Treatise 41: Offices V

¶Kōkyū (Inner Palace). The Hi (Consorts) are two persons, appointed from those of the Fourth Rank (Shihon) or above; the Bunin (Ladies) are three, appointed from those of the Third Rank or above; the Hin (Concubines) are four, appointed from those of the Fifth Rank or above. The duties of the palace women are divided into twelve, and these are called the Twelve Offices (Jūni-shi). (Source: Ryō no Gige.)

¶Naishi-no-tsukasa (Office of Handmaidens). The Shōji (Principal Handmaidens, Naishi-no-kami) are two persons, ranking equivalent to Junior Fifth Rank (Source: Ryō no Gige; Ruijū Kokushi), and they are in constant attendance on the Emperor, taking charge of conveying petitions and announcing decrees; they supervise the Nyoju (junior palace women), and they have charge of the court attendance of the inner and outer Myōbu (court ladies) and of the ceremonial of the palace interior. The Naishi-no-suke (Assistant Handmaidens) are four persons, ranking equivalent to Junior Sixth Rank. The Naishi-no-jō (Handmaiden Secretaries) are four persons, ranking equivalent to Junior Seventh Rank. (Source: Ryō no Gige; Ruijū Kokushi.) The duties of these two grades are the same as those of the Shōji, except that they may not convey petitions or announce decrees. The Nyoju number one hundred. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) In the second year of Daidō under Emperor Heizei (807), the Shōji were raised to a rank equivalent to Junior Third Rank, the Naishi-no-suke to Junior Fourth Rank, and the Naishi-no-jō to Junior Fifth Rank. (Source: Ruijū Kokushi.)

¶Kura-no-tsukasa (Office of the Treasury). The Shōzō (Principal Keeper) is one person (Source: Ryō no Gige), ranking equivalent to Senior Third Rank (Source: Engishiki), and has charge of the Divine Seal and the gate tallies, the Emperor's clothing, towels, combs, and personal ornaments, and the bestowal of precious treasures and colored silks. The Tenzō (Assistant Keepers) are two persons (Source: Ryō no Gige), ranking equivalent to Junior Fourth Rank (Source: Engishiki), with the same duties as the Shōzō. The Shōzō-no-jō (Keeper Secretaries) are four persons (Source: Ryō no Gige), ranking equivalent to the Seventh Rank (Source: Engishiki), and have charge of the receipt and issue of colored silks and bestowal goods. The Nyojū (junior women) are ten. (Source: Ryō no Gige.)

¶Fumi-no-tsukasa (Office of Books). The Shōsho (Principal Librarian) is one person, ranking equivalent to the Sixth Rank, and has charge of Buddhist and Confucian canonical works and scriptures, and of paper, brushes, desks, and musical instruments. The Tensho (Assistant Librarians) are two persons, ranking equivalent to the Seventh Rank, with the same duties as the Shōsho. The Nyoju are six. (Source: Ryō no Gige.)

¶Kusuri-no-tsukasa (Office of Medicines). The Shōyaku (Principal Pharmacist) is one person, ranking equivalent to the Seventh Rank, and has charge of medicine and healing. The Tenyaku (Assistant Pharmacists) are two persons, ranking equivalent to the Eighth Rank, with the same duties as the Shōyaku. The Nyoju are four. (Source: Ryō no Gige.)

¶Tsuwamono-no-tsukasa (Office of Arms). The Shōhei (Principal Armorer) is one person, ranking equivalent to the Seventh Rank, and has charge of weapons. The Tenpei (Assistant Armorers) are two persons, ranking equivalent to the Eighth Rank, with the same duties as the Shōhei. The Nyoju are six. (Source: Ryō no Gige; the ranks follow the Engishiki.)

¶Kadomori-no-tsukasa (Office of the Gates). The Shōi (Principal Gatekeeper) is one person, ranking equivalent to the Seventh Rank, and has charge of the keys and locks of the palace doors and of receipt and issue. The Teni (Assistant Gatekeepers) are four persons, ranking equivalent to the Eighth Rank, with the same duties as the Shōi. The Nyoju are ten. (Source: Ryō no Gige; the ranks follow the Engishiki.)

¶Tonomori-no-tsukasa (Office of the Halls). The Shōden (Principal Hall Keeper) is one person, ranking equivalent to the Sixth Rank, and has charge of palanquins, parasols, hair oil and bathing preparations, lamp oil, torches, firewood, and charcoal. The Tenden (Assistant Hall Keepers) are two persons, ranking equivalent to the Eighth Rank, with the same duties as the Shōden. The Nyoju are six. (Source: Ryō no Gige; the ranks follow the Engishiki.)

¶Kamori-no-tsukasa (Office of Sweeping). The Shōsō (Principal Sweeper) is one person, ranking equivalent to the Seventh Rank, and has charge of beds and mats, sprinkling and sweeping, and the laying out of furnishings. The Tensō (Assistant Sweepers) are two persons, ranking equivalent to the Eighth Rank, with the same duties as the Shōsō. The Nyoju are ten. (Source: Ryō no Gige; the ranks follow the Engishiki.)

¶Mohitori-no-tsukasa (Office of Water). The Shōsui (Principal Water Keeper) is one person, ranking equivalent to the Seventh Rank, and has charge of presenting drinking water and various gruels. The Tensui (Assistant Water Keepers) are two persons, ranking equivalent to the Eighth Rank, with the same duties as the Shōsui. The Uneme (palace serving women) are six. (Source: Ryō no Gige; the ranks follow the Engishiki.)

¶Kashiwade-no-tsukasa (Office of Provisions). The Shōzen (Principal Steward) is one person, ranking equivalent to Senior Fourth Rank, and has charge of tasting the Emperor's meals before they are served, as well as of dishes, wine and sweet liquor, fruits and vegetables, and the like. The Tenzen (Assistant Stewards) are two persons, ranking equivalent to Junior Fifth Rank. The Shōzen-no-jō (Steward Secretaries) are four persons, with the same duties as the Shōzen. The Uneme are sixty. (Source: Ryō no Gige; the ranks follow the Engishiki.)

¶Sake-no-tsukasa (Office of Wine). The Shōshu (Principal Brewer) is one person, ranking equivalent to the Sixth Rank, and has charge of brewing wine. The Tenshu (Assistant Brewers) are two persons, ranking equivalent to the Eighth Rank. (Source: Ryō no Gige; the ranks follow the Engishiki.)

¶Nui-no-tsukasa (Office of Sewing). The Shōhō (Principal Seamstress) is one person, ranking equivalent to Senior Fourth Rank, and has charge of the cutting and sewing of clothing and braided cords, and, together with this, of women's handiwork and knowledge of matters of court attendance. The Tenpō (Assistant Seamstresses) are two persons, ranking equivalent to Junior Fifth Rank, with the same duties as the Shōhō. The Shōhō-no-jō (Seamstress Secretaries) are four persons, and have charge of guiding the Myōbu who attend and present themselves at court assemblies. (Source: Ryō no Gige. Note: the Engishiki gives one hundred Nyoju.)

¶In general, those of the rank of Shōji-grade (Naishi-no-jō) and above in the various offices are regarded as holders of regular duties (Jiji), and the rest as holders of casual duties (Sanji). The rules for performance evaluation and conferral of rank all follow the precedent for permanent posts (Chōjō). The palace women of the Crown Prince's Palace, and the female pages (Nyoju) of the Hin and above, are all treated likewise. (Source: Ryō no Gige; the ranks follow the Engishiki.) Posts established outside the Code are the Nyōgo (Consorts), Kōi (Dressing Ladies), and Mikushigedono (Lady of the Imperial Wardrobe). (Note: the Mikushigedono is according to the Kinpishō.) For none of these is there a fixed number. (Note: according to the Seiryōki cited in the Saikyūki, the Kōi are said to number twelve.) Emperor Kanmu made Ki no Asomi Otona, of Senior Fifth Rank Lower, a Nyōgo, and the name Nyōgo probably began with this. (Note: examining the Nihon Shoki, the name Nyōgo first appears in the seventh year of Yūryaku. Probably at that time it was not yet established as an official title.)

¶The Kōi is also called Miyasudokoro. (Note: the passage from "also called" onward follows the Kakaishō.) In the time of Emperor Saga, Akishino no Asomi Takako, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, became a Kōi, which was probably the beginning. (Source: Shoku Nihon Kōki. Note: Takako is in one text written Yasuko; the discussion is given in the Biographies of Imperial Consorts.)

¶Among the Nyōgo and Kōi there were some who became Shōji. (Source: Renchūshō.) Thereafter, in successive reigns, Hi and Bunin were for the most part not appointed; the Nyōgo became ever more honored, her position ranking next after the Empress (Kōgō) and the Chūgū (Second Empress), and the Kōi ranked next after her. (Note: the general sense of the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Ōkagami has been consulted.) As a general rule, the daughters of Ministers (Daijin) were made Nyōgo, and the daughters of Counselors (Nagon) were made Kōi. (Source: Sonpi Bunmyaku, Rekichō Kōki, Ichidai Yōki.) In the Naishi-no-tsukasa, the Shōji was later abolished, and two provisional (Gon) officials were added to the Naishi-no-jō to make six; one of these was made the Kōtō, and this is the so-called Kōtō-no-Naishi. (Source: Kinpishō.) There were also the Jōrō, Ko-jōrō, Chūrō, and Gerō. The Jōrō were the Naishi-no-suke, who had charge of serving the Emperor's meals, and one of them served as Senji. The post of Bettō of the Mikushigedono was likewise filled by a Jōrō. The Ko-jōrō were those who held office and were daughters of Kugyō (senior nobles) or attendant courtiers. The Chūrō were the Myōbu. The Gerō were the Nyokurōdo (women chamberlains). Besides the Twelve Offices there were also the Uneme-no-tsukasa, the Higashi-no-warawa, and the Mondo (water bearers), all of whom were also palace women. In addition there were the Tokusen, the Tōji, and the Tonomozukasa; the Tōji had charge of night watch and guard at the Naishidokoro, and the Tonomozukasa had charge of sweeping and sprinkling at the Tenjō (Courtiers' Hall). (Source: Kinpishō, Kakaishō, Gōke Shidai, Shūgaishō, Nyōbō Kanpon, the appendix to the Shokugenshō, and Renchūshō have been consulted.) All of these were institutions of later ages.

¶In-no-tsukasa (Retired Emperor's Office). After abdicating, Emperor Saga resided at Saga. In the Jōwa era of Emperor Ninmyō, Abe no Asomi Yasuhito, Assistant Minister of Justice, was made to attend the Retired Emperor and was thereby made In no Bettō (Director of the Retired Emperor's Office). This was probably the first time a retired emperor established officials of his office. (Source: Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the first year of Tenryaku under Emperor Murakami (947), for the Retired Emperor Suzaku the offices of Shukandai (Acting Recorder), Shisho (Attendants' Station), and Go-sho-dokoro no Bettō (Director of the Library) were established. The next year the Hangandai (Acting Secretary) was established. Then five men each of the Left and Right Inner Palace Guards were made the Retired Emperor's personal escorts (Zuijin). (Source: Nihon Kiryaku.) Afterward, the Tenjōbito (courtiers), Kurōdo (chamberlains), Chōkan (office officials), Meshitsugi-dokoro (Messengers' Station), Bettō (separate storehouse), Onzoku-dokoro (Clothing Office), Tokoro-shū, Mushadokoro (Warriors' Station), Zuijin-dokoro (Escorts' Station), and so on were added, and the offices were in general parallel to those of the palace. (Source: Renchūshō and Yōkōki; the Saikyūki and Shūgaishō have been consulted.) The Retired Emperor Shirakawa established the Upper and Lower Hokumen (Northern Face guards) and assigned warriors to them. At every imperial progress they shouldered bows and arrows and guarded the imperial carriage. (Source: Gukanshō.) The Retired Emperor governed from within his residence for more than forty years. His office was called the In-no-chō (Retired Emperor's Office), and he issued commands to the realm by means of In-no-senji (Retired Emperor's directives) and In-no-chō-kudashibumi (office orders). Thus the officials of the Retired Emperor's Office came to be valued more than those of the imperial court. (Source: the general sense of the Chūyūki, Gukanshō, Imakagami, and others has been consulted.) The Retired Emperor Gotoba established the Saimen (Western Face guards), appointing men of unrivaled talent and strength and excellent in martial arts, and assigned them alongside the Hokumen. (Source: Gukanshō; Jōkyūki.) In the third year of Mannen under Emperor Go-Ichijō (1026), for the Higashi-Sanjō-in (Senshi, the Empress Dowager), the Daikōtaikōgū-shiki (Office of the Grand Empress Dowager) was reformed and a Bettō, Hangandai, and Shukandai were established. (Source: Nihon Kiryaku, Hyakurenshō, Sakeiki, and the appendix to the Shokugenshō.) Afterward, when an Empress Dowager established officials of her office, it was done as for a Retired Emperor, except that offices from the Tokoro-shū downward were not set up and a separate Samurai-dokoro (Retainers' Station) was said to be established. (Source: Renchūshō; Hyakurenshō.)

