Treatise 45: Provinces and Districts IV

¶Kawachi Province is a major province. In ancient times it was called Ōshikōchi, a name it received because a great river wound around its west and north. When Emperor Jinmu (the Great Founder) set out on his eastern campaign, he mustered his troops here. After the realm was pacified, Hiko-Isohori-no-Mikoto was made its Kuni-no-Miyatsuko (provincial governor). Agatanushi (chiefs of agata, ancient crown districts) were then established for Shiki, Konku, Mino and Chinu, and lands such as Tajihi, Nagano, Furuichi, Kusuba, Ikaga, Sakurai, Ōto, Toyura, Nukata, Ishikawa, Kusaka, Ishizu, Sarara, Sakamoto, Takayasu, Asuka, Shibukawa, Mamuta, Yosami and Sayama came under them. These were later set up as districts and townships. With the Taika Reform the districts under its jurisdiction numbered eighteen. In the sixth year of Wadō (713), the character "Ō" was dropped from the name. In the second year of Reiki (716), the two districts of Izumi and Hine were split off to supply the Chinu Palace, and after the addition of Ōtori District the area was named the Izumi Superintendency (Izumi-kan), later becoming Izumi Province. In the fourth year of Yōrō (720), Katakami and Katashimo were combined as Ōagata District. In the third year of Jingo Keiun (769), the Yuge Palace was made the Western Capital and the province was renamed the Kawachi Office (Kawachi-shiki). In the first year of Hōki (770), it was restored to its former status as a province. It has 14 districts and 80 townships under its jurisdiction, and the provincial seat is in Shiki District. The journey from the capital takes one day. To the east it reaches Yamato, to the south it borders Kii, to the west it adjoins Settsu and Izumi, and to the north it neighbors Yamashiro. Mountain ranges embrace its east and south, the Yodo River winds along its west and north, and the Yamato River flows through it. At the time of Emperor Go-Daigo's Restoration, Kusunoki Masashige served as its protector (shugo). Later Ashikaga Yoshimitsu replaced him with Hatakeyama Yoshifuka.

¶Nishigori District (Nishigori-no-kōri; also written Nishikori) is a small district. At first it belonged to Ishikawa District (in the time of Emperor Nintoku there was a man called Ishikawa-no-Nishigori-no-Obito, who is said to have taken a place name as his clan name), and it was later established as a district in its own right. In the third year of Emperor Monmu (699), this district presented a white dove, and by imperial edict it was exempted from taxes and labor service for one year (this is the first appearance of the district's name). To the east it reaches Ishikawa District, to the south it borders Ito District of Kii Province, to the west it adjoins the two districts of Ōtori and Izumi in Izumi Province, and to the north it meets Tajihi District. It has two townships under its jurisdiction.

¶Amarube. (Note: in the western border of present-day Tannan District there are the villages of Minami and Kita Amarube.)

¶Kudara. (Note: its present location is unknown.) When Emperor Bidatsu came to the throne he established his palace at Kudara-no-Ōi (the present Ōi village). In the twelfth year (of his reign), the counselor Nichira was killed by an envoy from Paekche (Kudara); by imperial order Nichira's wife and children were settled at Kudara village in Ishikawa District, and his sailors (kako) at Ōtomo village (the present Ōtomo village, on the northern border of Ishikawa District, adjoining this district). The place where the culprit was captured, Shimo-Kudara Ata village, was precisely this area. There is Ōsawa Ridge (southeast of the district, forming the boundary with Yamato), from which the Iwami River issues. There is Hatohara (the present Hatohara village), so named because a white dove was caught here in the time of Emperor Monmu. There is Ishikori-dera (its site is in Nishigori village; it is said that in the Hōki era (770-781) it was granted three chō of this district's fields). In the Kenmu era (1334-1338) there was a place called Itamochi (the present Higashi and Nishi Itamochi villages). In ancient times the Itamo-no-Muraji clan lived here. There is Kanshin-ji (according to the Engi Jitsuroku-chō; located in Kanshin-ji village), which became the temporary residence (anzai-sho) of Emperor Go-Murakami. There is the Kanshin-ji Mausoleum, and also the grave of Kusunoki Masashige (on the hill behind Kanshin-ji). It is said that when Masashige fell in battle, the enemy sent his head to his home village and it was buried here. There is Mount Amano (southwest of Takamukai village), on which Kongō-ji stands. In the Shōhei era (1346-1370) the Emperor made a progress here, and it was called the Amano Temporary Palace. There is Kontai-ji Castle (its site is in Ureshi village), where the imperial army held out in the Kenmu era.

¶Ishikawa District is a lower-class district. At first Takeuchi-no-Sukune established a villa (betsugyō) here. His son was named Ishikawa-no-Sukune, and his descendants took this as their clan name. To the southeast it borders the four districts of Katsuragi-kami, Katsuragi-shimo, Oshiumi and Uchi in Yamato Province, to the west it adjoins the two districts of Nishigori and Tajihi, and to the north it meets Furuichi District (according to the Iroha Jirui Shō, this district was later divided into Tōjō and Saijō). It has four townships under its jurisdiction.

¶Sabi. (Note: the present Sabi village, in the west of the district.) There is the Sabi Shrine, and the place Shinaga (today's villages of Hamuro, Kasuga, Yamada and Taishi). There is the Shinaga Shrine; there are the Shinaga Yamada Mausoleum and the Ōsaka Shinaga Mausoleum, and the Shinaga tomb of Prince Umayado (the tomb is in Taishi village). There is the Uguisu Barrier. In the Kenchō era (1249-1256) there was a manor called the Ishikawa estate. The two rivers Tōjō and Saijō join to form the Ishikawa. There is the Isuka Shrine. In the Kenmu era there were the Kanō estate and the Higashiyama estate (the two villages of Kanō and Higashiyama still remain). There is Myōken-ji (in Kasuga village), where the grave of Ki-no-Yoshitsugu is located.

¶Konku (also written with two other sets of characters, read Kanko and Kanku; the villages of Kannabi and Ryūsen both have a Kanku Shrine, which marks the place). In the time of Emperor Nintoku, a great ditch was dug at Kanku, and water from the Ishikawa (Ishikawa River) was drawn off to open more than 40,000 chō of fields; this is the place meant. There are the Kanku Shrine and the Kanku-Sabi Shrine. At first it was called Konku Agata, and later became the two townships of Konku and Sabi. The Konku Agatanushi lived here. In the Hōgen era (1156-1159) it was called the Konku estate and the Nakamura estate (Nakamura still remains). There is Ryūsen Peak (in Ryūsen village). In the Shōhei era, Kusunoki Masanori, Wada Masatake and others built a castle here. There is Akasaka Castle (in Moriya village), the castle held by Masashige, and also the residence of the Kusunoki family (traces remain in three places: Kiriyama, Moriya and Shimo-Akasaka). Chihaya Mountain Castle (southeast of Akasaka, in Chihaya village) was likewise held by Masashige; to the east it adjoins Mount Kongō in Yamato, and the Chihaya River issues from here. Nearby there are many old forts, all said to have been defended by the imperial army.

¶Niii. (Note: this book has "Zakkyo" here, which is an error, corrected following the Kōzan-ji manuscript. Its location is now unknown.)

¶Ōkuni. (Note: it is now called Ōkuro village and belongs to Furuichi District.)

¶Furuichi District is a lower-class district. In ancient times it was called Furuichi-no-mura (the Old Market village) and was later established as a district. In the third year of Jōwa (836), vacant land in this district was granted to Princess Shigeko. To the southeast it borders Ishikawa District, to the west it adjoins Tajihi District, and to the north it meets the two districts of Asuka and Shiki. It has four townships under its jurisdiction.

