Treatise 40: Offices IV

¶Danjōdai (Board of Censors). The In (Director) is one person, of Junior Fourth Rank Upper, and his duties are to regulate customs and to impeach wrongdoing within and without the court. In the case of misconduct by court officials, for those of the Fifth Rank and above he submits an impeachment (danbō, memorializing the Emperor to bring charges), and for those of the Sixth Rank and below he transfers the matter to the office concerned for investigation. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) However, the Daijō-daijin (Chancellor) cannot be impeached. If the In himself commits wrongdoing, the Hitsu (Assistant Director) and those below him jointly submit a memorial and impeach him. Wrongdoing within the Board itself is impeached by its members against one another; the Hitsu and those below him patrol the capital every month, and the Chū (Secretaries) and those below them inspect the inside and outside of the capital city every day. (Source: Engishiki.) Where a person lodges a complaint of wrongful punishment arising from the oppressive administration of an office, the Board investigates, and if the complaint is judged well founded it is submitted to the throne, and if not, the complainant is impeached. Together with the Shikibushō (Ministry of Ceremonial), the Board corrects the court dress, caps, and etiquette of the court, and together with the Eji-fu (Guards Headquarters) it decides on the execution of condemned prisoners; if a wrongful conviction is clearly evident, it halts the execution and reports to the throne. (Source: consult the Ryō no Gige and the Engishiki.) In the third year of Tenpyō-Hōji under the Deposed Emperor (Emperor Junnin) (759), on the ground that the rank of the In was low and people neither revered nor feared him, the post was raised to a post of the Junior Third Rank. In the second year of Tenpyō-Jingo under Empress Shōtoku (766), two pillars were set up at the Naka-Mibu Gate: one for those who had been oppressed and subdued by offices, the other for the wrongful accusations suffered by the common people, and in both cases the Board of Censors was made to receive their petitions. (Source: Shoku Nihongi.) In the eleventh year of Enryaku under Emperor Kanmu (792), eighty-three new articles of Danjō regulations (Danjō-danrei) were established. In the ninth year of Tenchō under Emperor Junna (832), it was made the rule that the Board of Censors should patrol and inspect the capital every month and, in addition, investigate violations by the various offices, the various institutions, and the various houses, and by officials within and without the capital from the rank of Shukan (Fourth Division Official) upward, and should send notices directly to the two ministries of Shikibushō (Ministry of Ceremonial) and Hyōbushō (Ministry of Military Affairs) so that evaluations and stipends might be reduced or forfeited. (Source: Ruijū Kokushi.) The Hitsu is one person, of Senior Fifth Rank Lower. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) In the fourteenth year of Kōnin under Emperor Saga (823), because there was only a single Hitsu and government business was often delayed, the post was divided and one Dai-hitsu (Senior Assistant Director) and one Shō-hitsu (Junior Assistant Director) were established. The Dai-hitsu was of Junior Fourth Rank Lower, and the Shō-hitsu of Senior Fifth Rank Lower. (Source: Ruijū Kokushi and Ruijū Sandaikyaku; consult also the appendix to the Kanshoku Hishō and the Shokugenshō.) The Dai-chū (Senior Secretary) is one person, of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and the Shō-chū (Junior Secretary) are two, of Senior Sixth Rank Lower; their duties are to inspect and patrol within and without and to impeach wrongdoing, and in other respects they correspond to the Dai-jō (Senior Secretary) of the Jingikan (Department of Deities). The Dai-sho (Senior Clerk) is one person, of Senior Seventh Rank Upper, and the Shō-sho (Junior Clerk) is one person, of Senior Eighth Rank Upper. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) In the fourth year of Kōnin (813), one more Shō-sho was added. (Source: Ruijū Kokushi.) The Junsatsu Danjō (Inspecting Censors) are ten persons, of Senior Seventh Rank Lower, and their duties are to inspect and patrol within and without and to impeach wrongdoing. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) In the fourth year of Kōnin two were removed, and in the fourteenth year two more were removed. By the early years of Emperor Junna, the Inspecting Censors had been gradually reduced to two, and one Junsatsu Dai-sakan (Senior Clerk of the Inspecting Censors) and one Shō-sakan (Junior Clerk) were established anew. The Dai-sakan was of Senior Eighth Rank Upper, and the Shō-sakan of Greater Initial Rank Upper. (Source: Ruijū Kokushi and Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) Two Junsatsu Shishō (Recorders of the Inspecting Censors) (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku. Note: in the entry for the eighth year of Kanpyō in the present work, in the record of the time when offices were merged and reduced and the important duties and the stipends of attendants of abolished offices were arranged, there is a mention of the fields of the Inspecting Censors. After Kanpyō no record of inspections can be found. The post was therefore probably abolished around the Kanpyō era.), six Shishō (Recorders) (Source: following the Ryō no Gige and the Engishiki. According to the Nihon Kōki, two were removed in the fourth year of Daidō, and in the second year of Kōnin the former number was restored. Note: the Ryō no Shūge gives the fourth year of Kōnin, but here the Kōki and the Ruijū Kokushi are followed.), two Daishō (Board Attendants) (Source: Ruijū Kokushi. They were established in the fifth year of Daidō. According to the Sandai Jitsuroku, in the third year of Jōgan two persons were established to assist the Daishō.), and thirty Shibu (Messengers). (Note: the Engishiki gives fifteen.) Two Jikichō (Attendants). (Source: Ryō no Gige.) By an edict of the sixth year of Jōwa under Emperor Ninmyō (839), it was decreed that, although the Board of Censors and the Kebiishi (Police Commissioners) both have the duty of impeaching wrongdoing, in cases where the offender has fled and the Board of Censors cannot pursue and arrest him, the Board and the Kebiishi should confer and have the Kebiishi dispatched to arrest him, and this was fixed as the regular practice. (Source: Shoku Nihon Kōki.) From this time on, the authority to impeach and arrest wrongdoers passed wholly to the Kebiishi-chō (Police Commissioners' Office), and the Board of Censors, whose duty was to correct public morals, fell into decline. (Source: Shokugenshō.)

¶Emon-fu (Gate Guards Headquarters). Originally, in high antiquity, the two clans of Ōtomo and Kume held this duty. Tracing it to its source, Ame-no-Oshihi-no-Mikoto and Amatsukume-no-Mikoto, the ancestors of the two clans, bore the heavenly quiver on their backs and took up bow and arrows to guard the Heavenly Grandchild, and the soldiers under them were called the Ame-no-Yukei-be; their descendants inherited the post generation after generation. When the Kume clan declined, the Ōtomo and Saeki clans together came to hold the duty. (Note: consult the Kojiki, the Nihon Shoki, and the Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Empress Kōgyoku the name Emon-fu first appears. (Source: Nihon Shoki.) The establishment of the Taihō Code in general followed that system. It was also called the Yukei-fu after its old name. (Note: for the Yukei-fu the Nihon Kōki is followed.) A Kami (Commander) was established, of Senior Fifth Rank Upper; his duties were the guarding of the various gates and the etiquette of entry and exit, patrolling and inspecting his assigned areas at fixed times, warning lawbreakers, and also supervising the gate registers (monseki) and gate tablets (monbō) of the Hayato. The opening and closing of the palace gates is always done at fixed times, with the sole exception of the Ri Gate, which is not subject to the closing hour. At night they light fires and challenge those who pass in and out; all officials wear gate registers on their persons, and all use gate tablets when carrying out goods. Those who do not have a gate register must always wait until the Nakatsukasashō (Ministry of Central Affairs) records their names and sends them to the Emon-fu. When the gates are to be opened at night by imperial order, a further report must always be made, and they are opened after it has been heard. The guards bear staves and patrol the roads of the capital, and from the end of the night drum until the sounding of the dawn drum the passage of people is forbidden. The Suke (Assistant Commander) is one person, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) In the eighteenth year of Enryaku under Emperor Kanmu (799), the Kami was raised to Junior Fourth Rank Lower and the Suke to Junior Fifth Rank Upper. (Source: Nihon Kōki.) The Dai-i (Senior Lieutenant) are two, of Junior Sixth Rank Lower; the Shō-i (Junior Lieutenant) are two, of Senior Seventh Rank Upper; the Dai-sakan (Senior Clerk) are two, of Senior Eighth Rank Lower; and the Shō-sakan (Junior Clerk) are two, of Junior Eighth Rank Upper. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) One Ishi (Physician), of Senior Eighth Rank Lower, was established in the third year of Yōrō under Empress Genshō (719). (Source: Shoku Nihongi and Ryō no Gige. Note: the Ryō no Gige lists physicians for the Emon-fu and for the Hyōe-fu, but this does not agree with the statements of the official histories. It was probably added later by someone.) Two hundred Monbe (gate attendants), whose duty is to lead the guardsmen (eji) and keep watch over the various gates. Thirty Mononobe, whose duty is to punish offenders on occasion in obedience to an imperial order. (Source: for the duties of the Monbe and the Mononobe the Ryō no Shūge is followed.) Thirty Shibu (Messengers) (Note: according to the Ruijū Sandaikyaku, ten were removed in the fourteenth year of Enryaku), four Jikichō (Attendants), and the guardsmen (eji). (Source: Ryō no Gige.) In the twenty-fourth year of Enryaku under Emperor Kanmu (805), seventy of the four hundred guardsmen were removed. (Source: Nihon Kōki. Note: in the guard-office system of the Taihō Code, the Emon stood first, the Left and Right Eji followed, and the Left and Right Hyōe followed after them, and these were called the Five Guards. When the Konoe-fu (Palace Guards) was established in the Daidō era to serve as the personal guard of the Son of Heaven, its standing was the most exalted, and it was placed above the Emon and the Hyōe. The system of the guard offices was thereby greatly changed from the old arrangement. Here the Five Guards are described first and the Konoe afterwards, consistently keeping the old order and not altering it.) In the third year of Daidō under Emperor Heizei (808) it was abolished and merged into the Eji-fu (Guards Headquarters). (Source: Nihon Kōki.)

