eisanji documents. Remark: the present Futami village). It was also called the Futami estate (Note: following the Futami clan documents), and is probably the place where the Futami-no-Obito lived (Note: following the Shōjiroku). There is the Futami Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki), which enshrines their ancestral deity (Note: following the Shōjiroku and the Yamato-shi). In the Shōhei era there was the Imai estate (Note: following the Eisanji documents. Remark: the present Imai village). There was the Uno estate (Note: following the Ushunki. Remark: the present Uno village).

¶At Shibo (Shibo. Remark: the present Sakaibe estate, to which thirteen settlements belong; south of Kami, this is the place) there is Uchi-no-Ōno, where Emperor Jomei once hunted (Note: following the Man'yōshū. Remark: the present Ōno village). There are the Honoikazuchi Shrine and the Miyasaki Hatatagami Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki). There are the Uchi tomb of the consort of Emperor Kōnin and the tomb of the commoner Prince Osabe (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi, the Engishiki and the Yamato-shi. Remark: in Misaiin village). Later it was called the Sakaibe estate (Note: following the Tōji Hyakugō Monjo and the Yamato-shi), and it is probably the place where the Sakaibe-no-Obito lived (Note: following the general sense of the Shōjiroku).

¶Yoshino District (Yoshino-no-Kōri) is a lower district (Note: following the Ryō no Gige and the Wamyōshō). It was anciently called Yoshino Province (Note: following the Man'yōshū). In the Tenpyō era the Yoshino Gen (Yoshino Superintendency) was established (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi and the Ritsusho Zanpen. Remark: the annals of the sixth year of Tenpyō say that Ōyamato governs fourteen districts; since it had by then already been established as a superintendency, this district was probably not attached to Ōyamato. The annals of the tenth year also mention the Yoshino Gen, but it does not appear in histories after this). It governed two districts and three townships (Note: following the Ritsusho Zanpen. Remark: "three" is probably an error for "five." The statement in that book that "the Yoshino Gen governs two districts" probably refers to the two districts of Yoshino and Imaki. "Gen" and "shoku" are both equal to a province. Just as one cannot make a district of a single township, one cannot make a superintendency of a single district. The same Sakanoue genealogy says Imaki District was renamed Takechi District, but the meaning is hard to follow. Perhaps it refers to the abolition of the Yoshino Gen and the merging of the abolished Imaki District into Takechi District. Appended to await further consideration). Later it was demoted to a district (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi and the Engishiki. Remark: the annals of the fourth year of Wadō say that in Yoshino District of Ōyamato Province the posts of Dairyō, Shōryō, Shushō and Shuchō were first established). It holds four townships (Note: following the Wamyōshō). To the east it borders the two districts of Iitaka and Taki in Ise Province and Muro District in Kii Province, to the southwest it joins the four districts of Muro, Hidaka, Arita and Ito, and to the north it adjoins the four districts of Uda, Takechi, Tōchi and Uchi; its mountains and valleys are deep and steep, and its breadth reaches almost half a province (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the provincial map). Later its households multiplied and it was called the Eighteen Townships of Yoshino (Note: following the Taiheiki). What are called the "Niji estates" were all merely private names (Note: following the Yamato-shi).

¶Kami (Kami. Remark: later called the Kawakami estate, to which twenty-four villages belong. It lies on the upper reaches of the Yoshino River and is named for that reason) has Akizuno (Note: Remark: "Akizu" is also written with other characters, as "Akitsu" and "Akitsu"; in Nishikawa village). At first it was called Kawakami-no-Ono. When Emperor Yūryaku hunted there, a gadfly bit his arm, and at once a dragonfly (akizu) appeared, seized the gadfly in its mouth and flew off. The Emperor composed a poem praising it, and the place was named from this (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There is the Akizu Palace (Note: Remark: its site is in Ōtaki village). There is Mount Aone (Note: following the Man'yōshū), from which the Kisa River flows. There is Mount Takahara, with the Kawakami western tomb of the lady Fujiwara, Junkō of Emperor Go-Daigo (Note: following the Yamato-shi. Remark: in Takahara village). There was the residence of Ihika, ancestor of the Yoshino-no-Obito (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Yamato-shi. Remark: its site is in Ikari village). There is the Kiku cave, which produces stalactite (Note: Remark: in Kashiwagi village). The northeast is called the Ogawa estate (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the provincial map. Remark: twenty-one settlements belong to it). There is Mukagodake (Note: following the Konjaku Monogatari and the Genkō Shakusho. Remark: in Mugitani village). The Mugitani River flows from it (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the provincial map).

¶Naka (Naka) was later called the Naka estate (Note: following the Yamato-shi. Remark: eight settlements belong to it). There are Kisa-no-Nakayama (Note: following the Man'yōshū. Remark: in Kisatani village, and called Mount Kisa) and Mount Kashio (Note: following the Yamato-shi. Remark: in Kashio village). It was here that, when Emperor Ōjin visited the Yoshino Palace, the Kuzu people brewed sweet sake at Kashio and presented it (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. Remark: the song in that book has the word "Kashinofu"). There is the Kawakami Shika-shio Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki), Mount Mifune (Note: following the Man'yōshū. Remark: in Natsumi village) and Miyataki (Note: following the Yoshino Shūi). The name derives from the temporary palace set up there in ancient times (Note: Remark: in Miyataki village). There is the Kuzu estate (Note: following the Yamato-shi. Remark: seven settlements belong to it). The Kuzubē lived here generation after generation. Their customs were simple and unadorned; they are said to have gathered fruits for food and to have been fond of eating toads (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. Remark: the site of the dwelling of Iwaoshiwake, ancestor of the Kuzubē, is in Minami-Kuzu village). There are Mount Kuzu (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the provincial map), Shimano (Shimano; Note: following the Man'yōshū. Remark: in Nonokuchi village) and Omuro-dake (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Kojiki. Remark: in Omura). To its northwest is the Ryūmon estate (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the provincial map). There is Mount Ryūmon (Note: following the Kaifūsō. Remark: in Yamaguchi village), from which the Ryūmon River flows (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the provincial map). There are Ryūmonji (Note: following the Konjaku Monogatari and the Genkō Shakusho) and the Yoshino Yamaguchi Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Shibo (Shibo. Remark: its location is now unknown. Judging from the lie of the land, the two estates of Myōu and Goryō may be its place).

