Treatise 34: Clans XI

¶Paekche (Kudara)

¶The Asada clan bore the surname Muraji and was registered in the Right Capital. They descend from Kijun, king of Chosŏn (Korea). (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. For Kijun, following the Dongguk Tonggam. ○ On examination, the Koreans of Chosŏn and the people of Paekche are different peoples, but in this work, because their descendants came over from Paekche and submitted to Japan, they were probably listed under the Paekche division. Hence they are set out here for the time being.) The Ki clan: ever since its ancestor Kishi of the Yin dynasty went into Chosŏn, it had established a state lasting more than nine hundred years; but when it came to Jun, he was lured and pressed by Eiman, a man of Yan, and moved to Mahan, and after a further two hundred years it perished. (Note: following the Book of Former Han and the Dongguk Tonggam.) Their descendants became the Tōhon clan. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Shoku Nihongi. ○ One text writes the second character with the character for "hon" instead.) In the time of Emperor Tenji, Tōhon Shunsho, a Tatsusotsu (a Paekche court rank), came over from Paekche and was granted the rank of Daisenge (Greater Mountain Lower). (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the time of Emperor Shōmu, Tōhon Yōshun was newly granted the surname Asada-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the time of Emperor Sanjō there was Asada-no-Sukune Mitsuki, Shikibu-no-Shōroku (Junior Clerk of the Ministry of Ceremonial). (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) Probably he too was of the same kin.

¶The Kudara clan, the Kawachi clan, the Mano clan, the Sugano clan, the Fujii clan, the Miyahara clan, the Banra clan, the Funa clan, the Tsu clan, the Nakashina clan, the Karitaka clan, the Hirono clan, the Hankon clan, the Haruno clan, the Omo clan, the Okaya clan, the Bunshi clan (Note: the character for the first syllable is printed differently here from the later entry; the same clan is evidently meant), the Hirai clan, the Kokon clan, the Ōoka clan, the Miyoshi clan, the Ishino clan, the Nishikoribe clan, the Koreyoshi clan, the Okahara clan, the Achiki clan, the Hayashi clan, the Fuwa clan, the Asukabe clan, the Miharu clan, the Yamato clan, the Ichiyuki clan, the Oka clan, the Mutobe clan, the Osakabe clan, the Ashiya clan, the Furuichi clan, the Sae clan, the Sada clan, the Uno clan, and the Takano clan are all descendants of the kings of Paekche.

¶The Kudara clan had the surnames Ason, Sukune, Muraji, Kishi (King), Kimi, and Ki. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The Sukune surname is from the Sandai Jitsuroku, and the Muraji surname from the Nihon Shoki.) There was also the Kudara-no-Asukabe-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) Paekche lay in the western borderlands, was the most respectful in submission, and through the generations never ceased to send tribute. When that country perished, the remnants of its surviving people crossed the sea and became naturalized, and their descendants are very numerous and still living today. (Note: the general sense of the Nihon Shoki, the Shoku Nihongi, the Azuma Kagami, and the Taiheiki has been weighed.) Those of the Ason surname were registered in the Left Capital, and their line descends from Kimyō, a thirtieth-generation descendant of King Tomo. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. For Kimyō, following the Dongguk Tonggam. ○ On examination, Tomo is the Ko Shumō (Chumong) of the Tsūkan (Tongam), the founder of the two states of Koguryŏ and Paekche. "Thirtieth generation" is probably an error. In the entry on the Yamato-no-Ason clan in this work, it is said that King Muryō (Muryŏng) was an eighteenth-generation descendant of Tomo. Muryō was the great-grandfather of Kimyō.) In the time of Emperor Kōken, Yo-no-Masuhito, Dazaifu Onmyōji (Diviner of the Dazaifu), Yo-no-Kawanari, Hangan (Third Official) of the Zō-Hokkeji (Office for Building the Hokke-ji), Yo-no-Fukunari, Right Capital Daizukan (Senior Clerk), and others were granted the surname Kudara-no-Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) Those of the Sukune surname descend from Konki, a son of King Hiyū, a descendant of Tomo. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. For "son," following the Nihon Shoki and the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ The Dongguk Tonggam says he was a son of Yokei, a grandson of Hiyū; which is correct is not known.) In the time of Emperor Saga, Asukabe-no-Miyatsuko Zenshū, a man of the Right Capital, and Nazugu of the same surname, a man of Kawachi, were newly granted the surname Kudara-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) In the time of Emperor Seiwa, Kudara-no-Sukune Ariyo, a man of Yasuka District in Kawachi Province and Shōzoku (Junior Clerk) of the Empress Dowager's Household, transferred his registration to the Left Capital. Asukabe-no-Miyatsuko Mimichi, Zōhyō-no-Shōsakan (Junior Recorder of the Bureau of Armaments), a man of the Left Capital, Kiyosada, a Junior Secretary of Onmyō, of the same surname and a man of the Right Capital, Kawanushi, a clerk of the Daijōkan, and Ario, Daizoku (Senior Clerk) of the Bureau of Taxation, a man of Takayasu District in Kawachi Province, and others were granted the surname Kudara-no-Sukune. Ario later transferred his registration to the Right Capital. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) The origin of the Muraji surname is not clear. In the eleventh year of Emperor Temmu, the Kudara-no-Miyatsuko were granted the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) Those of the Kishi (King) surname were registered in the Right Capital, and their line comes from Giji (Uija). (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) Giji once sent his son Zenkō to serve at court as a hostage. (Note: Zenkō is written elsewhere with other characters.) In the time of Emperor Tenji, Giji surrendered to the Tang. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) Zenkō remained and served the court. In the time of Empress Jitō he was granted the surname Kudara-no-Konikishi. His great-grandson Kyōfuku served under Emperor Shōmu and Empress Kōken and became a high official. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the time of Emperor Takakura there was Kudara-no-Konikishi Tokisato, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Kikki.) Those of the Kimi surname were registered in the Left and Right Capitals and in Izumi, and their line comes from King Bunen (Munju), a thirtieth-generation descendant of Tomo. (Note: ○ the second character is probably an error for another character. The Dongguk Tonggam gives Bunshū (Munju) as an elder brother of Konki, and the Nihon Shoki writes the name with the characters for Bunshū; this is he.) They were at first called the Kishitsu clan, but in the time of the Deposed Emperor they were newly granted the surname Kudara-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ "Thirtieth generation" is written in one text of this work as "twenty-fourth, Kon," and the entry on the clan of this name in Izumi says they were descendants of King Sake.) In the time of Emperor Saga, Kudarabe-no-Hirohama and a hundred others, men of Awa, were all granted the surname Kudara-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) In the time of Emperor Ninmyō, Kudara-no-Kimi Kiyonaga, a man of Ibo District in Harima Province and holder of a rank without office, and Kudara-no-Kimi Toyosada, a man of Enuma District in Kaga Province, of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, transferred their registration to the Left Capital. Toyosada's ancestor had been registered in Ōtori District in Kawachi Province in the Kanoe-Uma year; in the Kinoto-Hitsuji year they moved to Kaga, and they now transferred their registration to the capital households. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) Those of the Ki surname were registered in the Right Capital, and their line comes from King Tokusa, a grandson of Tomo. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) The line of the Asukabe-no-Kimi is not clear. In the time of Empress Shōtoku there was Kudara-no-Asukabe-no-Kimi Natomaro, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ On examination, Asukabe is the same as Asukabe-no-Miyatsuko, and probably they are of the same ancestry as the Asukabe-no-Miyatsuko.)

¶The Kawachi clan bore the surname Muraji and was registered in Kawachi. They come from King Intaikishu, a son of Tomo. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the ninth year of Emperor Temmu, Kawachi-no-Atai Agata was granted the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the time of Emperor Shōmu there was Kawachi-no-Muraji Iruka, Bungo-no-Sakan (Clerk of Bungo). (Note: following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents.) In the time of Emperor Seiwa there was Kawachi-no-Muraji Tamuramaro, Daibu (Great District Chief) of Kawachi District in Kawachi Province. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Mano clan bore the surname Miyatsuko and was registered in the Right Capital. They come from King Sokko. (Note: ○ the first character is sometimes written differently. The "Shōko" in the Dongguk Tonggam is this. In the Nihon Shoki, in the time of Emperor Suiko there was Mano-no-Obito Deshi, and perhaps he too was of the same kin.)