¶Tōgū (Crown Prince's Palace). At first, in the time of Emperor Jitō, officials such as the Daifu (Grand Tutor), Taifu (Master), and Suke (Assistant Master) were established. (Source: Nihon Shoki.) This was probably the beginning of the Crown Prince's household officials. Under the Taihō system, the Fu (Tutor) was one person, of Senior Fourth Rank Upper, and had charge of guiding the Crown Prince by means of virtue and the Way. The Gakushi (Scholars) were two persons, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and had charge of teaching the classics and presenting expositions. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) When the court appointed a Fu, the rank went no higher than the Fourth Rank, but the office was an imperially appointed one, and it was always held concurrently by one of the Three Ministers (Sankō) or a Dainagon (Major Counselor), by which it was honored. (Source: Shokugenshō.)

¶Tōgū-bō (Crown Prince's Household Office, Haru-no-miya-no-bō). (Note: examining the Shokugenshō, Tōgū and Shunkyū were originally the same thing, but it has been so from old that the Fu, Gakushi, and the like are called officials of the Tōgū, while the Taifu and those below are called officials of the Bō.) The Taifu (Master) is one person, of Junior Fourth Rank Lower, and has charge of relaying petitions and orders, of the register of the household's names, and generally of evaluations, conferral of rank, and night duty. Its subordinate organs include three Kan (Bureaus), called Toneri, Shuzen, and Shuzō, and six Sho (Offices), called Tonomo, Shusho, Shushō, Shukō, Shuhei, and Shume. The Suke (Assistant Master) is one person, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower; the Dai-shin (Senior Secretary) is one person, of Junior Sixth Rank Upper; the Shō-shin (Junior Secretary) are two persons, of Junior Sixth Rank Lower; the Dai-sakan (Senior Clerk) is one person, of Senior Eighth Rank Lower; the Shō-sakan (Junior Clerk) are two persons, of Junior Eighth Rank Upper. (Source: Ryō no Gige. Note: examining the Shokugenshō, the Dai-shin's charge of the public affairs of the Crown Prince's Palace was likened to that of the Kurōdo in the palace, and it is suspected that his duties had become weightier than in former times.) The Shishō (Recorders) are four. (Source: Engishiki. Note: examining the Shoku Nihon Kōki, it states that in the fourteenth year of Jōwa (847) two Shishō were established for each of the six offices of the Bō, its Kan, and its Sho. According to the Engishiki, the six offices refer to the Tōgū-bō and its subordinate Toneri-kan, Shuzen-kan, Shuzō-kan, Tonomo-sho, and Shume-sho; but when the additional two were established at the Tōgū-bō itself is not clear.) The Bō-shō (Household Wardens) are two. (Source: Ruijū Kokushi; established in the sixth year of Kōnin (815).) The Shibu (Messengers) are thirty. (Note: the Engishiki gives twenty.) The Jikichō (Attendants) are three. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) In later ages the Bō also established Kurōdo and Hi-kurōdo (non-official chamberlains), in imitation of the palace. (Source: Shokugenshō.) The Crown Prince's offices were abolished after Emperor Sukō of the Northern Court and were never set up again. (Source: Tarara Mondō.)

¶Toneri-no-kan (Bureau of Attendants). The Kami (Director) is one person, of Junior Sixth Rank Upper, and has charge of the register of the attendants (Toneri), of ceremonial, and of the division of duty shifts. The Suke (Assistant Director) is one person, of Senior Eighth Rank Lower, and the Reishi (Clerk) is one person, of Junior Initial Rank Upper. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) The Shishō are two. (Source: Engishiki.) The Toneri number six hundred. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) In the first year of Daidō under Emperor Heizei (806), an edict stated: "According to the Code, 'as Toneri, the grandsons and sons of those of rank (the Onshi system), and sons of rank-holders of upright bearing and skilled in writing and arithmetic, shall be taken.' In recent years, contrary to the old system, commoners (Hakutei) have also been taken. The Code's provisions should be followed in every respect." In the third year of Kōnin under Emperor Saga (812), it was ordered: "Of the six hundred Toneri, five hundred were originally to be drawn from the Irishiki class and one hundred from commoners. Yet both Irishiki and commoners have not devoted their strength to official business, and there is something of a shortage of men for service. Henceforth one hundred outer-rank (Geni) holders shall be taken to fill out the number of five hundred." (Source: Nihon Kōki.) In the third year of Jōwa under Emperor Ninmyō (836), the Tōgū-bō reported: "Of the Toneri of this Bureau, there are four hundred of the Irishiki class and one hundred each of the commoners of outer evaluation (Gekō). When we examined the registers, many had fled and been simply released. The Irishiki and outer-evaluation men are filled in according to vacancies, but for commoners alone, once the number is fixed, regulations provide that they are not replaced. We request that for commoners who have not yet received rank and who fail to report for duty without cause, replacements be made anew." This was permitted. (Source: Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the fourteenth year of Jōwa (847) it was again reported: "For the one hundred Toneri of the inner and outer evaluation, filling and replacing them according to vacancies has been the practice in all reigns. Yet by the directive of the tenth year, those outer-evaluation Toneri who transfer to other classes or are dismissed for good reason come to forty each year, and exceptional leave to enter and leave is granted them. If we are bound by this rule, replacement cannot be made. We request that the old precedent be restored and that vacancies among the forty be filled in order." This was followed. (Source: Ruijū Kokushi.) Toneri who bore swords were called Tachihaki-no-toneri (Sword-bearing Attendants); ten were established in the seventh year of Hōki under Emperor Kōnin (776), and a further ten were added in the first year of Daidō. (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku, Iroha Jirui-shō.) In the first year of Tennan under Emperor Montoku (857), twenty Toneri were divided and assigned to three guard stations, but as the guard was thin, ten more were added. (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku. Note: the Engishiki also gives thirty.) Their two chiefs were called Senjō; afterward this was reduced to one, and warriors of the Minamoto and Taira were assigned to it. Next came the Bu-ryō (Section Leader), one each for Left and Right (Note: the Bu-ryō is written in both the Shokugenshō and the Gōke Shidai with characters read differently, but the readings are interchangeable), who concurrently served as Left or Right Gate Officers (Emon-no-jō). Next came the Waki (Note: also written with another character), who concurrently served as Left or Right Hyōe Officers (Hyōe-no-jō). Next came the Muraji, who numbered eighteen. (Source: the old text of the Shokugenshō, Gōke Shidai, Sankaiki, and Sonpi Bunmyaku have been consulted. Note: the Taifuki cited in the endnote of the Gōke Shidai gives eight for the Muraji.) Together with the Takiguchi (Waterfall-mouth guards) of the palace and the Hokumen of the Retired Emperor's Office, they were regarded as guard officials. (Source: the general sense of the Engishiki, Kinpishō, and Shokugenshō has been consulted.) The Shibu are ten. (Note: the Engishiki gives six.) The Jikichō is one person. (Source: Ryō no Gige. Note: as to the Toneri-kan and the Shuzō and Shukō, the Engishiki has entries, but the Kanshoku Hishō has none. They were probably abolished sometime after Engi and before Shōji, but there is now no means of verifying this.)

¶Shuzen-no-kan (Bureau of Provisions). The Kami (Director) is one person, of Junior Sixth Rank Upper, and has charge of tasting the Crown Prince's meals before they are served, and of all matters of drink and food. The Suke (Assistant Director) is one person, of Senior Eighth Rank Lower, and the Reishi (Clerk) is one person, of Junior Initial Rank Upper. (Source: Ryō no Gige. Note: according to the Ryō no Shūge, in the third year of the same era one Reishi-messenger was added.) The Shishō are two. (Source: Engishiki.) The Kashiwade-be (cooks) are sixty, the Shibu six (Note: the Engishiki gives four), the Jikichō one, and the Kushichō (menial attendants) twenty. (Source: Ryō no Gige. Note: the Iroha Jirui-shō gives thirty.) The Shuzen was also under the charge of the Takahashi clan. (Source: Shokugenshō.) In later ages the Naizen-no-tsukasa came to hold it concurrently, and it is said that the Shuzen was not necessarily established. (Source: Shokugenshō.)

¶Shuzō-no-kan (Bureau of the Treasury). The Kami is one person, of Junior Sixth Rank Upper, and has charge of gold and jade, precious vessels, brocades and figured silks, assorted colored silks, tailored garments, and prized objects. The Suke is one person, of Senior Eighth Rank Lower, and the Reishi is one person, of Junior Initial Rank Upper. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) The Shishō are two. (Source: Engishiki.) The Kura-be (storehouse keepers) are twenty, the Shibu six (Note: the Engishiki and the Iroha Jirui-shō both give four), the Jikichō one, and the Kushichō two. (Source: Ryō no Gige.)

¶Tonomo-no-tsukasa (Office of Lighting and Bathing, Shuden-sho). The Kami (Chief) is one person, of Junior Sixth Rank Lower, and has charge of baths, lamps and torches, sprinkling and sweeping, and the laying out of furnishings. The Reishi is one person, of Senior Initial Rank Lower. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) The Shishō are two. (Source: Engishiki.) The Tonomori-be (hall sweepers) are twenty, the Shibu six (Note: the Engishiki and the Iroha Jirui-shō both give four), the Jikichō one, and the Kushichō ten. (Source: Ryō no Gige.)

¶Fumi-no-tsukasa (Office of Writing, Shusho-sho). The Kami is one person, of Junior Sixth Rank Lower, and has charge of books, medicines, brushes, inkstones, and the like. The Reishi is one person, of Senior Initial Rank Lower. The Shibu are six and the Jikichō one. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) In the second year of Daidō under Emperor Heizei (807), it was merged into the Shuzō. (Source: Ryō no Shūge.)

¶Mimono-no-tsukasa (Office of Beverages, Shushō-sho). The Kami is one person, of Junior Sixth Rank Lower, and has charge of thick and thin gruels, drinking water, and fruits and sweets. The Reishi is one person, of Senior Initial Rank Lower. The Mohitori-be (water keepers) are ten, the Shibu six, the Jikichō one, and the Kushichō six. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) In the second year of Daidō under Emperor Heizei, it was merged into the Shuzen. (Source: Ryō no Shūge.)

¶Takumi-no-tsukasa (Office of Works, Shukō-sho). The Kami is one person, of Junior Sixth Rank Lower, and has charge of earth and timber works and of miscellaneous work in copper and iron. The Reishi is one person, of Senior Initial Rank Lower. The Takumi-be (craftsmen) are six, the Shibu six (Note: the Engishiki and the Iroha Jirui-shō both give four), the Jikichō one, and the Kushichō sixty. (Source: Ryō no Gige. Note: the Iroha Jirui-shō lists two Shishō of the Shukō.)

¶Tsuwamono-no-tsukasa (Office of Arms, Shuhei-sho). The Kami is one person, of Junior Sixth Rank Lower, and has charge of weapons and ceremonial arms. The Reishi is one person, of Senior Initial Rank Lower, the Shibu six, and the Jikichō one. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) In the second year of Daidō under Emperor Heizei, it was merged into the Shuzō. (Source: Ryō no Shūge.)

¶Uma-no-tsukasa (Office of Horses, Shume-sho). The Kami is one person, of Junior Sixth Rank Lower, and has charge of riding horses and saddlery. The Reishi is one person, of Senior Initial Rank Lower. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) The Shishō are two. (Source: Engishiki.) The Uma-be (grooms) are ten, the Shibu ten (Note: the Engishiki and the Iroha Jirui-shō both give six), and the Jikichō one. (Source: Ryō no Gige.)

¶Kerei (Household Stewards).

¶Households of Princes of the First Rank (Ippon). The Monjō (Scholar) is one person, of Junior Seventh Rank Upper, and has charge of holding the classics and lecturing on them. The Karei (Household Steward) is one person, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and has general knowledge of household affairs. The Suke (Assistant) is one person, of Junior Sixth Rank Upper, with the same duties as the Karei. The Dai-jū (Senior Attendant) is one person, of Junior Seventh Rank Upper, and has charge of supervising household affairs. The Shō-jū (Junior Attendant) is one person, of Junior Seventh Rank Lower, with the same duties as the Dai-jū. The Dai-shori (Senior Clerk) is one person, of Junior Eighth Rank Lower, and has charge of examining and signing documents. The Shō-shori (Junior Clerk) is one person, of Greater Initial Rank Upper, with the same duties as the Dai-shori. The households of Princesses (Naishinnō) are likewise, except that they have no Monjō.