¶Yoshino (Yoshino. Remark: at present there are villages such as Yoshinoyama and Miyoshino) was later called the Ikeda estate (Note: following the Yamato-shi. Remark: eleven settlements belong to it). It is the place where the Yoshino-no-Muraji lived (Note: following the Shōjiroku). Its mountains and valleys are deep and steep, and its terrain is truly superb (Note: following the Taiheiki). When the Founder entered the Central Land he first surveyed this place. Emperor Ōjin set up a temporary palace here, and Emperor Yūryaku also visited. Empress Saimei established a detached palace, and Emperors Tenmu, Jitō and Monmu and successive sovereigns of the Nara period all made excursions here (Note: following the Nihon Shoki, the Shoku Nihongi and the Man'yōshū). There is Mount Yoshino (Note: following the Man'yōshū and the Kaifūsō), called Kinpu because it produces gold (Note: following the Konjaku Monogatari, the Genkō Shakusho and the Shūgaishō). There is the Kinpu Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki) and Kinpusenji. Emperors Reizei, Shirakawa and Horikawa visited here (Note: following the Kinpusen Kokon Sentei-ki). There are the Jitsujō-in and the Yoshimizu-in, which Emperor Go-Daigo made his provisional temporary palace (Note: following the Yamato-shi). There is Mikumari-no-Mine (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi), and the Mikumari Shrine is here (Note: following the Engishiki). There is Mount Sodefuri (Note: following the Yoshino Shūi), with many cherry trees; in spring the mountain and valleys are wholly buried in blossoms, and as far as the eye can see it looks like snow (Note: following the Kokin Wakashū and the Yamato-shi). There is Mount Tōnoo, where Nyoirinji was built and the tomb of Emperor Go-Daigo lies (Note: following the Tenshō-bon Taiheiki and the Yamato-shi). There is Mount Takagi (Note: following the Man'yōshū). Tradition says that Prince Moriyoshi held it (Note: following the Yamato Kaiki and the Yamato-shi). There are the tombs of Murakami Yoshiteru and Yoshitaka (Note: Remark: in Yoshinoyama village). There are the Yoshino River, Muda-no-Yodo and Ujimayama (Note: following the Man'yōshū. Remark: in Chimata village). There is the Mimase temporary palace of Emperor Yūryaku (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Yamato-shi. Remark: in Mashiguchi village). There are the Kurotaki estate (Note: Remark: fourteen settlements belong to it; south of Ikeda) and the Kanjō estate (Note: following the Yamato-shi. Remark: thirteen settlements belong to it; northwest of Kanjō). There is Imaki-no-Aya-no-Nazurai-no-Moto-no-Minami-no-Oka (Note: Remark: in Imaki village), where in the reign of Emperor Yūryaku the remains of the two princes Kurohiko and Mayowa were buried. There is Mount Hasa (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. Remark: in Masa village). South of Ikeda is the Hi-no-Goryō estate (Note: Remark: thirteen settlements belong to it). North of the estate are the remains of a temporary palace (Note: Remark: in Shimoichi village). There are the Furuta estate (Note: Remark: thirteen settlements belong to it; southwest of Goryō) and the Kanō estate (Note: Remark: eleven settlements belong to it), where the imperial residences of the two emperors Go-Daigo and Go-Murakami once stood (Note: Remark: the sites are in Wada village and Kurobuchi village). East of Kanō is the Hikawa estate (Note: Remark: six settlements belong to it), and in the northeast is the Niu estate (Note: Remark: six settlements belong to it), with Mount Niu (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the provincial map. Remark: in Niu village; the Man'yōshū calls it Niu-no-Hiyama). There is the Niukawakami Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki). South of Hikawa is the Munekawa estate (Note: Remark: eleven villages belong to it). There are Mount Takanosu (Note: Remark: in Tachikawawatari village) and Mount Norikura (Note: Remark: in Hontani village). Southeast of Munekawa is the Tenkawa estate (Note: Remark: twenty-three villages belong to it). There is the Ten River, and south of the Ten River is the Funakawa estate (Note: Remark: four villages belong to it). Northwest of Funakawa is the Jūnisons estate (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the provincial map). There was the residence of Tono Hyōe (Note: Remark: in Tonono village), where Prince Moriyoshi sojourned (Note: following the Taiheiki). There is the Totsukawa estate (Note: following the Yamato-shi. Remark: sixty-one settlements belong to it, south of the Jūnisons estate) and the Totsu River (Note: following the Fubokushū). Receiving many waters it flows south and reaches Kii (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the provincial map). There was the residence of Takehara Hachirō (Note: Remark: in Yatsuse village), another place where Prince Moriyoshi sojourned. There was the residence of the Imose Shōji (Note: following the Taiheiki. Remark: the name is missing; the site is in Iose village). There are Mount Tamaki and the Tamaki River (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the provincial map. Remark: the mountain is in Tamaigawa village). The Tamaki Shōji (Remark: name missing) refused Prince Moriyoshi here (Note: following the Taiheiki). There is the tomb of Kataoka Hachirō, and there is the Kitayama estate (Note: Remark: fifteen settlements belong to it; in the southeast of the district). There is Mount Ōdaigahara (Note: Remark: its north straddles the Kawakami estate), from which three waters flow (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the provincial map. Remark: one flows west and empties into the Yoshino River, one flows east and enters the Miya River of Ise, and one becomes the Kitayama River, flowing south into Kii).

¶Uda District (Uda-no-Kōri. Remark: also written "Uda" with other characters) is a lower district (Note: following the Ryō no Gige and the Wamyōshō). Anciently it was divided into upper and lower agata (Note: following the Nihon Shoki), and later combined into a single district (Note: following the Engishiki). To the east it borders Nabari in Iga Province and the two districts of Ichishi and Iitaka in Ise Province, to the south it joins Yoshino District, to the west it adjoins the two districts of Tōchi and Shikinoue, and to the north it neighbors Yamabe District (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the provincial map). It holds five townships (Note: following the Wamyōshō).

¶Nuribe (Nuribe. Remark: the eight villages including Nagano and Imai are now called Sone Valley, in the east of the district, and this is it) is the place where the Nuribe clan lived generation after generation (Note: following the Nihon Ryōiki). There is Kunimidake (Note: Remark: in Igami village, straddling the two provinces of Iga and Ise), which is where the Yasotakeru made their stand, the so-called Uda Takaki. In the reign of Emperor Nintoku, Prince Hayabusawake was guilty of an offense and hid on Mount Sone; this is the place (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There is the Sone River (Note: following the Yamato-shi).

¶Ifuku (Ifuku. Remark: at present there are the two villages of Ita and Fukunishi, in the west of the district. It is the place of the old township) is where the Ifukube lived (Note: following the Shōjiroku). There are the Uda Mikumari Shrine and the Niu Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki). It was here that the Founder climbed to the upper reaches of the Niu River to offer sacrifices to the deities of heaven and earth, and cursed the rebels at Asahara by the Uda River (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. Remark: the Uda River is also called the Ogihara River). There is the Hinomaki River (Note: following the Yamato-shi), and later it was called the Hinomaki estate (Note: following the Tōji documents. Remark: the present Hinomaki village). There is Ono-Haribara (Note: Remark: in Ogihara village), where the Founder set up a sacred ground on Mount Tomi and worshipped the heavenly deities of the imperial ancestors. There is Sumisaka (Note: Remark: west of Ogihara), where the Yasotakeru placed glowing charcoal to bar the imperial army. There is Uda Plain (Note: Remark: the present Adachi village), where in the reign of Empress Suiko a medicinal hunt was held (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). In the Jōgan era it was granted to Minamoto no Tōru as a falconry ground (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). There is Akino (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Yamato-shi), and there is the Aki Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki). This is the Uda Aki Palace, where Yamatohime-no-Mikoto once enshrined the Heavenly Ancestor (Note: following the Daijingū Gishikichō and the Yamatohime-no-Mikoto Seiki). There is Akino (Note: following the Man'yōshū. Remark: between the two villages of Sakama and Hongō), as well as Onnasaka (Remark: in Miyaoku village) and Otokosaka (Remark: in Hansaka village). This is where the Yasotakeru placed their male and female armies to resist the imperial force (Note: following the Nihon Shoki).