¶The Sugano clan bore the surname Ason and was registered in the Right Capital. They come from King Kishu, a tenth-generation descendant of Tomo. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ The second character is sometimes written differently. The Dongguk Tonggam writes Kyūshu, and there are two kings, Kinkyūshu and Enkyūshu; judging from the memorial presented by Michizane and others below, this is probably Kinkyūshu.) In the time of Emperor Kanmu, Kudara-no-Konikishi Hitosada, Sachūben (Middle Controller of the Left), Motonobu of the same surname, Jibu-no-Shōyū (Junior Assistant Minister of Civil Affairs), Tadanobu, Chūe-no-Shōshō (Lesser Captain of the Middle Palace Guards), Yotsu-no-Muraji Michi, and others presented a memorial stating: "Our ancestors descend from King Kishu, the sixteenth generation of Paekche. (Note: ○ "sixteenth generation" is probably an error; even counting the reigns in which brothers succeeded one after another, it does not exceed the fifteenth.) In the reign of Karushima-no-Toyoakira (Emperor Ōjin), when an edict sought men of talent and learning among the Koreans, Kishu chose from among his kin and sent his grandson Shinson to the court, who first transmitted books and greatly raised the fortunes of letters. In the reign of Naniwa-no-Takatsu (Emperor Nintoku), Shinson's son Taarō was made a court attendant. (Note: in the epitaph of the Funa clan, Taarō is written Torako.) His son Gaiyō-kimi begot Gotei-kimi. Gotei begot three sons, Misa, Shinji, and Maro. (Note: the Shinsen Shōjiroku writes Gotei as Shiogimi, Misa as Misan, Shinji as Chinin, and Maro as Banro.) At this point the three branches first divided, and each took its official post as its clan name. The Fujii, Funa, and Tsu clans are these. In the reign of Osada, Koryŏ sent an envoy who presented a memorial written on the feathers of a crow, and none of the ministers could read it. Shinji, by his remarkable wisdom, was able to decipher it and reported its meaning in full. The Emperor deeply praised and admired this and commanded him to attend within the palace. This matter is recorded in the histories and is known to all. Our houses have transmitted the Confucian learning through the generations and have met a bright age. We humbly hope for the Emperor's grace, that our old surname be changed and that we be granted Ason." By edict it was decreed, "In accordance with the place where they live, we grant Sugano-no-Ason." Michizane had talent in letters and took part in the compilation of the Shoku Nihongi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi and the Ruijū Kokushi.) In the time of Emperor Ninmyō, Nakashina-no-Sukune Naokado, Shōryō-no-Shōjō (Junior Secretary of the Bureau of Imperial Tombs), Tsugikado of the same surname, Sa-no-Shōshi (Junior Secretary of the Left), and others were all granted the surname Sugano-no-Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the time of Emperor Seiwa, Mifune-no-Sukune Hikonushi, a man of the Right Capital, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, Funa-no-Muraji Sukemichi, of Junior Seventh Rank Upper, Banra-no-Ason Toyomochi, Governor of Kawachi, Fujii-no-Muraji Koinari, Hyōbu-no-Shōroku (Junior Clerk of the Ministry of Military Affairs), and others were all newly granted Sugano-no-Ason. Koinari had originally been a man of Tajihi District in Kawachi Province but had earlier transferred his registration to the Right Capital. In the time of Emperor Yōzei, Funa-no-Muraji Sōshimaro, a man of the Right Capital, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, Tsu-no-Sukune Sukenushi, of Senior Seventh Rank Lower, and Fujii-no-Muraji Naoomi were all granted Sugano-no-Ason. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the time of Emperor Suzaku there was Sugano-no-Ason Nameaki, Tōtōmi-no-Suke (Assistant Governor of Tōtōmi). In the time of Emperor Ichijō there was Sugano Shigetada, Shōgeki (Junior Secretary of the Outer Secretariat). In the time of Emperor Go-Reizei there was Sugano Masayuki, Usashi (Junior Clerk of the Right). In the time of Emperor Konoe there was Sugano Masakuni, Ōsumi-no-Kami. (Note: following the Geki Nikki.) In the time of Emperor Go-Toba there was Suga-no-Nari, an official of the Suō provincial office. (Note: following the Azuma Kagami.) All were of this kin.

¶The Fujii clan was registered in the Right Capital and comes from Misan, a son of Shiogimi. There were those of the Sukune surname (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku) and also of the Muraji surname. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) They were at first called Shirai-no-Fuhito. In the time of Emperor Kinmei, Itsu, a nephew of Shinji, by imperial command examined and fixed the household registers of the Shirai-no-Tabe, and for this he was granted the surname Shirai-no-Fuhito. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. ○ Itsu was probably a son of Misan.) In the time of Empress Genshō, Shirai-no-Fuhito Hironari, Daigeki (Senior Secretary of the Outer Secretariat), was newly granted Fujii-no-Muraji. In the time of Emperor Kanmu, Fujii-no-Muraji Michiyori, Tōgū-no-Suke (Assistant Master of the Crown Prince's Household), Funa-no-Muraji Imamichi, Daizoku (Senior Clerk) of the Bureau of Taxation, and others stated: "The three clans of Fujii, Funa, and Tsu came originally from a single ancestor. The Tsu-no-Muraji, meeting a fortunate time, were granted Ason earlier. But we ministers remain still of the Muraji surname. Now, in an age of sacred brightness that shines on all things alike, we humbly beg to share in the same imperial grace and to have our old surname changed." By edict the surname Sukune was granted to Michiyori and seven others. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the time of Emperor Ichijō there was Fujii Shigeyori. (Note: following the Shōyūki.)

¶The Miyahara-no-Sukune were registered in the Right Capital and come from Shinji, a son of Shiogimi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) His deeds are seen above. In the time of Emperor Junna there was Miyahara-no-Sukune Muratsugu, of Senior Sixth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) In the time of Emperor Ichijō there was Miyahara-no-Sukune Tadanobu, Yamato-no-Shōsakan (Junior Recorder of Yamato). (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.)

¶The Banra clan came from the Fujii clan. In the time of Emperor Ninmyō, Fujii-no-Sukune Ishio, a man of the Right Capital and Onmyō-no-Jō (Assistant of Onmyō), Ayukawa of the same surname, Hyōbu-no-Shōroku, and others were newly granted Banra-no-Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Funa clan bore the surname Muraji and was registered in the Right Capital and in Settsu. There was also the surname Obito, and they come from Shinji. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The Obito surname is from the Shoku Nihongi.) In the time of Emperor Kinmei, Shinji, by imperial command, recorded the levies on ships, and for this he was granted the surname Funa-no-Fuhito. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) He begot Nahako. Nahako's son Ōgo served under Empress Suiko and Emperor Jomei and by his talent advanced to the rank of Dainin (Greater Humanity). (Note: following the Epitaph of the Funa Clan. ○ Ōgo is written Ōko in the Nihon Shoki, but the sounds are the same.) In the eleventh year of Emperor Temmu, the Funa-no-Fuhito were granted the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the time of Emperor Monmu there was Funa-no-Obito Saeki, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the time of Emperor Suzaku there were Funa-no-Sanehira and Funa-no-Narie, Sashi (Junior Clerk of the Left). In the time of Emperor Ichijō there was Funa-no-Takanori, Shishō (Clerk). In the time of Emperor Go-Reizei there was Funa-no-Ason Shigeko, Baizen-no-Unemi (a serving lady at the imperial table). (Note: following the Geki Nikki.) Probably they were of this kin. There was also the Mifune clan, which came from the Funa clan. In the time of Emperor Seiwa, Funa-no-Muraji Sadanao, a man of Tajihi District in Kawachi Province and Sahyōe-no-Gon-no-Daisakan (Provisional Senior Clerk of the Left Gate Guards), was granted Mifune-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. ○ On examination, this clan was not first granted the name at this time. About the same time that Sadanao was granted the surname there was Mifune-no-Sukune Hikonushi, who was newly granted Sugano-no-Ason. That is, they had held this surname for some time already, but the date cannot be determined.) In the time of Emperor Murakami there was Mifune-no-Sukune Densetsu, Daigeki. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) In the time of Emperor Kazan there was Mifune Yoshitaka, Right Daishi (Senior Secretary). In the time of Emperor Ichijō there was Mifune Masamitsu, Kazue-no-Daijō (Senior Secretary of the Bureau of Accounts). (Note: following the Geki Nikki.)

¶The Tsu clan was registered in the Right Capital and comes from Maro, a son of Shiogimi. There were those of the Sukune surname (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku) and also of the Muraji surname. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ On examination, this work states that in the time of Emperor Kanmu, Fujii-no-Muraji Michiyori said that "the Tsu-no-Muraji were granted Ason earlier"; this probably refers to the Tsu-no-Muraji having been newly granted Sugano-no-Ason.) In the time of Emperor Bidatsu, Ushi, a younger brother of Shinji, was granted the surname Tsu-no-Fuhito. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. ○ Ushi was probably another name of Maro.) In the time of Empress Kōken, Tsu-no-Fuhito Akinushi, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and more than thirty others stated: "The three clans of Funa, Tsu, and Fujii are a single lineage. Now two of the clans have already been granted the surname Muraji, but we have not yet shared in that favor." Accordingly they were newly granted the surname Muraji. In the time of Emperor Kanmu, Tsu-no-Muraji Yoshimichi, Governor of Tsushima, and others were granted the surname Sukune. Kotsuo and others of the same surname, Shōgeki, were granted, in accordance with the place where they lived, the surname Nakashina-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Nakashina-no-Sukune were registered in the Right Capital, and their line comes from Ushi, a grandson of Shiogimi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ On examination, "Ushi" (ox) in the Japanese reading and "Ushi" in this entry are mutually interchangeable, so probably they are not different persons. But the Nihon Shoki makes him a younger brother of Shinji, which does not agree with this. One of the two books must contain an error.) There was also the Ason surname, and probably it was of the same kin. In the time of Emperor Saga, Nakashina-no-Ason Yoshio was granted Junior Fifth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.)