¶Households of Princes of the Second Rank (Nihon). The Monjō is one person, of Junior Seventh Rank Upper; the Karei is one person, of Senior Sixth Rank Upper; the Suke is one person, of Senior Seventh Rank Upper; the Jū (Attendant) is one person, of Junior Seventh Rank Lower; the Dai-shori is one person, of Greater Initial Rank Upper; the Shō-shori is one person, of Greater Initial Rank Lower.

¶Households of Princes of the Third Rank (Sanpon). The Monjō is one person, of Senior Eighth Rank Lower; the Karei is one person, of Junior Sixth Rank Upper; the Suke is one person, of Junior Seventh Rank Upper; the Jū is one person, of Senior Eighth Rank Lower; the Shori (Clerk) is one person, of Junior Initial Rank Upper.

¶Households of Princes of the Fourth Rank (Shihon). The Monjō is one person, of Senior Eighth Rank Lower; the Karei is one person, of Senior Seventh Rank Upper; the Suke is one person, of Junior Seventh Rank Lower; the Jū is one person, of Junior Eighth Rank Upper; the Shori is one person, of Junior Initial Rank Upper.

¶Jikiji (Holders of Regular Duties).

¶Households of the First Rank. The Karei is one person, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower; the Suke is one person, of Junior Sixth Rank Upper; the Dai-jū is one person, of Junior Seventh Rank Upper; the Shō-jū is one person, of Junior Seventh Rank Lower; the Dai-shori is one person, of Junior Eighth Rank Lower; the Shō-shori is one person, of Greater Initial Rank Upper.

¶Households of the Second Rank. The Karei is one person, of Junior Sixth Rank Upper; the Jū is one person, of Senior Eighth Rank Lower; the Dai-shori and Shō-shori are one person each, both of Junior Initial Rank Upper.

¶Households of the Senior Third Rank. The Karei is one person, of Junior Seventh Rank Upper; the Shori are two persons, of Junior Initial Rank Lower.

¶Households of the Junior Third Rank. The Karei is one person, of Junior Seventh Rank Lower; the Shori is one person, of Junior Initial Rank Lower. (Source: Ryō no Gige.)

¶Saigū-ryō (Office of the Ise Vestal, Itsuki-no-miya-no-tsukasa). This is an office outside the Code. The Kamitsukasa (Office of the Chief Deity Rites): the chief official is one person from the Nakatomi clan, of Junior Seventh Rank Lower. (Note: the Shūgaishō gives Junior Seventh Rank Upper.) He has charge of guarding and serving the shrine hall of the inner precinct and of attending the Ōtonohogai ritual and the Vestal's purification (Misogi). There is one Imibe and one Miyaji, both of Junior Eighth Rank Lower. (Source: Ryō no Shūge, Engishiki. Note: the Shūgaishō gives Junior Eighth Rank Lower.) In the nineteenth year of Enryaku under Emperor Kanmu (800), an edict stated: "The Kamitsukasa of the Saigū was established specially outside the Code and from first to last has had no superior body. Henceforth it shall be under the jurisdiction of the Jingikan." (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) The Kami (Director) is one person, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: the Shūgaishō gives Junior Fifth Rank Upper); the Suke (Assistant Director) is one person, of Senior Sixth Rank Lower; the Dai-jō (Senior Secretary) is one person, of Senior Seventh Rank Lower; the Shō-jō (Junior Secretary) is one person, of Junior Seventh Rank Upper. The Dai-sakan (Senior Clerk) is one person and the Shō-sakan (Junior Clerk) one person, both of Junior Eighth Rank Upper. (Source: Ryō no Shūge; the Shūgaishō and Shokugenshō have been consulted.) The Shishō are four. (Source: Nihon Kiryaku; established in the twelfth year of Enryaku.) In the third year of Shōtai under Emperor Daigo (900), an edict established one provisional Shishō (Gon-no-shishō), whose clothing and provisions were met from the allowance for one Toneri of the Office. (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) The Shibu are ten. (Source: Engishiki.) In later ages one each of Suke, Dai-jō, and Shō-jō were added, and two provisional officials were established for each. (Source: Shūgaishō.) The origin of all this lies in Emperor Suinin's moving of Amaterasu-Ōmikami to Ise and the building of the Saigū; the origin of the Saigū's officials is probably ancient. (Source: Nihon Shoki.) The Office was originally a Tsukasa, but in the first year of Taihō under Emperor Monmu (701) it was raised to a grade equivalent to a Ryō (Bureau), and its subordinate officials were treated as equivalent to holders of permanent posts. In the fourth year of Jinki under Emperor Shōmu (727), 121 officials of the Office were appointed. (Source: Shoku Nihongi.) The next year the ranks and offices of the Office and of its subordinate Tsukasa were fixed. (Source: Ryō no Shūge. Note: examining the Shoku Nihongi, it is written that the Saigū-ryō was established in the eighteenth year of Tenpyō; this must mean that what had already been abolished was set up again.) In the twelfth year of Jōwa under Emperor Ninmyō (845), an edict ordered the Saigū Kami and Suke to supervise the miscellaneous affairs of the Grand Shrine (Jingū) and of the two districts of Taki and Watarai, and this was established as standing practice. (Source: Shoku Nihon Kōki.) It has ten subordinate Tsukasa. The first is the Toneri-no-tsukasa, whose chief is one person of Junior Sixth Rank Lower (Note: the Engishiki has one Hangan, but his rank is missing), and whose Sakan is one person of Greater Initial Rank Lower. The second is the Kurabe-no-tsukasa, whose chief is one person of Junior Sixth Rank Lower, and whose Sakan is one person of Greater Initial Rank Lower. The third is the Kashiwabe-no-tsukasa, whose chief is one person of Junior Sixth Rank Lower, whose Hangan is one person of Senior Eighth Rank Lower, and whose Sakan is one person of Greater Initial Rank Lower. The fourth is the Kashikibe-no-tsukasa, whose chief is one person of Junior Seventh Rank Lower. (Source: in the third year of Daidō (808) the chief and the Sakan were re-established, with ranks equivalent to those of the Toneri, Kurabe, and other offices.) The fifth is the Sakabe-no-tsukasa, the sixth the Mohitori-no-tsukasa, the seventh the Tonomobe-no-tsukasa, and the eighth the Kamobe-no-tsukasa, all of whose chiefs are one person of Junior Seventh Rank Lower. The ninth is the Unebe-no-tsukasa (Note: the Engishiki writes Unebe with a different character; further, examining the appendix to the Kanshoku Hishō and the Shūgaishō, each of the Sakabe, Mohitori, Tonomobe, and Unebe has one Sakan, but their ranks are missing), and the tenth is the Kusuribe-no-tsukasa, whose chiefs are likewise one person each of Junior Eighth Rank Lower. (Source: Ryō no Shūge.) Later two further Tsukasa were established: the Kadobe-no-tsukasa, whose chief is one person of Junior Sixth Rank, and whose Sakan is one person of Greater Initial Rank Lower; and the Umabe-no-tsukasa, whose chief is one person of Junior Seventh Rank (Note: the distinction of upper and lower is missing in both cases), and whose Sakan is one person. (Source: Engishiki, appendix to the Kanshoku Hishō, Renchūshō, Shūgaishō. Note: the rank of the Sakan is missing. Examining the various Tsukasa, against the ten Tsukasa recorded in the Ryō no Shūge, the Engishiki and Renchūshō add the Kadobe and Umabe to make twelve. The Hyakurenshō records that in the fifth year of Kenpō an appointment ceremony for the twelve Tsukasa was held. By this, in the time of Emperor Juntoku there were still twelve Tsukasa. Yet the appendix to the Kanshoku Hishō and the Shūgaishō both omit the Kamobe and Kusuribe, so that there were again ten. Probably they increased and decreased with the times, and the dates are difficult to establish.)

¶Saiin-no-tsukasa (Office of the Kamo Vestal). The Miyaji (Shrine Master) is one person, equivalent to Junior Eighth Rank Lower. The Kami (Director) is one person, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and the Suke (Assistant Director) is one person, of Junior Sixth Rank Upper; they have charge of the affairs of the Saiin. The Hangan (Secretary) is one person, of Junior Seventh Rank Upper, and the Sakan (Clerks) are two persons, of Junior Eighth Rank Lower. The Shishō are two (Source: Ruijū Kokushi, Ruijū Sandaikyaku, Ryō no Shūge. Note: the Engishiki gives three), and the Shibu are six. (Source: Engishiki.) Emperor Saga was on bad terms with the Retired Emperor Heizei, and so he divined and made an imperial daughter the Kamo Vestal, to pray for harmony with the Retired Emperor. (Source: Kijoshō.) In the ninth year of Kōnin (818), officials were established as described above. (Source: Ruijū Kokushi, Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) In the fourteenth year of Kōnin (823) it was abolished. In the first year of Tenchō under Emperor Junna (824) it was established again. (Source: headnote to the Senshū Hiki.) In the fifth year of Jōwa under Emperor Ninmyō (838), four Toneri were appointed. In the eighth year of Jōwa, the Office reported: "Shinto rites especially shun pollution. When a Toneri suffers a bereavement, he cannot report for duty, and hands are short. Yet the Ministry of Ceremonial refuses to permit replacements, saying there is no precedent. We request that vacancies be filled immediately as they arise, without waiting for the full term of service." This was permitted. (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) In later ages a Bettō (Director) was established, whose rank was placed above that of the chief official. (Source: Chōya Gunsai, Sakeiki.)

¶Shuri-shiki (Office of Palace Repairs). At first the court established Zōgū officials (Palace Construction Officers) to take charge of building palaces. In the first year of Taihō under Emperor Monmu (701), it was raised to a grade equivalent to a Shiki (Office). Later it was raised further to a Shō (Ministry), with a Kyō (Minister), Fu (Vice-Minister), Jō (Secretary), and Roku (Clerk) all set up, standing alongside the Eight Ministries. In the first year of Enryaku under Emperor Kanmu (782), the Ministry was abolished. (Source: Shoku Nihongi.) In the fifteenth year of Enryaku (796), it was established again as a Shiki, with offices and ranks equivalent to those of the Chūgū-shiki (Office of the Empress). In the nineteenth year of Enryaku, one Zōgū Dai-shin (Senior Secretary of Palace Construction) was added. (Source: Nihon Kiryaku.) In the year Emperor Heizei took the throne (806), the Office was abolished and merged into the Moku-ryō (Bureau of Carpentry). (Source: Nihon Kōki.) In the ninth year of Kōnin under Emperor Saga (818), the Shuri-shiki was established anew, charged with the duties of palace construction, with offices and ranks the same as those of the former Office. (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku; the appendix to the Kanshoku Hishō has been consulted.) The Daibu (Master) is one person, of Junior Fourth Rank Lower; the Suke (Assistant Master) is one person, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: the appendix to the Kanshoku Hishō and the Shokugenshō state that provisional officials were established for both the Daibu and the Suke); the Dai-shin is one person, of Junior Sixth Rank Upper; the Shō-shin are two persons, of Junior Sixth Rank Lower; the Dai-sakan is one person, of Junior Seventh Rank Lower (Note: one text cited by the Genki edition of the Shūgaishō gives Senior Eighth Rank Lower); the Shō-sakan are two persons, of Junior Eighth Rank Upper. (Source: Engishiki, Iroha Jirui-shō, Shokugenshō, Shūgaishō.) The Shishō are eight (Source: Engishiki, Shokugenshō; eight follows the Ruijū Kokushi and the Iroha Jirui-shō. Note: the Engishiki gives ten), the Shokushō (Duty Wardens) two, the Shibu thirty, the Jikichō three (Source: Iroha Jirui-shō), and the Sanshi (Calculator) one. (Source: Ruijū Kokushi; established in the thirteenth year of Kōnin (822). Note: this entry of the present work is damaged and lacks the year and month. According to the edict recorded there, judging from the official title of Kiyohara no Natsuno, it was probably the second year of Tenchō. But since there is no other clear evidence, the year is not given.)