¶At Namisaka (Namisaka. Remark: at present the place Namisaka is in Hirai village, which preserves its name) there is Mount Inasa (Note: Remark: in Yamaji village), where the Founder led his troops and fought a battle with the rebels (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There is the Tsuganaki Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki). There is Mount Takakura (Note: Remark: in Morimichi village), which the Founder climbed to survey the rebel army. There is the village of Ugachi (Note: Remark: the present Ugashi village, east of Mount Takakura), the Lower Agata of Uda, where the Yatagarasu guided the imperial army, cutting a way through the mountain paths until at last they reached it (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Yamato-shi). Later it was called the Ugashi estate (Note: following the Ki recorded in the Zoku Nankō Zatsuroku).

¶At Take (Take. Remark: at present the place Take is in Iriya village, in the south of the district) there is Mount Akahani (Note: Remark: in Akahani village), which produces red clay (Note: following the Man'yōshū and the Yamato-shi). There is Chihara (Note: Remark: in Kami-Tahōguchi village), so named because when the imperial army killed Ukashi the elder, the blood flowed to the ankles (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Yamato-shi). There is Mount Muro (Note: following the Nihon Kiryaku and the provincial map. Remark: also written with other characters). There are the Muro Ryūketsu Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki) and Murōji (Note: following the Kōfukuji Kanmuchō), and there is the Muro River (Note: following the Yamato-shi).

¶Kasama (Kasama. Remark: the present Kasama village, belonging to Shikinoue District) is probably the place where Uda-no-Kasama-no-Muraji Ōmoto-no-Mikoto lived (Note: following the Kuji Hongi). Later it was called the Kasama estate (Note: following the Tōdaiji Yōroku).

¶Shikinoue District (Shikinoue-no-Kōri) is a medium district (Note: following the Ryō no Gige and the Wamyōshō). Anciently it was called Shiki Agata, and the Founder made Otoshiki its Agatanushi (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. Remark: "Shiki" is also written with other characters, as "Shiki" and "Shiki"). Later it was divided into two districts, called Shikinoue and Shikinoshimo (Note: following the Engishiki. Remark: the appearance of "Shiki District" in the reign of Kinmei and "Shikinoue District" in the reign of Kōgyoku in the Nihon Shoki is probably a later retrospective writing). To the east it borders Uda District, to the south it joins Tōchi District, to the west it adjoins the two districts of Shikinoshimo and Tōchi, and to the north it neighbors Yamabe District (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the provincial map). It holds eight townships (Note: following the Wamyōshō).

¶Sakita (Sakita. Remark: the present Higashida village, in the west of the district; "saki" and "higashi" are close in reading) is the place where the Sakita clan lived (Note: following the Shōjiroku). There are the two tombs of Yamanobe and Michinoue (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶At Shimotsuke (Shimotsuke. Remark: its location is now unknown) there is Shimotsukenoderā (Note: following the Nihon Ryōiki). Kanbe (Kanbe. Remark: its location is now unknown) was probably the households of the Ōmiwa god.

¶At Ōichi (Ōichi. Remark: the present Hashinaka village; traces of the name still survive), Emperor Sujin buried Yamatotohime-no-Mikoto and called the tomb Hashihaka (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). The northwest is called Osada, where the Sachitama Palace stood (Note: following the Nihon Shoki, the Yamato-shi and the provincial map. Remark: its site remains in Ōta village. Remark: the Nihon Ryōiki and the Shinmeikyō both write "Iware Osada Palace." The Teiō Hennenki and the Kōdaiki place it in Tōchi District, but on examining the provincial map, Iware in Tōchi District and this district adjoin each other, so Osada may anciently have belonged to Tōchi District. Appended to await later consideration). There is the Osada Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki). There is Chōgakuji (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the provincial map. Remark: east of Yanagimoto village).

¶At Ōmiwa (Ōmiwa. Remark: at present there is Miwa village, east of Sakita; "kami" and "miwa" agree in reading) there is Mount Miwa, formerly called Mount Mimoro (Note: Remark: also written with other characters, as "Mimuro"). It is the site of the Ōmiwa Ōmononushi Shrine, and the township name is taken from it (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Engishiki). The Ōmiwa clan lived here generation after generation (Note: following the Shōjiroku). Toyosukiirihime-no-Mikoto enshrined the Great Deity of the Imperial Ancestors on the mountain (Note: following the Yamatohime-no-Mikoto Seiki Kōjutsushō and the Washū Kyūseki Yūkō), and it was called Miwa-no-Mimuro-no-Mine-no-Ue-no-Miya (Note: following the Daijingū Gishikichō and the Yamatohime-no-Mikoto Seiki). There is the Sai River, named because the land has many sai-kusa plants. Isukeyorihime, consort of the Founder, lived here (Note: following the Kojiki). There is Mount Makimuku (Note: Remark: also written with other characters, northeast of Mount Miwa. Its peak is called Yuzukidake; to the south is Mount Hibara, to the north Mount Itadori, and to the east it is linked to Mount Hakuse). There is Mount Tamaki (Note: following the Man'yōshū and the Yamato-shi). There are the two shrines of Makimuku and Anashi (Note: following the Engishiki). There is the village of Anashi (Note: Remark: the present Anashi village). There are the Makimuku Tamaki Palace and the Makimuku Hishiro Palace (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. Remark: both sites are in Anashi village). There is the Makimuku River (Note: following the Man'yōshū. Remark: also called the Itadori River). Later it was called the Anashi estate (Note: following the Kinpusen bell inscription).

¶At Kamiichi (Kamiichi. Remark: the present Kanaya village; traces of the name still survive) the main township was anciently called Shiki (Note: following the Nihon Shoki, the Engishiki and the Man'yōshū). There is the Shiki Mi-agata Shrine, and the Shiki Agatanushi and the Shiki-no-Muraji lived here (Note: following the Shōjiroku and the Engishiki). There are the Shiki Mizugaki Palace (Remark: in Miwa village) and the Shikishima Kanasashi Palace (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. Remark: in Kanaya village). There is Shikino (Note: following the Man'yōshū) and the Tsubaichi market (Note: Remark: both in Kanaya village), where Emperor Bidatsu rejected Buddhism and had monks and nuns flogged. There was the Tsubaichi Palace, which was a separate estate of Empress Kashikiyahime (Empress Suiko). In the reign of Empress Suiko, an envoy of the Tang was met here.