¶Niii. (Note: it is now unknown.) In the Jinki era (724-729) there was a place called Miyadokoro-no-sato in Shimo-Niii township.

¶Sakado. (Note: the character "shaku" appears in this book as "shi"; it has been corrected following the Shoku Nihongi and the Sairin-ji documents. It corresponds to today's villages of Higashi and Nishi Sakata, in the southwest of the district.) In ancient times it was called Sakado (the readings and characters of Sakado, Sakado and Sakata are interchangeable). There is the Sakado-no-Hara Mausoleum. In the Jinki era there was a place name Sakado-Kamo-no-sato, and in the Kōan era (1278-1288) it was called the Sakado estate. There is the Rigan Shrine, and the Togari Pond (north of Sakata, in Kurauchi village) was opened in the fifteenth year of Empress Suiko (the pond called Sakado Pond in the Shoku Nihongi is this one). There is the Tsuboi estate, where the Minamoto family lived for generations (its site is in Tsuboi village). The graves of Yorinobu, Yoriyoshi and Yoshiie are there (in Tsūhō-ji village).

¶Sakamoto. (Note: the present Furuichi village, northeast of Sakado.) This is the old Furuichi-no-mura, from which the district name derives. There is the Yamato-takeru-no-Mikoto Shirotori Mausoleum (in Furuichi village; one of the so-called Three Mausolea). The Furuichi-no-Suguri made this their base. There are the Furuichi Takaya-no-Oka Mausoleum and the Furuichi Takaya Mausoleum. In the Hōgen era it was called the Furuichi estate. There is the Takaya Shrine, and the Takaya-no-Muraji also had their base here (in Kami-Taishi village, Ishikawa District, there is the grave of Takaya-no-Muraji Hirahito, close to this place). There is the Ega-no-Mofushi-no-Oka Mausoleum, also called Yomogigaoka (according to the Engishiki, in ancient times it belonged to Shiki District). Here the Ishikawa becomes the Ega River. There are the Eka Market (its site is in Furuichi village) and Nagano village; Emperor Yūryaku's grant of Eka-Nagano village to Mononobe-no-Me-no-Ōmuraji is this. It was later called the Aiga estate. There are Mount Asuka (in Asuka village) and the Asukabe Shrine, where the Mononobe-no-Asuka clan lived. There is the Morimoto Shrine (these two shrines anciently belonged to Asukabe District). There is the Asuka Temporary Palace (its site is in Asuka village), where Emperor Hanzei put Sashihire to death. It was later called the Asuka estate, and there is Sairin-ji (in Furuichi village). At first it was called Furuichi-dera and was built in the time of Emperor Kinmei. The district office was also located here.

¶Asukabe District (Asukabe-no-kōri) is a small district. In ancient times it was called Chikatsu-Asuka, and later Asukabe District. To the east it borders Katsuragi-shimo District of Yamato Province, to the south it adjoins Furuichi District, to the west it reaches Shiki District, and to the north it connects with Ōagata District. It has three townships under its jurisdiction.

¶Kami. (Note: it is now unknown.) In ancient times it was called Kamimura-no-sato, and the Kami-no-Suguri lived here.

¶Owari. (Note: it is now unknown.) A branch of the Owari-no-Muraji lived here.

¶Shibu. (Note: it is now unknown.) In the Yōrō era (717-724), Toshi-tsukuri-no-Hiromaro, a man of this province, was granted the surname Shimo-no-Suguri and likewise lived here. There are Mount Tamate (east of Tamate village) and the provincial temple (Kokubun-ji; its site is in Kokubun village). There are the Hakata-hiko and Hakata-hime Shrines, and the Hakata River. The Tanabe-no-Fuhito lived here for generations.

¶Ōagata District (Ōagata-no-kōri) is a lower-class district. In ancient times the Ōagata-nushi clan, descendants of Ame-no-Hikone-no-Mikoto, lived here. Later it was divided into the two districts of Katakami and Katashimo (the characters for "agata" and "kata" share a reading). In the fourth year of Yōrō (720) it was fixed under its present name. To the east it borders Heguri District of Yamato Province, to the south it adjoins Asukabe District, to the west it neighbors Shiki District, and to the north it reaches Takayasu District. It has six townships under its jurisdiction.

¶Tosaka. (Note: the present Takaida village, in the south of the district, marks the place.) There is the Ame-no-Yukawata Shrine, and Tosaka-dera (also called Fukō-ji; its site is in Takaida village). There are Mount Takehara and the Takehara Well, where Prince Umayado once took his leisure. There is the Takehara-i Temporary Palace (all in Takaida village). Emperors Genshō and Kōnin made progresses here. Probably the Takehara-no-Muraji had their base here.

¶Tottori. (Note: east of the present Tosaka, in Aotani village, there is a place called Tottori.) The Tottori clan lived here.

¶Tsutsumi. (Note: the present Hōzen-ji village; its old name was Tsutsumi, and it lies in the southwest of the district.) There is the Tsutsumi post station.

¶Ōsato. (Note: the present Ōagata village, east of Tsutsumi, corresponds to it.) The Ōsato-no-Fuhito lived here. There is Ōsato-dera. In the Tenpyō-Shōhō era (749-757) the Emperor made a progress to Kawachi, entered the temporary palace south of Chishiki-ji, and visited seven temples including Chishiki, Yamashita, Ōsato and Tosaka to worship the Buddha; this refers to that event.

¶Koma. (Note: the present Hondō village, in the northeast of the district, marks the place.) There is the Ōkoma Shrine, and the Ōkoma-no-Muraji lived here.

¶Kami. (Note: the present Karita-obata village, south of Koma; the old name survives to this day.) In the Jingo Keiun era (767-770) there was a man of this district called Kami-no-Suguri Iokimi, who probably lived here. There is the Kanayama Magome Shrine (reading of the name uncertain).

¶Takayasu District is a lower-class district. In the time of Emperor Kōtoku, Takayasu-no-Kimi Yōbai, a man of Chinese descent (Aya-hito), came and was naturalized, and for this reason the district was established and named Takayasu. His kin included the two clans of Yato and Tokozumi, who lived here for generations. To the east it borders Heguri District of Yamato Province, to the south it neighbors Ōagata District, to the west it adjoins Wakae District, and to the north it is bounded by Kawachi District. It has four townships under its jurisdiction.

¶Sakamoto. (Note: the present Kaito village. Its old name was Sakamoto; it lies in the south of the district and corresponds to it.) There is Hahaki village (the present Onji village). When Emperor Jinmu (the Great Founder) set out on his eastern campaign, his soldiers hid in a great tree and escaped harm. He pointed to the tree and said, "Its kindness is like a mother's," and hence the name. There are the Onji Shrine, Mount Onji and the Onji ditch. In the Ōhō era (1161-1163) it was called the Onji estate.

¶Miyake. (Note: the present Ōkubo village, north of Sakamoto; the place name survives to this day.)

¶Kanimori. (Note: in the present Kurotani village, south of Miyake, there are the remains of the Kamon Shrine, which are a relic of it.) There is the Kamon Shrine, and the Kanimori-no-Muraji lived here.

¶Tamaoya. (Note: the present Tamaoya Shrine in Kandachi village, in the north of the district, marks the place.) There is the Tamaoya Shrine, and the Tamaoya-no-Sukune lived here. There is Mount Takayasu (now called Mount Hachibuse), where a beacon station was set up, abolished in the fifth year of Wadō (712). There is Takayasu Castle (in Hattorigawa village). It was repaired in the second year of Emperor Monmu (698) and dismantled in the first year of Taihō (701) (the Nihon Shoki calls it Yamato Takayasu Castle). In ancient times the whole area was called Takayasu-no-sato. The Takayasu-no-Miyatsuko lived here. Later it was called the Takayasu estate.