¶Hayato-no-tsukasa (Hayato Office). The Kami (Director) is one person, of Senior Sixth Rank Lower, and his duties are to supervise the Hayato and to teach them song and dance. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) The Hayato are the descendants of Hoori-no-Mikoto (Hiko-hohodemi), who for generation after generation performed the duty of guarding the palace wall by barking like dogs. (Source: Nihon Shoki.) At great ceremonies of the court such as accessions and the Daijōsai (Great Thanksgiving Festival), they are divided and drawn up at the palace gates, and when the Emperor makes a progress and passes through border lands or places where mountains, rivers, and roads bend, and when he lodges at a destination of the progress, they all bark like dogs and perform the guard. At the Great Court Assembly they perform folk songs and dances to assist the court ceremony. (Source: Engishiki.) The rest is set out in detail in the Treatise on Military Affairs. The Suke (Assistant) is one person, of Senior Eighth Rank Upper, and the Reishi (Clerk) is one person, of Greater Initial Rank Lower. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) Two Shishō (Recorders) (Source: Nihon Kōki. Established in the fourth year of Daidō. Note: the Engishiki gives five.), ten Shibu (Messengers) (Source: according to the Ruijū Sandaikyaku, four were removed in the fourteenth year of Enryaku. Note: the Engishiki gives four.), three Jikichō (Attendants), and the Hayato. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) In the twenty-fourth year of Enryaku under Emperor Kanmu (805), the Hayato, forty men and forty women, were reduced by half. In the third year of Daidō under Emperor Heizei (808), by edict the Office was abolished and merged into the Emon-fu. When the Office was abolished, it was transferred to the Hyōbushō (Ministry of Military Affairs), and one Suke and two Shibu were removed. (Source: Nihon Kōki.) In the fourth year of Daidō (809), it was ordered by edict: "Where there is a vacancy among the Hayato of the fixed number, it should hereafter be filled from the Hayato of the capital region. Their provision of clothing and food shall especially be on the same footing as that of the guardsmen. Women shall not be made subject to replacement." (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) In the first year of Gangyō under Emperor Yōzei (877), one Suke was established again. (Source: Sandai Jitsuroku and Ruijū Sandaikyaku. Note: according to the Shokugenshō, the Suke was later raised to the Sixth Rank.) Four Shibu, one Jikichō, and one Daie. (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku.)

¶Sa-u Eji-fu (Left and Right Guards Headquarters). There is a Kami (Commander) for each of the Left and the Right, of Senior Fifth Rank Upper, and their duties are the guarding of the palace, the inspection of the file formations, the posting of the guardsmen (eji), the inspection and patrol of assigned areas, the setting up of the great ceremonial guards, and leading the van and bringing up the rear on imperial progresses. There is one Suke (Assistant Commander) for each, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) In the eighteenth year of Enryaku under Emperor Kanmu (799), the Kami was raised to Junior Fourth Rank Lower and the Suke to Junior Fifth Rank Upper. (Source: Nihon Kōki.) There are two Dai-i (Senior Lieutenants) for each, of Junior Sixth Rank Lower; two Shō-i (Junior Lieutenants) for each, of Senior Seventh Rank Upper; two Dai-sakan (Senior Clerks) for each, of Senior Eighth Rank Lower; two Shō-sakan (Junior Clerks) for each, of Junior Eighth Rank Upper; and two Ishi (Physicians) for each, of Senior Eighth Rank Lower. (Source: according to the Nihon Kōki, in the eighteenth year of Enryaku one Physician was removed from each. According to the Ruijū Sandaikyaku, in the first year of Ninna the appointment of physicians of the various guards by selection was discontinued, and all were raised to Sōnin (appointment by recommendation) status.) Sixty Shibu (Messengers) for each (Note: according to the Ruijū Sandaikyaku, it was fixed in the fourteenth year of Enryaku at sixty for each. By this, the Enryaku system recorded in the present work is not the old text of the Code itself), three Jikichō (Attendants) for each, and the guardsmen. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) In the twenty-fourth year of Enryaku (805), one hundred were removed from each of the six hundred guardsmen of the Left and the Right. In the third year of Daidō under Emperor Heizei (808), on a memorial of the Daijōkan (Council of State), the Emon-fu was abolished and merged into the Eji-fu proper. All the duties of the Emon-fu were to be borne by the Eji-fu. However, since the name Yukei had been in use for a long time it could not be abolished entirely, and the offices were simply styled the Left and Right Yukei-fu. The Monbe (gate attendants) of the Emon-fu were distributed to the Eji-fu, the sixty Shusui (Squad Leaders) were abolished, the guardsmen were reduced to five hundred, and one hundred Monbe were newly established. Thus the Emon and the Eji were made one. In the second year of Kōnin under Emperor Saga (811), by edict the guardsmen and the Hyōe (Guards of the Military Guard) were both restored to their former numbers. (Source: Nihon Kōki.) Before long, on a memorial of Ōtomo-no-Sukune Makimaro and others, the Left and Right Eji-fu were renamed the Left and Right Emon-fu. (Source: consult the Ryō no Shūge and the Nihon Kōki.) In the third year of Kanpyō under Emperor Uda (891), one hundred Ingai-no-Toneri (supernumerary attendants) were fixed. (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) In the Engi era, there were established one Kami and one Suke for each, (Note: the Shokugenshō gives one Gon-no-suke (Provisional Assistant Commander) for each), and two each of Dai-i, Shō-i, Dai-sakan, and Shō-sakan. (Note: according to the Shūgaishō, the Kanshoku Hishō, and the headnotes to the Hishō, the number of Shō-i was increased in later ages. It was fixed at twenty each in the Kyūan era under Emperor Konoe, and five more were added to each in the third year of Hōgen under Emperor Go-Shirakawa. In the time of Emperor Tsuchimikado it is said to have reached several times that number.) There were four Fushō (Staff Clerks) for each, one Physician for each, sixty-six Monbe for each, and six hundred guardsmen for each, who divided among themselves the guarding of the various palace gates and of the Hasshō-in (Eight Ministries Compound), the Daigokuden (Great Hall of State), the Buraku-in (Toyonoakari Compound), and so on. Whenever there was a ceremony or assembly at court, the Kami and Suke put their attire in order and took up their staves, led the guardsmen under them, and drew up in ranks at the palace gates to perform the guard. The Hyōe and the Konoe all did likewise. Further, one each of Suke, Lieutenant, Clerk, and Fushō, together with nine Kachō (Fire Chiefs), were made to inspect and examine wrongdoing within the capital, and these were the so-called Kebiishi. (Source: Engishiki.) At that time the duty of the Emon-fu was to inspect wrongdoing within and without and, in addition, to undertake pursuit and arrest. But later, when the power of the Kebiishi grew very great, the Emon and the Hyōe both lost their duties. (Source: consult the general sense of the Engishiki and the Shokugenshō.)

¶Sa-u Hyōe-fu (Left and Right Military Guards Headquarters). (Note: according to the Nihon Shoki, the names Left and Right Hyōe first appear in the reign of Emperor Temmu.) There is a Kami (Commander) for each, of Junior Fifth Rank Upper. (Note: according to the Shoku Nihongi, in the Wadō era there were Left and Right Hyōe-no-Sotsu (Hyōe Marshals), and the title Kami did not yet exist. The title Kami first appears in the Tenpyō-Hōji era. Probably in the system of the Taihō Code the post was originally Sotsu and was later changed to Kami. For now the doubt is left as it is.) His duties are the supervision of the Hyōe (Military Guards), the assignment and division of posts at the inner gates, patrolling and inspecting at fixed times, the division of the vanguard and rearguard on imperial progresses, and the name registers and gate registers of the Hyōe. There is one Suke (Assistant Commander) for each, of Senior Sixth Rank Lower. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) In the eighteenth year of Enryaku under Emperor Kanmu (799), the Kami was raised to Junior Fourth Rank Lower and the Suke to Junior Fifth Rank Upper. (Source: Nihon Kōki. Note: the Shokugenshō gives one Gon-no-suke for each.) There is one Dai-i (Senior Lieutenant) for each, of Senior Seventh Rank Lower, and one Shō-i (Junior Lieutenant) for each, of Junior Seventh Rank Upper. (Note: the Shokugenshō says that the Dai-i was of Junior Sixth Rank Lower and the Shō-i of Senior Seventh Rank Upper. This was probably because they were raised in the Enryaku era to match the Emon-fu. According to the Shūgaishō, the Kanshoku Hishō, and the headnotes to the Hishō, the Dai-i and Shō-i were increased in later ages. In the time of Emperor Konoe they were fixed at twenty each, in the time of Emperor Go-Shirakawa five more were added to each, and in the time of Emperor Tsuchimikado they are said to have reached three or four times that number.) There is one Dai-sakan (Senior Clerk) for each, of Junior Eighth Rank Upper, and one Shō-sakan (Junior Clerk) for each, of Junior Eighth Rank Lower. (Source: according to the Nihon Kōki, in the eighteenth year of Enryaku one Shō-i and one Shō-sakan were added to each, and their ranks were made to match those of the Emon-fu.) There is one Ishi (Physician) for each, of Junior Eighth Rank Upper. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) Established in the fifth year of Yōrō under Empress Genshō (721). (Source: Shoku Nihongi.) Four Fushō (Staff Clerks) for each. (Source: Engishiki.) Four Banchō (Watch Chiefs) for each, and four hundred Hyōe for each. (Source: according to the Ryō no Shūge, in the third year of Daidō one hundred Hyōe were removed from each, and according to the Nihon Kōki, in the second year of Kōnin the former number was restored.) In the third year of Kanpyō under Emperor Uda (891), the number of Hyōe was reduced to two hundred for each. Two hundred Ingai-no-Toneri (supernumerary attendants) for each were fixed. (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) Thirty Shibu (Messengers) for each (Source: according to the Ruijū Sandaikyaku, ten were removed from each in the fourteenth year of Enryaku, and according to the Nihon Kōki, twenty were removed in the third year of Daidō), and two Jikichō (Attendants) for each. (Source: Ryō no Gige.)