¶Hase (Hase. Remark: the present Hatsuse village, in the east of the district) is the place where the Hasebe clan lived (Note: following the Shōjiroku). There is Mount Hatsuse (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Man'yōshū) and Mount Nabekura (Note: following the Sagami Kashū), where the Nabekura Shrine stands (Note: following the Engishiki). Because the mountains enclose the valley and the terrain is deep, it was called "Komoriku-no-Hatsuse-no-Kuni" (Note: following the Man'yōshū and the Yamato-shi). There is Hatsuse Ono (Note: Remark: west of Hatsuse village), where Emperor Yūryaku visited, viewed the lie of the land and composed a poem, and changed its name to Michi-no-Ono (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There is the Hase Yamaguchi Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki), and there is Hasedera, where Empress Shōtoku made a visit (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi). There was the Hatsuse Saigū of Princess Ōku (Note: Remark: its site is below Kehaizaka in Hatsuse). There are the Hase Asakura Palace (Note: Remark: its site is between the two villages of Kurosaki and Iwasaka) and the Hase Tsuranagi Palace (Note: Remark: its site is in Izumo village). There is Todoroki-no-Fuchi (Note: Remark: in Shirakawa village), where Emperor Tenmu held an informal banquet when he visited Hatsuse (Note: following the Nihon Shoki; the Tsuranagi Palace is from the Kojiki). There is the Shiki Itsukashi-no-Moto Palace (Note: Remark: the Yamato-shi says its site remains between the two villages of Shirakawa and Izumo. Remark: the Washū Kyūseki Yūkō and the Senkō Zusetsu take the old site to be Ōtorii-chō south of Hatsuse, and the Chimeiki makes it the Mimoro Palace of Miwa, but here the Yamato-shi is followed). It is where Yamatohime-no-Mikoto enshrined the Heavenly Ancestor (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Yamatohime-no-Mikoto Seiki). There is the Hikeda Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki), the so-called "Wakakurusuhara of Hikeda" (Note: following the Kojiki). There is Mount Kasa (Note: following the Man'yōshū. Remark: in Kasa village) and Asajihara (Note: following the Kagura-uta). There is Mount Konpira (Note: Remark: in Shiraki village), from which the Hatsuse River flows (Note: following the Yamato-shi). It was here that Takeuchi-no-Sukune and Umashiuchi-no-Sukune underwent the trial by boiling water (kukatachi) at the upper reaches of the Shiki river (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). To its south is Yonabari, which Empress Jitō once visited (Note: following the Nihon Shoki, the Man'yōshū and the provincial map. Remark: the present Yonabari village, anciently belonging to Uda District). There are Mount Inukai and Namishibano (Note: following the Man'yōshū). There is the Yonabari tomb of the Empress Dowager of the Ki clan, who was posthumously honored by Emperor Kōnin (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶At Osaka (Ossaka. Remark: "Oshi" is mistakenly written with the character for "On"; it is corrected following the Kōzanji text. The present Osaka village, in the south of the district), the Founder ordered Michi-no-Omi-no-Mikoto to build a great chamber at the village of Osaka, lured out the captives and killed them (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There is Mount Osaka (Note: following the Man'yōshū). There are the Oshisaka-no-Uchi tomb and the Oshisaka tombs of the three princesses Tamura, Ōtomo and Kagami (Note: following the Engishiki). There is the village of Tobi (Note: Remark: the present Toyama village), formerly named Nagasune, which is the place where Nagasunehiko made his stand. When the Founder came to attack him, a golden kite (kinshi) appeared as an auspicious sign, and the name was therefore changed to Tobi. The later "Tomi" is a corruption (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Yamato-shi). There is Tomi-no-Oka (Note: following the Man'yōshū), anciently called Mount Tomi (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Yamato-shi. Remark: also written with other characters, and its northeast straddles Uda District). It was here that Nigihayahi-no-Mikoto moved from Kawachi and settled at Shiraniwayama in Tomi (Note: following the Kuji Hongi. Remark: the mountain belongs to Shiraki village).

¶Shikinoshimo District (Shikinoshimo-no-Kōri) is a lower district (Note: following the Ryō no Gige and the Wamyōshō). To the east it borders the two districts of Shikinoue and Yamabe, to the south it joins Tōchi District, to the west it adjoins Hirose District, and to the north it reaches Heguri District (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the provincial map). It holds six townships (Note: following the Wamyōshō).

¶Kami (Kami. Remark: its location is now unknown).

¶At Yamato (Yamato. Remark: at present the Yamato-Ochi Shrine is in Kaichi village, in the east of the district, which preserves the name) the place was at first called the village of Ichishi, and later changed to its present name (Note: following the Daiwa Jinja Chūshin-jō). It is the place where the Yamato-no-Atai lived. Emperor Sujin ordered Ichishi-no-Nagaochi, their ancestor, to enshrine the Yamato-no-Ōkunitama-no-Kami here (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There is the Yamato-Ochi Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki. Remark: the Nihon Shoki mentions the Yamato Kuni-no-Miyatsuko; "Yamato" was originally the name of a single district and later became the collective name of a whole province. When districts and townships were fixed in the Taika era, the old name was probably deliberately kept for this place). There is the Murataya Shrine. In the Jinshin disturbance this place was a key point (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). In the Tenryaku era it was called the Muraya estate (Note: following the Tōdaiji documents). There is the Yugei-no-Mi-i well (Note: Remark: in Kurado village). In the third year of Hōki (772) the Emperor visited here and held a banquet of the winding stream (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi). The Hatsuse River becomes the Yamato River at this point and flows west to join the Hirose River (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the provincial map; on the Yamato River, following the Fubokushū).

¶At Miyake (Miyake. Remark: at present there is Miyakehara in Miyako, in the south of the district; this is a survival of the name) Emperor Keikō established the Yamato Miyake; this is the place (Note: following the Kojiki). There is Miyakehara (Note: following the Man'yōshū).

¶At Kagamitsukuri (Kagamitsukuri. Remark: at present the Kagamitsukuri Shrine is in Yao village, which preserves the name) there are the Kagamitsukuri Shrine and the Itoi Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki). It is the place where the Itoi-no-Miyatsuko lived (Note: following the Shōjiroku). There is the village of Ato (Note: following the Sagami Kashū and the Yamato-shi. Remark: southeast of Sakate village).

¶At Kuroda (Kuroda. Remark: the present Kuroda village, north of Miyake) there is the Kuroda Iorito Palace (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. Remark: its site is between the two villages of Kuroda and Miyako).