¶The Karitaka clan bore the surname Sukune and was registered in the Right Capital. They come from Kishu. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) They were at first called the Konge clan. In the time of Emperor Kōnin, Konge-no-Samimaro, a man of the Right Capital, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, was granted the surname Sukune. In the time of Emperor Kanmu they were newly made the Karitaka clan. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ The entry for the eighteenth year of Enryaku in the Nihon Kōki gives Karitaka-no-Ason Kasatsugu. The entry for the seventh year of Kōnin in the Ruijū Kokushi writes Ason as Sukune. The Kōki is probably in error.) In the time of Emperor Seiwa there was Karitaka-no-Sukune Matsuo, Izumo Nushi (Crossbow Master of Izumo). (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Hirono clan comes from Fushi. In the time of Emperor Ninmyō, Konge-no-Miyatsugu, a man of the Right Capital and Tanba-no-Gon-no-Daisakan (Provisional Senior Clerk of Tanba), and others were granted the surname Hirono-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Hankon clan (Note: ○ the second character is written in this work with a different character, which is an error; it has now been corrected on the basis of an old text of the Shūgaishō. The first character is also written with another character) was registered in the Right Capital and comes from King Saban. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ The Dongguk Tonggam writes the name with different characters and says he was an elder brother of Hiryū, a grandson of Sokko.) In the time of Emperor Kōken there were Mankon-no-Kimi Maro and Mankon Mita, copyists of sutras at the Tōdai-ji. (Note: following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents. ○ The sounds of the characters "Man" and "Han" are close, and they were surely not different surnames, so they are attached here.) Probably they were of this family.

¶The Haruno clan bore the surname Muraji and was registered in the Right Capital. They come from King Hiryū, a grandson of Sokko. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ The first character is sometimes written differently.) In the time of the Deposed Emperor, Omo-no-Tokukei and others were newly granted this surname. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Omo clan was registered in the Right Capital and comes from Hiryū. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the time of Emperor Ichijō there was Omo-no-Tadamune, Sakonoefu-no-Shō (Clerk of the Left Imperial Guards). (Note: following the Shōyūki.)

¶The Okaya clan bore the surname Kimi and was registered in Yamashiro. The Bunshi clan was registered in the Right Capital. Both come from Hiryū. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Hirai clan was registered in Settsu and comes from Hiryū. There were those of the Muraji surname (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku) and also of the Sukune surname. In the time of Emperor Kanmu, Hirai-no-Miyatsuko Manari, a man of Kudara District in Settsu Province, of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, was granted the surname Muraji, and later it was changed to the Sukune surname. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. From "later changed" onward, following the Nihon Kōki. ○ The year and month of the grant of the Sukune surname are not clear. Probably it was in the time of Emperor Saga.)

¶The Kokon clan (Note: ○ the first character is sometimes written differently) was registered in the Right Capital and comes from Bunkyūen, a grandson of Sokko. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Ōoka clan (Note: ○ the second character is sometimes written with another) was registered in the Left Capital, and descends from a son of Kōnan'en, an Onsotsu (a Paekche court rank), a twelfth-generation descendant of Sokko. There were those of the Miyatsuko surname (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku), also of the Muraji surname, and also of the Sukune surname. In the time of Emperor Seiwa, Ōoka-no-Miyatsuko Chiritsugu, a man of the Left Capital and Musashi-no-Gon-no-Jō (Provisional Third-Rank Official of Musashi), and Ōoka-no-Muraji Takari, of Junior Seventh Rank Upper, and others were newly granted the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. ○ On examination, the Shoku Nihon Kōki gives Ōoka-no-Sukune Toyotsugu. That is, there were already those who had been granted the Sukune surname before this.)

¶The Miyoshi clan was registered in the Right Capital and comes from the Great King Sokko. (Note: ○ one text writes this as Kin-Shoko.) There were those of the Sukune surname (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku) and also of the Ason surname. In the time of Emperor Daigo there was Miyoshi-no-Sukune Kiyoyuki, who rose to eminence through letters and was newly granted the Ason surname. He is the man known as the Zen Shōkō (Minister Zen). (Note: following the Honchō Monzui, the Zatsugen Hōwa, and the Kugyō Bunin.) Sukune Tokisuke petitioned to change his surname to Miyoshi-no-Ason, and this was permitted. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō. ○ This work states that Tokisuke himself said that his ancestor came from Hanoshi, a descendant of the King of Donghai of Han, and that he was of the same lineage as the Miyoshi-no-Ason. On examination, the Shinsen Shōjiroku has two Nishikoribe clans. One bore the surname Muraji, came from the Great King Sokko of Paekche, and was of the same kin as the Miyoshi clan. The other bore the surname Suguri, was listed among the Aya-no-Hitobe of Han origin, and was said to descend from Hanushi, a man of Han. This theory is rather doubtful. But considering the Shoku Nihon Kōki, Hanushi was probably a descendant of Emperor Xian of the Later Han and not of the Paekche clan. Now what Tokisuke said seems to bear this out. Yet to say abruptly that he was of the same lineage as the Miyoshi is self-contradictory in its very wording and hard to believe. This theory is therefore not adopted, and is appended to await later consideration.) Among Kiyoyuki's descendants was Miyoshi Yasunobu, who followed Minamoto-no-Yoritomo, assisted in decisions on military government, and became the head of the Monchūjo (Board of Inquiry). His descendants through the generations held the central posts and were eminent at Kamakura. (Note: following the Azuma Kagami and the Kantō Hyōjōden.) Among his kin there were the clans of Machino, Yano, Ōta, Iio, Ichinomiya, Fuse, and others. (Note: following the Sakusha Burui, the Miyoshi Keizu, and the Taiheiki. ○ The Fuse Keizu says that the monk Jōzō, a son of Kiyoyuki, begot two sons, one of whom became the ancestor of the Fuse clan and one the ancestor of the Iio clan. On examination of the Teiō Hennenki, Jōzō was of disorderly conduct and had two sons. One became a monk and one was a child. The one who was admitted to the palace and received favor is said to have been a son of Ōe-no-Ason, Shikibu-no-Taifu (Senior Assistant Minister of Ceremonial). By this, one of Jōzō's sons entered service through hereditary privilege and served the court, and the Fuse and Iio probably begin with him. That the genealogy divides his two sons as the ancestors of the two clans is probably baseless, and it is not adopted.)

¶The Ishino clan bore the surname Muraji and was registered in the Left Capital. They come from Okurai Fukutome, a grandson of King Kinsokko. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ In this work the character for "ko" in Kinsokko has dropped out, and it has now been supplied from the Dongguk Tonggam. ○ The second character of Okurai is sometimes written differently.) Fukutome became naturalized in the time of Emperor Tenji and, because he was skilled in the military arts, was granted the rank of Daisenge. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the time of the Deposed Emperor, Oi, a son of Okurai, and more than forty others were granted Ishino-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ This work states that in the time of Empress Shōtoku, Motorinabe Nanami, a man of Fujino District in Bizen Province, Yakabe-no-Ōmizu, a man of Akasaka District, Yakabe-no-Kunimochi, a man of Katsuta District in Mimasaka Province, and the two clans of Motoribe and Yakabe of the two provinces of Mimasaka and Bizen were all granted Ishino-no-Muraji. Perhaps these too were of the same kin? They are attached here for the time being.) In the time of Emperor Murakami there was Ishino-no-Muraji Yoshine, Sakonoe-no-Gon-no-Shōgen (Provisional Lesser Captain of the Left Imperial Guards). (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) In the time of Emperor Go-Ichijō there was Ishino-no-Sukune Yukinobu, Bizen-no-Suke. (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.) In the time of Emperor Go-Reizei there were Ishino Noritō, Ōmi-no-Jō, and Ishino Noriaki, Bitchū-no-Jō. (Note: following the Geki Nikki.) They were probably his descendants.

¶The Nishikoribe clan (Note: ○ also written with other characters) bore the surname Muraji and was registered in Kawachi and Izumi. They come from the Great King Sokko. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the ninth year of Emperor Temmu, Nishikori-no-Miyatsuko Obu was granted the surname Muraji. In the eleventh year, the Nishikori-no-Miyatsuko were granted the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the time of Empress Shōtoku, Nishikoribe-no-Hito Ishitsugu, a man of Nishikoribe District in Kawachi Province, and Ōshima of the same surname were all granted the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) Probably they later changed to the Sukune surname. In the time of Emperor Daigo there was Nishikoribe-no-Sukune Harukage, Sadaishi (Senior Secretary of the Left). In the time of Emperor Enyū there was Nishikori-no-Sukune Shigeaki, Chikara-no-Suke (Assistant of the Bureau of Taxation). (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.)

¶The Koreyoshi clan came from the Nishikoribe clan. In the time of Emperor Seiwa, Nishikoribe-no-Muraji Misamimaro, Chikara-no-Shōjō (Junior Secretary of the Bureau of Taxation), and Yasumune of the same surname, Moku-no-Shōjō (Junior Secretary of the Bureau of Carpentry), and others were newly granted Koreyoshi-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. ○ On examination, the Shoku Nihon Kōki gives Koreyoshi-no-Sukune Sadamichi and Harumichi. By this, the surname existed before Misamimaro and the others, and probably they were of the same kin. But since this work does not state their origin, it is appended here.) In the time of Emperor Daigo there was Koreyoshi-no-Sukune Yoshiko, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Tōji documents.)

¶The Okahara clan bore the surname Muraji and was registered in Kawachi. They come from Chisō, a son of King Jinsa. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ On examination, the Shoku Nihongi says that Chisō is another name of Shinson. The Dongguk Tonggam says that Jinsa was a son of Kinkyūshu.)