¶Kawachi District is a lower-class district. In ancient times it was the land governed by the Ōshikōchi-no-Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, and was later called Kawachi Agata. In the time of Emperor Ankan, the be-people (bemin) of this agata were assigned to the tabe (field workers) of the Mishima-Takemura miyake (royal granary). It was then fixed as a district. To the east it borders Heguri District of Yamato Province, to the south it adjoins Takayasu District, to the west it reaches Wakae District, and to the north it extends to Sarara District. It has seven townships under its jurisdiction.

¶Agata. (Note: in Yoshida village, in the west of the district, there is a place called Agata.) There is the Kurihara Shrine, and the Nakatomi-no-Kurihara-no-Muraji lived here.

¶Niii. (Note: it is now called Shinke village and lies southeast of Agata.) Later it was called the Tamakushi estate (it still spans four villages including Kamijima and Ikeshima, and is called the Tamakushi estate, written with different characters). There are the Tsuhara Shrine and the Mino-no-Agatanushi Shrine (anciently belonging to Wakae District). This was the land governed by the Mino-no-Agatanushi.

¶Sakurai. (Note: in Rokumanji village, south of the district, there is a place called Sakurai.) In the time of Emperor Ankan a miyake was established here. The Sakurai-no-Omi had their base here. There are Sakurai-dera and the Sakurai Temporary Palace. In the Hōgen era it was called the Kaminami estate. There is the Ōjō-in (in Rokumanji-bayashi). In the Shōhei era, Kusunoki Masatsura made camp here.

¶Ōyake. (Note: it is now unknown.) The Ōyake-no-Omi lived here.

¶Toyura. (Note: the present Toyura village, in the east of the district.) In ancient times it was called Kami-Toyura and Shimo-Toyura. There are the Hiraoka Shrine and Hiraoka-dera (in Izumoi village). The Hiraoka-no-Muraji lived here.

¶Nukata. (Note: the present Nukata village, north of Toyura.) The Nukatabe-no-Yue-no-Muraji lived here. There is Nukata-dera (in Nukata village).

¶Ōbe. (Note: the present villages of Kaminami and Shiba, north of Nukata; it is called Ōeda, "eda" and "be" being interchangeable in sound.) Emperor Ankan established a miyake at Kusaka-Ōbe village and had the Ōbe-no-Obito administer it. In the Wadō era (708-715) the Takami beacon was set up (its site is below Mount Ikoma, north of Tōge village); this is the so-called Ikomayama beacon fire. There is Kusaka Ridge (also written with other characters as Kusaka, and commonly called Kuragari Ridge, "Dark Ridge"). In ancient times it was called Kusaka-no-Tadakoeji (a direct crossing, so named because it was the short route from Yamato to Naniwa). The place at the foot of the mountain is called Kusaka-no-sato (the present Kusaka village). It was precisely here that Emperor Jinmu (the Great Founder) fought Nagasunehiko at Kusae Slope. The Kusaka-no-Muraji lived here.

¶Sarara District (Sarara-no-kōri) is a lower-class district. In ancient times it was written with other characters as Sarara (the two spellings share readings; it is also written in other variant ways, all interchangeable). Probably the Sarara clan, people of Korean origin, lived here, hence the name. To the east it borders Heguri and Soenokami Districts of Yamato Province, to the south it adjoins Kawachi District, to the west it connects with Manda District, and to the north it reaches Katano District. It has five townships under its jurisdiction.

¶Yamaga. (Note: the present villages of Terakawa and Nozaki are called the Yamaga township, also Nanjō.) In the Hōen era (1135-1141) the township name still survived.

¶Kōka. (Note: the present Kōka-minami village, north of Yamaga.) In the Hōen era the township name still survived. In ancient times the Kōka-no-Suguri lived here. There is Kawakami-no-Takerugamine (in Tahara village, forming the boundary with Yamato), also called Mount Ishifune (the Sumiyoshi Shrine Jindaiki calls it Mount Nigihayahi). It is said that in remote antiquity Nigihayahi-no-Mikoto descended here aboard the Heavenly Rock Boat. There is Shijōnawate, where Kusunoki Masatsura fell in battle (it belongs to Hōjō village). His grave is there (in Minamino village). There is Iimoriyama Castle (east of Hōjō village). At the beginning of the Kenmu era (1334-1338), forces of the Northern Court held it, and Kusunoki Masashige attacked and took it.

¶Hiraoka. (Note: it is now unknown.) In the Ōhō era it was called the Hiraoka estate.

¶Takamiya. (Note: the present Takamiya village, north of Kōka.) There is the Takamiya Shrine. In ancient times the Takamiya-no-Suguri lived here (according to this book, Achi-no-Omi came leading people of Chinese descent and was naturalized, and his kin included the Kōka-no-Suguri and the Takamiya-no-Suguri; that this district has the two townships of Kōka and Takamiya shows that they settled here). In the Hōen era the township name still survived. There are Sarara-dera (in Okayama village) and the Sarara River, and later it was called the Sarara estate. In the Kyūan era (1145-1151) there were the Eastern and Western Townships of Tahara (the present Upper and Lower Tahara villages). In the Antei era (1227-1229) it was called the Tahara estate.

¶Ishii. (Note: it is now unknown.)

¶Manda District (Manda-no-kōri) is a middle-class district. To the east it adjoins Sarara District, to the south it connects with Wakae District and Higashinari District of Settsu Province, to the west, across the Yodo River, it borders Higashinari and Nishinari Districts of Settsu Province, and to the north it reaches Katano District. It has eight townships under its jurisdiction.

¶Hata. (Note: the present villages of Hata and Uzumasa, which belong to Sarara District.) In the Tengyō era (938-947) there was a Hata township (Hata is written with different characters but the readings are shared). In ancient times the Hata-no-Sukune, Hata-no-Imiki and others lived here.

¶Sata. (Note: the present Sata village, in the west of the district.) The Sata-no-Sukune lived here. There are Mount Sata (east of Nakafuri village), Sata Pond and the Sata River, and there is Ōba-no-sato (later called the Ōba estate, with eleven dependent villages).

¶Mii. (Note: the present Mii village, in the north of the district.) In the Hōen era the township name still survived.

¶Ikeda. (Note: the present Ikeda village, northeast of Sata.) The Ikeda-no-Obito lived here. In the Kyūan era the township name still survived (according to this book, there were also the three separate townships of Ōri, Ninna-ji and Kuzuhara, whose village names all survive today). Later it was called the Ikeda estate. In the Kenchō era there was the Tenno estate (the present Tenno village).

¶Manda. (Note: in Hiraike village, east of the present Ikeda, there is the Manda Pond, which is a relic of the name.) In ancient times the district office was here. There are Tayuma-e (the present Ōma village, a corruption of Tayuma) and Tayuma Pond. There is the Manda Embankment (its remains extend from Ikaga village in the north to Ikeda village in the south). In the time of Emperor Nintoku, the North River (the present Yodo River) flooded, and the embankment was built only to collapse again and again. By a dream oracle the Emperor had Mamuta-no-Muraji Koromoko, a man of the province, and Kowakubi, a man of Musashi (his surname is not recorded), first perform sacrifices to the river god. When the embankment was completed, the people of the time called the breaches Kowakubi's Breach and Koromoko's Breach. His kin lived here and were granted the surname Mamuta-no-Muraji. A Mamuta miyake was then established. There are the Tsutsumine Shrine and Manda-dera. Later it was called the Tomoroki estate (with six dependent villages) and the Takayanagi estate (the present Takayanagi village). (Note: the source writes the personal name Koromoko with a variant character.)

¶Ikaga. (Note: the present Ikaga village, in the north of the district.) In the Kyūan era the township name still survived. There is the Okami Shrine.

¶Ōkubo. (Note: the township name still survives. It has five dependent villages and lies south of Sata.) In the Kyūan era it was divided into two townships, upper and lower.