¶At Murō (Murō. Remark: at present the place Murō is in Karako village, in the north of the district; this is a survival of the name) there is Murō (Note: following the Man'yōshū). There is the Karahito Pond (Note: Remark: in Karako village, called the Yanagida Pond), which in the reign of Emperor Ōjin was built with the labor of Korean immigrants (Note: following the Nihon Shoki).

¶Takechi District (Takechi-no-Kōri) is a lower district (Note: following the Ryō no Gige and the Wamyōshō). It is the ancient Ame-no-Takechi (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). At first Amatsuhikone-no-Mikoto lived here, and his descendants were Agatanushi generation after generation (Note: following the Kojiki and the Shōjiroku). In the reign of Emperor Ōjin, naturalized Chinese immigrants were settled in the village of Hinokuma, and since their families prospered, in the reign of Emperor Nintoku a separate district was established and called Imaki (Note: Remark: "Imaki" refers to the newly naturalized among the foreign people). Later it was merged into this district (Note: drawing on the Shoku Nihongi and the Shōjiroku as cited in the Sakanoue genealogy. Remark: the Shōjiroku says Imaki District was established in the reign of Nintoku, but the mention of Imaki District in the Kinmei annals is doubtful and is probably a later retrospective writing). To the southeast it borders Yoshino District, to the west it joins the three districts of Katsuragi-no-Kami, Katsuragi-no-Shimo and Oshinumi, and to the north it adjoins Tōchi District (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the provincial map). It holds seven townships (Note: following the Wamyōshō).

¶Kose (Kose. Remark: at present written "Koshi," in the middle of the district; "Kose" and "koshi" agree in sound and meaning) is the place where the Kose clan lived (Note: following the Shōjiroku). There are Mount Kose and Koshino (Note: following the Man'yōshū and the Yamato-shi. Remark: between the two villages of Ochi and Toya). There is the Ochi Pond (Note: Remark: in Kita-Ochi village, called the Upper Pond), opened in the Enryaku era by Nieda-no-Mononobe-no-Obito Toshitari (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi). There is the Ochi-no-Oka-no-Ue tomb (Note: following the Engishiki. Remark: "Ochi" is also written with other characters, as "Oichi"). There is Kaibukiyama Castle (Note: Remark: above the two villages of Yoraku and Myōhōji), where the Ochi clan made their stand and became a bulwark (hanpei) of the Southern Court (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the accounts of local people). There is the Ōmusa Miyake (Note: Remark: the present Misei village; "Musa" and "Misei" agree in reading), established in the Kinmei reign (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There is the Musa Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki) and the Musa-no-Tsukisaka-no-Ue tomb (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Engishiki). It was here that the Founder granted the village of Tsukisaka to Michi-no-Omi-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There is Ishikurano (Note: following the Man'yōshū. Remark: in Toya village) and the Masuda Pond (Note: Remark: bounded on the north by Ikejiri and extending south to Hinokuma), opened in the thirteenth year of Kōnin (822) (Note: following the Seireishū and the Teiō Hennenki). To its east is Karu-no-Chi (Note: Remark: the present Ōkaru village), the place where the Karube-no-Omi lived (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the provincial map). There are the Magario Palace, the Sakaihara Palace and the Toyoakari Palace (Note: the Toyoakari is from the Kuji Hongi). There is the Karu Pond, opened by Emperor Ōjin. The Emperor had Achiki pasture horses at the stable on the slope of Karu, called Umayasaka; there are the Umayasaka Pond and the Umayasaka Palace. When Emperor Jomei returned in procession from Iyo, he stayed here. There is Karudera (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. Remark: its site is in Tōmyōji village), later called the Karyū estate (Note: following the Tōdaiji Yōroku). There is Tachibanadera (Note: Remark: also called Bodaiji, in Tachibana village southeast of Karudera), where Prince Umayado lectured on the Shōman Sutra (Note: following the Genkō Shakusho, the Shōtoku Taishi Denryaku and the provincial map).

¶At Hata (Hata. Remark: the present Hata village, in the east of the district) there is the Hata Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki), and the Hata-no-Omi had this as their place of origin (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Kojiki). There are Mount Hosokawa (Remark: in Hosokawa village) and Mount Minabuchi (Remark: in Inabuchi village); in the reign of Emperor Tenmu woodcutting was forbidden on both. There is Minabuchi Sakata Amadera (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. Remark: also called Kongōji. Remark: the "Osarida Sakata Bridge" of the Man'yōshū and the "Takechi Sakatahara" of the Genkō Shakusho are probably this place). There is the tomb of Master Minabuchi (Note: following the Yamato-shi. Remark: in Inabuchi village). There is Asajihara (Note: Remark: the present Oso village, east of Inabuchi), where Emperor Kenzō settled the old woman Okime (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There is the Asuka River (Note: following the Man'yōshū), which is the Minabuchi River (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Yamato-shi). It was at the upper reaches of the Minabuchi that Empress Kōgyoku visited and prayed for rain (Note: following the Nihon Shoki).

¶At Asobibe (Asobibe. Remark: the present villages of Imai, Shijō and others, north of Kose, are the place of the old township) is probably the place where the Asobibe clan lived (Note: following the Ryō no Shūge). There are the Asobibe River and the Asobibe well (Note: following the Yamato-shi. Remark: in Imai village) and Asobi-no-Oka (Note: following the Fubokushū. Remark: in Shijō village). There is the Takechi Mi-agata Shrine and there is Mount Unebi (Note: Remark: "bi" is also written with another character). The Yamaguchi Shrine is there (Note: following the Engishiki). There are the Unebi Kashihara Palace, the northeast tomb of Mount Unebi, the Mikage-no-Ikegami tomb, the Senshakei-no-Ue tomb and the tomb of Kamuyaimimi-no-Mikoto. There is the Unebi Pond, opened in the reign of Empress Suiko (Note: following the Nihon Shoki, the Engishiki and the Yamato-shi). There are the Soga River-bank (Note: following the Man'yōshū. Remark: in Soga village) and the Soga Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki). In the Kenmu era it was called the Soga estate (Note: following the Yoshimizu-in documents). Probably the Soga clan came from here (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Shōjiroku). There are the Ame-no-Takechi Shrine and the Takechi Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki) and the Takechi Pond, opened by Empress Suiko (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There is the Takadono estate (Note: following the Saidaiji Denpata Mokuroku and the Tōji documents. Remark: the present Takadono village) and the Hida estate (Note: following the Tōdaiji Yōroku. Remark: the present Hida village). It is the place where the Kose-no-Kaedeta-no-Omi lived (Note: following the Shōjiroku). There is the provincial temple (Kokubunji; Note: following the Engishiki. Remark: in Minami-Yagi village).