¶Sa-u Konoe-fu (Left and Right Palace Guards Headquarters). Originally there was a division into the Chūei (Middle Guards) and the Konoe (Palace Guards). In the fifth year of Jinki under Emperor Shōmu (728), the Chūei-fu was first established, and it was charged with guarding the Great Inner Palace. There was one Taishō (General), of Junior Fourth Rank Upper; one Shōshō (Lesser General), of Senior Fifth Rank Upper; four Shōgen (Lieutenants), of Junior Sixth Rank Upper; and four Shōsō (Clerks), of Junior Seventh Rank Upper. There were six Fushō and six Banchō, and three hundred Chūei. (Note: they were called the Azuma-no-Toneri (Eastern Attendants).) Together with the five offices that already existed, they came to be called the Six Guards (Rokue). (Note: the present work places the fixing of the staff of the Chūei-fu in the eighth month of that year. According to the Ruijū Sandaikyaku, in the seventh month of that year there were established one Taishō and one Chūjō (Middle General), two Shōshō, four each of Shōgen and Shōsō, two Physicians, six each of Fushō and Banchō, four hundred Chūei, and thirty Shibu. By this, the Chūei-fu was established in the seventh month and was fixed anew in the eighth month.) Before this, in the year of the accession of Empress Genmei, the Juntō Toneri-ryō (Bureau of Sword-Bearing Attendants) had been established. There were also the Kachi-no-Toneri (Mounted Attendants), but in the eighteenth year of Tenpyō under Emperor Shōmu (746) they were reformed as Juntō Toneri (Sword-Bearing Attendants). These were all newly established outside the provisions of the Code, and served as the personal guard of the Son of Heaven. In the eighth year of Tenpyō-Shōhō under Empress Kōken (756), by edict the Chūei-fu was made responsible for the examination and selection, the bestowal of stipends, and the name registers of the Juntō Toneri. The Chūei and the Juntō each kept its own original name and were not confused, but the fixed number of Toneri was set at four hundred for each. In the third year of Tenpyō-Hōji under the Deposed Emperor (Emperor Junnin) (759), the Juntō-ei (Sword-Bearing Guards) was established. The Kami was one person, of Junior Fourth Rank Upper; the Suke one person, of Senior Fifth Rank Upper; the Dai-i one person, of Junior Sixth Rank Upper; the Shō-i one person, of Senior Seventh Rank Upper; the Dai-sakan two persons, of Junior Seventh Rank Lower; and the Shō-sakan two persons, of Senior Eighth Rank Lower. In the first year of Tenpyō-Jingo under Empress Shōtoku (765), the Juntō-ei was renamed the Konoe-fu. The Taishō was one person, of Senior Third Rank; the Chūjō one person, of Junior Fourth Rank Lower; the Shōshō one person, of Senior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: the Ruijū Sandaikyaku gives two); the Shōgen four persons, of Junior Sixth Rank Upper; and the Shōsō four persons, of Junior Seventh Rank Lower. There was one Physician, six Fushō and six Banchō, and four hundred Konoe. (Source: from the Physician onward, the Ruijū Sandaikyaku is followed.) The Taishō of the Chūei was raised to Senior Third Rank and placed on a par with the Konoe. (Source: from the raising of the Chūei Taishō onward, the Nihon Kiryaku is followed.) The Gai-e-fu (Outer Guards Headquarters) was also established, with one Taishō, of Junior Fourth Rank Upper; one Chūjō, of Senior Fifth Rank Upper; one Shōshō, of Junior Fifth Rank Upper; four Shōgen, of Junior Sixth Rank Upper; and four Shōsō, of Junior Seventh Rank Lower. (Note: in the present work the Gai-e Taishō first appears in the eighth year of Tenpyō-Hōji. It was probably first a temporary provisional post, and was fixed as a regular office at this time.) In the third year of Hōki under Emperor Kōnin (772), the Gai-e-fu and the Naishō-shō (Ministry of Inner Attendants) were abolished, and their Toneri were distributed to the Konoe-fu and the Chūei-fu and to the Left and Right Hyōe-fu. (Source: Shoku Nihongi.) By an edict of the eleventh year of Enryaku under Emperor Kanmu (792), the Taishō of both the Konoe and Chūei offices were restored to their old status and made posts of Junior Fourth Rank Upper. (Source: Nihon Kiryaku. According to the Ruijū Sandaikyaku, in the fourteenth year of Enryaku the Shibu of the two offices Konoe and Chūei were fixed at twenty each.) In the eighteenth year of Enryaku (799), the Konoe Taishō was further raised to Junior Third Rank, one Chūjō was added, and the Chūei Taishō was raised to a post of Senior Fourth Rank Upper. (Source: Nihon Kōki.) In the second year of Daidō under Emperor Heizei (807), the Konoe was renamed the Left Konoe and the Chūei the Right Konoe. (Source: Nihon Kiryaku.) After this, although offices names and troop numbers changed from time to time, the offices remained the Six Guards, and they were also called the Four Guards and Two Offices. (Source: Shoku Nihon Kōki.) Later, the Emon and Hyōe came to be called the Outer Guards, while the Two Offices (the Left and Right Konoe) always served as the personal guard of the Son of Heaven, and their standing was placed above that of the Four Guards. (Source: Shoku Nihon Kōki, Saikyūki, and Shokugenshō.) The Taishō is one person for each, of Junior Third Rank; the Chūjō one person for each, of Junior Fourth Rank Lower; the Shōshō two persons for each, of Senior Fifth Rank Lower; the Shōgen four persons for each, of Junior Sixth Rank Upper (Note: according to the Kanshoku Hishō, the Shōgen were increased in later ages to more than ten for each); and the Shōsō four persons for each, of Junior Seventh Rank Lower. (Source: the numbers from the Taishō downward all follow the Engishiki, and the ranks all follow the Shūgaishō and the Shokugenshō. Note: the rank of the Taishō was repeatedly raised and lowered before the Daidō era. That it was fixed at Junior Third Rank was probably at the time of the division into Left and Right offices in the Daidō era. But the official histories are defective and the various books have no explicit text, so it cannot be verified at present.) Six Fushō for each, one Physician for each, six Banchō for each, three hundred Konoe for each, and one hundred Koshiyochō (palanquin bearers) for each. (Source: Engishiki. Note: according to the Nihon Kōki, the guardsmen of the Left and Right Konoe were four hundred for each. In the third year of Daidō one hundred were removed from each, and of the thirty Shibu twenty were removed from each. In the first year of Kōnin, by edict the former number was restored. For now the Engishiki is followed, but its number is still the same as the number reduced in the Daidō era. It is therefore known that there was a further reduction after Kōnin.) In the third year of Kanpyō under Emperor Uda (891), two hundred Ingai-no-Toneri (supernumerary attendants) were fixed for each. (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) In the first year of Hōgen under Emperor Go-Shirakawa (1156), the Left and Right Chūjō and Shōshō were each fixed at four, but afterwards they increased further and did not stop at four. (Source: Kanshoku Hishō and the appendix to the Shokugenshō.) Gon (provisional) officials were also established as well. (Source: Shokugenshō.)

¶Sa-u Me-ryō (Left and Right Bureaus of Horses). There is a Kami (Director) for each, of Junior Fifth Rank Upper, and his duties are the training and rearing of horses, the supply of the Son of Heaven's riding equipment, the issue of grain and fodder, and the household registers and name registers of the Kaibe (horse-keeping groups). (Source: Ryō no Gige.) In the imperial pastures of the various provinces, Makikan (Pasture Inspectors) and Bettō (Directors) are established to supervise them, and each year they inspect the horses presented as tribute and determine their quality. (Source: Engishiki.) There is one Suke (Assistant) for each, of Senior Sixth Rank Lower; one Dai-jō (Senior Secretary) for each, of Senior Seventh Rank Lower; one Shō-jō (Junior Secretary) for each, of Junior Seventh Rank Upper; one Dai-sakan (Senior Clerk) for each, of Junior Eighth Rank Upper; one Shō-sakan (Junior Clerk) for each, of Junior Eighth Rank Lower; and two Bai (Horse Physicians) for each, of Junior Eighth Rank Upper. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) Two Shishō (Recorders) for each (Source: according to the Ruijū Sandaikyaku, two were added to each in the fourth year of Daidō. Note: the Engishiki gives four for each), ten Kishi (Mounted Men) for each (Source: Engishiki), and sixty Umabe (Horse Attendants) for each. (Note: the Engishiki gives fifteen for each. It also says that the thirty Umabe are filled by taking persons of the Fumyō-nyūshiki class.) Twenty Shibu (Messengers) for each, two Jikichō (Attendants), and the Kaichō (stable hands). (Source: Ryō no Gige.) In high antiquity there were clans such as the Umakai-no-Obito and the Umakai-no-Miyatsuko, who for generation after generation had charge of the administration of horses. (Source: Nihon Shoki.) After the Taihō era their subordinate groups were still called Umakai-no-Miyatsuko, and some four hundred and sixty households in all were attached to the Left and Right Bureaus of Horses and were called Tomobe (hereditary attendants). (Source: Ryō no Shūge.) This is precisely a surviving form of the old shinabe (occupational groups). In the fourth year of Wadō under Empress Genmei (711), Prince Katsuragi of Junior Fifth Rank Lower was appointed Me-ryō Kan (Inspector of the Bureaus of Horses), but the post was afterwards abolished and no longer filled. (Source: Shoku Nihongi.) In later ages the Sa-u Ryō Gokan (Supervisors of the Left and Right Bureaus) were established, with the two Konoe Taishō holding the post concurrently, the Left and the Right each according to his own office. (Source: Saikyūki and Taramondō.) When the Son of Heaven viewed the horses, the Kami of the Left and Right Bureaus of Horses presented the names of the horses to the Gokan, who reported them to the throne. (Source: Saikyūki.) In the fourth year of Kyūan under Emperor Konoe (1148), the Left and Right Jō were fixed at twenty-five persons. (Source: Hyakurenshō. Note: the headnotes to the Kanshoku Hishō and the Shūgaishō both say that in the third year of Hōgen (1158) they were fixed at thirty each.)