¶Kageyushi (Examiner of Records of Official Handover). The Kageyushi has charge of examining the statements of non-issuance of discharge certificates (Fuyo-zenshi-geyu-jō) submitted by the various offices within and without, attaching them to the registers of actual service in office, and inspecting the registers of the handover officials, and the like. (Source: Engishiki.) After the Tenpyō era, many officials became unrestrained and lawless. Provincial governors, upon handing over their posts, would not readily give discharge certificates, and contended with one another over the profits of the official fields and the land tax, so that the harm grew ever greater. The court repeatedly issued orders to admonish and supervise them, but this did not stop. (Note: the general sense of the Shoku Nihongi has been weighed.) It was Emperor Kanmu who first established the Kageyushi, and in the seventeenth year of Enryaku (798) its rank was raised and it was made to devote itself solely to this task. In the first year of Daidō under Emperor Heizei (806), the Kageyushi was abolished. In the first year of Tenchō under Emperor Junna (824), the number of Kageyushi officials was fixed. In the first year of Tennan under Emperor Montoku (857), its rank was raised. The chief official is one person, of Junior Fourth Rank Lower; the Suke (Assistant) are two persons, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower; the Hangan are three persons, of Junior Sixth Rank Lower; the Sakan are three persons, of Junior Seventh Rank Lower; the Shishō are eight (Source: Ruijū Kokushi, Ruijū Sandaikyaku, Nihon Kōki); the Shosei (Scribes) are ten (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku. In the fifth year of Tenchō (828) the Kageyushi reported: "Official documents are piling up and the copying cannot keep pace. We request that five singers of the Court Music Office and five dancers from the various districts of Tsukushi be detached to establish ten Scribes, and that they be encouraged toward entering office, and, following the precedent of the Ministry of Popular Affairs and others, that they be exempted from the Ministry examinations." This was permitted.); and the Shibu are two. (Source: Engishiki.) In the second year of Jōwa under Emperor Ninmyō (835), the Kageyushi requested that, of the twelve miscellaneous messengers, two who were given clothing and food be made Shishō-heads (Shishō), and this was permitted. (Source: Shoku Nihongi.) In the fourteenth year of Jōgan under Emperor Seiwa (872), two Shishō and three Shosei were added. (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku, Ruijū Kokushi.) In the fifth year of Gangyō under Emperor Yōzei (881), two Shosei were removed and two Shishō added. In the third year of Ninna under Emperor Kōkō (887), the Kageyushi reported: "The Shishō and others copy official documents and are on duty all day, so they differ from the rotating-shift practice of the various offices. Following the precedent of the Ministry of Popular Affairs, the Kazue-ryō (Bureau of Accounting), and others, we request that they be given the rice rations of permanent posts." This was permitted. (Source: Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶Jusen-shi (Office of Coinage). This is an office outside the Code. In the eighth year of Jitō (694), Ōyake no Asomi Maro, of Jikikō-shi Rank, and others were appointed to the Jusen-shi. This is the first appearance in the historical record of an official for coinage. (Source: Nihon Shoki. Note: examining the Iroha Jirui-shō, it states that in the fifth year of Tenmu this office was first established and the Middle Counselor Nakatomi no Omimaro was made its chief. This account seems close, but it does not appear in the present work, and is probably a lost passage.) In the third year of Monmu (699), the Jusen-shi was established and its chief official appointed. In the first year of Wadō under Empress Genmei (708), a Saisen-shi (Office for Urging Coinage) was established. In the second year of Wadō, stipends were granted to the Kawachi Jusen-shi and its performance was evaluated, which was done by analogy with a Bureau. The Office was later abolished. In the seventh year of Tenpyō under Emperor Shōmu (735), it was established again. In the first year of Enryaku under Emperor Kanmu (782), it was abolished. In the ninth year of Enryaku, it was established again. (Source: Shoku Nihongi.) In the seventh year of Kōnin under Emperor Saga (816), the Office was abolished again. (Source: Ruijū Kokushi.) In general, in places that produce copper, such as Yamashiro, Kawachi, Bitchū, and Buzen, Saidō-shi (Copper-Mining Commissioners) were often established, but the abolition and establishment of the Jusen-shi was never constant. (Note: the Sandai Jitsuroku and Ruijū Sandaikyaku have been consulted.) In the ninth year of Kōnin (818), the Nagato provincial governor was changed into a Jusen-shi (Coinage Commissioner). One chief official, one Suke, three Sakan, two Coin Casting Masters (Jusenshi), one Coin Mold Maker (Zōsen-gata-shi), and five Shishō were fixed, their offices and ranks were made equivalent to those of the abolished Office, and their terms of office were the same as those of provincial governors. (Source: Ruijū Kokushi. Note: the Iroha Jirui-shō further lists such officials as Hangan, Shishō, Shōjō, Zōsen-gata Chōjō, Shōryō, Zōsen-shō, Itte, and Mokkō-shō. According to the Ruijū Kokushi, in the eleventh year of Kōnin one each of Hangan and Sakan was removed. According to the Ruijū Sandaikyaku, in the twelfth year of Kōnin the former numbers were restored. In the second year of Tenchō, one each of Suke and Hangan and five Shishō were removed; then one Hangan was added. In the fourth year of Tenchō, the physician had been suspended earlier; at this point one Shishō was removed and a physician re-established. The Montoku Jitsuroku and the Ruijū Sandaikyaku both say that in the first year of Ninju one each of Sakan, Shishō, and Chōjō was removed, leaving two Sakan, three Shishō, and one each of Coin-casting and Coin-mold Chōjō, and that the number of Shishō was further increased. According to the Shoku Nihongi, in the ninth year of Tenpyō six were added, making sixteen in all with the previous. According to the Ruijū Kokushi, in the seventeenth year of Enryaku two were added. According to the Ruijū Sandaikyaku, in the second year of Saikō one was added. Probably this Office underwent repeated changes before and after, the increases and decreases of its officials were not uniform, and the records are not complete. There is now no means of determining the matter, so it is appended here for later examination.) In the eighth year of Tenchō under Emperor Junna (831), the Suō Jusen-shi was ordered to treat the terms of office in every respect like those of provincial governors of the various provinces, except for the Coin Casting Masters alone. (Source: Ruijū Kokushi, Ruijū Sandaikyaku. Note: the Nagato Jusen-shi had already been moved to Suō before this; the date cannot now be established.) In the second year of Jōwa under Emperor Ninmyō (835), an edict stated: "The post of Jusen-shi differs from that of provincial governors, so its term of service should be fixed at six years." (Source: Ruijū Kokushi.) In the fourth year of Jōwa, the Office reported: "Before Kōnin, the annual allotment of coin was three thousand five hundred kan (strings), for which eight miscellaneous workers were provided. Since Tenchō, coinage has increased to seven thousand five hundred kan, so we request that twelve more miscellaneous workers be added." This was permitted. (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) In the tenth year of Jōgan under Emperor Seiwa (868), for the Suō provincial governor who concurrently served as chief of the Jusen-shi, a term of four years was set. (Source: Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the second year of Shōtai under Emperor Daigo (899), the Office reported: "In the Tenchō era, coinage was set at a rate of eleven thousand kan, and this has been carried on without change since Jōwa. The current workmen number eighty, yet the annual allotment is now three thousand five hundred kan. Taking an intermediate course on the work quota, we request that the miscellaneous workers from the Shōryō downward be reduced and fixed at forty-eight." This was permitted. (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) In later ages only the name of the Office remained, and no separate officials were appointed to it. (Source: Shokugenshō.)

¶Sayū Shuri-miyagi-shi (Left and Right Commissioners for Repairing the Palace Enclosure). (Note: "miyagi" is in one text written "bōjō".) When this was established is not clear, but there were two each for the Left and Right. In the eighth year of Tenchō under Emperor Junna (831), an edict made them equivalent to the Bettō of the Bōkagawa (Kamo River Embankment) and similar offices, with transfer after four years. (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) In the sixth year of Jōwa under Emperor Ninmyō (839), one each was removed. (Source: Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the second year of Ninju (852), the commissioners were suspended and placed under the Moku-ryō. (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku, Nihon Kiryaku.) In the fifteenth year of Jōgan under Emperor Seiwa (873), they were established again. (Source: Nihon Kiryaku.) In later ages their abolition and establishment were not fixed. (Note: the Geki Nikki, the Azuma Kagami, and other works have been consulted.)

¶Zōji-shi (Temple Construction Commissioners). There were a chief official, assistant, Hangan, and Sakan, who took charge of constructing the Tōdai-ji and Kōfuku-ji. (Source: Shokugenshō.) Emperor Temmu once established the Zō-Takechi-no-ōdera-no-tsukasa (Office for Building the Great Temple of Takechi). Establishing officials for temple construction probably began with this. (Source: Nihon Shoki.) Afterward, when the Daian-ji, Yakushi-ji, Hokke-ji, Saidai-ji, and other temples were built, officials were in every case established to supervise construction. Emperor Shōmu further established a chief of the Office for Making Buddhist Images, and Emperor Ninmyō established the Zō-Ōi-dera-shi (Commissioner for Building the Ōi Temple). The Hangan and Sakan were two each, and the term of service was four years. The commissioner and those below all bore responsibility for the discharge certificate (Geyu), but all were established temporarily. Only the Tōdai-ji and Kōfuku-ji, because they received the greatest reverence from high and low, always had officials established, and it is said that this has not ceased even in later ages. (Source: the general sense of the Shoku Nihongi, Shoku Nihon Kōki, and Shokugenshō has been weighed. Note: examining the Shoku Nihongi, it states that in the first year of Enryaku the Hokke-no-tsukasa was dismissed; this probably refers to the Zō-Hokke-ji-shi, and is appended as a supplementary note.)

¶Bōkagawa-shi (Commissioner for Kamo River Embankments). The chief official is one person, and it was customary to assign to this post a Provisional Assistant of the Emon (Gate Guards), who also held the Kebiishi appointment. The Hangan and Sakan are two each, and these too were all concurrently held by subordinate officials of the Emon. (Source: Shingishiki, Kanshoku Hishō, Shokugenshō.) At first the court established a Bettō for each of the two places, the Kamo River embankment and the Kadono River, and did not let them be replaced for long periods. In the first year of Tenchō (824), a term of three years was fixed, and the two commissioners for the Kamo and Kadono rivers were dismissed and placed under the Yamashiro provincial governor. (Source: Sandai Jitsuroku.) The Bōkagawa-shi, it is said, was in later ages not constant in abolition and establishment. (Source: Chōya Gunsai, Nihon Kiryaku.)

¶Seyaku-in-shi (Commissioner of the Dispensary). (Note: the Kanshoku Hishō writes "shi" with a different character.) In the second year of Tempyō under Emperor Shōmu (730), the Dispensary was first established, and the provinces were made to buy and present medicinal herbs every year, using the products of office-holders' fiefs and the tribute goods of enfeoffed households as payment. (Source: Shoku Nihongi.) In the second year of Tenchō under Emperor Junna (825), where before this a Bettō had been established at the Dispensary to take charge of it, a commissioner was now established anew. There were one each of Hangan, Sakan, and physician (Source: Ruijū Kokushi, Ruijū Sandaikyaku), and he took charge of the Dispensary and of the eastern and western Hiden-in (Compassion Hospices), treating the starving and the sick and disabled. (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku; the Teiō Hennenki has been consulted.) In the first year of Jōwa under Emperor Ninmyō (834), one Sakan was added. (Source: Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the fourteenth year of Jōwa (847), four Shishō were established. (Source: Ruijū Kokushi. Note: examining the Engishiki, it lists twelve miscellaneous messengers.) In the third year of Kashō (850), it was ordered: "The term of the Dispensary commissioner shall be set at four years, by analogy with the Commissioner for Tile-making." (Source: Montoku Jitsuroku.) Later a Bettō was established, one person of the Fujiwara and one Geki (Outer Secretary) being assigned to it, with rank placed above that of the commissioner. (Source: Engishiki. Note: according to the Saikyūki and Shūgaishō, one official of the Benkan and one Geki were used as Bettō.)