¶Hinokuma (Hinokuma. Remark: the present Hinokuma village, south of Kose) is the place where the Hinokuma clan lived (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi and the Shōjiroku as cited in the Sakanoue genealogy). There is the Hinokuma Iorino Palace (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Kojiki. Remark: in Hinokuma village). There is Hinokumadera (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There are the three tombs of Sakai, Ōuchi and Akooka, and the Hinokuma tomb of Princess Kibi (Note: following the Engishiki). There is Kurehara (Note: Remark: the present Kurihara village, which is probably it), named because in the reign of Emperor Yūryaku people of Wu (Kurebito) were settled here (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There is the Kuretsuhiko Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki). There is Mayumi-no-Oka (Note: following the Man'yōshū. Remark: also called Sata-no-Oka), where the Mayumi-no-Oka tomb of the Emperor of Oka (Prince Kusakabe) stands (Note: following the Engishiki. Remark: between the two villages of Sata and Mori). Later it was called the Mayumi estate (Note: following the Daigoji Zatsujiki). It is also called the Niutani estate (Note: following the Yoshimizu-in documents. Remark: the present Niutani village, southwest of Mayumi). There is Mount Ōnihō, where Soga no Emishi built Hokonukidera (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. Remark: its site is in Niutani village). There is Mount Abo (Note: following the Man'yōshū. Remark: in Abeyama village). There is Mount Takamuchi (Note: following the Fubokushū, the Yamato-shi and the provincial map. Remark: the present Takatori-yama, above Tosa village). Koshimadera is there (Note: following the Engishiki). The Hinokuma River flows out of it, and its lower course is called the Mayumi River, and also the Soga River (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the provincial map). There is Mount Tsubosaka, and Tsubosakadera is there (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki, the Engishiki and the Yamato-shi).

¶At Kume (Kume. Remark: the present Kume village, south of Asobibe) the Founder granted the riverside land west of Mount Unebi to Ōkume-no-Mikoto, established the Ōkumebe and called it the village of Kume (Note: on Ōkume-no-Mikoto, following the Kojiki). Emperor Suinin visited here and eventually established a miyake (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There is the Kume Mi-agata Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki). There is Kumedera (Note: following the Genkō Shakusho). There is the Kume River (Note: following the Nihon Ki Kyōen Waka). It was here that, when Emperor Yūryaku hunted on Mount Katsuragi, the god Hitokotonushi saw the Emperor off as far as the Kume waters (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There is the Sagisu Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki) and the Sagisu Pond (Note: following the Kojiki). There is the Fujiwara Palace, where Emperor Ingyō settled Sotōri-no-Iratsume (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). It is also called Fujiihara (Note: following the Man'yōshū). There is the Tsurugi Pond (Note: Remark: in Ishikawa village), opened by Emperor Ōjin. Soga no Umako built a monastery at his residence in Ishikawa; this is the place. There is the Tanaka Palace (Note: Remark: its site remains in Tanaka village, north of Ishikawa), to which Emperor Jomei moved (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Yamato-shi).

¶At Unade (Unade. Remark: the present Unade village, northwest of Kume) there is the Unade Grove (Note: following the Man'yōshū), and the Futodama-no-Mikoto Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki). It is anciently the place where the Imbe clan lived (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the general sense of the Shōjiroku).

¶Kami (Kami. Remark: the present Asuka village, northeast of Hinokuma, is probably the place) was anciently called Tōtsu-Asuka (Remark: the Man'yōshū has "Asuka village" in the third year of Wadō, and the Nihon Kiryaku has "the Asuka Shrine of Kami township" in the sixth year of Tenchō, which may serve as evidence). When Emperor Richū fled the trouble of Prince Suminoe-no-Nakatsu and stayed at Isonokami Shrine, Emperor Hanzei, as the Emperor's younger brother, received the edict and went to Naniwa, lured the prince out and killed him, and came to the Ōsaka Yamaguchi (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Kojiki). There he said, "Tomorrow I shall visit Isonokami," and from this it was named Tōtsu-Asuka (Far Asuka). Arriving here again he said, "I shall stay here and purify myself. Tomorrow I shall go to the palace," and from this it was named Chikatsu-Asuka (Near Asuka) (Note: following the Kojiki. Remark: "ashita" (tomorrow) and "Asuka" agree in reading). It is the place where the Asuka-no-Atai family lived (Note: following the Shōjiroku). There is Mount Kannabi (Note: following the Nihon Kiryaku). There is Makami-no-Hara (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Man'yōshū. Remark: also called Asajinohara). It is also called Asuka Tomata, where Emperor Sushun built Hōkōji (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There are the Asuka Shrine and the Asuka Yamaguchi Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki). There is the Shikagaki Pond (Note: Remark: now called Kakitsuta), opened by Emperor Ōjin (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There is the Tōtsu-Asuka Palace (Note: following the Kojiki) and the Asuka Kawabe temporary palace (Note: Remark: the sites of both palaces are in Asuka village). In the reign of Emperor Kōtoku the Crown Prince (later Emperor Tenji) escorted the Empress Dowager (Empress Kōgyoku) here (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There is Mount Yatsuri (Note: following the Man'yōshū. Remark: in Kami-Yatsuri village, east of Asuka). There is the Chikatsu-Asuka Yatsuri Palace (Note: Remark: if Tōtsu-Asuka and Chikatsu-Asuka were named on geographical grounds, then since Emperor Hanzei had his capital in Kawachi, the one lying to the west should be called "near." But the "Chikatsu-Asuka" here refers not to nearness of place but to earlier and later generations, so its meaning is naturally different). There are the Toyura Palace and the Owarida Palace (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. Remark: the sites of both palaces are in Toyura village, southwest of Yatsuri). There is Toyuradera (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi and the Man'yōshū. Remark: in Toyura village; also called Kōgonji). In the Kinmei reign Soga no Inome gave up his house at Mukuhara and made it a temple (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). The temple has a cherry-tree well, the "cherry well of Toyuradera" of the children's song of the days when Emperor Kōnin was still in the dragon's seclusion (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi). There is Ajikashi-no-Oka (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Taishi-den Gyokurinshō. Remark: also written "Amakashi-no-Oka," east of Toyura), where the Amakashi Shrine stands (Note: following the Engishiki). When Emperor Ingyō fixed clan names and titles, he gathered the people of the various clans here for the trial by boiling water (kukatachi) (Note: Remark: the preface of the Kōnin Shiki says that the cauldron is still in Takechi District, and this is it). The Soga clan became arrogant, built mansions on the hill, and called the house of Emishi the "Miyakado" and the house of Iruka the "Hazama-no-Miyakado." There is Asuka-no-Oka (Note: Remark: in Oka village), and there are the Okamoto Palace and the Nochi-no-Okamoto Palace (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There is Ryūgaiji (Note: following the Genkō Shakusho. Remark: east of Oka village), also called Okadera (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi). There is Ikazuchi-no-Oka (Note: following the Nihon Ryōiki and the Man'yōshū. Remark: in Ikazuchi village), and the Itabuki Palace and the Kawara Palace (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. Remark: the sites are in Kamii village). There is the Tachibana-jima Palace (Note: Remark: its site remains in Shimanosho village), also called the Shima Palace, where Prince Kusakabe lived (Note: following the Man'yōshū). In the fourth year of Emperor Tenmu he visited it (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There is the Magari Pond (Note: following the Man'yōshū). Soga no Umako built a house by the Asuka River, dug a pond and built an island, and so the people of the time called him the "Minister of the Island"; this is the place (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There is Okuna-no-Chi (Note: following the Man'yōshū and the Yamato-shi. Remark: the Man'yōshū says that Lady Fujiwara of Emperor Tenmu once lived at Ōhara and was called the "Ōhara Ōtoji," which is evidence that Ōhara is Fujiwara). Nakatomi no Kamatari lived here, and from this he was granted the surname Fujiwara (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Tōnomine Engi).