¶The Achiki clan (Note: also written with other characters) was registered in the Right Capital and comes from King Ro. There were those of the Muraji surname and also of the Fuhito surname. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. For the Achiki-no-Fuhito, following the Nihon Shoki and the Kojiki. ○ Both the Shoki and the Kojiki say that Achikishi was the ancestor of the Achiki-no-Fuhito. By this, the Achiki clan were probably descendants of Achikishi. But the order of generations between King Ro and Achikishi is hard to establish.) In the eleventh year of Emperor Temmu, the Achiki-no-Fuhito were granted the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the time of the Deposed Emperor there was Achiki-no-Shimatari, a Buddhist sculptor. (Note: following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents.) There was also the Kiyone clan, which came from the Achiki-no-Fuhito. In the time of Emperor Ninmyō, Achiki-no-Fuhito Fukuyoshi, Kageyu-no-Sakan (Clerk of the Office of Examiners of Outgoing Officials), and others were newly granted Kiyone-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. ○ On examination, the Nihon Kōki gives Kiyone-no-Imiki Matsuyama in the time of Emperor Kanmu, and probably he too was of the same kin.) The Hayashi clan: there were those of the Muraji surname, registered in the Left Capital and Kawachi; there were also those of the Fuhito surname, registered in Settsu; there were also those without a surname, registered in the Right Capital. Those registered in Kawachi had a line coming from King Chokushi. (Note: ○ in this work the first character is written with another character. Here the Nihon Shoki has been followed.) All the others come from Bokuki-no-Kimi. (Note: ○ the entry on the Asukabe clan of the Left Capital in this work writes the name as Kokishi or Kōshi, and it seems that one or the other contains an error. The Nihon Shoki gives Mokuso Kishi in the time of Emperor Tenji, and probably this is the man.)

¶The Fuwa clan bore the surname Muraji and was registered in the Right Capital. They come from Hiyū. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Asukabe clan comes from Konki. There were those of the Miyatsuko surname, registered in the Right Capital and Kawachi, and also those without a surname, registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ On examination, this work makes the Asukabe-no-Miyatsuko descend in one place from King Mata and in another from King Hiyū. Hiyū is the father of Konki, and Mata is the son of Konki, so both accounts agree. Also the entry on this clan in the Left Capital says they were descendants of Kokishi. By this, Kokishi was probably a descendant of Konki.) In the time of Empress Shōtoku, Asukabe-no-Miyatsuko Obito became Nagato-no-Suke. In the time of Emperor Kanmu, Asukabe-no-Kichitari, a Shinshi (Graduate), followed the imperial army to attack the rebels of Isawa and fell in battle. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the time of Emperor Ninmyō there was Asukabe-no-Inako, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, who became Tensui (Master of Waters). (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the time of Emperor Enyū there was Asukabe-no-Miyatsuko Sadatsura, Tajima-no-Gon-no-Daisakan. (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.) In the time of Emperor Ichijō there were Asukabe Masakane, Jibu-no-Shōroku (Junior Clerk of the Ministry of Civil Affairs) (Note: following the Geki Nikki), and Asukabe Mitsumasa, Chūgū-no-Gon-no-Shōsakan (Provisional Junior Clerk of the Empress's Household). (Note: following the Gonki.) In the time of Emperor Sutoku there was Asukabe-no-Sukune Koresada, Bitchū-no-Shōsakan. (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.) Probably they later were granted the Sukune surname. There was also the Obito surname. In the time of Emperor Shōmu, Asuka-no-Obito Mahito became Kōgōgū-no-Daishin (Senior Assistant of the Empress's Household). (Note: following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents.) Probably he was of this family.

¶The Miharu clan has the same ancestor as the Asukabe-no-Miyatsuko. There were those of the Ason surname and also of the Sukune surname. In the time of Emperor Ninmyō, Miharu-no-Sukune Harunaga, a man of the Left Capital, of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and ten others were granted the Ason surname. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the time of Emperor Seiwa, Asukabe-no-Miyatsuko Toyomune, a man of the Right Capital and Kazue-no-Suke (Assistant of the Bureau of Accounts), and Kudara-no-Sukune Ariyo, a man of the Left Capital and Shōzoku of the Household of the Grand Empress Dowager, and others were newly granted Miharu-no-Ason. Toyomune had originally been a man of Yasuka District in Kawachi Province. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the time of Emperor Kazan there was Miharu-no-Sa'an, Banchō (Watch Captain). (Note: following the Gonki and the Shōyūki. ○ The Gonki writes the second character differently.) In the time of Emperor Ichijō, Miharu-no-Ason Satotaka, Tosa-no-Jō, was appointed a Tsuibushi (Pursuit Officer) because he was skilled at archery and horsemanship. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) In the time of Emperor Toba there was Miharu-no-Ason Shigesada, Dazai-no-Daigen (Senior Inspector of the Dazaifu). (Note: following the Chōya Gunsai.) In the time of Emperor Go-Toba there was Miharu Yukishige, who was also a Dazai-no-Daigen. (Note: following the Usa Ōkagami.)

¶The Yamato clan bore the surname Ason and was registered in the Left Capital. They come from Yoryū, an eighteenth-generation descendant of Tomo. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. For Yoryū, following the Dongguk Tonggam.) In the time of Emperor Kanmu, Yamato-no-Fuhito Kuninomori, a man of the Left Capital, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and more than thirty others were granted the Ason surname. Moreover, the Empress Dowager of Emperor Kanmu, of the Yamato clan, was a daughter of Otsugu, posthumously Senior First Rank, and in the Hōki era was specially granted the surname Takano-no-Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) Otsugu's grandson Yamato-no-Ason Yakamaro, because he was a maternal relative, was suddenly advanced in the Enryaku era to Chūnagon (Middle Counselor). This was the first time a man of foreign descent entered the ministerial office. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) There was also the Muraji surname, registered in Yamato, and their line comes from King Osoriki. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Ichiyuki clan bore the surname Kimi and was registered in the Right Capital. They come from Myō, a son of Yoryū. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. For Myō, a son of Yoryū, following the Dongguk Tonggam.)

¶The Oka clan bore the surname Muraji and was registered in the Right Capital. They come from Myō. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the time of Emperor Shōmu, by imperial edict the Sōjō (Prelate) Gien changed his original surname of Ichiyuki and was granted Oka-no-Muraji. It is also related that his brother Ichiyuki-no-Izumimaro, of Senior Sixth Rank Lower, was likewise granted Oka-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Mutobe clan (Note: ○ one text writes the surname as Muraji) was registered in Izumi. The Osakabe clan was registered in the Right Capital. Both come from King Sake. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ The Nihon Shoki writes the name as Sakekimi.)

¶The Ashiya clan bore the surname Suguri and was registered in Izumi. Their line comes from King Ohōkarakishi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the time of Empress Shōtoku there was Ashiya-no-Suguri Tojime, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ On examination, the Nihon Ryōiki says that the lay surname of the monk Eikō was Ashiya-no-Kimi, that he was a man of Teshima District in Settsu Province, and also that he is said to be of the Ichiyuki clan. Ashiya and Ichiyuki were originally of the same kin. By this, the Ashiya also had the surname Kimi. The Shaku Nihongi says that in the time of Emperor Kōtoku there was the surname Ashio-no-Atai. "Ō" (tail) is probably a corruption of "ya," and this too is probably of this family.) There were also those called simply Suguri, registered in Settsu and Izumi, and their line is likewise the same. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the time of Emperor Heizei, Misasagi-be-no-Suguri Kurohito, a man of Izumi, was granted the surname Suguri. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) In the time of Emperor Suzaku there was Suguri-no-Masukuni, Usashi (Junior Clerk of the Right). (Note: following the Geki Nikki.) In the time of Emperor Murakami there was Suguri-no-Munemasa, Ushishō (Recorder of the Right). (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) In the time of Emperor Shirakawa there was Suguri-no-Sukune Tsunetō, Udoneri (Palace Attendant). (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō and the Geki Nikki. ○ The Shōyūki writes this as Kami-Suguri, but that is probably an error.) Probably they were of this kin.

¶The Furuichi clan bore the surname Suguri and was registered in Kawachi. They come from King Tora. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the time of Emperor Kōken there was Furuichi-no-Suguri Sunjiki, Settsu-no-Daisakan. (Note: following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents.)

¶The Sae clan bore the surname Fuhito and was registered in the Right Capital. They come from Shumokori-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) Shumokori came over and was naturalized in the reign of Ōjin, following Achi-no-Omi, and served the court because of his skill in brewing sake. (Note: following the Kojiki. ○ Shumo is written in this work with other characters, but the sounds are the same.) There was also the Koremichi clan, which came from the Sae-no-Fuhito. In the time of Emperor Seiwa, Sae-no-Fuhito Toyotomi, a man of the Right Capital and Shōzoku of the Empress's Household, and Nagamushi of the same surname, a man of the Left Capital and Sake-no-Reishi (Clerk of the Sake Bureau), and others were newly granted Koremichi-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. On examination, the Nihon Shoki states that in the time of Emperor Kōtoku there was the Funado-no-Atai clan. "Funado" (the character for carp-door) and "Funado" (the character for road-ancestor) are mutually interchangeable in their Japanese reading, so probably this too is of this kin. It is appended for reference.)