¶Sa-u Hyōgo-ryō (Left and Right Bureaus of Arms). In the reign of Emperor Temmu there was a Hyōgo-shoku (Armory Office). (Source: from Temmu onward the Nihon Shoki is followed.) In the Taihō era it was changed to a Ryō (Bureau). There is a Kami (Director) for each, of Junior Fifth Rank Upper, and his duties are the ceremonial weapons of the armory, the issue and receipt of military equipment, its airing and drying, and the checking of the business of receiving and handing over. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) At great court ceremonies and at the raising of the Hōdō (jeweled banners) and the like, gongs and drums are distributed to mark the stages of the ceremony. The weapons made in the various provinces have fixed quotas for each type, such as armor, swords, bows and arrows, and quivers. The Hyōbushō (Ministry of Military Affairs) receives sample weapons, inspects them together with the officials of the Bureau, determines their grades, and, after they have been viewed by the Emperor, has them stored. (Source: Engishiki.) The equipment is repaired once in three years; items that are damaged and taken in and out are repaired on each occasion. There is one Suke (Assistant) for each, of Senior Sixth Rank Lower; one Dai-jō (Senior Secretary) for each, of Senior Seventh Rank Upper; one Shō-jō (Junior Secretary) for each, of Junior Seventh Rank Upper; one Dai-sakan (Senior Clerk) for each, of Junior Eighth Rank Upper; and one Shō-sakan (Junior Clerk) for each, of Junior Eighth Rank Lower. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) Two Shishō (Recorders) for each (Source: according to the Nihon Kōki and the Ryō no Shūge, they were established in the fourth year of Daidō), twenty Shibu (Messengers) for each (Source: according to the Ruijū Sandaikyaku, fourteen were removed from each in the fourteenth year of Enryaku), and two Jikichō (Attendants) for each. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) It was later changed to a Tsukasa (Office). (Note: the date is unknown.) In the eighth year of Kanpyō under Emperor Uda (896), the four offices of the Left and Right Hyōgo, the Zōhyō (Arms Manufacturing), and the Kobu (Drum-and-Fife) were merged into a single Hyōgo-ryō. Its Kōbu (craftsmen), together with one Chōjō (Senior Official) each of the Daikaku (Great Horn), Shōkaku (Small Horn), and Shōko (Gong and Drum) groups, and the twelve former Shibu of the Left and Right offices, were all attached to the Bureau itself. (Note: the Engishiki lists twenty Kōbu, thirty-four Kobu-shō (drum-and-fife players), and the Zakkōko and Kobuko households, all of which were probably attached at this time.) In the first year of Shōtai under Emperor Daigo (898), the staff was fixed at one each of Kami, Suke, Dai-sakan, and Shō-sakan, and four Shishō, and the Bureau was placed under the Hyōbushō. Before long it was changed to a subordinate office, and later it was again restored and made a directly attached office. (Source: consult the Ruijū Sandaikyaku, the Engishiki, the appendix to the Kanshoku Hishō, and the Shokugenshō.) One Doshi (Crossbow Instructor), whose duty is to teach the technique of the crossbow. (Source: according to the Ruijū Sandaikyaku, established in the third year of Engi (903).)

¶Uchi-no-Hyōgo-no-tsukasa (Inner Armory Office). The Kami (Director) is one person, of Senior Sixth Rank Lower, and concurrently holds the post of Kami of the Left and Right Hyōgo-ryō. The Suke (Assistant) is one person, of Senior Eighth Rank Upper; the Reishi (Clerk) one person, of Greater Initial Rank Lower; and there are ten Shibu (Messengers). (Source: according to the Ruijū Sandaikyaku, fixed at six in the fourteenth year of Enryaku.)

¶Sa-u Kyōshiki (Left and Right Capital Offices). (Note: according to the Nihon Shoki, the title Kyōshiki-no-Daibu first appears in the reign of Emperor Temmu.) There is a Daibu (Governor) for each, of Senior Fifth Rank Upper, and his duties are the household registers and name registers of the Left and Right Capitals, the moral instruction and care of the common people, the inspection of his assigned areas, the recommendation of those distinguished for filial piety and righteousness, fields and residences and miscellaneous labor service, lawsuits between free and unfree persons, the weights and measures of the markets, the tax and tribute in the storehouses, the weapons of the soldiers, travel permits for roads and bridges, lost property, and the name registers of monks and nuns. The offices under his jurisdiction are two, called the East and West Market Offices. In the capital one headman (chō) is placed for each ward (bō), and one Rei (Ward Magistrate) for every four wards, to supervise the households, to oversee and detect wrongdoing, and to press for the delivery of levies and labor service. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) In the thirteenth year of Kōnin under Emperor Saga (822), the Daibu was raised to a post of Junior Fourth Rank Lower. (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) There is one Suke (Deputy) for each, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower; one Dai-jō (Senior Secretary) for each, of Junior Sixth Rank Lower; two Shō-jō (Junior Secretaries) for each, of Senior Seventh Rank Upper; one Dai-sakan (Senior Clerk) for each, of Senior Eighth Rank Lower; and two Shō-sakan (Junior Clerks) for each, of Junior Eighth Rank Upper. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) Eleven Shishō (Recorders) for each, (Source: Engishiki. Note: the Shishō of the Capital Offices are not listed in the Code. According to the Shoku Nihongi, in the first year of Wadō (708) six Shishō were added to each of the Left and Right Capital Offices, and in the first year of Yōrō (717) four more were added to each. When they were first established is not known.) and two Shokushō (Duty Clerks) for each. (Source: according to the Ryō no Shūge and the Ruijū Kokushi, established in the tenth year of Kōnin (819).) The Bōrei (Ward Magistrates) numbered twelve for each, and for these men of Senior Eighth Rank Lower who were upright, incorruptible, and capable in practical affairs were appointed. Thirty Shibu (Messengers) for each (Note: the Engishiki gives fifteen) and two Jikichō (Attendants) for each. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) In the seventeenth year of Enryaku under Emperor Kanmu (798), the Daijōkan submitted: "In each ward-row (jō) of the Left and Right Capitals one Bōrei is placed to oversee the assigned area, but since there is no stipend, many people compete to evade the appointment when it is made. We request that they be given stipends and office fields on the same footing as the Lesser Initial Rank Lower, so that their persons may be treated generously and they may be encouraged to apply themselves to their duties." This was approved. (Source: Ruijū Kokushi.) In the second year of Tenchō under Emperor Junna (825), the Right Capital Office stated: "The Code says, 'When taking a Bōrei, if there is no suitable person in the ward concerned, he is taken from a neighboring ward,' but since the Enryaku era they have been drawn widely from people of the capital region. If we now follow the text of the Code, there will be few men of ability available for appointment, so we request to proceed as in precedent." This was approved, and the Left Capital followed the same rule. In the second year of Jōgan under Emperor Seiwa (860), it was ordered by edict: "It is forbidden to promote various holders of Kankaku (registers of eligibility) to Bōrei before they have gone through even one selection." (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) In the fourth year of Jōgan (862), the Left Capital Office stated: "The residences of the imperial kin adjoin the streets, and the houses of the ministers are mixed among the wards and neighborhoods. We request that for Shinnō (imperial princes) and for Kugyō (senior nobles) of Third Rank and above holding office, their household stewards be made Hochō (Neighborhood Group Heads), that for princes without rank a Bettō (Director) of the Sixth Rank be made Hochō, and that for those of the Third Rank and below and the Fifth Rank and above their business affairs be made the Hochō. Then the neighborhood groups will vouch for one another, and the practice of wickedness will cease." This was approved, and the Right Capital Office followed the same rule. (Source: Sandai Jitsuroku.) After a long time the Code was no longer put into effect. In the second year of Shōtai under Emperor Daigo (899), it was ordered by edict: "The Jōgan regulations have fallen into disuse and are not carried out. This is because articles were merely set up without fixing penalties. Once more following the Jōgan system of neighborhood-group registers, let the various compounds and offices make officials of the Sixth Rank in the compounds the Hochō, to cleanse the neighborhood group and detect wrongdoing. Where, however, a group has no head, the head of an adjoining group shall supervise it concurrently. If a Hochō is transferred to a provincial post, or sells his house and moves away, the Capital Office shall select someone within the group capable of the duty and substitute him. In all other respects the former regulations are to be followed. If a Hochō neglects his duty, or the people of a group do not obey orders, they shall be charged with the offense of disobeying an imperial edict, and no leniency shall be shown." (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) In later ages Gon (provisional) officials were established for both the Daibu and the Suke. (Source: Kanshoku Hishō and Shokugenshō.)

¶Tōzai Ichi-no-tsukasa (East and West Market Offices). There is one Kami (Director) for each, of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and his duties are the trade in goods and wealth, the genuineness of utensils, the lightness or weight of weights and measures, the estimation of sales and purchases, and the prohibition and inspection of wrongdoing. It is said that in high antiquity there was a clan called the Akinaoi-no-Obito which held this office. (Source: from "high antiquity" onward the Shōjiroku is followed.) In opening the market, the East Market is held in the first half of the month and the West Market in the second half; people gather at noon and disperse at evening, and each shop sets up a placard stating the name of its goods. The officials fix prices in three grades according to the season, and those who deal unfairly or handle poor goods are penalized by confiscation of the goods; every ten days a ledger is compiled, collated with the records kept at the market, and reported to the Capital Office each season. The Suke (Assistant) is one person for each, of Junior Seventh Rank Lower, and the Reishi (Clerk) one person for each, of Greater Initial Rank Upper. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) Two Shishō (Recorders) for each. (Source: according to the Shoku Nihongi, established in the fifth year of Wadō (712). According to the Nihon Kōki, one was removed from each in the fourth year of Daidō. Note: the number recorded in the Engishiki is the same as the number established in the Wadō era.) Five Atai-no-Osa (Price Chiefs) for each, twenty Mononobe for each, ten Shibu (Messengers) for each (Note: the Engishiki gives six for each), and one Jikichō (Attendant) for each. (Source: Ryō no Gige.)