¶Kebiishi-chō (Office of Imperial Police Commissioners). In later ages it was called simply the Shichō (Commissioners' Office). Since it was a duty held concurrently by the Emon-fu (Gate Guards Headquarters), it was also called the Yugei-chō (Quiver-bearers' Office). (Source: Shokugenshō. Note: according to the present work, the Bettō and those below in this Office are officials appointed by imperial proclamation and not appointed by the appointment ceremony (Jimoku), so they are not recorded in the signature lists and their official titles are not entered.) The Bettō is one person, assigned from among those of the rank of Sangi (Consultant) or above who held the post of Emon-no-kami or Hyōe-no-kami. The Suke (Assistants) are four, assigned from two each of the Provisional Assistants of the Left and Right Emon. The Dai-i (Senior Lieutenants) are four, and the Shō-i (Junior Lieutenants) have no fixed number, all being assigned from the Left and Right Emon. (Note: the Dai-i and Shō-i were called simply "Shi" (Commissioner) or "Hangan." According to the Kanshoku Hishō, the Left and Right Emon and Hyōe increased in later ages and in the fourth year of Kyūan (1148) were fixed at twenty each, but by the time of Emperor Tsuchimikado the number was three or four times that. This was probably because they concurrently held Kebiishi posts.) The Dai-sakan, Shō-sakan, Fushō (Clerks), and Kadonosa (Prison Warden Chiefs) all were found on both Left and Right. (Note: according to the Ruijū Sandaikyaku, the Kadonosa were two each for Left and Right. According to the Shokugenshō, some sixty-six were dispatched to the provinces.) The Shimobe (Note: according to the Iroha Jirui-shō, the Shimobe were also called Hōmen), and the Sakan and below, are of unclear number. (Source: Kanshoku Hishō, Shokugenshō, Renchūshō.) At first the court established the Danjōdai and the Guards Headquarters (Efu) to inspect wrongdoing within and without, but had not yet established a separate post for the purpose. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) In the Kōnin era of Emperor Saga, the Emon-no-jō were first made to concurrently perform the duties of Kebiishi. (Source: Montoku Jitsuroku. Note: on the founding of the Kebiishi, the appendix to the Kanshoku Hishō gives the first year of Jōwa and the Shokugenshō gives the Tenchō era, but neither is followed here.) Its duties were already the same as those of the Danjōdai. (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) In the first year of Jōwa under Emperor Ninmyō (834), a Bettō was established as its chief. (Source: Kugyō Bunin.) In the sixth year of Jōwa, because the Danjōdai could not handle arrests, they were entrusted to the Commissioners' Office. (Source: Shoku Nihon Kōki.) From then on, whenever robbery or murder occurred in the provinces of the Capital Region, men were dispatched to pursue and arrest, and its authority became very great. (Source: Shoku Nihon Kōki, Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) After Emperor Montoku, Kebiishi came also often to be established in the provinces. In the time of Emperor Seiwa, because there were many robbers in Musashi Province, Kebiishi were established in every district. The Kebiishi came to spread nearly across the whole realm. (Source: the Montoku Jitsuroku and the Sandai Jitsuroku have been consulted. Note: examining the Ruijū Sandaikyaku, the Honchō Monzui, and other works, in the sixth year of Kanpyō (894) it was said that the selection of provincial Kebiishi had become far too lax, so the appointment of persons without rank was suspended, and at the end of a term they were to be dismissed without awaiting replacements. Yet the abuses did not cease. In the Engi era Miyoshi no Kiyoyuki submitted a memorial that spoke of these abuses in the strongest terms. In later ages nothing more is heard of Kebiishi in the provinces; probably the court, having learned from the abuse, no longer appointed them.) The Kebiishi had by now become a key post, and the court valued its charge most highly, treating the Bettō's orders as equivalent to imperial proclamations, calling them Chōsen (Office proclamations), and punishing those who defied them with the same penalty as for defying an imperial edict. Thus the pursuit and arrest of the Guards, the impeachment of the Danjōdai, the judgments of the Ministry of Justice, and the lawsuits of the Capital Office all came to be wholly under the Commissioners' Office. The power of the Commissioners' Office shook the whole realm. (Source: Shokugenshō.) When Minamoto no Yoritomo took command of the military power, he placed Shugo (Protectors) in the capital, the authority to arrest and execute passed to the warrior ministers, and the Commissioners' Office began to decline. (Source: Azuma Kagami.)

¶Uchi-no-warawa-dokoro (Office of Inner Pages). (Source: Shokugenshō. Note: the Wamyōshō gives Uchi-no-warawa-no-tsukasa.) At first, in the first year of Jingo-keiun under Empress Shōtoku (767), the Naijū-shō (Ministry of Inner Pages) was established. It had one each of Kyō (Minister), Dai-fu (Senior Vice-Minister), and Fu (Vice-Minister), two each of Dai-jō and Shō-jō, one Dai-roku, and three Shō-roku. In the third year of Hōki under Emperor Kōnin (772), the Ministry and the Outer Guards (Geefu) were abolished, and their Toneri were distributed among the various guards. Later the Uchi-no-warawa-dokoro was established. (Note: the year and month are not clear.) In the eighth year of Enryaku under Emperor Kanmu (789), because Takakura no Asomi Fukushin, of Junior Third Rank, was skilled in the art of sumo, an edict had him attend the Uchi-no-warawa-dokoro. (Source: Shoku Nihongi.) In the second year of Daidō under Emperor Heizei (807), it was abolished and merged into the Left and Right Ōtoneri-ryō. (Source: Nihon Kōki.) In the tenth year of Kōnin under Emperor Saga (819), it was established again. (Source: Ryō no Shūge, Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) The Uchi-no-warawa number three hundred. (Source: Wamyōshō.) In later ages the Kampaku was made Bettō of it, it is said. (Source: Shokugenshō.)

¶Naikyōbō (Inner Dance Academy). The Bettō oversees women's music and the Tōka (stamping song, a processional dance-song), and a Nagon (Counselor) was assigned to it. (Source: Shokugenshō; the Tōka follows the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶There was also a Zō-Gigaku Chōkan (Chief of Gigaku Production). In the third year of Jingo-keiun under Empress Shōtoku (769), Kuranouchi no Imiki Wakahito was assigned to it. (Source: Shoku Nihongi.) He probably took charge of the manufacture of musical instruments, but it was not established again afterward.

¶Ōuta-dokoro (Office of Great Songs). The Bettō oversees the Great Songs (Ōuta), and also has charge of vocal pieces such as the regional folk songs (Fuzoku) of the provinces, Kagura, and Saibara, and was appointed from those of the rank of Nagon or above. (Source: Shokugenshō; the Chōya Gunsai and the Sōgi Kokinshō have been consulted.) In the seventh year of Kōnin under Emperor Saga (816), because Okiyo no Asomi Fumikane was skilled at playing the Japanese zither (Wagon), he was made Bettō and was always made to attend the Banquets (Sechie). (Source: Montoku Jitsuroku.)

¶Go-sho-dokoro (Palace Library). It is in charge of inspecting the books of the palace. In the Engi era of Emperor Daigo, a Bettō was established, together with one each of Kaikō (Gate Clerk) and Fukukan (Re-examiner), and three students were set to night duty. (Source: Chōya Gunsai, Chūyūki, Hyakurenshō, Renchūshō, Shūgaishō.) In addition to this there was the Ippon Go-sho-dokoro (Single-copy Library), which had a Bettō, an Azukari (Custodian), and copyists. (Source: Shūgaishō.)

¶Kirokujo (Records Office). It had a Shōkei (Senior Noble presiding), Ben (Controllers), Kaikō (Gate Clerks), and Yoriudo (Associate Members). (Note: the Chūyūki and Shokugenshō have been consulted.) To correct the abuses of the estates in the provinces, Emperor Go-Sanjō established a Records Office in the Asadokoro (Morning Hall) of the Daijōkan and made it take sole charge of that matter. (Source: Gukanshō, Hyakurenshō.) Afterward Toba, Go-Shirakawa, and Go-Daigo each in turn established it. (Source: Gukanshō, Gyokukai, Chūyūki, Taiheiki.)

¶Kurōdo-dokoro (Chamberlains' Office). In the first year of Kōnin under Emperor Saga (810), two Tō (Heads) were established. At first the Left Emon-no-kami Kose no Nodari and the Right Emon-no-kami Fujiwara no Fuyutsugu were assigned to it. (Source: Kugyō Bunin, Shokugenshō.) In the ninth year of Kanpyō under Emperor Uda (897), one Bettō was established and the Dainagon Fujiwara no Tokihira was appointed to it. (Source: Kugyō Bunin.) Afterward a noble of the very first rank was always assigned to it, and it was made to take charge of conveying imperial decrees and edicts. Further, one person each from the Benkan and the Konoe were fixed as Tō; the Tō generally managed all matters great and small of the Tenjō (Courtiers' Hall), always filled any vacancy among the Sangi, and was regarded as the most important post. In the seating order of the Tenjō, he always sat above the various attendant courtiers, no longer questions of high or low rank were raised, and he was called the Kanshu (Chief). The nobles who were permitted to ascend to the Tenjō all stood ready for his commands. In addition, three Kurōdo of the Fifth Rank and four of the Sixth Rank were selected and appointed, and these were made Jiji (officials of regular duties), took charge of the minor business of the palace and the daily morning and evening meals, and alternated in shifts each day, so that they were called Hige-rō (Junior of the Day). (Source: Shokugenshō. Note: both the Rekichō Kōki and the Jiji Bunin state that in the fourth year of Ninna under Emperor Kōkō (888), two of the Sixth Rank were suspended and two of the Fifth Rank established. The Kinpishō says that the Sixth Rank were originally six, and were reduced to five. Probably they were increased and decreased repeatedly before and after, and were not fixed.) From among the Sixth Rank further sons of good families were chosen to serve as menials for important records; these were called Hi-kurōdo, and numbered four or sometimes six, serving as messengers of the Tenjō. (Source: Kinpishō, Shokugenshō.) The Zōshiki (miscellaneous attendants) were eight (Source: Kinpishō, Renchūshō) and took charge of carrying out messages. (Source: Shokugenshō, Azuma Kagami.) The Tokoro-shū (Station Members) were twenty and took charge of sweeping away soot and dust, laying out beds and mats, and miscellaneous tasks within the hall. (Source: Kinpishō.) The Takiguchi warriors were twenty (Source: Saikyūki, Shūgaishō. Note: both state that in the Kanpyō era ten to twenty Takiguchi warriors were established and kept night watch near the imperial palace. The Kinpishō says that in the fourth year of Tentoku (960) seven were added. The Suisaki says that in the first year of Eihō under Emperor Shirakawa (1081) ten more were added.) and they attended below the eaves, went out on errands on the Emperor's orders, accompanied the Emperor's boat, and tended trees and plants. The Suiko (Receivers and Issuers) were three (Note: the Renchūshō says there were originally four but one was removed in recent years) and handled all miscellaneous affairs of the Kurōdo-dokoro. (Source: Kinpishō.) The Ko-toneri (Junior Attendants) were six (also called Tenjō-no-warawa, Court Pages), and took charge of waiting at the Kōsho-den (Library Hall) and serving at commands. (Source: Saikyūki, Shūgaishō, Renchūshō. Note: the Kinpishō says that in the time of Emperor Juntoku they were increased to twelve. The Nihō Hinin, cited in the Wamyōshō, says that the Kōsho-den was where the books of successive reigns were kept and that a Kōtō official was established to take charge of it.) At first Emperor Saga loved excursions and disliked hearing government affairs, so he first established two Kurōdo to keep at his side, hear the various deliberations on his behalf, and report them. The office of this class of officials began here. (Source: Zoku Kojidan.) From then on the Kurōdo became the Emperor's personal men, always attended in the palace, handled the receipt and issue of royal commands, and their authority was brilliant. Thus the duty of conveying and announcing which the Shōnagon (Minor Counselors) and Jijū (Chamberlains) had long held was entirely lost to them. (Source: Shokugenshō.) Generally from the Engi and Tenryaku periods onward, government returned to the hands of ministerial families. Within the palace there were the Kurōdo and outside the Kebiishi, and their power was at its height. The Taihō system was thereby wholly transformed. (Source: the general sense of the Saikyūki, Kinpishō, and Shokugenshō has been consulted.)

¶Kokura-in (Granary Office). It was first established in the Daidō era of Emperor Heizei. In the first year of Jōwa under Emperor Ninmyō (834), one seal was allotted to it. (Source: Saikyūki.) Later a Bettō was established. (Source: Shūgaishō.)

¶Shōzō Ritsubun-sho (Office of the Regular Treasury Quota). The Bettō is one person, assigned from the Benkan, and takes charge of the separately stored goods of the Ōkura (Great Treasury), and the Kōtō is assigned from the Kazue-no-kami (Director of Accounting), the Ōkura-no-suke (Assistant of the Great Treasury), and the Dai-kemotsu (Senior Inspector). (Source: Shūgaishō.)

¶Shinsen-en (Divine Spring Garden). The Bettō is assigned from the Konoe Next-Generals (Jishō). (Source: Saikyūki, Shūgaishō.)

¶Chinjufu (Pacification Command). The Shōgun (General) is one person, of Junior Fifth Rank Upper; the Gunken (Military Inspector) is one person, of Senior Seventh Rank Lower; the Gunsō (Military Sergeants) are two persons, of Junior Eighth Rank Upper. The Kenjō (Attendants-at-arms) are three (they were reduced to two in the third year of Kōnin (812)), and there is one each of physician and crossbow instructor. (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku; the ranks follow the Shokugenshō.) In the tenth year of Jōwa under Emperor Ninmyō (843), two Fushō (Command Wardens) were established (Note: the Shoku Nihongi gives one, which is an error), and they were permitted to wear swords and hold the ceremonial tablet (Shaku). (Source: Shoku Nihon Kōki, Sandai Jitsuroku, Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) In the sixth year of Gangyō under Emperor Yōzei (882), an Onmyōji (Yin-Yang Master) was established. (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) At first the court repeatedly sent out armies to subdue the Emishi, but the posts of commanding generals, such as the Generals of Chintō (Pacification of the East), Seiebisu (Subjugation of the Emishi), and Chinteki (Pacification of the Barbarians), were all appointed temporarily, and it had not yet come to founding a Command and setting up offices. In the time of Emperor Shōmu, the Inspector (Azechi) Ōno no Asomi Azumabito concurrently served as Commander-General of Pacification (Chinju-shōgun) and was stationed at Taga Castle. Emperor Kanmu made great use of troops against the Emishi, and Ōtomo no Sukune Otomaro and Sakanoue no Ōsukune Tamuramaro successively became generals. The northeast was largely pacified, and the garrison was moved to Isawa District. (Source: the Shoku Nihongi, Nihon Kōki, Ruijū Sandaikyaku, and Wamyōshō have been consulted.) In the third year of Kōnin under Emperor Saga (812), the Command was first established and the officials from the Shōgun downward were fixed. (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku. Note: examining the Shoku Nihongi, there was also a Vice-General (Fuku-shōgun), who first appears in the fifth year of Hōki (774); there were also those appointed to it in the Enryaku era, but it is not seen in later ages. Probably it had already been abolished by the Kōnin period.) When Minamoto no Yoritomo became Seii Taishōgun, the court valued the office exceptionally highly, and in the end the offices of the Chinjufu were abolished and no longer established. (Source: Shokugenshō.) At the Kenmu Restoration, the Command was established again, and the Sangi Minamoto no Akiie was made General. Akiie submitted a memorial saying: "It seems that for a Sangi and the Chinjufu, the rank is high and the office lowly, and the two are ill-matched. I request that for those of the Third Rank or above appointed to the Chinjufu, the character 'Dai' (Great) be specially added as a mark of standing, and that they be commonly appointed Great Generals." (Source: Shokugenshō, Kugyō Bunin, Kenmu Ninen Ki.) When the Ashikaga attained their ambition, the offices of the Command were abolished again. (Source: the general sense of the Kugyō Bunin and Taiheiki.)