¶The Sada clan bore the surname Fuhito and was registered in the Left Capital. They come from King Obone. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Uno clan: there were those of the Obito surname, registered in Yamato; there were also those of the Miyatsuko surname, registered in Kawachi. Both come from Minasohoomi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ The second character is sometimes written differently.) In the time of Empress Genshō there was Uno-no-Obito Otohito, Governor of Buzen, who attacked the Hayato and won merit. (Note: following the Seiji Yōryaku.)

¶The Takano clan bore the surname Miyatsuko and was registered in the Right Capital. They come from Yo Jishin, a Sahei (a Paekche court rank). (Note: ○ on examination, the Dongguk Tonggam says that Chumong, the ancestor of Paekche, originally came from the state of Fuyo and so called his clan Fuyo. Yo Jishin was probably also of the royal house, so he is set out here.)

¶The Miike clan (Note: ○ the first character is sometimes written with other characters) bore the surname Miyatsuko and was registered in the Right Capital. They are descendants of King Shihi, lord of the state of Takkon in the land of Fuyo. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ Whether the line of the lord of Takkon was of the same kin as the kings of Paekche is not clear, but it is set out here for the time being.) In the time of the Deposed Emperor, Takkachi and others were granted Miike-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) There were also those of the Sukune surname (Note: following the Shūgaishō), and probably they were descendants. In the time of Emperor Ichijō there was Miike-no-Sukune Koreide, Chikara-no-Gon-no-Shōzoku (Provisional Junior Clerk of the Bureau of Taxation). In the time of Emperor Shirakawa, Miike-no-Sukune Yasutake became Sanuki-no-Gon-no-Jō. (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.)

¶The Kayama clan was registered in the Left Capital and are descendants of Keiinjō, a Tatsusotsu. There were those of the Muraji surname and also of the Sukune surname. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The Sukune surname is from the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the time of Emperor Shōmu, Kei Ki, of Senior Seventh Rank Upper, was granted Kayama-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the time of Emperor Ninmyō, Kayama-no-Muraji Kiyosada, Chief of Ship Operations on the embassy to Tang, and others were granted the Sukune surname. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the time of Emperor Montoku, Kayama-no-Sukune Nagasada became Sakan (Clerk) in charge of building the Usa Shrine. (Note: following the Usa Takusenshū.) In the time of Emperor Kōkō there was Kayama-no-Sukune Hiroyuki, Shikibu-no-Dairoku (Senior Clerk of the Ministry of Ceremonial). (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Ruijū Fusenshō.)

¶The Takatsuki clan bore the surname Muraji and was registered in the Left Capital. They are descendants of Myōshin, a Tatsusotsu. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Hirota clan bore the surname Muraji and was registered in the Left and Right Capitals. They are descendants of Karaomi-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the time of the Deposed Emperor, Kara-no-Otokoyuka, a man of the Right Capital, of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and more than ten others were granted Hirota-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ The second character is sometimes written differently.)

¶The Kamusaki clan bore the surname Muraji and was registered in the Left Capital. They are descendants of Kaju-no-Kimi, of Senior Sixth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the time of Emperor Shōmu, Kaju-no-Kimi was granted this surname. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Kai clan was registered in the Right Capital. They are descendants of Kai Gimochi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Kishino clan bore the surname Muraji and was registered in the Right Capital. They are descendants of Kibo Matsue'on, a Tatsusotsu. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ On examination, the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents give, in the Tenpyō era, the sutra copyists Kibo-no-Kara-Shiromaro and Kibo-no-Kara-Takemaro and others. Kibo (written with two different pairs of characters) are close in their native sound, and the characters for "kara" and "matsu" resemble each other in form, so probably all of them were of the same kin. But one of the two books must contain an error.) In the time of Empress Shōtoku, Kibo-no-Matsukichitari and others, men of the Right Capital, were granted this surname. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Kiyomichi clan bore the surname Muraji and was registered in the Right Capital. They are descendants of Nōhi Katoshi, an Onsotsu. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the time of Emperor Kanmu, Kiyomichi-no-Miyatsuko Okamaro, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and others were granted the Muraji surname. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Kazura clan bore the surname Muraji and was registered in Yamato. They are descendants of the Koma (Koguryŏ). (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the eleventh year of Emperor Temmu, the Kazura-no-Miyatsuko were granted the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the time of Emperor Kōnin there was Kazura-no-Muraji Utamaro, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the time of Emperor Ninmyō there was Kazura-no-Muraji Michitsugu, a man of Yamato, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Sarara clan bore the surname Muraji and was registered in Kawachi. They are descendants of Kumetsuhiko. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Yosami clan and the Yamakawa clan both bore the surname Muraji and were registered in Kawachi. They are descendants of Soyashiyamami-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the time of Empress Shōtoku, Yosami-no-Miyatsuko Iomomaro, a man of Shiki District in Kawachi Province, of Junior Sixth Rank Upper, Yamakawa-no-Miyatsuko Uotari (Note: the second character of the clan name is printed differently here from the entry above), of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and Yosami-no-Miyatsuko Satokami, a man of Tajihi District, of Junior Sixth Rank Lower, and others were all newly granted the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Sonobe clan bore the surname Obito and was registered in the Right Capital. The Sononohito clan bore the surname Obito and was registered in Yamato. Both are descendants of Chizu-no-Kami. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Inabe clan bore the surname Obito and was registered in Settsu. They are descendants of Nakatsuhate. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Muko clan bore the surname Obito and was registered in Settsu. They are descendants of Katarei-no-Kishi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Shinoda clan bore the surname Obito and was registered in Izumi. They are descendants of Momoma. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Nakano clan bore the surname Miyatsuko and was registered in the Right Capital. They are descendants of Kisotsu Tōtashichi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ The entry for the seventeenth year of Tenpyō in the Shoku Nihongi has Takuda-no-Matama, of Senior Sixth Rank Upper. "Taku" and "Da," and again "Da" and "Tōta," are mutually interchangeable in sound, so this is the same family.) In the time of the Deposed Emperor, Tōta-no-Inamaro and others were granted this surname. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the time of Emperor Suzaku there was Nakano-no-Masatsura (written here with a variant first character), Sakonoefu-no-Shō (Clerk of the Left Imperial Guards). (Note: following the Geki Nikki.)

¶The Sugitani clan bore the surname Miyatsuko and was registered in the Right Capital. They are descendants of Kenso Shūni. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Hata clan bore the surname Miyatsuko and was registered in Yamato. They are descendants of Saburichi-no-Omi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Komoguchi clan bore the surname Miyatsuko and was registered in Yamato. They are descendants of Nukita Hakujō-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Mino clan bore the surname Miyatsuko and was registered in Settsu. They are descendants of Fusumano-koomi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Kurehatori clan bore the surname Miyatsuko and was registered in Kawachi. They are descendants of Arō-no-Fuhito. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ The Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents give, in the time of the Deposed Emperor, Kurehatoribe-no-Okihito, and perhaps he was of this family? It is attached here for the time being.)

¶The Toroshi clan bore the surname Miyatsuko and was registered in Izumi. They are descendants of Amaoomi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Sakata clan bore the surname Suguri and was registered in the Right Capital. They are descendants of Zuki-no-Suguri. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ The first character of Zuki is sometimes written differently. The Man'yōshū gives, in the time of Emperor Kōken, Sakatabe-no-Obitomaro, a frontier guard (Sakimori) of Suruga Province. His kin are not clear, but he is attached here for the time being.)

¶The Odaka clan bore the surname Omi and was registered in the Left Capital. They are descendants of Mōkōsei Kasuruke. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The two surnames Sue-no-Omi and Kiōsa were registered in Yamashiro. Both are descendants of Tsuruga-no-Omi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the time of Empress Shōtoku there was Sue-no-Omi Mochitari, a Jugonshi (master of incantations). (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the time of Emperor Ninmyō, Sue-no-Sakamaro, a man of Kii District in Yamashiro Province, transferred his registration to the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. ○ It seems that the character for "omi" has dropped out below the character for "envoy" in the name.)

¶The Ayahito clan was registered in the Right Capital. They are descendants of Tayaka. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ The Jimoku Taiseishō gives, in the time of Emperor Go-Reizei, Ayabe-no-Sukune Chikatoki (written with the Han characters), and in the time of Emperor Toba, Ayabe-no-Sukune Tori (written with other characters). The Tōji documents give, in the time of Emperor Go-Uda, Ayabe Tokiyasu. "Ayabe" in its two writings is interchangeable in Japanese reading, so probably these too were of the Ayahito kin. But since their origin has nothing to be verified, they are appended to await later consideration.)

¶The Ōagata clan bore the surname Fuhito and was registered in the Right Capital. They are descendants of Watoku. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the time of Emperor Shōmu, Watoku-no-Fuhito Tatsumaro and more than thirty others were granted Ōagata-no-Fuhito. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the time of Emperor Takakura there was Ōagata-no-Sukune Yasunaga, Kōzuke-no-Jō. (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.) Perhaps he was their descendant.