¶Settsu-shiki (Settsu Office). This is the post of the Tsumori-no-Muraji of high antiquity, who as a hereditary office had charge of the harbor of Naniwa. (Source: Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Temmu the Settsu-shiki-no-Daibu was established and was also made to take on the duties of a provincial governor. The establishment of the Taihō Code likewise followed that system. (Source: Nihon Shoki and Ryō no Gige.) The Daibu is one person, of Senior Fifth Rank Upper, and his duties are the shrines, household registers, and ledgers of the province, the moral instruction and care of the common people, the encouragement of farming and sericulture, the inspection of his assigned areas, the recommendation of those distinguished for filial piety and righteousness, lawsuits concerning fields and residences and between free and unfree persons, the lightness or weight of weights and measures in the markets, the tax, tribute, and miscellaneous labor service in the storehouses, the weapons of the soldiers, travel permits for roads, bridges, and ferries, the post stations and relay horses for official envoys going up and down, lost property, the inspection of ships' equipment, and the name registers of temples, monks, and nuns. The Suke (Deputy) is one person, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower; the Dai-jō (Senior Secretary) one person, of Junior Sixth Rank Lower; the Shō-jō (Junior Secretary) two persons, of Senior Seventh Rank Upper; the Dai-sakan (Senior Clerk) one person, of Senior Eighth Rank Lower; the Shō-sakan (Junior Clerk) two persons, of Junior Eighth Rank Upper; three Shishō (Recorders); thirty Shibu (Messengers); and two Jikichō (Attendants). (Source: Ryō no Gige.) Naniwa is also called Tsu-no-kuni, and was the place where both Emperor Nintoku and Emperor Kōtoku fixed their capitals; the temporary palaces of successive reigns were also there. For this reason the court established this office and placed it among the offices of the capital, distinguishing it from the other provinces. In the thirteenth year of Enryaku under Emperor Kanmu (794), the Great Palace of Naniwa was abolished and the office was changed into a province, still called Settsu, and in the end it was placed on a par with the other provinces. (Source: consult the Nihon Shoki, the Ryō no Shūge, and the Nihon Kiryaku. The entry for the thirteenth year of Enryaku is from the Ruijū Sandaikyaku and the Wamyōshō.)

¶Dazai-fu (Dazaifu, Governor-General's Headquarters of Kyushu). The Kannushi (Chief Priest) is one person, of Senior Seventh Rank Lower, and his duty is the rites of the deities of heaven and earth within the jurisdiction of the Dazaifu. The Sochi (Governor-General) is one person, of Junior Third Rank, and administers nine provinces and three islands. (Source: for the nine provinces and three islands the Ryō no Shūge is followed. Note: according to the Ruijū Sandaikyaku, in the first year of Tenchō (824) the island of Tane was abolished, and afterwards they were called the two islands.) He concurrently holds Chikuzen Province, and his duties are the shrines, household registers, and ledgers, the moral instruction and care of the common people, the encouragement of farming and sericulture, the inspection of assigned areas, the recommendation of those distinguished for filial piety and righteousness, lawsuits concerning fields and residences and between free and unfree persons, tax and tribute, storehouses, and labor service, post stations and relay horses, travel permits concerning beacon posts, fortresses, and pastures, public and private horses and cattle, lost property, the name registers of monks and nuns, and the naturalization and entertainment of foreign guests; the Sakimori-no-tsukasa (Frontier Guards Office) is also attached to it. The Daini (Senior Deputy Governor-General) is one person, of Senior Fifth Rank Upper. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) In the year of the accession of Emperor Heizei (806), he was raised to Junior Fourth Rank Lower. (Source: Nihon Kōki.) The Shōni (Junior Deputy Governor-General) are two persons, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower; the Daigen (Senior Inspectors) are two persons, of Junior Sixth Rank Lower; and the Shōgen (Junior Inspectors) are two persons, of Junior Sixth Rank Upper, whose duties are the adjudication of cases within the Office, the examination and signing of drafts of documents, and the inspection of faults and violations. The Daisakan (Senior Secretaries) are two persons, of Senior Seventh Rank Upper, and the Shōsakan (Junior Secretaries) are two persons, of Senior Eighth Rank Upper, whose duties correspond to those of the Dai-shi (Senior Clerk) of the Jingikan (Department of Deities). (Source: Ryō no Gige.) The Dai-hanji (Senior Judge) is one person, of Junior Sixth Rank Lower, and the Shō-hanji (Junior Judge) is one person, of Senior Seventh Rank Upper, and their duties are to investigate the facts of crimes, determine the penalty, and decide the various lawsuits. The Dai-reishi (Senior Clerk) is one person, of Greater Initial Rank Upper, and the Shō-reishi (Junior Clerk) is one person, of Greater Initial Rank Lower, and their duty is the copying of judicial documents. The Daikū (Senior Craftsman) is one person, of Seventh Rank Upper (Note: the Engishiki gives Shuku, Master Craftsman), and the Shōkū (Junior Craftsman) is one person, of Senior Eighth Rank Upper, and their duties are the moats and walls, boats and oars, weapons, and other repairs and construction. The Hakase (Professor) is one person, of Junior Seventh Rank Lower, and his duty is to teach the classics and examine students. The On'yōji (Yin-Yang Master) is one person, of Senior Eighth Rank Upper, and his duties are divination and the reading of land. The Ishi (Physicians) are two persons, of Senior Eighth Rank Upper, and their duties are diagnosis and treatment. The Sanshi (Mathematician) is one person, of Senior Eighth Rank Upper, and his duty is the calculation of quantities. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) In the fifth year of Kōnin under Emperor Saga (814), one was added. In the thirteenth year (822), one more was added and assigned to serve as the Zeichō-shi (Tax Ledger Envoy). The Myōbō Hakase (Professor of Law) was established in the eighteenth year of Enryaku under Emperor Kanmu (799). In the second year of Tenchō under Emperor Junna (825), it was fixed as a post of Junior Seventh Rank Lower. (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) Ten more Shishō (Recorders) were added in the third year of Taihō under Emperor Monmu (703). The Doshi (Crossbow Instructor) was established in the sixth year of Tenpyō-Hōji under the Deposed Emperor (Emperor Junnin) (762). (Source: Shoku Nihongi. According to the Ruijū Sandaikyaku, the Doshi was abolished in the sixteenth year of Enryaku (797), and in the fifth year of Kōnin (814) one Shishō was removed and one Doshi established, and in the sixth year of Kanpyō (894) one more was added.) Two hundred Jikifu-shibu (Office Messengers), one hundred Sanji (Miscellaneous Attendants), and about ten Shosei (Scribes) were established in the second year of Daidō under Emperor Heizei (807). (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) In the Engi period there were such posts as the Fushō (Office Attendants), the On-hakase (Professor of Pronunciation), the Tō-tsūji (Chinese Interpreter), and the Kenjō (Attendant-Guards) (Source: according to the Shoku Nihongi, in the first year of Wadō (708) eight Kenjō were first granted to the Sochi and four to the Daini), and the Fue (Office Guards), Gakuju (Teaching Assistants), Kura-no-tsukasa (Storehouse Office), Zeisō (Tax Granary), Kusuri-no-tsukasa (Medicine Office), Takumi-no-tsukasa (Craftsmen Office), Shūri Kijō-dokoro (Weapons Repair Station), Shukyakukan (Guest Hall Keepers), Shushin (Timekeepers), and Shuekikan (Post Station Keepers). (Source: Engishiki.) Now, when the court first pacified the Three Han (Sankan, the three Korean kingdoms), it established the Mimana Office (Mimana-fu) and placed a governor there to hold the various foreign lands in check. In the reign of Emperor Kinmei, Mimana was destroyed by Silla, and successive courts repeatedly sent generals to dispatch troops, but in the end could not recover it. Therefore an Office was established in Tsukushi to manage affairs overseas. This was the Dazaifu, which had general charge of the nine provinces and three islands, controlled the Three Han to the west, and pacified the islands of the southern seas to the south. All the great affairs of the western seas were reported up to the court through it, and it was truly a great garrison. (Source: consult the general sense of the Nihon Shoki, the Shoku Nihongi, the Shōjiroku, and the Shokugenshō.) This too is set out in detail in the Treatise on Military Affairs. In the fourteenth year of Tenpyō under Emperor Shōmu (742), having been chastened by the rebellion of Fujiwara-no-Hirotsugu, the court abolished the Office. In the following year it established the Tsukushi Chinzei-fu (Tsukushi Office for Pacifying the West), with one Shōgun (General), one Fuku-shōgun (Deputy General), two Hangan (Judges), and two Sakan (Secretaries). In the seventeenth year of Tenpyō (745), the Dazaifu was established again. (Source: Shoku Nihongi.) At the time of the establishment of the Taihō Code, it was provided that the Office should concurrently hold Chikuzen Province, but thereafter a provincial governor was sometimes established. Emperor Kanmu abolished the province and made it subordinate to the Office. In the first year of Daidō under Emperor Heizei (806), on the ground that the affairs under its charge were many and had to be handled with few men, one additional post each of Daigen, Shōgen, Daisakan, and Shōsakan was added. (Source: Nihon Kōki.) In the third year of Daidō (808), the Office stated: "Since the province was abolished in the Enryaku era, arrears of the chō and yō taxes and losses of the regular tax rice, weapons, and military equipment have frequently occurred. This is all because there are no dedicated officials in charge, and they shift responsibility to one another. We request that officials be assigned separately as Bettō (Directors) and made to devote themselves to their duties and see to the affairs of the province through. Then the substance of holding the province will not be lost, and the trouble of vacancies will be ended forever." This was approved. A provincial governor of Chikuzen was established anew, and the Daigen and Sakan added earlier were reduced. Probably after this the Office no longer held or governed the province concurrently. (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku and Nihon Kōki.) After the court grew negligent of government, those appointed Sochi were all imperial princes, and so they did not actually come to the Office to take charge of affairs, and the Gon-no-sochi (Provisional Governor-General) and the Daini took their place. When a Gon-no-sochi was appointed, no Daini was appointed, and when a Daini was appointed, no Gon-no-sochi was appointed. The subordinate officials appointed were limited to Gen and Sakan, and the Judges and those below them were all abolished and no longer appointed. (Source: consult the Kanshoku Hishō and the Shokugenshō.) In the Eikyū era under Emperor Toba (1113-1118), Fujiwara-no-Yorikane was appointed Shōni. From his grandson Sukeyori onward the post was inherited, and the clan took its name from the office title. (Source: Shōni Keizu.) When Minamoto-no-Yoritomo took hold of military power, he established the Chinzei Bugyō (Commissioner for the West), and when he further established the Kyūshū Tandai (Kyushu Commissioner), the Shōni clan also came under it. The Tandai then quietly took the place of the Sochi of the Office. (Source: consult the general sense of the Azuma Kagami and the Teiō Hennenki.)