¶Mutsu-Dewa Azechi (Inspector of Mutsu and Dewa). In the third year of Yōrō under Empress Genshō (719), Azechi were first established in the provinces, and the provincial governors were made to hold the post concurrently. For every two, or three or four, provinces, one official was established to oversee them concurrently. If a provincial official committed wrongdoing, the commissioner personally toured and inspected, weighed the actual situation, and demoted or promoted. For penalties of penal servitude or below he rendered judgment himself; for those of exile or above, he recorded them and reported them to the throne. If civilizing influence had spread and the jurisdiction was well ordered, he recorded the excellent achievements in detail and reported them. In this year a Sekkan (Regional Supervisor) was also established for the Capital Region. Probably the name was different but the duty the same. The subordinate of the Sekkan was called Kiji (Recorder), and the subordinate of the Azechi was called Ten (Clerk). Later the Ten was renamed Kiji and the Kiji renamed Kenji (Examiner). In the fifth year of Yōrō (721), the Daijōkan submitted a memorial: "Officials of the provinces and districts encroach upon and plunder the people and disorder the laws of the court. We therefore established Azechi to impeach wrongdoing and purge fraud. Since the office has been fixed, it should have a stipend. We request that the Azechi be made equivalent to an official of Senior Fifth Rank and the Kiji equivalent to an official of Senior Seventh Rank, and that stipends and official fields and the like be granted to them." An edict stated: "The Azechi are my limbs and the parents of the people. The charge entrusted to them is heavy and troublesome, so the stipend should be doubled, and local products should be given in lieu, following the standard." In this year the Azechi of the various provinces were merged, and for the first time Mutsu was made to hold Dewa concurrently. At that time Commissioners were established in all six circuits, only the Saikaidō having none, probably because it was entrusted to the Dazaifu. After Empress Shōtoku, Azechi were no longer established in the provinces, and only Mutsu and Dewa, as frontier regions of importance, were especially provided with them. (Source: Shoku Nihongi; the Ruijū Sandaikyaku has been consulted.) In the third year of Kōnin under Emperor Saga (812), the Daijōkan submitted a memorial: "The charge of a regional command is what the barbarians look up to. The Azechi has a heavy office but a light rank. We request that it be raised to an office of Junior Fourth Rank Lower, so as to treat the frontier posts generously and to calm sentiment," and this was followed. Previously the Kenjō had been three; an order added one. (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) The Azechi was originally not a regular official, and was always held concurrently by provincial governors or Commanders-General of Pacification. In later ages, when frontier affairs fell into neglect, it was transferred to be held concurrently by high nobles (Kugyō), and in particular survived as an empty name. (Source: Shoku Nihongi, Kugyō Bunin, Kanshoku Hishō, Shokugenshō have been consulted.) The examination and service of officials of the Dazaifu and of distant frontier provinces differed from those of the central region (the Capital Region and nearby provinces). In the third year of Daidō under Emperor Heizei (808), an edict stated: "The Pacification officials of Mutsu have no time limit set for their transfer. Henceforth, like provincial governors and physicians, they shall be limited by eight evaluations." (Source: Nihon Kōki.) In the first year of Kōnin under Emperor Saga (810), the Mutsu Azechi Fujiwara no Asomi Otsugu, because Mutsu was far from the capital, requested that the term of the Shishō be changed to six years. An edict made it equivalent to the Saikaidō, with a limit of five years. The crossbow instructors were made equivalent to this. In the third year of Kōnin, the Mutsu-Dewa Azechi Funya no Asomi Watamaro, because Dewa was also a frontier region of importance, requested that the terms of its Shishō and crossbow instructors be the same as Mutsu's, and this was permitted. (Source: Nihon Kōki, Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) In the sixth year of Kōnin (815), when the regulation of Keiun was restored, the provincial governors, Shishō, and crossbow instructors of the two provinces also came to have a limit of four years, though the Saikaidō alone remained at five years unchanged. The next year the Mutsu-Dewa Azechi Kose no Asomi Nodari submitted a memorial: "In the establishment of frontier posts there is no distinction between east and west. We request that for the provincial governors, Shishō, and crossbow instructors of the two provinces, the replacement be made after five years, following the Saikaidō, so that the toil of the long journey may cease and they may devote themselves solely to the duty of guarding the frontier." This was permitted. (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) In the twelfth year of Jōwa under Emperor Ninmyō (845), the Dazaifu reported: "The regulation of the sixth year of Kōnin states, 'For Scholars and physicians, because the toil of teaching is exceptional, transfer and completion of selection shall all be limited by six evaluations.' Now the former physician of Iki Island has, in all, received six evaluations in office. Their conferral of rank and grant of grade have been in accordance with the regulations, but we fear there may be errors. We request that the patents of rank be exchanged and Inner Rank be conferred anew. Henceforth the Scholars and physicians of Ōsumi, Satsuma, Hyūga, Iki, Tsushima, and so on should all follow this example." This was permitted. It further said: "The regulation of the tenth year of Hōki states, 'Each province is permitted to establish one Scholar and one physician, with transfer after six evaluations.' Now in the five provinces of Chikugo, Hizen, Higo, Buzen, and Bungo, the distance to the Dazaifu is between two and seven days, and the mountain roads are steep and difficult. When officials or people fall ill, they must travel far to the Dazaifu to seek a physician, and treatment does not arrive in time, so lives are often lost. This is because there is no administration of physicians. We request that one Shishō be removed from each province and one physician established. Further, the Dazaifu itself has four Tokugyō-shō (students who have passed the examination), and we request that, following the precedent of Ōsumi, Satsuma, Hyūga, Iki, and Tsushima, those who have passed the examination be taken to fill the posts, and that no others be appointed." An edict reduced the Shishō and filled the posts with students of the Medical Bureau who had passed. (Source: Shoku Nihon Kōki.) This was probably through the proposal of the Dazai-no-daini (Senior Assistant Governor-General) Fujiwara no Asomi Mamoru. (Source: Montoku Jitsuroku.) In the eighth year of Jōgan under Emperor Seiwa (866), it was ordered: "The physician of the Chinjufu shall have a term limit of six years." (Source: Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶Akita-jō-shi (Governor of Akita Castle). (Source: Sandai Jitsuroku.) At first the court established the Dewa palisade garrisons to guard against the Emishi. In the fifth year of Tenpyō under Emperor Shōmu (733), the palisade was moved to Akita village. In the Tenpyō-Hōji era of Empress Kōken, it was renamed Akita Castle, and the Assistant Governor of Dewa was made to take sole charge of it; in later ages the Assistant Governor always held it concurrently, and so he was called Akita-jō-no-suke. (Source: the Shoku Nihongi, Nihon Kiryaku, Gōke Shidai, and Shokugenshō have been consulted.) In the twenty-third year of Enryaku under Emperor Kanmu (804), the castle was abolished and made a district, and later was established again. (Source: Nihon Kōki. Note: examining the Ruijū Kokushi, in the seventh year of Tenchō (830) there was a provincial governor who pacified Akita Castle. This implies it had already been restored earlier, but the date cannot be established.) After the Shōtai era of Emperor Daigo, this post was no longer filled. In the fifth year of Eishō under Emperor Go-Reizei (1050), Taira no Asomi Shigemori was appointed to it and it was restored, but afterward it was again abolished. When the shogunate was opened at Kamakura, Adachi Kagemori was assigned to it. (Source: Azuma Kagami; the Mutsu Waki has been consulted.)

¶Seii-shi (Barbarian-Subduing Commissioner). There is a Daishōgun (Great General), together with Fuku-shōgun (Vice-Generals), Gunken, and Gunsō. In the fourth year of Yōrō under Empress Genshō (720), Tajihi no Mabito Agatamori was made Jisetsu Seii-shōgun (General with the Ceremonial Tally for Subduing the Barbarians) and Abe no Asomi Surugamaro was made Jisetsu Chinteki-shōgun, and they were made to attack the Emishi of the northeast in separate divisions. The title Seii began here. Afterward the court repeatedly sent out armies to subdue the Emishi, and the titles of the commanding generals included Jisetsu Daishōgun, Seitō-taishi (Envoy for Subjugating the East), Jisetsu Seitō-shōgun, and Seitō-daishōgun, all different in name but the same in reality. In the tenth year of Enryaku under Emperor Kanmu (791), Ōtomo no Sukune Otomaro was made Seii-taishi (Great Envoy). The Taishi is the Daishōgun. Sakanoue no Ōsukune Tamuramaro and Funya no Asomi Watamaro successively held the post. (Source: Shoku Nihongi, Nihon Kiryaku. Note: examining the Kugyō Bunin, it is said that in the seventh year of Enryaku Ki no Kosami was made Seii-daishōgun. The Nihon Kiryaku also says that in the twelfth year of Enryaku the Seitō-shi was changed to the Seii-shi. Both seem to contain errors and are not followed here.) After the Kōnin era, because the eastern frontier was long without incident, generals were no longer appointed. In the third year of Kenkyū under Emperor Go-Toba (1192), Minamoto no Yoritomo was himself appointed to this office, and since his sons Yoriie and Sanetomo successively held it, the authority over soldiers and horses all came to belong to the Seii-fu. The Shōgun came to carry out the government of the realm on the Emperor's commission, and it could no longer be compared with the former charge of bearing responsibility for one region and suppressing bandits. When Sanetomo's line ended, the Fujiwara succeeded him, and the royal house (an Imperial Prince) succeeded in turn, down to Prince Morikuni. When Emperor Go-Daigo executed Hōjō Takatoki, Morikuni was deposed, and the government of the realm for the first time returned to the court. The Imperial Princes Moriyoshi and Nariyoshi successively received the title of Great General. The post of Seii was at last restored to its old state. Before long Ashikaga Takauji rebelled. The Emperor went in progress to Yoshino, and the Emperor Kōmyō made Takauji Great General, opened a shogunate in the capital, and ruled with the Emperor under his thumb, in an overbearing and tyrannical manner even more extreme than the old Kamakura. Even when the reconciliation of North and South was achieved and the imperial line was reunited, the Ashikaga continued to hold the post of Seii as before, and the post of Seii long remained the possession of that house. (Source: the Azuma Kagami, Rekichō Kōki, and Taiheiki have been consulted.)