¶The Kamikatsu clan was registered in the Right Capital and are descendants of Tarisusu. There were also those called simply the Katsu clan, registered in Yamashiro and Settsu, of the same ancestor as the Kamikatsu. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the time of Emperor Kanmu there was Katsu-no-Tsugunari, Nakatsukasa-no-Shishō (Recorder of the Ministry of Central Affairs). (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) In the time of Emperor Ninmyō, Katsu-no-Hiroyoshi, a man of Mino and Ōkiimi-no-Daisakan (Senior Clerk of the Office of the Imperial Household), and others transferred their registration to the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the time of Emperor Suzaku there was Katsu-no-Yoshiyoshi, Sa-no-Shishō (Recorder of the Left). (Note: following the Geki Nikki.) In the time of Emperor Sanjō there was Katsu-no-Yoshizane, Banchō. (Note: following the Shōyūki. ○ The Izumo Fudoki gives, in the time of Emperor Shōmu, Katsube-no-Kimi Mushimaro, Daibu of Ōhara District in Izumo Province. The Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents give, at about the same time, Katsube-no-Omi Otomaro, a guard of the Gate Guards, a man of Kamudo District in Izumo Province, and Katsube-no-Obito Kuroda. The Shoku Nihongi gives, in the time of Emperor Kanmu, Katsu-no-Obito Masumaro, a man of Ōmi. The Ruijū Kokushi gives, at about the same time, Katsube-no-Miyatsuko Magami, a serving lady of Izumo. The Ruijū Fusenshō gives, in the time of Emperor Ichijō, Katsuban-no-Sukune Kimitake, official of the Kashii Shrine. The Shūgaishō has the Katsu-no-Sukune. Perhaps these too are all of this kin? They are attached here for the time being.) Among those whose surname was Katsu, in the time of Emperor Monmu there were those registered in Chō village in Nakatsu District in Buzen Province, one called Chō-no-Katsu Mate. Their kin include the clans of Azami-no-Katsu, Furumizo-no-Katsu, Tabe-no-Katsu, Takaya-no-Katsu, Sado-no-Katsu, Ōya-no-Katsu, and others. Those registered in Tō village in Kamitsumike District were called Tō-no-Katsu Inate. There were also various other branches such as Mitsugi-no-Katsu, Kowa-no-Katsu, Enoki-no-Katsu, Nara-no-Katsu, Kawabe-no-Katsu, and Kamiya-no-Katsu. (Note: following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents.) In the time of Emperor Ninmyō there was a man of Ōmi; and in the time of Emperor Kanmu there was Sakai-no-Katsu Otsune, who was also a man of Usa District in Buzen Province. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki. ○ The Ruijū Fusenshō gives, in the time of Emperor Go-Ichijō, Sakai-no-Sukune, who became Dazai-no-Shōgen (Junior Inspector of the Dazaifu). The Chōya Gunsai gives, in the time of Emperor Horikawa, Sakai-no-Sukune Tomomune, Superintendent of the Imperial Horses at the Usa Shrine, and probably all of these are of this kin. The Sukune surname was granted in later times.) In the time of Emperor Junna there was Warabino-no-Katsu Miyamori, Acting Daibu of Shimotsuke District in his home province. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) In the time of Emperor Ninmyō, Warabino-no-Katsu Mayoshi was appointed Iki-no-Ishi (Physician of Iki). (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) Those registered in Mino include, in the time of Emperor Monmu, Miya-no-Katsu Kimi, Daibu of Fuwa District (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi), and Kagami-no-Katsu Komaki, Shōryō (Junior District Chief) of Kagami District. (Note: following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents.) In the time of Emperor Seiwa there were Kagami Yoshio, Daibu of Kagami District, and Kagami Yoshimune, Daibu of Atsumi District. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the time of Emperor Murakami, Kagami-no-Katsu Toshimune became Dewa-no-Gon-no-Daisakan. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō. ○ The Shūgaishō has the Kagami-no-Sukune, and this too is of this kin. Probably the Sukune surname was granted later.) Besides these, in the time of Emperor Tenji there was Karashima-no-Katsu Saba. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the time of Emperor Shōmu there was Tsune-no-Katsu Obitona, Nagato-no-Shōsakan. (Note: following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents.) In the time of Emperor Ninmyō, Yasuyoshi-no-Katsu Naomichi, a man of Ōmi and Mino-no-Daijō (Senior Third-Rank Official of Mino), transferred his registration to the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the time of Emperor Seiwa there was Waku-no-Katsu Kiyoko, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Whether these were of the same kin as the main line is, in every case, hard to establish.

¶The Fuwa clan bore the surname Katsu and was registered in the Right Capital. They are descendants of Nu-Mutoshi and others. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Ōishi-no-Hashitate clan was registered in Kawachi. They are descendants of Teisei Kani. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Kami-no-Osa clan was registered in Kawachi and are descendants of Kuninoko-no-Omi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Kinunui clan was registered in Izumi and are descendants of Shinrei-no-Mikoto. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) There was also the Asuka-no-Kinunui-no-Miyatsuko, and perhaps they were of this kin. In the time of Emperor Sushun there was Konoha, ancestor of the Asuka-no-Kinunui-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Kuninaka clan are descendants of Kokkotsufu, a Tokusotsu (a Paekche court rank). In the time of Empress Kōken, Kimimaro, a grandson of Kokkotsufu, was granted the surname Kuninaka-no-Muraji because he lived in Kuninaka village in Katsuge District in Yamato Province. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Nakayama clan bore the surname Muraji and are descendants of Kan Chion. In the time of the Deposed Emperor, Chion was granted this surname. In this reign the people of Paekche who were granted surnames were very numerous. Kanra-no-Azumahito and others were granted Kiyoshino-no-Muraji; Tori-no-Kaimaro and others, Okanoe-no-Muraji (Note: the second character of Tori is also written differently. ○ The first character of Okanoe is sometimes written with another); Tobe-no-Jōdō and others, Matsui-no-Muraji; Takeshimaro and others, Sakahara-no-Muraji; Kei-no-Kawachi and others, Kiyose-no-Muraji; Taka-no-Ushikai and others, Kiyono-no-Miyatsuko, and shortly afterward these were changed to the Muraji surname. Enni-no-Toyonari and others were granted Naganuma-no-Miyatsuko; Ishimaro, Fukuchi-no-Miyatsuko; Yōmaro and others, Takashiro-no-Miyatsuko; Una-no-Ryūjin, Mizuo-no-Miyatsuko; Shinano-no-Tomomaro and others, Kiyota-no-Muraji. (Note: ○ this work states that in the time of Empress Shōtoku, Shinano-no-Ishiyumi, of Junior Seventh Rank Upper, was granted Ishibashi-no-Muraji, and probably he too was of the Paekche kin. The Shūgaishō has the Kiyota-no-Sukune.) Shirō-no-Kunitari and others were granted Kiyomi-no-Miyatsuko; Saro-no-Ushikai and others, Ogawa-no-Miyatsuko; and Tsuki-no-Akemaro and twenty others, Toyoda-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the time of Emperor Kanmu, Shimi-no-Wakamushi, a man of Kai, Kushinji-no-Takanaga, and a hundred and ninety others stated: "Our ancestors came out of Paekche, and, longing for the transforming influence of the sovereign, came to this court and were settled in the Settsu Office. In the year of Hinoe-Tora they were moved to Kai. Though the years and months are already long, we have not yet changed our foreign surnames. We humbly request, in accordance with the regulation of the ninth year of Tenpyō-Shōhō, to be granted surnames." Accordingly Wakamushi was granted the surname Ishikawa, and Takanaga and the others the surname Hiroishino. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) In the time of Emperor Ninmyō, Karabe-no-Hirokimi, a man of Bizen and Chokkō (Lecturer), was granted the surname Machi-no-Sukune. (Note: the first character of Machi is also written with another.) Tojima-no-Mori of the Left Imperial Guards, and Mao of the Right Gate Guards, of the same kin, were granted Yasumine-no-Muraji; these too were descendants of men of Paekche. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the time of Emperor Seiwa, Mao and the others were newly granted the Sukune surname. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶Koguryŏ (Koma)

¶The Koma clan, the Takakura clan, the Naomichi clan, the Shirakawa clan, the Adachi clan, the Taka clan, the Katabe clan, the Naniwa clan, the Nagase clan, the Takai clan, the Toyohara clan, the Kibumi clan, the Kawachi-no-Tami clan, the Shimaki clan, the Taka clan (a different one), the Mikasa clan, the Niki clan, the Odoko clan, the Shitobe clan, and the Fukuto clan are all descendants of the kings of Koguryŏ.