¶Takase. (Note: it is now called the Kotakase estate, governing six villages including Moroguchi and Yokozutsumi, and lies in the southwest of the district.) There are the Takase Shrine, the Takase Embankment, Takase-no-sato and the Takase River. In the Hōen era there was a Kotakase township, and later it was called the Kotakase estate. There are Kanuma (also written Hamaji, which is the present Hama), Ōjie (the present Ōeda village) and Akae (the present Akai village), and these were called imperial domains (goryō). In the eighth year of Tenchō (831), two sites of the Akae embankment, inner and outer, which served the imperial household, were abolished, and three sites, Takemon, Kanuma-tayuma and Ōji, were newly fixed. There are the Ōe Imperial Kitchen (Mikuriya) and Moroiri-buchi (in Morofuku village).

¶Katano District (Katano-no-kōri; the character "kata" is also written with a variant) is a lower-class district. To the east it borders Tsuzuki District of Yamashiro Province and Soenokami District of Yamato Province, to the south it reaches Sarara District, to the west it adjoins Manda District, and to the north it is bounded by Shimoshima District of Settsu Province. It has six townships under its jurisdiction.

¶Miyake. (Note: there is Ogura village, adjoining Manda District. It is probably the old Mamuta miyake.)

¶Tamiya. (Note: the present Tamiya village, in the west of the district.) There is the Katano Shrine, and the Katano-no-Imiki lived here. There is Katanohara (the present Kinya village, also called Mino, spanning villages such as Nakamiya and Katahoko). Emperor Kanmu hunted here many times, and the Kudara-no-Konikishi clan attended at the temporary residence. Their kin served for generations as Katano Kengyō (supervisors of Katano). There is Kudara-ji, which was the former residence of the Kudara kings (both are in Nakamiya village). There are Amanokawa, Totachihara (in Nakamiya village) and Momoehara. In the Hōgen era there was the Yabu estate (the present Yabu village). Later it became the three townships of Kisaibe, Nasuzukuri and Teramura (the three villages still remain).

¶Sonoda and Okamoto. (Note: both are now unknown.) In ancient times the Okamoto clan lived here.

¶Yamada. (Note: in Taguchi village, northeast of the present Tamiya, there is the Yamada Pond, which is its remnant.) In the Kenkyū era (1190-1199) the township name still survived. The Yamada-no-Muraji lived here. There is the Oyama tomb of the Taguchi lady, maternal grandmother of Emperor Ninmyō (in Taguchi village). There is the grave of Wani, a man of Paekche (Kudara) (in Fujisaka village). There is Mount Katano (in Kuraji village). There are ice houses (himuro). In the Tenchō era (824-834) three ice houses were established in the province; this is what is meant (their sites are in the three villages of Hōji, Sugi and Sonen-ji). There is the Nagisa-no-in (Nagisa Villa), where Prince Koretaka once took his leisure. There are the Nagisa Shrine and Nagisa-no-oka (both in Nagisa village).

¶Kuzuha. (Note: the present Kusuba village, in the north of the district.) When Takehaniyasu-hiko was defeated, his soldiers, in terror and confusion, soiled their loincloths (hakama) with excrement, and so the place was named Kusohakama. The later "Kusuba" is a corruption of it. There is the Kusuba Ferry (the present Kusuba River), by which the two princes Oke and Woke passed, fleeing danger, on their way to Harima. There is the Kusuba Palace, where Emperor Keitai ascended the throne. There was a villa of the Minister of the Right Fujiwara-no-Tsugutada (the sites are all in Kusuba village). There is Kuzuha Plain, where in the Enryaku era (782-806) the Emperor hunted. There is the Kusuba post station, established in the fourth year of Wadō (711). There are the Kuzuha Barrier, the Kusuba pasture and the Kusuba garden. In the Hōen era the township name still survived. There is Mount Otoko. In the Daidō era (806-810), in order to make vessels for imperial use, the burial of commoners was prohibited (it later belonged to Tsuzuki District of Yamashiro Province).

¶Wakae District is a lower-class district. To the east it reaches the two districts of Takayasu and Kawachi, to the south it neighbors the two districts of Shiki and Shibukawa, to the west it connects with Shibukawa District and Higashinari District of Settsu Province, and to the north it adjoins Manda District. It has seven townships under its jurisdiction.

¶Yuge. (Note: the present Higashi-Yuge village, adjoining Nishi-Yuge village of Shiki District.) There is the Yuge Shrine, and the Yuge-no-Sukune lived here. There is the Yuge Temporary Palace (its site is in Higashi-Yuge village), visited by imperial progress in the first year of Tenpyō-Jingo (765). There is the Yuge Palace (its site is in Yaogi village); in the third year of Jingo Keiun (769) it was made the Western Capital by edict, and its territory spanned districts such as Ōagata and Takayasu. There is Yuge-dera (in Higashi-Yuge village). Later it was called the Yuge estate. There is Yuge-gawara. There is the Yahagi Shrine, and the Yahagi-no-Muraji lived here. There is Yao Castle, where the imperial army held out in the Shōhei era. There is the Nagase Embankment.

¶Osakabe. (Note: the present Osakabe village, northeast of Yuge.) Emperor Ingyō established the Osakabe (a hereditary corps of punishment officers) here.

¶Niiharu. (Note: it is now unknown.)

¶Koma. (Note: in Shimo-Wakae village, north of the present Osakabe, there is Yakushi-ji, also called Koma-dō, which is a relic of the name.) There is the Wakae-kagami Shrine. In the Hōgen era there was the Wakae estate. There is Yakushi-ji.

¶Kawamata. (Note: the character "mata" appears in this book as "ho", an error, corrected following the Kōzan-ji manuscript. The present Kawamata village, in the northwest of the district.) It is also called Kawamata-no-sato, written with different characters. There is the Kawamata Shrine, and the Kawamata-no-Kimi lived here. There is the Kawamata inlet (now called the Akebo River). There is the Kamo-takata Shrine (anciently belonging to Shibukawa District). There is the place Niinomi (the present Niinomi village), where the Niinomi-no-Obito lived.

¶Nishigori. (Note: the present Nishigōri village, south of Koma; its old name was Nishigori.) The Nishigori-no-Muraji lived here. There is the place Anata (the present Anata village), where the Anahobe-no-Obito lived.

¶Amarube. (Note: it is now unknown.)

¶Shibukawa District (Shibukawa-no-kōri) is a lower-class district. To the northeast it reaches Wakae District, to the south it adjoins the two districts of Shiki and Tajihi, and to the west it borders the two districts of Higashinari and Sumiyoshi in Settsu Province. It has five townships under its jurisdiction.

¶Takabuchi. (Note: the present Takabuchi village, in the southwest of the district.) There is the Takabuchi channel.

¶Ochi. (Note: the present Ōchi village, in the west of the district; its old name was Ochi.) There is the Yokono Shrine. Emperor Nintoku's building of the Yokono Embankment is this. In the Kōnin era (810-824), a branch of the Sagami-no-Sukune moved here from Yamato. In the Hōgen era there was the Ōchi estate. There is the place Kizuri (the present Kizuri village). When Prince Umayado attacked Mononobe-no-Moriya at his house in Shibukawa, Moriya hung his robe on a branch of a magnolia (hō) tree to shelter from the rain; this is the place.

¶Amarube. (Note: the present villages of Higashi and Nishi Dedo, south of Takabuchi, which are a relic of the name.) In the Yōrō era there was a place called Amarube-no-sato in Amarube township of Tajihi District (later it belonged to Tanpoku District).