¶Sakimori-no-tsukasa (Frontier Guards Office). The Kami (Director) is one person, of Senior Seventh Rank Upper, and his duties are the name registers of the Sakimori (frontier guards), the drilling and inspection of their weapons, and the fields for their provisions. The Suke (Assistant) is one person, of Senior Eighth Rank Upper, and the Reishi (Clerk) one person, of Greater Initial Rank Lower. The Funanokami (Shipwright Master) is one person, of Senior Eighth Rank Upper, whose duty is the repair of boats and oars. The Kuriyanokami (Kitchen Master) is one person, of Senior Eighth Rank Upper, whose duties are salted foods, pickles, soy paste, fermented beans, salmon, and dolphin meat, and the like. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) In the fourteenth year of Kōnin under Emperor Saga (823), the Kitchen Master and the Shipwright Master were abolished, and two Dai-Shujō (Senior Fortress Masters) of Senior Seventh Rank Upper were established. In the seventh year of Jōwa under Emperor Ninmyō (840), the Fortress Masters were reduced to one, of Senior Eighth Rank Upper, and one Kitchen Master and one Shipwright Master were established anew, and the Shipwright Master was made to take charge concurrently of the Chinese interpretation. The rank of the Kitchen Master was left as before, and that of the Shipwright Master was made Senior Eighth Rank Lower. (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) Twenty Shishō (Recorders). (Source: Ryō no Gige.) Now, in the reign of Emperor Tenji, Sakimori were stationed in Tsukushi and on Iki and Tsushima. When the Taihō Code was established, it was provided that the soldiers of the various provinces should serve in turn, and thereafter sometimes men of Tsukushi were sent, and sometimes soldiers were taken exclusively from the eastern provinces. (Source: Nihon Shoki, Shoku Nihongi, and Ryō no Gige.) In the fourteenth year of Enryaku under Emperor Kanmu (795), the Daijōkan, on the grounds that because the rotation of the Sakimori was fixed at one full year they suffered long under public service and abandoned their own family occupations, and that the expense was extremely great, petitioned for the suspension of the Sakimori. Local soldiers were to be assigned and posted to guard in their place, but only Iki and Tsushima, being far across the sea and troublesome to travel to and from, kept their Sakimori as before. (Source: Shoku Nihon Kōki.) After this no record of the Sakimori is seen, and the Office was in the end abolished. (Note: in the Engishiki, apart from the Shipwright Master and the Kitchen Master, no officials of the Sakimori-no-tsukasa are recorded. In the Kanshoku Hishō they are not listed at all. The abolition of this Office must have taken place around the Engi era, but it cannot be fixed at present.)