¶The Koma clan (Note: ○ also written with other characters, including Koma) bore the surname Ason and was registered in the Left Capital. They come from King Enkō, a seventh-generation descendant of Suisei. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. For Suisei, following the Dongguk Tonggam. ○ On examination, the Tonggam says that Suisei was a third-generation descendant of Chumong and bore the title Great King Ji. The Shinsen Shōjiroku writes King Kōdai, which is an error.) In the time of Emperor Tenji, Koguryŏ was destroyed by Tang. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) Fukutoku, a descendant of Enkō, fled the disorder and became naturalized, settled in Koma District in Musashi Province, and was granted the surname Sena-no-Kimi. His grandson Fukushin served and became a high official. In the time of Emperor Shōmu the "Kimi" was changed to "Ō" (King). In the time of Empress Kōken, together with six kinsmen, he was newly granted Koma-no-Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) Among their kin there are the surnames Komabe-no-Sukune, Ōkoma-no-Muraji, Koma-no-Muraji, Koma-no-Obito, and Koma-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The Komabe-no-Sukune is from the Shoku Nihongi, and the Koma-no-Muraji from the Nihon Shoki. ○ The origin of reading the characters for Koma as "Koguryŏ" is not well understood. On examination, the Book of the Later Han says that Gouli is also called Mo. The Bunken Tsūkō says that the Waimo and Koguryŏ are of the same stock. By this, "Koma" is probably a corruption of "Mo." But since all the old books write Koma, it is not changed even now.) The origin of the Komabe-no-Sukune is not clear. In the time of Empress Genmei there was Komabe-no-Sukune Name, a woman of Sōraku District in Yamashiro Province. There was also the Koshū clan, and probably they were of this kin. In the time of Emperor Shōmu, Koma-no-Kiworiwaku was granted the surname Koshū-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. The second character of Kiworiwaku is probably an error for another.) The Ōkoma-no-Muraji had two lines, both registered in Kawachi. One came from King Ichishi Fukuki, and one from Irisu Sareshi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the ninth year of Emperor Temmu, Ōkoma-no-Miyatsuko Momoe was granted the surname Muraji. In the eleventh year, the Ōkoma-no-Miyatsuko were newly granted the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the time of Empress Genmei, Koma-no-Miyatsuko Chikane, a Juto Toneri (sword-bearing attendant), was granted Ōkoma-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the time of Emperor Seiwa there was the monk Anne, of the Ōkoma clan, a man of Ōagata District in Kawachi Province. (Note: following the Tendai Zasu-ki.) As for the Koma-no-Muraji, in the time of Emperor Temmu, Koma-no-Ikamaro of Yamashiro was granted the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) The Koma-no-Obito were registered in the Right Capital, and their line comes from King Angaku Jōō. The Koma-no-Miyatsuko were registered in Yamashiro and come from King Furen. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) The later descendants of the Koma clan held, in later ages, both offices of the guards and the post of court musician (Reikan). In the time of Emperor Konoe there was Koma-no-Sukune Mitsutoki, Sakonoe-no-Shōgen (Lesser Captain of the Left Imperial Guards). (Note: following the Koma-shi Keizu, the Geki Nikki, and the Gakusho Bunin.) From his remote ancestor Mitsutaka onward, Mitsutoki's house transmitted the music and dance through the generations and was especially skilled in Tōgaku (Tang music). Mitsutoki's son Noriyasu had earlier abandoned the family profession and been adopted by Minamoto-no-Norito, Mondo-no-Kami (Director of the Water Office), taking his clan name; but when he was appointed Sahyōe-no-Shōjō (Junior Lieutenant of the Left Gate Guards), he petitioned to return to his original surname and became a court musician. (Note: following the Geki Nikki.)

¶The Takakura clan bore the surname Ason and come from Koma-no-Ason Fukushin. In the time of Emperor Kōnin, Fukushin stated: "Our ancestors, generation after generation, came over to Japan and received excessive favor from the state. Our new surname flourishes, but the old name has not yet been changed. We humbly ask that Koma be changed to Takakura." This was permitted. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Naomichi clan come from the Komahito. (Note: ○ that is, the Koma-no-Obito.) In the time of Emperor Seiwa, Komahito-no-Ujimori, a man of the Left Capital, of Junior Eighth Rank Upper, was granted the surname Naomichi-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The two clans of Shirakawa and Adachi come from the Koma-no-Miyatsuko. In the time of Emperor Ninmyō, Koma-no-Miyatsuko Tomonari, a man of Shirakawa District in Mutsu Province, was granted Mutsu-Shirakawa-no-Muraji, and Koma-no-Miyatsuko Koharimaro, a man of Asaka District, was granted Mutsu-Adachi-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Taka clan were at first called Koma-no-Omi and probably were of the kin of the Koma-no-Ason. In the time of Empress Kōken, Koma-no-Omi Umakai, Echigo-no-Sakan, and Jōnichi of the same surname, Naishi-no-Tenji (Assistant Handmaid of the Palace), and others (Note: the second character of Jōnichi is also written differently) were newly granted Taka-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Katabe clan too were of the Koma kin. In the time of Emperor Kōtoku there was Koma-no-Katabe Komaro, a painter. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. ○ The first character of Katabe is sometimes written with another, and which is correct is not known. For now it is fixed as given according to the two books below.) In the time of Emperor Kanmu, Katabe-no-Omi Hirohito, a man of the Right Capital, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, was granted the surname Toyomune-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) In the time of Emperor Ninmyō there were Katabe-no-Muraji Ishinari, headman of Yamazaki village in Naga District in Kii Province, and Katabe-no-Miyatsuko Hirone, a Shikibu Ishi (son of rank of the Ministry of Ceremonial). (Note: following the Tōji documents.) Probably all of them were of the same ancestry.

¶The Naniwa clan was registered in the Right Capital and comes from descendants of Suisei. There were those of the Ason surname and also of the Muraji surname. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The Ason surname is from the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the time of Empress Kōken, Naniwa-no-Kusushi Nara, Naiyaku-no-Suke (Assistant of the Inner Medicine Office), and ten others stated: "Our distant ancestor Tokurai came out of Koguryŏ and later was attached to Paekche. It happened that in the court of Hatsuse-Asakura, when an edict sought talented men in Paekche, Tokurai was sent up and filled the selection. His fifth-generation descendant Enichi, in the court of Ōharida, received an imperial command to go to Tang to study medicine, and for this was called Kusushi (physician). His descendants, men and women, all take this as their surname. We secretly fear that name and reality are mingled, and we ask that we be changed to the surname Muraji." This was permitted. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ This work states that in the time of Emperor Shōmu, Kokuna-no-Kōju was granted Naniwa-no-Muraji, and perhaps he too was of this kin? It is appended for reference.) In the time of Emperor Seiwa, Naniwa-no-Muraji Kazuramaro, a man of the Right Capital and Hayato-no-Kami (Chief of the Hayato Office), Sanetoku of the same surname, Iyo-no-Gon-no-Jō, Kiyomune, Nuidono-no-Shōjō (Junior Secretary of the Sewing Office), and others were granted the Ason surname. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Nagase clan (Note: ○ the second character is sometimes written with another) bore the surname Muraji and was registered in the Right Capital. They come from Sūmu. (Note: ○ on examination, Sūmu is Chumong.) In the time of Emperor Kinmei, a descendant led his people and became naturalized. Because the man was handsome in appearance and tall in stature, he was given the name King Nagase. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the time of Empress Kōken, Koma-no-Hirotari and Kiyonari, of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and others were granted Nagase-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ Koma is sometimes written Koma-no-Muraji.) In the time of Emperor Daigo there was Nagase-no-Muraji Hiuō, Awaji-no-Sakan. (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.)

¶The Takai clan bore the surname Miyatsuko and was registered in Yamashiro. They come from King Nyoanke, a twentieth-generation descendant of Sūmu. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ "Twentieth generation" is sometimes written "sixth." On examination, the names of the Koguryŏ kings recorded in this work probably contain some that have been wrongly transmitted. But they do not appear in the Dongguk Tonggam or the Sankoku Ryakushi. Their order of generations and titles cannot be verified and corrected. Here all are followed as in the original text, and what follows is treated likewise.)

¶The Toyohara clan bore the surname Muraji and was registered in the Left Capital. They come from Jōbu-ō Mushimaro. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the time of the Deposed Emperor, Mushimaro was granted Toyohara-no-Muraji, and ten of his kinsmen, including Miya-Ōri, were granted Toyohara-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) Among the descendants of men of Silla there are also Toyohara-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the time of Emperor Go-Ichijō there was Toyohara-no-Sukune Tokikata, Governor of Buzen. (Note: following the Usa Ōkagami.) In the time of Emperor Shirakawa there was Toyohara-no-Ason Tokizane, Jibu-no-Shōroku. (Note: following the Chōya Gunsai.) In every case their kin are not clear. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ On examination, the genealogy of the Toyohara clan of court musicians says that Ōtsu, a prince of Emperor Temmu, had a son called Prince Awazu, who was implicated in his father's affair and exiled to Toyohara village in Bizen Province. His son Kimimuraji first received the surname Toyohara, and it is said that in the generation of his eighth-generation descendant the Ason surname was granted. The Kōin Jōunroku also records this account. But the Imperial Branches of Temmu in the Shinsen Shōjiroku have no entry for the Toyohara-no-Muraji. They served as court musicians through the generations and later were granted Ason; perhaps their descendants lost the record of their origin and mistakenly made them an imperial branch? It is appended to await later consideration.)

¶The Kibumi clan bore the surname Muraji and was registered in Yamashiro. They come from King Kushina. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the time of Emperor Temmu there was Kibumi-no-Miyatsuko Ōtomo, who in the eleventh year was newly granted the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the time of Emperor Shōmu there was Kibumi-no-Muraji Ikamaro, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Kawachi-no-Tami clan bore the surname Obito and was registered in the Left Capital. They come from King Anryū. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the time of Emperor Shōmu there was Kawachi-no-Tami-no-Obito Yasukomaro, Chūgū-no-Shōshin (Junior Assistant of the Empress's Household). (Note: following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents.)