¶When the court first appointed Seii commissioners, their staff consisted only of Vice-Generals, Gunken, and Gunsō. (Source: Shoku Nihongi.) From the time Yoritomo took this office, its aspect changed entirely: the court came to permit him to appoint his own retainers as subordinate officials of the Command, and the offices established thereafter became very numerous; here the outline is given. In the fourth year of Jishō (1180), Yoritomo, holding Kamakura as his base, first established the Samurai-dokoro Bettō (Director of the Retainers' Office). The next year he established the Kumonjo Bettō (Director of the Administrative Office) and Yoriudo, who took charge of reviewing documents and examining precedents. The Monchūjo (Board of Inquiry) had a Shitsuji (Steward) and Yoriudo and took charge of hearing and deciding lawsuits, and the Umaya Bettō (Director of the Stables) took charge of horse administration. (Source: Azuma Kagami.) In the fourth year of Juei (1185), he petitioned to become Sō-jitō (General Land Steward) himself, and placed his retainers in the provinces and districts, those who managed the provincial offices being called Shugo and those who managed the estates being called Jitō. (Source: Hōryaku Kanki, Jōkyūki. Note: examining the Kokon Danshō and the Geki Nikki, in the time of Emperor Sutoku there was a Jitō named Suyeharu in Shinobu District, Mutsu. The origin record of the Komatsu-dera of Kawachi mentions Jitō-dai (Deputy Steward) Munetoki of Takamiya Village, Katano District, in that province, who was also of the same period. Further, according to the Azuma Kagami, the Jitō before Bunji were appointed privately by the Taira and by the proprietors, and probably Yoritomo too inherited the old name.) Shugo and Jitō were generally hereditary and, absent offenses, were not replaced. In the second year of Bunji (1186), the Chinzei Bugyō (Commissioner of Kyushu) was established. In the fourth year of Bunji (1188), the Kyōshi Shugo (Protector of the Capital) was established. (Note: the Teiō Hennenki records matters of Rokuhara in both the second year of Juei and the second year of Bunji. Probably at that time Shugo was not yet an official title. For now the present work is followed.) In the second year of Kenkyū (1191), the Mandokoro (Administrative Board) was established, and the offices of Bettō, Yoriudo, and also Rei, Anshu, Chikeji, and Kuji Bugyō were set up separately. (Source: Azuma Kagami.) Previously, Yoritomo was Right Konoe-no-taishō (Great General of the Right Palace Guards), so the Kumonjo was changed into the Mandokoro; all of this was in imitation of the court system. (Note: examining the supplement and appendix to the Shokugenshō, the Mandokoro corresponds to the household steward of Princes and of the regent-ministers, and the Samurai-dokoro to the household steward of the Kampaku ministers.) The Mandokoro took part in deciding the government affairs of the shogunate and became the most pivotal body. But the Hōjō, as Shikken (Regents), stood above it, just as the Fujiwara did at court. In the fifth year of Kenkyū (1194), the Jisha Bugyō (Commissioners of Temples and Shrines) were fixed, and made to take charge of the affairs of shrines and temples. In the first year of Jōkyū (1219), Fujiwara no Yoritsune established the Ko-samurai-dokoro Bettō (Director of the Lesser Retainers' Office). In the third year of Jōkyū (1221), Hōjō Yasutoki and Tokifusa were made to reside separately at the northern and southern Rokuhara, to take charge of the affairs of the western provinces and to serve as guardians of the capital, and these were called the Two Rokuhara. (Source: Azuma Kagami, Taiheiki, Shōgun Shikken Shidai.) In the second year of Jōō (1223), the Kinjū-ban (Attendants' Watch) was established. (Source: Azuma Kagami.) In the first year of Karoku (1225), the Hyōjōshū (Council of State) was established and made to take charge of deliberating on military government. In the first year of Kenchō (1249), Fujiwara no Yoritsugu established three shifts of Hikitsukeshū (Judicial Board Members), placed a Tō (Head) in each shift, assigned members of the Hyōjōshū to these, and made them participate in deciding lawsuits. (Source: Kantō Hyōjōden. Note: both the present work and the Azuma Kagami state that in the fourth year of Kenchō, Prince Munetaka increased the Hikitsukeshū to five shifts, and in the second year of Kōchō they were restored to the former number.) In the first year of Shōka (1257), Prince Munetaka, modeling it on a retired emperor's palace, established more than fifty Hisashishū (Eaves Members), who alternated in watch and night duty, with several made Ban-gashira (Watch Heads). In the first year of Bun'ō (1260), the Haya-hiru-ban (Early Noon Watch) was established, to which were assigned those excelling in the various arts such as letters and mounted archery. (Source: Azuma Kagami.) In the first year of Bun'ei (1264), the Ōso Bugyō (Commissioner for Appeals) was established. In the third year of Bun'ei, the Hikitsukeshū was abolished and lawsuits were entirely entrusted to the Monchūjo. (Source: Kantō Hyōjōden; the Azuma Kagami has been consulted.) In the sixth year of Bun'ei (1269), Prince Koreyasu established five shifts of Hikitsukeshū again. (Source: Kantō Hyōjōden.) In the first year of Kenji (1275), the Kyūshū Tandai (Kyushu Commissioner) was established and made to take overall charge of the military government of the nine provinces, resembling the court's appointment of the Dazai-no-sotsu (Governor-General). (Source: Teiō Hennenki.)

¶In general, the government of Kamakura had the Hōjō hold the post of Shikken generation after generation, hold the Shōgun in their hands, and convey commands to the assembled retainers. The Mandokoro and those below all served at their bidding, and none dared resist. They established the Two Rokuhara to hold the capital and the Chinzei Bugyō (Tandai) to hold the nine provinces. Shugo and Jitō filled the realm, leaving the court no room to govern. This was the art of holding in check both inner and outer and subduing the realm. But the rise of Kamakura came directly after the court's governing threads had collapsed and its ease and extravagance had spread; its government everywhere valued simplicity, economized, and cherished the people, and it was able to win the hearts of warriors. For over a hundred years the realm was peacefully governed, and no one dared defy its commands. When it came to Hōjō Takatoki's folly and rebellion, he brought on his own ruin, and yet at that time its military strength had not greatly declined and the people's hearts had not entirely turned away, probably because its methods of ruling the country had grasped the essentials. (Note: the general sense of the Azuma Kagami and Taiheiki has been consulted.) When the Ashikaga took charge of Seii, they first established the Kanrei (Deputy Shogun), assigning to it the three houses of Shiba, Hosokawa, and Hatakeyama, called the Three Kanrei, who took charge of the government of the shogunate, much like the Shikken of Kamakura. Next they established the Samurai-dokoro Bettō, assigning to it the four houses of Yamana, Isshiki, Akamatsu, and Kyōgoku, called the Four Offices (Shishiki). If the Bettō had affairs and went to his province, he had a retainer act for him, who was called Shoshidai (Deputy). (Source: Buke Bunin, Yamana Keizu, Nanchō Kiden.) The two houses of Takeda and Ogasawara took charge of archery, riding, and etiquette. The four houses of the two Kira, Imagawa, and Shibukawa became Musha-gashira (Heads of Warriors), and the Ise house became Sōja (Introducer), and these were called the Seven Heads. (Source: Nanchō Kiden.) At Kamakura a Kanrei was established, in Kyushu a Tandai, and in the provinces Shugo, so that the various methods of controlling the realm largely imitated the old Kamakura. But the dividing of land and granting of fiefs arose from the arts of scheming and enticement, and there had never been fixed law in the first place. Thus the Kanrei's power came to rival that of the Shōgun, and some great Shugo came to hold a sixth part of the realm. Authority moved downward, the country broke apart, disorder followed disorder, and in the end for three hundred years the realm never again knew a year of peace. (Note: the Buke Bunin, Taiheiki, Baishōron, and Meitokuki have been consulted.)

¶Ōryōshi (Commissioner for Seizure and Pacification). He has charge of inspecting wrongdoing and arresting thieves and bandits. (Source: Chōya Gunsai, Hokuzanshō.) In the second year of Gangyō under Emperor Yōzei (878), at the time of the Emishi uprising, Minabuchi no Asomi Akisato, Provisional Senior Clerk of Kōzuke, was made Ōryōshi and led troops to Dewa. This is the first appearance of the name Ōryōshi. (Source: Sandai Jitsuroku.) After the Tengyō era of Emperor Suzaku, it was established in all of the provinces of Shimōsa, Shimotsuke, Izumo, Awaji, Dewa, and Mutsu. The provincial governors were made to hold it concurrently, and thirty attendant soldiers were given. (Source: Chōya Gunsai, Geki Nikki, Azuma Kagami.)

¶Tsuibushi (Commissioner for Pursuit and Arrest). Also called Sō-tsuibushi (General Commissioner). (Note: the Hōgen Monogatari, Sonpi Bunmyaku, Azuma Kagami, and Hyakurenshō have been consulted.) He has charge of pursuing and arresting evildoers within his jurisdiction. (Source: Chōya Gunsai.) In the Tengyō era of Emperor Suzaku, Ono no Yoshifuru, Junior Captain of the Right Konoe, was made Tsuibushi of the two circuits of San'yōdō and Nankaidō. (Source: Geki Nikki.) In the Tenryaku era of Emperor Murakami, they were established also in provinces such as Ōmi and Echizen. (Source: Chōya Gunsai.) When Minamoto no Yoritomo subdued the Taira, he petitioned to establish a Sō-tsuibushi in each province, and himself became Sō-tsuibushi of the sixty-six provinces. (Source: Azuma Kagami, Gukanshō, Jōkyū Gunmonogatari.) Later, when Shugo and Jitō were established, the name Tsuibushi was probably abolished. (Note: the general sense of the Azuma Kagami.)

¶Makikan and Bettō (Pasture Inspectors and Directors). Both have charge of training and presenting pasture horses of good quality. (Source: Engishiki.) In the first year of Tenchō under Emperor Junna (824), two Makikan had previously been established in Shinano, but at this point one was removed. In the fourth year of Tenchō (827), a Kai Makikan was established. In the second year of Tennan under Emperor Montoku (858), Shinano was restored to its former state and had two Makikan. (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) In the Engi era of Emperor Daigo, a Bettō was established for the Musashi pastures. Further, one each was fixed for Kai and Kōzuke and two for Shinano, and they were all permitted to hold the ceremonial tablet, given a term of six years, and made to bear responsibility for the discharge certificate in the manner of provincial governors. Their merits and faults and days of attendance were examined and fixed by the Left and Right Bureaus of Horses. (Source: Engishiki.) By the regulation of the fourth year of Engi (904), the Bettō of the imperial-order pastures (Chokushi no maki) had a term limit of four years, and the others were made equivalent to the Makikan. (Source: Seiji Yōryaku.)

¶Offices Established Temporarily

¶Kentōshi (Envoy to Tang China). At first, ever since the Empress Jingū pacified the Three Han, ministers great and small who bore missions have been recorded without break in the histories. These were generally served by the Kishi. In the reign of Empress Suiko, Ono no Omi Imoko, of the Great Rank (Dairei), was sent to Sui, with a Great Envoy and a Junior Envoy. Afterward, those who went on missions to Sui, Paekche, and Koryŏ were commonly called Saikai-shi (Western Sea Envoys). There were a Great Envoy and a Vice-Envoy, and Senior, Middle, and Junior Hangan. In the fourth year of Hakuchi under Emperor Kōtoku (653), Kishi no Nagani, of Junior Upper Rank of Oyama, was made Kentō Taishi (Great Envoy to Tang) and Kishi no Koma, of Junior Lower Rank, Vice-Envoy. The title Kentōshi began here. (Source: Nihon Shoki.) In the Taihō and Tenpyō periods there were Dai-jō (Senior Secretaries), Hanji (Judges), Chū-jō, Shō-jō, Dai-roku, Shō-roku, and the like, with no fixed number of personnel. (Source: Shoku Nihongi.) There were also Kentō Ongon-chō (Chief of Music for the Tang Mission), interpreters, painters, repairers and Kentō Kisen-shi (Tang Mission Ship Commissioners), ship captains, Hangan, and Suke. (Source: Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶Besides these, among those sent on missions to foreign countries: for Silla there was the Ken-Shiragi-shi (Envoy to Silla), with one each of Great Envoy and Junior Envoy, Dai-i and Shō-i (Note: "i" is probably an error for "jō"), and one each of Dai-shi and Shō-shi. For Koryŏ there was the Ken-Koma-shi (Envoy to Koryŏ), and for Bohai the Ken-Bokkai-shi (Envoy to Bohai), with such offices as Rokuji (Recorder), Jun-rokuji, Chijōsen-ji (Ship Supervisor), and interpreters. (Source: Shoku Nihongi.) In the seventh year of Kanpyō under Emperor Uda (895), on the proposal of Sugawara no Michizane, the Kentōshi was discontinued. (Source: Kanke Bunsō, Kanke Denki, Fusō Ryakki. Note: examining the Engishiki, for missions to Tang it says there were Great Envoy, Vice-Envoy, Hangan, Rokuji, interpreters, Shushin (Chief Deity Priest), physicians, Onmyōji, Shishō, archers, Urabe, and the like. For missions to Silla there were Hangan, Rokuji, senior and junior interpreters, Shishō, Chijōsen-ji, ship masters, physicians, and the like, so the offices were fairly complete. But by this time the court no longer sent envoys again, and this merely records the system of an earlier age.)

¶Rusukan (Regents in Residence). Established when the Emperor goes on progress. In the sixth year of Jitō (692), Prince Hirose, of Junior Upper Rank (Jōkō-shi), and others were assigned to it. (Source: Nihon Shoki.) In the thirteenth year of Tenpyō under Emperor Shōmu (741), when he made a progress to Ise, Prince Suzuka, Chi-Daijōkan-ji (Director of the Daijōkan), and Fujiwara no Asomi Toyonari were made Regents in Residence. (Source: Shoku Nihongi.)