¶Atobe. (Note: the present Higashi-Kamei village, east of Takabuchi; Atobe is among its dependent villages.) There is the Atobe Shrine, and the Ato-no-Muraji lived here. There was Mononobe-no-Moriya's Ato villa, also called the Shibukawa house. There is Moriya's grave (in Taishidō village). There is the Shibukawa estate. This is the location of the Shibukawa Shrine (anciently belonging to Wakae District). There is Ryūge-ji (its site is in Uematsu village). In the Jingo Keiun era, when the Emperor made a progress to the Yuge Palace, a market was set up west of the temple, market people were summoned, and attendants of the Fifth Rank and above were made to trade there (there is still a place named Seba, which is this). There is the Koma estate, and the Koma Shrine is here. Probably people of Koma (Korean) origin lived here.

¶Kami. (Note: its name survives in Shōgaku-ji village, southwest of the district.) There is the place Kuratsukuri (the present Kuratsukuri village). In the time of Emperor Yōmei the Kuratsukuri clan lived here.

¶Shiki District (Shiki-no-kōri; the character "ki" is also written with two other variants) is a middle-class district. In ancient times it was the land governed by the Shiki-no-Agatanushi (according to the Kojiki there was a Shiki-no-Agatanushi in Yamato, and this district was probably a branch settlement of his, which is why it was likewise called Shiki). At one time it was also divided into two districts (the Sushun annals mention Shiki District, and the Kōgyoku annals mention Upper Shiki District, so it is clear that there was also a Lower District). Later they were combined. To the east it reaches the two districts of Asukabe and Ōagata, to the south it neighbors the two districts of Furuichi and Tajihi, to the west it connects with the two districts of Tajihi and Shibukawa, and to the north it adjoins Wakae District. It has eight townships under its jurisdiction.

¶Nagano. (Note: in Kokufu village, in the southeast of the district, there is the Ega-no-Nagano Northern Mausoleum, which is a relic of the name.) There are the Ega-no-Nagano Western and Northern Mausolea, and the Nagano Shrine. The Nagano-no-Muraji lived here. There is the Shiki Karakuni Shrine; probably the Karakuni-no-Muraji lived here.

¶Hayashi. (Note: the present Hayashi village, west of Kokufu village.) There is the Tomobayashi clan shrine, and the Hayashi-no-Sukune, a branch of the Ōtomo clan, lived here.

¶Shiki. (Note: the Shiki Agatanushi Shrine in the present Kokufu village marks the place.) In remote antiquity the Agatanushi governed here. The provincial governors were also stationed here. There are the Shiki Agatanushi Shrine and the Shigi Shrine. There is the place Kinunui, where the Kinunui clan lived. There is the grave of Kinunui-no-Kanetsugume (in Kokufu village; reading of the name uncertain). In the Eishō era (1046-1053) it was called the Shiki estate.

¶Tai. (Note: the present Tainaka village, northwest of Hayashi.) There was Mononobe-no-Moriya's rice fortification (inaki) (the Kawachi-shi says its site is in Yuge village, and the Meisho Zue says it is in Kimoto village, Tanpoku District; it is not known which is correct). The Tai-no-Muraji, a branch of the Mononobe clan, lived here, and later it was called the Tai estate.

¶Inoe. (Note: the name survives in Oibara village, northwest of the present Tai. "Oi" was written in the old form with the character "ie".) There is Ichinobe-Inoe-dera-no-sato (Inoe and Inoe share a reading). There is Eba-ji (its site is in Oibara village). In the eighth year of Tenpyō-Shōhō (756) the Emperor made a progress here. In the Jōwa era (834-848) there was a man called Inoe-no-Makimaro, probably a native of this place.

¶Ochi. (Note: the name survives in Kimoto village, west of the present Inoe.)

¶Niinomi. (Note: the present Niinomi village, which belongs to Tanpoku District.) The Niinomi-no-Obito lived here.

¶Haji. (Note: Haji-dera stands in Dōmyō-ji village, in the southeast of the district.) The Haji-no-Muraji lived here, and the township was named for them. There is the Ame-no-Hinadori-no-Mikoto Shrine. There is Haji-dera, probably built by Haji-no-Muraji Yashima (later called Dōmyō-ji). There is the Haji Spring, used to irrigate the fields. There are the remains of the Haji kilns. In the Ōei era (1394-1428) the township name still survived. There is the Katasuha River, spanned by the Kawachi Great Bridge.

¶Tajihi District (Tajihi-no-kōri; "Tajihi" is also written with other characters) is a middle-class district. In ancient times it was called Tajihi-no-mura. Emperor Nintoku established Tajihibe in the provinces as the bathing-allowance estates (yuami-dokoro) of Prince Tajihi-no-Mizuhawake (later Emperor Hanzei), and this was one of them. It was later established as a district (Tajihi is written with different characters but the readings are shared. According to a note in this book, it was divided into Tannan and Tanpoku, and there was a separate Yagami District; according to the Kawachi-shi, this was the area of the Yashimo township, and it is not known when it was set apart). In the Jōwa era (834-848), abandoned fields of this district were assigned to the retirement residence of the Empress Dowager. To the east it adjoins the two districts of Shiki and Furuichi, to the south it reaches Nishigori District, to the west it borders Ōtori District of Izumi Province and Sumiyoshi District of Settsu Province, and to the north it is bounded by Shibukawa District. It has eleven townships under its jurisdiction.

¶Yosami. (Note: its name survives in Ikeuchi village, which belongs to Tanpoku District.) The Mononobe-no-Yosami-no-Muraji lived here. In the time of Emperor Sujin the Yosami Pond was built (according to the Kawachi-shi, the pond is in Ikeuchi village). There is the Amamikoso Shrine. There is the place Yatabe, where the Yatabe-no-Obito lived. There is the place Nunose (the six villages including Hori and Mukai are now called the Nunose estate), where the Nunose-no-Obito lived. There is the Nunose River, which issues from Sayama Pond.

¶Kuroyama. (Note: the present Kuroyama village, south of Yosami, belonging to Tannan District.) In the Tenpyō-Jingo era (765-767), when the Emperor made a progress to this province, he had the Kishibe of Kuroyama perform music. The Kishibe probably had their base here. Each year they presented Kuroyama mats (mushiro), probably produced in this place.

¶Nonaka. (Note: the present Nonaka village, belonging to Tannan District.) There are the Nonaka Shrine and Nonaka-dera (in Nogami village). There are the graves of the three clans Fujii, Fune and Tsu. There is the place Nogami (the present Nogami village), where the Nogami-no-Muraji lived. There is the Haniu-no-Sakamoto Mausoleum. There is Fujiidera (in Fujii-dera village). In the Shōhei era, Kusunoki Masatsura defeated Hosokawa Akiuji here.

¶Tanjō. (Note: the present Tanjō village, north of Kuroyama, belonging to Tannan District.) There is the Tajihi-no-Shibagaki Palace (in Ueda village). There is the Tajihi Shrine, and the Tajihi-no-Muraji lived here.

¶Miyake. (Note: the present Miyake village, east of Yosami, belonging to Tanpoku District.) The Miyake-no-Fuhito lived here. There was the Yosami miyake, where in the time of Empress Kōgyoku the envoys from Paekche were summoned and a hunt was held. There is Miyake-dera (in Miyake village). In the eighth year of Tenpyō-Shōhō (756), the Emperor made a progress here and worshiped the Buddha. There is the Sakaya Shrine, and the Nakatomi-no-Sakaya-no-Muraji lived here. There are the Kusumoto Shrine and the Shiki-Nagayoshi Shrine (both anciently belonging to Shiki District).

¶Yashimo. (Note: its name survives in Ishihara village, now called Yagami District and governing thirteen villages. It seems that the two townships of Yagami and Yashimo were established in ancient times.) There is the Tajihi Temporary Palace, visited by imperial progress in the Tenpyō-Jingo era (its site is in Kodera village). There is the place Naoshiri (now called Nojiri village, "nao" and "no" being interchangeable), where the Naoshiri-ie clan lived (anciently belonging to Ōtori District of Izumi Province).