¶Tōchi District (Tōchi-no-Kōri) is a lower district (Note: following the Ryō no Gige and the Wamyōshō). Anciently it was called Tōchi Agata, which the Agatanushi governed, and the Tōchibe were established and attached to the Mononobe clan. In the reign of Emperor Ankan the Ōmuraji Okoshi presented it to the court (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). Later it was established as a district (Note: following the Engishiki). To the east it reaches Uda District, to the south it adjoins Takechi District, to the west it borders Hirose District, and to the north it joins the two districts of Shikinoue and Shikinoshimo (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the provincial map). It holds four townships (Note: following the Wamyōshō).

¶At Ofu (Ofu. Remark: "O" is mistakenly written with the character for "Ii"; it is corrected here. "Ofu" and "Ō" agree in reading and meaning. At present there is Ō village, in the northwest of the district. The Yamato-shi makes it Iitaka village, which is an error) there is the Ō Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki), and the Ō-no-Omi lived here generation after generation. There is the Kudara Palace (Note: Remark: its site remains in Iitaka village, half straddling Hirose District). There is Kudaradera (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. Remark: in Nijō village, a settlement belonging to Kudara in Hirose District), built by Emperor Jomei (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Sandai Jitsuroku). There are the Kudara Pond (Note: following the Kojiki) and Kudarahara (Note: following the Man'yōshū). There is Mount Miminashi (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. Remark: "nashi" is also written with another character, and some texts omit it). The Miminashi Shrine is there (Note: following the Engishiki). There is the Miminashi Pond (Note: following the Man'yōshū). There is the Miminashi temporary palace (Note: Remark: both are in Kihara village), visited in the ninth year of Empress Suiko (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There is the Miminashi River (Note: following the Yamato-shi). In the Kenmu era there was the Niguchi estate (Note: following the Yoshimizu-in documents).

¶At Kawabe (Kawabe. Remark: at present the place Kawabe is in Shimoshō village) is the place where the Takeda-no-Kawabe-no-Muraji lived (Note: following the Shōjiroku). At first it was called Takeda Agata (Note: Remark: the present Takeda village). It was so named because the Founder issued a proclamation (nori) here (Note: Remark: "nori" and "take" agree in reading). He made his younger brother Ukashi the Agatanushi (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There is the Takeda Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki) and Takedahara (Note: following the Man'yōshū). There is the Chiyo Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki. Remark: the original attaches it to Shikinoshimo District), later called the Chiyo estate (Note: following the Tōdaiji Yōroku). There is the village of Kasanui (Note: Remark: the place Kasanui lies between the two villages of Tōchi and Niiki). Emperor Sujin set up a sacred enclosure (himorogi) at Shikatakiki and enshrined the Heavenly Ancestor here (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Yamato-shi). There is the Tōchi Mi-agata Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki). In the Chōtoku era it was called the Tōchi estate (Note: following the Tōdaiji Yōroku).

¶At Ikegami (Ikegami. Remark: at present the place Ikegami is in Miyabe village in the district. To the southwest are the two villages of Ikeuchi and Ikejiri, which are the site of the old Iware Pond) the place was at first called Katai (Remark: also called Katatachi), and because the Founder defeated the rebels and the great army filled this land to overflowing, it was renamed the village of Iware (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. Remark: "Iware" is also written with other characters, and is read "iware," which means overflowing). There is the Iware Yamaguchi Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki), and the Ikebe Namitsuki Palace (Note: Remark: its site is in Nagato village; "Ikebe" is the same as "Ikegami"), together with the three palaces of Wakazakura, Mikaguri and Tamaho (Note: Remark: the sites of the two palaces Wakazakura and Mikaguri are in Ikeuchi village, and the site of the Tamaho Palace is between the two villages of Tani and Sakurai). There is the Ichishi Pond (Note: Remark: in Ikeuchi village), opened by Emperor Richū. When the Emperor floated a boat on it and held a banquet, although the season was already winter, cherry blossoms fell into his cup. The Emperor thought this strange and ordered Mononobe-no-Nagamai to search for the source, and he found it at Mitsugaki-no-Muroyama and presented it. It is said that the palace was named Wakazakura (Young Cherry) for this reason. There is Mount Ame-no-Kagu (Note: Remark: in Kagukuyama village), from whose summit the Founder took earth to make heavenly flat jars (ame-no-hiraka), with which he worshipped the gods and pacified the rebels, and so named it Haniyasu (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There is the Ame-no-Kaguyama Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki). There are the Kagurayama palace and the Haniyasu Pond (Note: following the Man'yōshū. Remark: in Minamiura village; called the Mirror Pond). There is Takasajino (Note: following the Kojiki). There are the Uneo-Tsutamoto Shrine and the Uneo-Takehaniyasu Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki), and the Nakisawa Grove (Note: following the Man'yōshū. Remark: in Kimoto village). There is the Tabure-gokoro Canal (Note: Remark: west of Kaguyama). Empress Saimei was fond of earthworks, and when building the fence of the Futatsuki Palace she had a canal dug between Kaguyama and Isonokami and had stones carried by boat, which caused the laborers great suffering; hence the name, it is said. There is Yamadadera (Note: Remark: in Yamada village). In the reign of Emperor Kōtoku the minister Soga no Kurayamada no Maro founded it and prayed for the long continuance of the imperial throne (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There is Mount Kurahashi (Note: following the Kojiki and the Yamato-shi. Remark: also written with other characters, above Kurahashi village). There is the Kurahashi-no-Oka tomb (Note: following the Nihon Shoki) and the Kurahashi Shibagaki Palace (Note: following the Kojiki. Remark: the present Konpukuji in Kurahashi village is its site). In the Keiun era a detached palace was established here (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi). There is Mount Otowa (Note: Remark: east of Kurahashi, in Otowa village) and Mount Awahara (Note: following the Yamato-shi. Remark: in Awahara village, northeast of Otowa). There is Awaharadera (Note: following the roof-finial inscription of Awaharadera). There is Tōnomine (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. Remark: also written "Tamine," southwest of Mount Kurahashi), from which the Tera River flows (Note: following the Yamato-shi). Empress Jitō once visited it. There is the Futatsuki Palace, built by Empress Saimei (Note: Remark: named because there were two zelkova (tsuki) trees on top of the ridge). It was also called the Heavenly Palace (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). In the Taihō era it was repaired as a detached palace (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi). There is the Tōnomine tomb of Fujiwara no Kamatari (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Ruijū Fusenshō). There is Myōrakuji (Note: following the Tōnomine Ryakki). There are Karijino and the Karijino Pond (Note: following the Man'yōshū. Remark: in Karuji village, which at first belonged to Takechi District and later to this district).