¶Gosō-shi (Office for the Imperial Funeral). In the third year of Taihō under Emperor Monmu (703), when Empress Jitō had died earlier, five persons including Prince Hozumi, of the Second Rank, were made Sakumogari-no-miya-no-tsukasa (Officials for Constructing the Temporary Burial Palace), and three including Prince Osakabe, of the Third Rank, were made Zō-Ōtonokaki-no-tsukasa (Officials for Building the Great Hall Fence). At this time, one chief and one deputy each for Dressing the Body (Onyosooi), four Masabito (administrators), and two Fumito (scribes), and one chief and one deputy each for Constructing the Imperial Furnace, with four each of Masabito and Fumito, were fixed. (Source: Shoku Nihongi.) After the Tenpyō era, whenever there was a great funeral, an Office for Funeral Dress (Shōzoku-shi), an Office for Mountain Construction (Yamatsukuri-shi), an Office for Providing for the Laborers (Yōyakufu-shi; also called the Yōmin-shi), and an Office for the Order of Procession before and after (Go-zengo-shidai-shi) were always established, each with one chief and one deputy and two Sakan. (Note: the Shoku Nihongi, Nihon Kōki, and Sandai Jitsuroku have been consulted.)

¶Saizō-shi (Office for Urging Construction). First established in the first year of Jinki under Emperor Shōmu (724). In the second year of Tenpyō (730), Ono no Asomi Umakai was made Kan (Inspector). (Source: Shoku Nihongi. Note: both the present work and the Kugyō Bunin state that in the fourth year of Tenpyō there was a chief of the Saizō-kan. Probably this is the same as the Saizō-shi.)

¶Handen-shi (Rice-land Distribution Commissioner). In the time of Empress Jitō there were Handen Taifu (Land Distribution Masters). (Source: Nihon Shoki.) In the fourth year of Tenpyō under Emperor Shōmu (732), they were appointed for the Left and Right Capitals and the Capital Region. (Source: Shoku Nihongi.) Later chief officials and assistants were established. (Source: Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶Eijō-kan (Castle Construction Inspector). In the eighth year of Tenpyō-Hōji under Empress Shōtoku (764), Saeki no Sukune Imaemishi was assigned to it. In the third year of Hōki under Emperor Kōnin (772), the Inspector for Building Ōtsu Castle in Tsukushi was dismissed. For building Ito Castle and repairing the Mizuki (Water Fortress), a Specialist Official for Building Ito Castle and a Specialist Official for Repairing the Mizuki were established. For constructing the various castles of Mutsu, the Isawa Castle Commissioner and the Shiwa Castle Commissioner were established. (Source: Shoku Nihongi.)

¶Zōga-shi (Commissioner for Tile-making). In the first year of Jōwa under Emperor Ninmyō (834), at the request of the commissioner himself, one Zōga Chōjō (Permanent Tile-maker) was established, detached from the fourteen permanent craftsmen of the Moku-ryō, and the tile worker of the Bureau, Mogu no Koraku, of Junior Eighth Rank Upper, was appointed to it. (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku.)

¶Chō-hōsō-shi (Chief Escort Commissioner). (Note: one text writes Chōsō-shi.) Also called Kansō-shi (Escort Supervisor), he was appointed every time the Ise Vestal went to Ise. (Source: Montoku Jitsuroku, Engishiki.) In the second year of Ninju under Emperor Montoku (852), the Middle Counselor Abe no Asomi Yasuhito and others were assigned to it. The name Chō-hōsō-shi first appears here. (Source: Montoku Jitsuroku.) By the Engi regulation of Emperor Daigo, the Kansō-shi were fixed as one each of Sangi, Ben, Shi, and officials of Sixth Rank. (Source: Engishiki.)

¶Sayū Sumai-no-tsukasa (Left and Right Sumo Commissions). In the fourth year of Tenchō under Emperor Junna (827), those appointed to the Sumo Commission were two of the Third Rank, eight of the Fourth Rank, and fifteen of the Fifth Rank. (Source: Nihon Kiryaku.) In the sixth year of Gangyō under Emperor Yōzei (882), twelve each for the Left and Right were appointed, assigned from the Middle Counselor and below. The Bettō was one each, assigned from among Imperial Princes. (Source: Sandai Jitsuroku.) Probably there was no fixed precedent.

¶Waka-dokoro (Poetry Office). Established first in the fifth year of Tenryaku under Emperor Murakami (951), with Fujiwara no Koretada, Junior Captain of the Left Emon, as Bettō, and made to compile the Gosen Wakashū. (Source: Yakumo Mishō.) In the first year of Kennin under Emperor Tsuchimikado (1201), when the Shin Kokinshū was compiled, it was established again. One Kaikō and three Yoriudo were appointed. (Source: Shūgaishō.)

¶The Offices for Dress (Shōzoku-shi), Order of Procession (Shidai-shi), and Guard of Honor (Robo-shi) are first seen from the time of Emperor Shōmu. Generally for imperial progresses, the Great Thanksgiving purification (Daijōe no Misogi), and the Vestal's purification, these were always appointed, but again with no fixed number. In general, for progresses, the Office for Dress would have four each of chief, assistant, Hangan, and Sakan, or one each of chief and deputy, or one each of front and rear chiefs and deputies. Its Offices for the Order before and after had one each of chief and assistant and two each of Hangan and Sakan. The Office for Dress for the Daijōe Misogi had two each of chief, assistant, Hangan, and Sakan. The Offices for the Order of the Guard of Honor before and after also had two each of chief, assistant, Hangan, and Sakan. The Office for Order of the Vestal's purification had a chief, Hangan, and Sakan. For progresses there were sometimes also established one each of front and rear Cavalry Great Generals and Vice-Generals, and three each of Gunken and Gunsō. But after Empress Shōtoku, these were no longer appointed. (Source: Shoku Nihongi, Montoku Jitsuroku, Nihon Kiryaku.)

¶Mon-min-shikku-shi (Commissioner for Inquiring into the People's Suffering). In the second year of Tenpyō-Hōji under Empress Kōken (758), one chief was established and made to tour and inquire into the people's suffering, to relieve hunger and cold, and to investigate the administrative records of the provinces. (Source: the part from "investigate" onward follows the Ruijū Kokushi.) For the Capital Region and the circuits, one Rokuji was established; for the Tōkaidō and Tōsandō only, one Hangan and two Rokuji were established. (Source: Shoku Nihongi.) By the time of Emperor Daigo there was a Yamashiro Mon-min-ku-shi. (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku.)

¶The Fukan-den-fūsui-shi (Commissioner for Fields Unfit for Cultivation by Wind and Flood), Kenson-den-shi (Commissioner to Inspect Damaged Fields), Ken-suigai-tei-shi (Commissioner to Inspect Flood-damaged Embankments), and Ken-jishin-shi (Commissioner to Inspect Earthquakes): whenever the provinces had wasteland or damage by wind, flood, or earthquake, a commissioner was established on a temporary basis to inspect. (Source: Fusō Ryakki, Nihon Kiryaku.) All had one each of Hangan and Sakan. (Source: Sandai Jitsuroku.) Where relief was needed, a Shingō-shi (Commissioner for Distributing Relief) was established each time. (Source: Geki Nikki, Teishin-kōki, Sakeiki, Shōyūki.)

¶Abolished Offices

¶Senzengon-shi (Office for Compiling Good Sayings). First established in the third year of Jitō (689). Prince Shiki, Sami no Asomi Sukunamaro, of Jikikō-shi Rank, and seven others in all were assigned to it. (Source: Nihon Shoki.)

¶Seiikan-shi (Office for Making Court Dress and Caps). First established in the fourth year of Monmu (700). (Source: Shoku Nihongi.)

¶Zō-zōbutsu-hōyō-shi (Office for Making Miscellaneous Goods for Ritual Use). Established in the second year of Wadō under Empress Genmei (709). Uneme no Asomi Hirao and others were assigned to it. Later it was changed to the Itaya-no-tsukasa (Board-house Office), with ranks and stipends all made equivalent to those of a Bureau. (Source: Shoku Nihongi.)

¶Taitō-ryō (Sword-bearing Bureau). In the first year of Wadō under Empress Genmei (708), Ono no Asomi Umakai was made its chief. (Source: Shoku Nihongi.)

¶Izumi-kan (Izumi Superintendency). In the second year of Reiki under Empress Genshō (716), it was first established by detaching three districts of Kawachi. It had three Shishō. In the twelfth year of Tenpyō under Emperor Shōmu (740), it was merged into Kawachi. In the first year of Tenpyō-Hōji under Empress Kōken (757), it was separated and established again, and was probably set up as a province. (Source: Shoku Nihongi.)

¶Kawachi-shiki (Kawachi Office). In the third year of Jingo-keiun under Empress Shōtoku (769), because the Yuge Palace was made the Western Capital, Kawachi Province was changed into a Shiki. A Daibu, Suke, Dai-shin, and Shō-shin were established. The next year the Shiki was abolished and returned to its former status as a province. (Source: Shoku Nihongi.)

¶Kenkō-shi and Zōki-shi (Supervising Office and Utensil-making Office). In the second year of Yōrō under Empress Genshō (718), the two offices were made to make the vessels for the Sekiten (Confucian memorial rite) and supply them to the Daizen-shiki (Office of the Palace Table) and Ōi-ryō (Bureau of Palace Rice). (Source: Shoku Nihongi.)

¶Eichū-shi (Kitchen Construction Office). In the first year of Tenpyō under Emperor Shōmu (729), it was abolished. (Source: Shoku Nihongi.)

¶Harai-ide-shi (Purification Office). Established in the third year of Yōrō under Empress Genshō (719). (Source: Shoku Nihongi.)

¶Zō-kyakkan-shi (Guesthouse Construction Office). Established in the fourth year of Tenpyō under Emperor Shōmu (732). (Source: Shoku Nihongi.)

¶Sayū Heijun-sho (Left and Right Price-Stabilization Offices). Established in the third year of Tenpyō-Hōji under Emperor Junnin (759). The Left Heijun-sho took charge of the three circuits of Tōkaidō, Tōsandō, and Hokurikudō, and the Right Heijun-sho took charge of the four circuits of San'yōdō, San'indō, Nankaidō, and Saikaidō. In the sixth year of Tenpyō-Hōji (762), Kuragaki no Imiki Yoshimaro was made Right Heijun-rei (Director). The next year Kō Gentō was made Left Heijun-rei. In the second year of Hōki under Emperor Kōnin (771), they were abolished. (Source: Shoku Nihongi.)

¶Uchi-no-umaya-ryō (Inner Stables Bureau). Established in the first year of Tenpyō-Jingo under Empress Shōtoku (765). The Kami (Director) is one person, of Junior Fifth Rank Upper; the Suke is one person, of Senior Sixth Rank Lower; the Dai-jō is one person, of Senior Seventh Rank Lower; the Shō-jō is one person, of Junior Seventh Rank Upper; the Dai-sakan is one person, of Junior Eighth Rank Lower. (Source: Shoku Nihongi.) In the sixteenth year of Enryaku under Emperor Kanmu (797), one Shishō was established. (Source: Nihon Kōki.)

¶Kaen-shi (Flower Garden Office). In the first year of Jingo-keiun under Empress Shōtoku (767), Kōho Tōchō was made to concurrently serve in the Kaen-shi. (Source: Shoku Nihongi.)

¶Kenzei-shi (Tax Inspection Commissioners). In the seventh year of Hōki under Emperor Kōnin (776), Ōtomo no Sukune Kiyotari, Isonokami no Asomi Ienari, and others were made Tax Inspection Commissioners. They were dispatched to the Seven Circuits, with one each of commissioner, Hangan, and Sakan established in each circuit. (Source: Shoku Nihongi.)

¶Kan-honkei-shi (Commissioners for Examining Lineages). In the tenth year of Kōnin under Emperor Saga (819), Prince Mata, Minister of Central Affairs, the Middle Counselor Fujiwara no Asomi Fuyutsugu, and others were made Commissioners for Examining Lineages (Source: Nihon Kiryaku) and made to compile the Shinsen Shōji-roku. (Source: preface to the Shōji-roku.)

¶Kenshū-Saikaidō-hei-shi (Commissioner to Inspect and Train Troops in the Saikaidō). In the fourth year of Tenpyō-Shōhō under Empress Kōken (752), Kudara-no-Konikishi Kyōfuku was assigned to it. Two each of Hangan and Rokuji were established. (Source: Shoku Nihongi.)

¶Zō-Ōwada-no-tomari-shi (Commissioner for Building the Ōwada Anchorage). In the eighth year of Tenchō under Emperor Junna (831), it was ordered: "Once appointed, they were kept long in use, and have already grown weary of completing the work. Henceforth they shall be transferred after six years." (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku.)

¶There was also the Zō-Yamazaki-bashi-shi (Commissioner for Building the Yamazaki Bridge), to which, in the twelfth year of Jōgan under Emperor Seiwa (870), Kose no Asomi Shihō was assigned. One Hangan and two Sakan were established. (Source: Sandai Jitsuroku.)