¶Tamura. (Note: its name survives in the present Ōi village, belonging to Tannan District.)

¶Sugō. (Note: the present Sugō village, southeast of Tanjō, belonging to Tannan District.) There is the Sugō Shrine, and the Sugō-no-Ason lived here; later it was called the Sugō estate. There are Mount Habiki (spanning the three districts of Ishikawa, Furuichi and Nishigori), Tajihi Plain and Tajihi Hill. There is Haniu Slope; when Prince Suminoe-no-Nakatsu rebelled and burned the Naniwa Palace, Emperor Richū fled from there and reached Haniu Slope, where he gazed at the fire and composed a poem; this is the place.

¶Tange. (Note: the present Nishi-Tange village, northeast of Tanjō, belonging to Tannan District.) There is the Ōtsu Shrine, and there is the Tajihi-no-Takawashi-no-Hara Mausoleum. There are the grave on Haniu Hill of Prince Kume and a grave of the Hayato (the hilltop grave is in Ōtsuka village).

¶Haji. (Note: the present Hajiyama village, east of Miyake, belonging to Tanpoku District.) The Haji clan lived here. Each year they presented Haji bowls (hajino-marigata). There is the Matsubara estate.

¶Sayama. (Note: the present Sayama village, southwest of Sugō, belonging to Tannan District.) Omi-Sayama-no-Mikoto lived here, and his descendants took this as their clan name. There is Sayama Pond (in Sayama village, where the two waters of Amano and Oyamada meet). It was opened by Emperor Suinin. In the Tenpyō-Hōji era (757-765), the embankment broke, and 83,000 people were mobilized to repair it. There are the Sayama Shrine and the Sayama-tsutsumi Shrine. There is the place Ikejiri (the present Ikejiri village), where the Ikejiri-no-Omi lived. There is the Lower Sayama Pond (in Minami-Noda village), opened in the fourth year of Tenpyō (732) (now called Todoroki Pond). In the Kenkyū era it was called the Sayama estate.

¶Izumi Province is a minor province. In ancient times it was called Chinu-no-agata and belonged to Kawachi Province (Chinu is also written with other characters). When Emperor Jinmu (the Great Founder) set out on his eastern campaign, his elder brother Itsuse-no-Mikoto was wounded by an arrow and washed his wound here, hence the name. Later an Agatanushi was installed to govern it, and the places Ono, Ishizu, Tottori and Hine came under it. In the time of Emperor Kinmei there was an Izumi District (probably a later addition to the account). It was named for the clear springs that welled up there. In the second year of Reiki (716) the Chinu Palace was established and the two districts of Izumi and Hine were assigned to it; Ōtori District was then added (the founding of these three districts is not recorded in the histories, but it was probably in the time of Emperor Kōtoku), and the area was renamed the Izumi Superintendency. In the twelfth year of Tenpyō (740) the superintendency was abolished and merged into Kawachi Province, and in the first year of Tenpyō-Hōji (757) it was made an independent province named Izumi, with its districts restored as before. In the second year of Tenchō (825) it administered the four districts south of the river in Settsu Province (that is, Higashinari, Nishinari, Sumiyoshi and Kudara), but soon reverted to its former state. It has 24 townships. The provincial seat is in Izumi District. The journey from the capital takes two days going up and one day coming down. To the east it reaches Kawachi, to the south it borders Kii, to the west it faces the sea, and to the north it connects with Settsu. Minamoto-no-Yoritomo appointed Sawara Yoshitsura as protector. In the time of Emperor Go-Daigo, Wada Masatake was protector; later Ashikaga Yoshimitsu made Yamana Ujikiyo protector, and in the Meitoku era (1390-1394) Ōuchi Yoshihiro replaced him.

¶Ōtori District is a middle-class district. To the east it borders the two districts of Tajihi and Nishigori in Kawachi Province, to the south it adjoins Izumi District, to the west it reaches the sea, and to the north it connects with Sumiyoshi District of Settsu Province. It has ten townships under its jurisdiction.

¶Ōtori. (Note: the township name still survives; it has six dependent villages and lies in the southwest of the district.) In ancient times the district office was here. There is the Ōtori Shrine. The Ōtori-no-Muraji lived here. In the Engi era (901-923), the three villages of Ōtori, Takatsuki and Sugamachi belonged to it. In the Shōhei era it was called the Ōtori estate, to which the Yasuhisa-myō and Toshiharu-myō belonged. There is Takaishi Pond, opened by Emperor Suinin (there is now a Takaishi village). There is the Takaashi Sea, where fishing was prohibited in the time of Empress Jitō. There are Takaiso Bay and Takaashi Beach, and there is the Takaishi Shrine. There is the Tokoroishi Temporary Palace (the old name of Mai village was Toroishi, and the site of the palace still remains). In the first year of Jinki (724) the Emperor made a progress here. There is Toroishi Pond (in the Ayai estate). Probably the two families Toroishi-no-Miyatsuko and Koshi-no-Muraji had their base here.

¶Kusabe. (Note: the Kōzan-ji manuscript has Kusakabe here, as does the Gyōki Nenpu. It is now called the Kusabe township, with four dependent villages, and lies east of Ōtori.) When Emperor Jinmu (the Great Founder) set out on his eastern campaign, he went from Naniwa to Shirakata Harbor in Kusaka village; Nagasunehiko met him in battle, and the imperial army set up shields and drew up its lines. It was therefore called Tatetsu, later corrupted to Tadetsu; this is the place. In the time of Emperor Suinin, Isonishiki-no-Irihiko-no-Mikoto made the Kusaka-Takatsu Pond (Takatsu and Tadetsu may be the same place, but this is now uncertain). There are the Kusabe Shrine and the Kusabe post station, and the Kusakabe-no-Obito had their base here. There is Hishiki village (the present Hishigi village), where there is the Hishigi shrine. In the time of Emperor Ninken a man called Shikachichi lived here. There is Tsuruta Pond (in Kusagi village).

¶Wada. (Note: the present Wada estate, with six dependent villages, southeast of Kusabe.) The Wada-no-Obito lived here. In the Ninji era (1240-1243) the township name still survived, and Koremune-no-Tadatoki was appointed to the post of jitō (estate steward). In the Shōhei era it was called the Wada estate. There is the Mitami Shrine. The Tami-no-Atai lived here. There is Hinoo Pond (the present Hinoo village).

¶Kamitsumiwa. (Note: the township name still survives; it has thirteen dependent villages and lies northeast of Wada.) In ancient times the Miwa-no-Atai had their base here. There are the Kunitsukami Shrine (the provincial register of deities lists the Shimotsumiwa Kunitsu Shrine, but its location is now unknown; "Shimotsumiwa" is the name paired with Kamitsumiwa, so in ancient times there were probably two townships; added here for reference) and the Sakurai Shrine. There is Ōba-dera (its site is in Ōba-dera village). Probably the Ōba-no-Miyatsuko and the Sakurai-no-Ason lived here. There is Wada Castle (its site remains in Wada village). Tradition says it was built by Wada Takatō.

¶Ōmura. (Note: Ōmura-dera in the present Tōki-kami village is a relic of the name.) In ancient times it was called Sue-mura (the Kojiki has Kawachi Mino village). Suetsumimi-no-Mikoto lived here (the Kuji Hongi gives Ōsuetsumi, also Chinutsumi). His daughter was named Ikutamayori-hime; the deity Ōnamuchi-no-Kami was united with her and she bore Kushimikata-no-Mikoto, whose great-grandson was Ōtataneko. In the time of Emperor Sujin there was a divine oracle, and he was summoned and made the priest to worship Ōnamuchi-no-Mikoto. Later the name was changed to the present one. There are Mount Ōmura and Ōmura-dera (also called Zōfuku-ji). There is the Sue-Arata Shrine, and the Ōmura-no-Atai and Arata-no-Atai lived here. There is Mount Sue (in the Tōki estate). In the Jōgan era (859-877), the people of the two provinces of Kawachi and Izumi disputed over land newly opened for digging pottery clay; an envoy was sent to inspect it, and it was decided that it belonged to this province.