¶Kanbe (Kanbe. Remark: the present Hashimoto village; there is the Kanbe Pond).

¶Yamanobe District (Yamanobe-no-Kōri) is a lower district (Note: following the Ryō no Gige and the Wamyōshō). In the Jōwa era the land of this district was granted to Prince Muneyasu (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki). To the east it borders the two districts of Iga and Nabari in Iga Province, to the south it reaches the two districts of Uda and Shikinoue, to the west it adjoins the two districts of Shikinoshimo and Heguri, and to the north it joins Soekami District (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the provincial map). It holds six townships (Note: following the Wamyōshō).

¶At Tsuge (Tsuge. Remark: also written "Takedani." At present the villages of Yamaguchi, Tomoda and others are in the middle of the district, and this is the place of the old township) the place was anciently called the province of Tsuge, and a miyatsuko was appointed to govern it. It was abolished in the reign of Emperor Ingyō. There is Tsugeno (Note: Remark: also written with other characters; in the two villages of Tomoda and Kōoka), where, in the reign of Emperor Nintoku, Prince Ōnakatsuhiko hunted and obtained ice and presented it. It is said that ice-houses began here (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. Remark: the site is in Yamada village). After the Tenchō era it was designated a forbidden ground (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). There is the Tsuge temporary palace (Note: Remark: its site is in Kōoka village), where the Saiō of Ise stayed (Note: following the Gōke Shidai). There are the Tsuge Mikumari Shrine and the Tsuge Yamaguchi Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki). In the first year of Reiki (715) the Tsuge mountain road was opened, and there was the Horigoe temporary palace (Note: Remark: its site remains in Mukaibuchi village, southeast of Kōoka). Emperor Shōmu once visited (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi). There is Mount Kamino (Note: following the Yamato-shi. Remark: above Fushiogami village). There is Kaminoji, where in the fourth year of Gangyō (880) an imperial command had merit-making performed (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). There is Hata-Yokoyama (Note: Remark: northeast of Kamino, called Nakamineyama), and there are Hatano (Note: following the Man'yōshū) and Hata-no-Soma (Note: following the Daianji Engi). There is the Kamihata Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki. Remark: anciently belonging to Soekami District). There is the Nabari River (Note: following the Yamato-shi). It was this that Emperor Kōtoku named when he fixed the Home Provinces, making Nabari-no-Yokogawa the eastern limit (Note: following the Nihon Shoki).

¶At Hoshikawa (Hoshikawa. Remark: at present the place Hoshikawa is in Hakiyama village, in the south of the district) is the place where the Hoshikawa clan lived (Note: following the Shōjiroku). There are the Ohara River and the Hagihara River (Note: following the Yamato-shi and the provincial map).

¶At Hattoribe (Hattoribe. Remark: at present the place Hattori is in Shinshō village) is the place where the Hattoribe-no-Muraji lived (Note: following the Shōjiroku). There is Mount Hikite (Note: following the Man'yōshū and the Yamato-shi. Remark: east of Nakamura, called Ryūō by the local people).

¶At Nagaya (Nagaya. Remark: at present there is Nagayahara in Nagahara village, in the west of the district; this is a survival of the name), in the Tenryaku era it was called the Nagaya estate (Note: following the Tōdaiji Yōroku). There is Nagayahara, where in the third year of Wadō (710), when the capital moved from Fujiwara Palace to Nara Palace, the palanquin halted (Note: following the Man'yōshū). There is the Isonokami Canal (Note: Remark: in Nagara village), dug in the reign of Emperor Richū (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Yamato-shi). It is probably the place where the Nagara-no-Obito lived. Mimitaka, a descendant of Takeuchi-no-Sukune, lived here and called himself of the Kishida clan (Note: following the Shōjiroku. Remark: the present Kishida village). There is the Fusumada tomb of Princess Tashiraka (Note: Remark: east of Kishida, in Nakayama village). There is the Yamanobe Mi-agata Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki and the Yamato-shi). In the Tenryaku era there was the Yamanobe estate (Note: following the Tōdaiji documents). The name of the district arose from here.

¶At Iwanari (Iwanari. Remark: the Kōzanji text writes "nari" with a different character. The place is not clear) there is the Iwanari Shrine (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi).

¶At Isonokami (Isonokami. Remark: the present Isonokami village, north of Nagaya; "iso" and "ishi" agree in reading) is the place which the Isonokami clan took as their origin (Note: following the Nihon Shoki, the Kuji Hongi and the Shōjiroku). There is the Isonokami Pond (Note: Remark: in Isonokami village, commonly called the Daishōgun Pond). In the sixth year of Empress Saimei an image of Mount Sumeru was built above the pond and the Mishihase people were entertained (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). There is the Isonokami Furu Shrine (Note: following the Engishiki. Remark: the Nihon Shoki has "Isonokami Furu Shrine"). There is Furu village (Note: Remark: the present Furu village), the place where the Furu clan lived (Note: following the Shōjiroku and the provincial map). Later it was called the Furu estate (Note: following the Tōdaiji Yōroku). There are Mount Furu (Note: following the Man'yōshū) and the Furu River (Note: following the Yamato-shi). There is the Isonokami Jinguji (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. Remark: east of Yamaguchi village). There is Isonokamidera (Note: following the Gosen Wakashū. Remark: in Furu village, called Ryōinji), also called Ryōhōji (Note: following the Sagami Kashū). Emperor Kōkō once stayed here in the days of his dragon's seclusion (Note: following the Kokin Wakashū). There is Ariwaradera (Note: following the Gyokuyō Wakashū. Remark: in Isonokami village). There is Moribe-no-Sato (Note: following the Man'yōshū. Remark: west of Furu, in Moriyadō village). The Tachibanamori clan, descendants of Tajimamori, probably lived here (Note: following the Kojiki and the Shōjiroku). There is the Isonokami Anaho Palace (Note: Remark: its site is in Tamura) and the Isonokami Hirotaka Palace (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Yamato-shi. Remark: its site is in Kahata village). There is Amuchi-no-Chi (Note: Remark: the present Amuchi village). It is probably the place where the Yamato-no-Amuchi-no-Miyatsuko lived (Note: following the Kojiki, the Shōjiroku and the Yamato-shi). There is the Mishima estate (Note: following the Saidaiji Denpata Mokuroku. Remark: the present Mishima village).