¶Kokushi (provincial governors) and Gunji (district magistrates) are the successors of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, Inaki, and Agatanushi who held these duties in high antiquity. Now, when the Great Ancestor (Emperor Jinmu) established the system of enfeoffment and governed the realm, there were about one hundred and forty-four Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Source: Kuji Hongi. Note: the opening of the present work says one hundred and forty-four Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, but only one hundred and thirty-four are actually listed, and of these eight provinces such as Izumi and Settsu were probably added by later persons; if so, the total comes to only one hundred and twenty-six. Kuni-no-Miyatsuko such as those of Motosu, Nagasa, and Tsuge, which appear here and there in other books, are not listed. The present work has very many omissions and errors, and not all can be verified. For now the doubt is left as it is.) After Emperor Kōtoku changed the system entirely, provinces were given a Kami (Governor), Suke (Vice-Governor), Jō (Secretary), and Sakan (Clerk), and districts were given a Gunryō (District Chief). The Five Home Provinces and Seven Circuits comprised some fifty-odd provinces, which were later fixed at sixty-six provinces and two islands, with five hundred and ninety-two districts. (Source: a summary of the general sense of the Nihon Shoki, the Ryō no Gige, and the Engishiki.) In a great province the Kami is one person, of Junior Fifth Rank Upper, and his duties are the shrines, household registers, and ledgers, the moral instruction and care of the common people, the encouragement of farming and sericulture, the inspection of assigned areas, the recommendation of those distinguished for filial piety and righteousness, lawsuits concerning fields and residences and between free and unfree persons, tax and tribute, storehouses, and labor service, the weapons and drums and fifes of the soldiers, post stations and relay horses, travel permits concerning beacon posts, fortresses, and pastures, public and private horses and cattle, lost property, and the name registers of monks and nuns. Every year he tours the districts under his charge, observes customs, visits the aged, records prisoners and corrects wrongful convictions, examines the successes and failures of government and punishment, learns the sufferings of the common people, enjoins the Five Teachings (gokyō) with sincerity, and encourages agriculture. If within his jurisdiction there is anyone who loves learning and is devoted to the Way, whose conduct in filial piety, brotherly respect, loyalty, good faith, and integrity has become known in his village, he recommends him. Those who are unfilial and lacking in brotherly respect, who violate propriety, disturb the constant order, and do not obey the laws and orders, he punishes. The ability or inability and the goodness or badness of the district chiefs are entered in the records of evaluation and serve as the basis for praise and blame. If there is an urgent act of encroachment that cannot await the evaluation, he investigates it at once. In frontier regions such as Mutsu, Dewa, and Echigo he concurrently has charge of military expeditions, scouting, and the entertainment and provisioning of guests. In provinces such as Iki, Tsushima, Hyūga, Satsuma, and Ōsumi he has general charge of pacification and defense and of the naturalization of foreign guests. In the provinces of the Three Barriers he has charge of the guarding of the barriers and the barrier tallies. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) In the third year of Tenchō under Emperor Junna (826), the Chūnagon (Middle Counselor) Kiyohara-no-Mahito Natsuno submitted: "At present imperial princes are appointed as Ministers of the Eight Ministries, but since their rank and reputation are originally high and they do not actually take up their posts and conduct affairs, the duties of the offices have fallen into disuse. We wish to select several provinces and fix them as the assigned provinces of the princes, with the princes themselves always remaining in the capital. If a vacancy arises in the post of Kami, we wish it not to be filled by anyone else. We wish their fief revenues to be stored in a separate storehouse and used for the expenses of princes without rank." This was approved. Kazusa, Hitachi, and Kōzuke were accordingly fixed as the Provinces of the Princes (Shinnō-koku), the governor was styled Taishu (Grand Governor), and the post was raised to a post of Senior Fourth Rank Lower by imperial appointment (chokunin), but this was for one generation only and was not made a permanent precedent. (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) Afterwards this was followed and became the rule; the princes did not go to their provinces, and the Vice-Governor was made to conduct the business of administration, so that in these three provinces the Vice-Governor was called the Zuryō (Acting Governor). (Source: Kanshoku Hishō and Shokugenshō. Note: according to the Kanshoku Hishō and other books, the Vice-Governors of the three provinces were styled Zuryō. Zuryō means precisely the provincial governor, and the Sakeiki, which writes directly "Kōzuke Governor Tatsushige," is an instance of this.) The Suke is one person, of Senior Sixth Rank Lower; the Dai-jō (Senior Secretary) is one person, of Senior Seventh Rank Lower; and the Shō-jō (Junior Secretary) is one person, of Junior Seventh Rank Upper, and their duties are the adjudication of cases within the province, the examination and signing of drafts of documents, and the inspection of faults and violations. The Dai-sakan (Senior Clerk) is one person, of Junior Eighth Rank Upper, and the Shō-sakan (Junior Clerk) is one person, of Junior Eighth Rank Lower, and their duties are the receipt and submission of business, the checking and signing of drafts of documents, and the collation of official documents. There are three Shishō (Recorders), one Hakase (Professor), fifty Gakushō (students), one Ishi (Physician), and ten Isei (medical students). (Source: Ryō no Gige.) In general, those from the Shishō upward in the various provinces are called Kokushi. (Source: Ryō no Gige and Engishiki.) In the fifth year of Jinki under Emperor Shōmu (728), the numbers of the Shishō, Hakase, and Ishi of the various provinces and the terms of their appointments were revised: the Shishō were made four for a great province, three for an upper province, and two for a middle or lower province. One Hakase was placed for every three or four provinces, and one Ishi was placed for each province, with the terms of their appointments as set out above. In the second year of Tenpyō-Hōji under the Deposed Emperor (Emperor Junnin) (758), it was ordered by edict: "The rotation of provincial governors has been fixed at four years, but the term of rotation is too short and wearies the people, so that they cannot be fully moved by virtue. It is changed to six years, and every three years inspectors (junsatsushi) shall be sent to examine their record of administration, with promotions and demotions made accordingly. Further, since it is inconvenient for the Shishō to wait for a full six years before rotation, it is changed to four years." In the second year of Tenpyō-Jingo under Empress Shōtoku (766), a precedent was further established of holding the posts of Hakase and Ishi concurrently. In provinces where the posts were held concurrently, two Shishō were specially added. In the tenth year of Hōki under Emperor Kōnin (779), the number of Shishō was again revised. It was made five for a great province, four for an upper province, three for a middle province, and two for a lower province, and the rule of rotation was fixed at four years as in the edict of the second year of Tenpyō-Hōji. One Hakase and one Ishi were placed for each province, both were to be rotated on the evaluation of six years, and this was fixed as a permanent system. (Source: Shoku Nihongi.) The Suke, Jō, Sakan, Hakase, Ishi, and so on of the various provinces were newly established or increased in very great number through the generations. (Source: according to the Shoku Nihongi, in the fourth year of Tenpyō-Shōhō (752) one Kami and one Sakan were again established in Sado. In the first year of Tenpyō-Hōji (757) one Suke was added in Tajima and Hizen, and one Sakan in Izumo and Sanuki. In the sixth year of Hōki (775) two each of Shō-jō and Shō-sakan were first established in Hitachi. In Mikawa, Suruga, Shimotsuke, Etchū, Tajima, Inaba, Hōki, Mimasaka, Bitchū, Awa, Iyo, Tosa, and Buzen one each of Dai-sakan and Shō-sakan was established, and in Ise, Tōtōmi, Musashi, Shimōsa, Mino, Mutsu, Echizen, Harima, and Higo two Shō-sakan were established. In the ninth year of Enryaku (790) one Jō was added in Echizen and Higo. According to the Ruijū Sandaikyaku, in the seventeenth year of Enryaku (798) one Shō-sakan and two Shishō were added in Mutsu. According to the Nihon Kōki, in the twenty-fourth year of Enryaku (805) one Shishō was added in each of Yamashiro, Yamato, Kawachi, and Settsu. In the third year of Daidō (808) one each of Kami, Suke, Jō, and Dai-sakan and Shō-sakan was established in Chikuzen. In the fourth year of Daidō (809) one person was established in each of Sado and Oki. According to the Ruijū Sandaikyaku, in the twelfth year of Kōnin (821) two Shishō of Yamato were removed and one each of Hakase and Ishi established; in the thirteenth year (822) one Shishō of Tsushima was removed and a Hakase established; and in the fourteenth year (823) one each of Kami, Jō, Dai-sakan, and Shō-sakan, three Shishō, and one each of Hakase and Ishi were newly established in Kaga. In the seventh year of Tenchō (830) one each of Dai-sakan, Shō-sakan, and Shishō was added in Dewa. In the twelfth year of Jōwa (845), since the five provinces of Chikugo, Hizen, Higo, Buzen, and Bungo had no Physician, one Shishō was removed and one Ishi established. In the second year of Kashō (849) one Sakan was added in Suō. In the second year of Ninju (852) one Sakan was added in Kai. In the third year of Ninju (853) one Sakan each was added in Suruga, Aki, and Kii. In the first year of Saikō (854) one Shō-jō was added in Mutsu. In the second year of Ten'an (858) one Jō was added in Shimotsuke.) Kokushō (provincial attendants) were also established. (Source: according to the Sandai Jitsuroku, in the eleventh year of Jōgan (869) two Kokushō were established in Dewa; in the twelfth year (870) two Kokushō each were established in Inaba, Harima, Yamato, Mimasaka, Kawachi, Hōki, Sanuki, and Kazusa; and in the second year of Gangyō (878) two Kokushō were established in Sado. Note: the present work also records a Kokushō of Kii. The Ruijū Fusenshō lists a Kokushō of Bizen, and it seems that the establishment of Kokushō was not limited to a few provinces, but this cannot be verified at present.) In frontier provinces Doshi (Crossbow Instructors) were established. (Source: according to the Shoku Nihon Kōki, in the fourth year of Jōwa (837) Mutsu requested to establish a Doshi on the same footing as the Chinjufu (Pacification Headquarters), and this was approved. According to the Ruijū Sandaikyaku, in the fifth year of Jōwa (838) one Shishō of Iki was removed and one Doshi established; in the eleventh year of Jōgan (869) Doshi were established in Oki and Nagato; in the twelfth year (870) in Izumo, Inaba, and Tsushima; in the thirteenth year (871) in Hōki; in the seventeenth year (875) in Iwami; in the third year of Gangyō (879) in Hizen; in the fourth year (880) in Echigo and Sado; in the sixth year of Kanpyō (894) in Noto; in the seventh year (895) in Echizen, Iyo, and Etchū; and in the second year of Shōtai (899) in Higo. All the Doshi established from Jōwa to Shōtai were made up by removing one Shishō for each.) On'yōji (Yin-Yang Masters) were established. (Source: according to the Ruijū Sandaikyaku, in the fourth year of Kashō (851) Dewa requested to establish an On'yōji on the same footing as Mutsu, and this was approved, with evaluation and salary to be on the same footing as the Hakase and Ishi. In the fourteenth year of Jōgan (872) the provisional Shishō of Musashi was changed into an On'yōji. In the eighteenth year (876) one Shishō of Shimōsa was removed and an On'yōji established. In the third year of Kanpyō (891) one Shishō of Hitachi was removed and an On'yōji established.) Interpreters (Oshi) were established. (Source: according to the Nihon Kōki, in the sixth year of Kōnin (815) one Shishō of Tsushima was suspended and one Silla interpreter established. Note: the Ruijū Sandaikyaku gives the fourth year of Kōnin for this.) The Kami were granted Kenjō (Attendant-Guards). (Source: according to the Ruijū Sandaikyaku, in the seventeenth year of Enryaku (798) two Kenjō for the Governor of Mutsu were fixed, and in the fifth year of Tenchō (828) two Kenjō for the Governor of Dewa were established.) In the various provinces Kebiishi (Police Commissioners) (Source: Montoku Jitsuroku and Sandai Jitsuroku) and Ōryōshi (Suppression Commissioners), Tsuibushi (Pursuit Commissioners), and the like were also established (all described later), to keep wrongdoers in check. (Source: Chōya Gunsai and Ruijū Fusenshō.) As for those whose office and rank were above the provincial governor, such as the Azechi (Inspectors) of the various provinces, their history will be described in detail later. In later ages provisional (Gon) officials were established for the Kami, Suke, and Jō alike. For the Kami there were further Yōju (nominal appointment at a distance), concurrent holding, Zuryō, and so on, and most of the provisional officials were absentees (yōnin), but where the Kami was a nominal appointee at a distance, the provisional official became the Zuryō. (Source: Gōke Shidai. Consult the Shokugenshō.) To the various provinces a Dai-suke (Senior Vice-Governor) was also sometimes appointed. In the Jōhei era under Emperor Suzaku (931-938), when bandits were numerous in the southern seas and the Kami and Suke could not cope with them, Ki-no-Yoshihito of Junior Fourth Rank Lower was appointed Dai-suke of Iyo and was also made to take charge of the duty of pursuit on the seas. (Source: Fusō Ryakki. Note: for the Dai-suke various books write Kami, but here the present work is followed.) The Dai-suke probably began here. After Emperor Horikawa, the Dai-suke was generally an office held by senior nobles as absentees. (Source: Chūyūki, Tōji Monjo, Izumo Kitsuki-sha Monjo, and Hitachi Fuchū Zeishodokoro Monjo.) The provincial governors, too, remained in the capital and sent Mokudai (deputies) to carry on the affairs of the province in their place. Because the Mokudai were always on duty at the post and looked after the administration, they were also called Rusu-shiki (Caretaker Office). (Source: Chōya Gunsai, Shimōsa Katori Monjo, Yodohime-sha Monjo, Heike Monogatari, Hyakurenshō, and Azuma Kagami.) When estates (shōen) flourished, the system of provinces and districts finally collapsed greatly, and imperial rule was no longer carried out. When Minamoto-no-Yoritomo made his house retainers Shugo (Protectors) and Jitō (Stewards), the provincial governors all lost their posts. (Source: consult the general sense of the Gukanshō and the Jinnō Shōtōki.) Yet nominal offices for absentees were still established in the various provinces, and the Mokudai, called Zaichō-kan (local officials), took charge of the court's tax affairs. Their subordinate officials are said to have included such posts as Sō-kengyō (Chief Inspector), Kengyō (Inspector), Zeisho (Tax Office), Daichōsho (Great Register Office), Chōshū (Court Assembly), Konden (Soldier-Guards), and Kokushō-sho (Provincial Attendants' Office). (Source: Ruijū Fusenshō, Chōya Gunsai, Azuma Kagami, Ōsumi no Kuni Zuden-chō, Nejime Monjo, Kamo-wake-ikazuchi-sha Monjo, Hitachi Fuchū Zeishodokoro Monjo, and Tōji Monjo.) In the Kenmu Restoration the system of Kamakura was in general imitated, warriors were used as Shugo, and in the case of the great ones they even came to hold several provinces concurrently. Where senior nobles were used, they were called Kokushi. But the system of the Restoration had in any case arisen from temporary expedients, and before long warriors again took their place, so it hardly deserves to be called an official system. (Source: a summary of the general sense of the Taiheiki, the postscript to the Sekijō Monjo, and other books.)

¶Upper province. The Kami is one person, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower; the Suke one person, of Junior Sixth Rank Upper; the Jō one person, of Junior Seventh Rank Upper; the Sakan one person, of Junior Eighth Rank Lower; three Shishō (Recorders); one Hakase (Professor); forty Gakushō (students); one Ishi (Physician); and eight Isei (medical students). (Source: Ryō no Gige.)