¶Haji. (Note: the present Haji village, which together with eight neighboring villages is called the Mozu estate, in the north of the district.) In ancient times it was called Ishizu-ga-hara, where Emperor Nintoku hunted with hawks, and it was later fixed as the site of his mausoleum. At that time a shrike (mozu) bit into a deer's ear and killed it, hence the name Mozu-no-Mimihara (probably spanning the places Ishizu and Shioana). There are the Middle and Northern Mausolea of Mozu-no-Mimihara. Because the Haji-no-Muraji lived here for generations, the township took its name from them. There is the place Tsuchimuro. In the Bun'an era (1444-1449) it was called the Mandai estate (also written as Mozu; Mozu and Mandai share readings with Mozu as written with the characters for "shrike"). Later it was called Haji-ho. There are the places Kudara and Ōshikōchi-no-Nakatsuie. Probably the two clans Kudara and Ōshikōchi-no-Nakatsuie lived here.

¶Hachita. (Note: the present Handa township, with twelve dependent villages, south of Haji; Handa is a corruption of Hachita.) There is the Hachita Shrine, and the Hachita-no-Muraji and the Hachita-no-Kusushi (physicians) had their base here. There is Hachita-dera (in Hatta-dera village). Later it was called the Hatta estate. There is Eba-ji (in Eba village). There is Ibaraki Pond (in Hirai village, called Ibara Pond).

¶Ishizu. (Note: the township name still survives; it has three dependent villages and lies west of Hachita.) At first it was called Ishizu-ga-hara. There is the Ishizu Futo Shrine, and the Ishizu-no-Muraji lived here. There are the Ishizu River and the Southern Mausoleum of Mozu-no-Mimihara.

¶Shioana. (Note: the present Minato village. Its old name was Shioana, and it lies north of Ishizu.) In the Bun'an era the township name still survived. There is Shioana-dera (in the Minami estate). In the Engen era (1336-1340) it was called the Shioana estate. There are Ashida-no-sato and Ashida Bay. There is the Takanagisa-in (its site is in the Minami estate; it is said that in the Hōki era three chō of this district's fields were donated to it). There is Sakai Bay. Later it was called the Sakai-Minami and Sakai-Kita estates.

¶Tokonami. (Note: the present Tonoki village, southeast of Shioana.) There is the Tonoki Shrine, and the Nakatomi-no-Tonoki-no-Muraji lived here. It was later renamed Fukai (it is still called the Fukai township, with six dependent villages). There is Kōrin-ji (in Naka-Fukai village), built by the monk Gyōki. The temple has a well called Fukai ("deep well"), from which the township's name derives. There is Komoe Pond.

¶Izumi District (also written Izumi with other characters, or Izumi-sui) is a middle-class district. To the east it borders Nishigori District of Kawachi Province and the two districts of Naga and Ito in Kii Province, to the south it adjoins Hine District, to the west it reaches the sea, and to the north it connects with Ōtori District (according to the Wamyōshō, a Sennan District was established within the provincial portion (kokubun), and since a Sennan District also appears in the Gyōki Nenpu, its origin is old. The Senshū-shi says: "The 'provincial portion' is something like a private division, probably made by a provincial governor at his convenience, and not by court order"). It has ten townships under its jurisdiction.

¶Shinoda. (Note: the township name still survives; it has eight dependent villages and lies in the northwest of the district.) It is also written with other characters, again read Shinoda. The Shinoda-no-Obito lived here. There is Shinoda Forest (in Mori village). In the Shōhei era there was Shinoda Castle. There are the Old Provincial Shrine and the Hijiri Shrine.

¶Kamiizumi. (Note: the present Fuchū village, also called Ōizumi or Kamiizumi; the twelve neighboring villages are called the Kamijō township. It lies southwest of Shinoda.) There is the Izumi Well (in Fuchū village), from which the province's name derives. Later the provincial seat was established here. There are the Izumi Shrine and the Izumi-i-no-ue Shrine. Tradition says this is the site of the temporary palace of Empress Jingū. Later it was divided into two townships. There was the former residence of the Uzu-no-Agatanushi. There is the Izumi Palace (its site is in Fuchū village), also called the Chinu Detached Palace, visited by Emperors Genshō and Shōmu. There is the place Futada (the present Futada village), where the Futada-no-Mononobe lived. There are the Sone Shrine and the place Hakata (the present Hakata village). Probably the Sone-no-Muraji and the Hakata-no-Obito lived here. In the Kōkoku era (1340-1346) it was called the Ōizumi estate.

¶Shimoizumi. (Note: seven villages including Miya, Ikeura and Ōtsu are now called the Shimojō township, also the Abiko estate. It lies south of Kamiizumi and is its territory.) There is the Abiko Muratomi Shrine (now in Toyonaka village). The Abiko-no-Kimi lived here. There are the Izumi Anashi Shrine and Anashi Pond (in Ikeura village; the old name of Miya village was Anashi, and the Nihon Ryōiki gives it, written with different characters). There is Ōtsu Bay, also called Otsu-no-tomari. There is the Ōtsu River, which here flows into the sea. Later it was called the Imaizumi estate, and also the Uda estate.

¶Karube. (Note: the township name still survives; it has six dependent villages and lies southeast of Shimoizumi.) In ancient times it was called the Kari township (the character for "township" is also written as "district", and the Hōryū-ji Shizai-chō has Karu township). Descendants of Yatsunada-no-Mikoto lived here, and in the time of Emperor Yūryaku they presented this township and were granted the surname Karube-no-Kimi. There are Karube Pond and the Tamai Mountain Estate (both in Oda village). There is the place Wake (the present Wake village) and the Wake Shrine. The Wake-no-Kimi lived here.

¶Sakamoto. (Note: the present Sakamoto village; the seven neighboring villages are called the Gō estate. It lies east of Karube and is the extent of the township.) There is the Sakamoto Shrine (in the present Sakamoto village). The Sakamoto-no-Ason lived here. In the Jōwa era, a branch of the family living in Sanuki petitioned to return to its old land in Izumi; this is what is meant.

¶Ikeda. (Note: the township name still survives; it has eleven dependent villages and lies east of Sakamoto.) The Ikeda-no-Obito lived here. Later it was called the Ikeda estate. There is the provincial temple (in Kokubun village, called Fukutoku-ji). In the Jōwa era Anraku-ji was designated as its equivalent. There is Sefuku-ji (on Mount Makinoo), also called Chinu-no-yamadera. There is Yokoyama (the Sanka Wakashū has Nanakoe Peak). In the Keiun era (704-708) it was called the Yokoyama township, and there was a Yokoyama estate. There are the Matsuo River and the Ushitaki River, and there is Matsuo-dera (on Mount Matsuo). In the Angen era (1175-1177) there was the Haruki estate (the present Haruki village). There is the Mononobe Furu Shrine (now in Haruki village). There is Mononobeda Pond, opened by the monk Gyōki in the Tenpyō era (729-749). There is the place Kashiwade-no-Okarakuni (the present Karakuni village). The Kashiwade-no-Omi and the Karakuni-no-Muraji lived here.

¶Yamadai. (Note: the township name still survives; it has eight dependent villages and lies south of Ikeda. The four townships that follow later belonged to Sennan District.) There is the Yamadai Shrine, and the Yamadai clan lived here. There is Yamadai Pond (in Uchihata village, Sennan District).