¶Middle province. The Kami is one person, of Senior Sixth Rank Lower; the Jō one person, of Senior Eighth Rank Upper; the Sakan one person, of Greater Initial Rank Lower; three Shishō; one Hakase; thirty Gakushō; one Ishi; and six Isei. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) In the seventh year of Jōgan under Emperor Seiwa (865), the senior nobles submitted: "Examining the Code, we find that upper provinces have a Suke, middle provinces have no Suke, and lower provinces have no Jō. Now in provinces such as Kai, which are originally upper provinces yet have no Suke, or where the affairs of the province are heavy and the staff is insufficient, or where the chief has met with an accident and a Shukan (Fourth Division Official) has taken over his duties, the arrangement is lacking in appropriateness in light of actual conditions. We request that a Suke be placed in all upper provinces that have none and in all middle provinces, and that a Jō be placed in lower provinces, so that flexible adjustment may be made according to circumstances. However, provinces such as Awa, Wakasa, Sado, Ōsumi, and Satsuma, although they bear the name of middle or lower province, are not sufficient to be provided with the posts of Suke and Jō, and so are not included in this rule." Accordingly a Suke was placed in the eight provinces of Kai, Noto, Tango, Iwami, Suō, Nagato, Tosa, and Hyūga, and a Jō was placed in Hida. (Source: Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶Lower province. The Kami is one person, of Junior Sixth Rank Lower; the Sakan one person, of Lesser Initial Rank Upper; three Shishō; one Hakase; twenty Gakushō; one Ishi; and four Isei. (Source: Ryō no Gige.)

¶Gunji (district magistrates). Originally they derive from the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Source: Shoku Nihongi and Ryō no Gige.) In the Taika era the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko were abolished and Gunryō (district chiefs) were established. (Note: the Gunryō are also called Gunji.) A Shushō (Administrator) and a Shuchō (Registrar) were placed, and the Gunryō were mostly drawn from the descendants of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Source: Nihon Shoki and Shoku Nihongi.) A great district has one Dairyō (Senior Chief), one Shōryō (Junior Chief), three Shushō, and three Shuchō. An upper district has one each of Dairyō and Shōryō and two each of Shushō and Shuchō. A middle district has one each of Dairyō, Shōryō, Shushō, and Shuchō. A lower district has one each of Dairyō, Shōryō, and Shuchō. A small district has one each of Gunryō and Shuchō. Those from the Shōryō upward are called Gunji, and persons of upright and incorruptible character and judgment who were capable in practical affairs were selected. For the Shushō and Shuchō, persons who were robust, intelligent, and skilled in writing and arithmetic were selected and appointed. The Dairyō was of Outer Junior Eighth Rank Upper and the Shōryō of Outer Junior Eighth Rank Lower, and in selecting Gunryō, where abilities were equal, descendants of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko were adopted first. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) In the sixth year of Wadō under Empress Genmei (713), it was decreed by regulation: "The Dairyō and Shōryō are to hold office for life and are not subject to rotation. Unless there is crime or illness they must not be removed from office." (Source: Shoku Nihongi.) In the eleventh year of Tenpyō under Emperor Shōmu (739), it was decreed by edict: "The number of district magistrates is reduced. A great district shall have one each of Dairyō, Shōryō, and Shushō, and two Shuchō. An upper district shall have one each of Dairyō, Shōryō, Shushō, and Shuchō. Middle and lower districts shall have one each of Dairyō and Shōryō. Small districts remain as before." (Source: Shoku Nihongi.) Before long it was ordered by edict: "If any district magistrate is unworthy, he must not be left in his post for life." (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) In the first year of Tenpyō-Shōhō under Empress Kōken (749), the former practice of weighing the ability, closeness of kin, and seniority of candidates for district chief was changed: families of weighty lineage and standing were selected, the direct line was to succeed to the post by inheritance, and collateral kin were not to be used. (Source: Shoku Nihongi.) In the first year of Jingo-Keiun under Empress Shōtoku (767), it was ordered by edict: "District magistrates from the Shushō downward shall be advanced one grade in rank on their first appointment to office, and this shall be the regular rule." In the first year of Enryaku under Emperor Kanmu (782), it was decreed by regulation: "Supernumerary officials from the Shuchō upward who have been relieved of their posts on account of mourning shall not be reappointed. The same applies to provisional appointees." In the fourteenth year of Enryaku (795), it was ordered by edict: "The Jutsufu Toneri (attendants of the Jutsu Office) had hoped to be promoted to Gungi (Army Officers), but now that the soldiers have been abolished their hope has been cut off. Those among them skilled in writing and arithmetic should be made Shushō and Shuchō." (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) In the second year of Kōnin under Emperor Saga (811), one Shushō was added in Umigami District of Kazusa. (Source: Nihon Kōki.) In the fifth year of Kōnin (814), it was ordered by edict: "In the Tenpyō era the district magistrates' lifelong tenure and the appointment of persons of the same surname were prohibited. But within a single district persons of the same surname are especially numerous, and there is no greater cause for concern than that people capable of practical duties should be left unselected. Persons of the same surname should be permitted to be appointed Shushō and Shuchō." (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) Now, Emperor Kanmu had changed the system of selection by family and, using only persons of talent and ability, strove to correct old abuses. By this time the system was again changed so that family standing came first and skill was considered afterward. (Source: consult the Ruijū Kokushi and the Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) In the first year of Jōwa under Emperor Ninmyō (834), Sado, on the ground that there was a shortage of hands for the practical duties of the district magistrates, requested that supernumerary provisional officials be established in each district in addition to the regular members, and this was approved. In the tenth year of Jōwa (843), Minu District of Iwami was divided and Kanoashi District established, two Gunryō were placed in it, and one of them was taken from the former district to fill the post. One additional Gunryō was also established in each of Naka District of Musashi and Ōuchi District of Sanuki. (Source: Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the second year of Jōgan under Emperor Seiwa (860), one Shushō was first established in Saeki District of Aki. (Note: in the fifth year of Jōgan (863) one each of Shushō and Shuchō was added.) In the fourth year of Jōgan (862), one Shushō each was established in Kume District of Mimasaka and Aki District of Aki. In the eighth year of Jōgan (866), one Shōryō was established in Ukena District of Iyo. Before long one each of Shushō and Shuchō was added in Myōhō District of Awa. In the ninth year of Jōgan (867), one Dairyō was added in Tomatō District of Mimasaka and one Shōryō in Tomasai District. (Source: Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the sixteenth year of Jōgan (874), Uwa District of Iyo was made a lower district and a Dairyō and Shōryō were established. (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) In the eighteenth year of Jōgan (876), Matsura District of Hizen was divided, the two districts of Kamichika and Shimochika were established, and Gunryō of the Island Governor (Shima-no-Tsukasa) type were placed. (Source: Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the fourth year of Gangyō under Emperor Yōzei (880), one each of Shushō and Shuchō was added in Naka District of Sanuki, and one Shushō was established in Iwanashi District of Bizen. In the following year one Shushō was added in Akasaka District, and a Dairyō and Shōryō were established in Kume District of Iyo. In the eighth year of Gangyō (884), a Shōryō was established in Kita District. In the second year of Ninna under Emperor Kōkō (886), one Shushō was further established in Niihama District. (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) In the various districts of Sanuki one provisional member was added from the Shuchō upward. (Source: Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the sixth year of Kanpyō under Emperor Uda (894), the practice of district magistrates holding palace guard offices concurrently was ended. In the eighth year of Kanpyō (896), one Shuchō each was established in the two districts of Myōdō and Myōsai in Awa. In the first year of Shōtai under Emperor Daigo (898), one more was added to each. (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) When estates flourished, the proprietors (ryōke) each established managing posts, called Shōji and Enji. (Source: Chōya Gunsai, Shōyūki, Chūyūki, and Gonki.) Where a district magistrate held such a post concurrently, he was called Daishōji. (Source: Kojidan and Taigenshō.) There were also such posts as Myōshu and Gōshu, but these were probably all subordinates of the Shōji. (Source: Azuma Kagami, Shinpōshō, and Konjaku Monogatari. Note: in the various provinces there was also the Hoji. The appointment of Taira-no-Yasuyori as Hoji of Omue Estate in Awa in the second year of Bunji in the Azuma Kagami is the earliest appearance of the name Hoji.) After this, records of the Gunryō gradually cease to be seen. When the Kamakura shogunate established Jitō (Stewards), the Shōji too declined. (Source: Azuma Kagami.)

¶Gundan (army corps) were established in each province. The Daiki (Senior Commander) and Shōki (Junior Commander) had as their duties the supervision of the soldiers, the provision of weapons and equipment, the drilling in archery and horsemanship, and the inspection of battle formations. The Shuchō (Registrar), Kōi (Captain), Ryoshi (Company Commander), and Taishō (Squad Leader), and the posting of those from the Daiki downward, were all fixed according to the number of soldiers. (Source: Ryō no Gige.) In the eleventh year of Hōki under Emperor Kōnin (780), two Gungi (Army Officers) were established for each of the five hundred soldiers of Hizen and the six hundred soldiers of Bungo. In the eleventh year of Enryaku under Emperor Kanmu (792), it was ordered by edict: "The soldiers are established truly to prepare for emergencies. But the provincial governors and the army grain are improperly used for labor, the expenses of the court are wasted to no purpose, and only crafty officials profit. The soldiers of the capital region and of the provinces of the Seven Circuits should all be suspended and abolished, so that the labor service may be spared. However, Mutsu, Dewa, Sado, and the Dazaifu, being in frontier regions of importance where preparation cannot be neglected, shall keep the soldiers stationed there as before." In the fourth year of Kōnin under Emperor Saga (813), for the eighteen corps in all of Buzen, Bungo, Chikuzen, Chikugo, Hizen, and Higo, the soldiers were reduced and fixed at five hundred per corps, and following the precedent of Hōki, one each of Daiki and Shōki was established for each corps. In the fifth year of Kōnin (814), one Gungi was established in Hyūga. In the sixth year of Kōnin (815), six corps were fixed and established in Mutsu. (Note: according to the present work, Mutsu originally had the two corps of Natori and Tamatsukuri, and the four corps of Shirakawa, Asaka, Namekata, and Oda were newly added.) In the eleventh year of Jōgan under Emperor Seiwa (869), Nagato requested that the two Gungi of Toyora be divided and posted, and that a provisional Gungi and a Shuchō each and soldiers be established at Shimonoseki to serve as the garrison of the barrier, and this was approved. (Source: Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) The rest appears in the Treatise on Military Affairs.