¶Yagi. (Note: the township name still survives; it has eleven dependent villages and lies west of Yamadai.) There is the Yagi Shrine, and the Yagi-no-Miyatsuko lived here. There is the place Inukai (the present Mitsuji village, whose old name was Inukai), where the Waka-inukai-no-Sukune lived. There is Kumeta Pond (the Nenpu says it is in Tajibe-no-sato; the present Tajime village is probably this). There is Kumeda-dera. All were opened by the monk Gyōki. There is the grave of Tachibana-no-Moroe (the temple and the grave are both in Ikejiri village). In the Katei era (1235-1238) there was the Yoshii township (the present Yoshii village).

¶Kanimori. (Note: the township name still survives; it has sixteen dependent villages and lies south of Yagi.) There is the Kanimorita Shrine (now in Kamori village). The Kanimorita-no-Obito lived here. In the Tenju era (1375-1381) it was called the Kamori township. There is the Kamori River. There is Mesukijida (the present Kishiwada village, whose old name was Kishi). Emperor Ankan ordered Ōkōchi-no-Atai Ajihari to present that land, but Ajihari begrudged it and did not, and was dismissed from his post. In the time of the Southern Court, Wada Masanari built a castle here and renamed it Kishiwada. There are Matsumura-no-sato (the present Upper and Lower Matsumura) and Mount Kunimi (in Sankayama village). There is the place Niiharu. The Emperor's progress in the first year of Tenpyō-Jingo (765) to the Niiharu Temporary Palace in Hine District is this (the Senshū-shi says: "There is no place called Niiharu in Hine District, but the present Arai village in Sennan District is close to Hine, so it may be a corruption of Niiharu," and that view is followed here).

¶Kijima. (Note: the township name still survives; it has five dependent villages and lies southeast of Kanimori.) There is Mount Kijima, also called Somayama, which produces fine timber. In ancient times it was the fief of Tachibana-no-Moroe. There is Arimaka village (the seven villages including Hatta and Gokuraku-ji are now called the Amagawa estate, also written Anmaku, Arimaka or Arima; the reading of the first is uncertain). There is the Arima Shrine, and the Anmaku-no-Obito lived here. There is the grave of Totoribe-no-Yorozu (in Hatta village, with a dog mound north of the grave). There are Kōnoyama (north of Kawai village) and Mount Katsuragi (east of Sobahara village). There are the Asō estate and the Nagayoshi estate (the present Nagayoshi village).

¶Hine District is a lower-class district. To the southeast it borders Naga and Nagusa Districts of Kii Province, to the west it faces the sea, and to the north it adjoins Izumi District. In the Jōgan era, land in this district was assigned to the Junna-in. It has four townships under its jurisdiction.

¶Kogi. (Note: also written with other characters, again read Kogi; the readings interchange. The township name still survives; it has thirteen dependent villages and lies in the northwest of the district.) The name derives from the land being suited to ukogi (Acanthopanax, a shrub), the two names sharing readings. The Kogi clan and the Kogi-no-Obito lived here. There is the Kogi River. There is the Kumatorino Temporary Palace (its site is in Mikado village). In the Enryaku era the Emperor hunted here. Later it was called the Kumatori estate. In the Bunji era (1185-1190) it was called the Kogi township, and the local official (zaichō) Kiyozane (surname not recorded) lived here (the site of his residence is in Sawa village). Later it was called the Furuki estate.

¶Kami. (Note: it is now called Kamigō; it has nine dependent villages and lies southeast of Kogi.) There is the Chinu Palace (its site is in Nakamura). Sotōri-no-Iratsume, consort of Emperor Ingyō, lived here, and the Emperor made progresses to her many times. There is Hineno. The district's name derives from here, and in the time of Emperor Yūryaku, Ne-no-Omi, having incurred guilt, fled to Hineno; this is the place. There is the Hine Temporary Palace (its site is in the Hineno estate). In the Enryaku era the Emperor hunted at Hineno. In the Jōwa era the storehouse of the post-station compound of Tajihi District, Kawachi Province, was moved here and made the main granary. There is the Hine Shrine, and the Hine-no-Miyatsuko lived here. There is Hine Matsubara. Later it was called the Hine estate. There is Tsuchimaru Castle (its site is between Kumatori and Hineno). It is said to have been built by a branch of the Kusunoki in the Shōhei era (one account says it was built by a man of Kii, which is an error). Later it was called the Jinno estate.

¶Oo. (Note: it is now called Onosato village. Nearby are the two estates of Nakadōri and Shindachi, governing 32 villages. It lies in the middle of the district, and is the extent of the old township.) Itsuse-no-Mikoto, wounded, came to Yamaki Harbor (also called Yamai Harbor), laid a hand on his sword and uttered a cry (otakebi), and so it was named Hi-o Harbor ("o" and "oo" share a reading, and the last syllable is its rhyme). There is Mount O (southeast of Yamanaka village, later belonging to Kii Province). In the Enryaku era, on the Emperor's progress to Kii, he returned from the road over Mount O to the Hine Temporary Palace; this is the place. There are the Ono Shrine and the Oo post station. There are Sano Matsubara (the present Sano village) and Okitsu beach. There is Chinu Pond (west of Nono village; tradition says it was opened by Isonishiki-no-Irihiko-no-Mikoto; it later became the "two villages of Kaida"). Emperor Kanmu once hunted here. There is the Kakita Shrine, and there is Kimi Pond (in Tarui village; tradition says it was made by Isonishiki-no-Irihiko-no-Mikoto). There is the Onosato River (also called Ōkawa), probably the old Uto River. There is the Shindachi Temporary Palace (its site is in Ichiba village; the Go-Toba-in Kumano Gokōki has "Shindachi Umayado, a place of temporary lodging"). When the Retired Emperors Shirakawa and Horikawa made pilgrimages to Kumano, they always lodged here. Later it was called the Shindachi estate.

¶Tottori. (Note: the township name still survives; it has twelve dependent villages and lies south of Oo.) The Tottori clan lived here and gave it its name. Later it was called the Tottori estate. There is the Uto-kawakami Palace, also called the Tottori-kawakami Palace. Isonishiki-no-Irihiko-no-Mikoto lived here and made one thousand swords. There is the Udo tomb, which tradition holds to be the burial place of the prince (the palace site and the tomb are both in Jinenda village). There is Mount Tottori. There are Hakoura (the present Hakotsukuri village; the Hakotsukuri estate that appears in the Kamo Chūshin Zakki is probably this) and Tamuwa village (now written Tannowa; Tamuwa and Tannowa share readings). In the village is the grave of Ki-no-Oyumi-no-Sukune and his wife. In the time of Emperor Yūryaku, Oyumi was appointed general for the campaign against Silla and died in the army. His wife, Kamitsumichi-no-Ōama, escorted the coffin home, and by imperial order Haji-no-Muraji Kotori was commanded to build the tomb at Tamuwa village; this is the place. In the Kanshō era (1460-1466) it was called the Tannowa estate (the present Tannowa village). There is the grave of Ki-no-Funamori (west of Tannowa village). There are Kurosaki Matsubara and Fukui Bay. There is the Fukahi Temporary Palace (its site is in Fukahi village), established in the Tenpyō-Jingo era. There is Fukui Bay Castle (Fukui Bay is also written Fukuidani River). In the Juei era (1182-1185), Anma Tadakage built it in response to the Genji, but it was attacked and broken by Taira-no-Noritsune. Later it was called the Fukahi estate. There are the graves of Tachibana-no-Hayanari and his daughter, the nun Myōchū (on Otoyama in Kyōshibata village). There is the Tanashi River. In the Kenkyū era it was called the Tanigawa estate (the present Tanigawa village).