¶The Shimaki clan (Note: ○ the second character is sometimes written with another) bore the surname Fuhito and was registered in the Right Capital. They come from King Noke. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the time of Emperor Ninmyō there was Shimaki-no-Fuhito Mamaro (written with the character for "true"), of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Taka clan bore the surname Fuhito and was registered in the Left Capital. They come from King Enda, a ninth-generation descendant of King Genragun-sho. There were also two lines without a surname, both registered in the Left Capital, one coming from Taka Jōken and one from Taka Kanekura, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ On examination, from Chumong onward Koguryŏ took Taka (Ko) as its clan name. Of the naturalized Koguryŏ men who call themselves Taka, nearly all are of the royal house. Hence they are attached here.) Kanekura first became a monk and was called Shinjō. In the time of Emperor Monmu he returned to lay life, resumed his original surname, and changed to his present name. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Mikasa clan (Note: ○ the first character is also written with another) bore the surname Muraji and was registered in the Left Capital. They come from Taka Shōshi, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the time of Emperor Shōmu, Taka-no-Masakatsu was granted this surname. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the time of Emperor Suzaku there was Mikasa-no-Koremune, Nakatsukasa-no-Shōroku (Junior Clerk of the Ministry of Central Affairs). (Note: following the Geki Nikki.)

¶The Niki clan bore the surname Muraji and was registered in the Left Capital. They come from Taka Fukuyū. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the time of Emperor Shōmu, Ō-no-Kikkatsu, of Junior Seventh Rank Lower, was granted this surname. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Odoko clan bore the surname Muraji and was registered in the Left Capital. They come from Taka Dōshi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the time of Emperor Shōmu, Taka Masunobu, of Junior Eighth Rank Upper, was granted Odoko-no-Muraji. (Note: ○ in this work the second character is written with another, which is probably an error. It has now been corrected on the basis of the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) There were also the two clans of Ueki and Kiyohara. In the time of Emperor Shōmu, Taka Shōbu, of Senior Seventh Rank Lower, was granted Ueki-no-Muraji, and Taka Rokutoku, of the Twelfth Order of Merit, was granted Kiyohara-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ This work states that in the time of Emperor Kanmu, Hiru-no-Omimaro, a man of Sakata District in Ōmi Province, and others were granted Kiyohara-no-Omi. Whether their kin is the same as that of the Muraji surname is not known, but it is attached here for the time being.) Probably all of them were of the same kin.

¶The Shitobe clan bore the surname Ō (King) and was registered in the Right Capital, and comes from Chōō Shū. There were also those called simply the Ō clan, registered in the Left Capital, whose line comes from Ō Chūbun, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) Chūbun first became a monk and was called Tōrō. In the time of Emperor Monmu he returned to lay life and changed to his present surname and name. Among their kin there was the Takasato-no-Muraji; in the time of the Deposed Emperor, Shitobe-no-Ō Yasunari and others were granted Takasato-no-Muraji. (Note: ○ this work states that in the time of Emperor Monmu, Koma Jakkō was also granted the surname Ō, and probably he too was of the same kin.) There was also the Gaisan-no-Muraji; in the time of Emperor Shōmu, Ō Tahō, of Junior Seventh Rank Upper, was granted this surname. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) Perhaps they were of the same ancestry.

¶The Fukuto clan bore the surname Muraji and was registered in the Left Capital. They come from Zenbu Nōi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the time of the Deposed Emperor, Zenbu Taka Bunshin was granted this surname. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ The line of Zenbu Nōi is not clear, but the Shinsen Shōjiroku sets it between the two clans of Toyohara and Mikasa, and moreover his original surname was Taka, so there is almost no doubt that he was of the royal house. Hence he is set out here.) There was also the Miyatsuko surname, registered in the same place as the Muraji surname, whose line comes from Zenbu Shihatsu. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Hioki clan, the Torii clan, the Eii clan, the Yoshii clan, the Wa clan, and the Shimaki clan are all descendants of Irisu-no-Omi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Hioki clan had the Miyatsuko surname, registered in the Right Capital and in Yamato and Settsu. There was also the Hioki-no-Kurahito, registered in Yamato, whose line is likewise the same. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ The entry on the Hioki-no-Miyatsuko of the Left Capital in this work says in one place that they were descendants of Kōko-no-Kimi, from a man of Koguryŏ, King Obama. The Hioki-no-Kurahito are said in one place to be descendants of Koro-no-Omi, an elder brother of Irisu.)

¶The Torii clan bore the surname Sukune and was registered in Yamato. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the time of Emperor Kōnin, Hioki-no-Miyatsuko Ominari, of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and others were newly granted this surname. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The two clans of Eii and Yoshii both bore the surname Sukune and were registered in Yamato. Their line comes from Mate-no-Omi, a son of Irisu-no-Omi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the time of Emperor Kōnin, Hioki-no-Miyatsuko Minomaro, of Junior Fifth Rank Upper, and others were granted Eii-no-Sukune, and his kinsman Iimaro and others were granted Yoshii-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Wa clan bore the surname Miyatsuko and was registered in Yamato. The Shimaki clan was registered in Kawachi. (Note: ○ this work says that the Shimaki clan were descendants of Iriwasu-no-Omi. The entry on the Hioki-no-Miyatsuko of the Right Capital says that Irisu is also called Iwasu. By this it is known that they are not different persons. This work also says that the Shimaki-no-Fuhito come from King Noke, as seen above. "Shimaki" in its two writings is interchangeable in Japanese reading, so probably they are one surname. Irisu perhaps was also of the royal house? It is appended for the time being for reference.)

¶The Izumi clan bore the surname Muraji and was registered in the Left Capital. They are descendants of Shitobe Nōchigen. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the time of Emperor Kōnin, Shitobe-no-Ishijima, of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and others were granted this surname. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Takada clan bore the surname Obito and was registered in the Right Capital. They are descendants of Tatakako-no-Omi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) There were also the two surnames Kimi and Omi, and perhaps they were of the same kin. In the time of Emperor Kōnin there was Takada-no-Kimi Tojime, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. In the time of Emperor Kanmu, Kawahitobe-no-Hiroi, a man of Keta District in Tajima Province, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, was granted Takada-no-Omi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ The Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents give, in the Tenpyō era, Kawahitobe-no-Ōtomo, a man of Kaya District in Bitchū Province, and probably the Kawahitobe are of the same kin.) Among the kin of the Obito surname there is the Tamura clan. In the time of Emperor Saga, Takada-no-Obito Kiyotari, a man of the Right Capital, of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and others were newly granted Tamura-no-Omi. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) In the time of Emperor Uda there was Tamura Takayoshi, former Governor of Tsushima, who fought the pirates of Silla and won merit. (Note: following the Fusō Ryakki.) Probably he was of this kin.

¶The Yasaka clan bore the surname Miyatsuko and was registered in Yamashiro. They are descendants of Kurukawa-mano-Orisa. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ The first character of Kurukawa is sometimes written with another.) In the time of Empress Shōtoku there was Yasaka-no-Miyatsuko Kichinichi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Takayasu-no-Shimo-no-Suguri clan was registered in the Right Capital and are descendants of Ōsuzu. There was also the Takayasu-no-Ayahito clan, registered in Settsu, whose line comes from Kosusu. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ Ōsuzu and Kosusu are close in Japanese reading and probably are the same person; if not, perhaps they were brothers.)

¶The Shitobe-no-Kusushi-no-Omi clan was registered in the Left Capital and are descendants of Daikei Okutoku. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Shima clan bore the surname Fuhito and was registered in the Right Capital. They are descendants of Wakō. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reigns of the Deposed Emperor and Emperor Kanmu, there were very many men of Koguryŏ, of the Zenbu, Shitobe, Jōbu, Gebu, and other branches, who were granted surnames. In the fifth year of Tenpyō-Hōji, Tassa Nintoku Ushikai and others were granted Asahi-no-Muraji, and later changed to Shimano-no-Muraji. Zenbu Hakukō and others were granted Misaka-no-Muraji (Note: ○ the Nihon Kōki states that in the Enryaku era, Mioo-no-Muraji Hirohitai, a man of Yamashiro, and others were newly granted Misaka-no-Muraji, and perhaps he too was of this kin); Zenbu-no-Yasuhito was granted Misaka-no-Miyatsuko; Zenbu-no-Mushimaro, Hirosasa-no-Muraji; Shitobe-no-Takakureno, Ōi-no-Muraji (Note: the punctuation of the source here is unclear); Zenbu-no-Senri and others, Kakii-no-Miyatsuko; and Jōbu-no-Kimitari and others, Osaka-no-Miyatsuko. In the Enryaku era, Shitobe-no-Ushikai, Munemori, and Toyohito, men of Chikuma District in Shinano Province, of Outer Junior Lesser Initial Rank Lower, and others were granted Tagawa-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) Zenbu-no-Tsunamaro, a man of Shinano, was granted the clan name Yasusaka. At this time Keru-no-Maoi and others, men of Koguryŏ in Shinano, stated: "Our ancestors came to this court between the two reigns of Ōharida (Suiko) and Asuka (Jomei), longing for the transforming influence of the sovereign. Generation after generation we have been commoners and have not yet changed our original titles. We humbly request, in accordance with the edict of the ninth year of Shōhō, to be newly granted clan names." Accordingly Maoi and the others were granted the clan name Susuki; Shitobe-no-Kurotari and others, Toyooka; Zenbu-no-Kuromaro and others, Murakami; Zenbu-no-Akitari and others, Shinoi; Jōbu-no-Toyohito and others, Tamagawa; Gebu-no-Fumishiro and others, Kiyooka; Koma-no-Ietsugu and others, Mii; Zenbu-no-Sadamaro, Asaji; and Jōbu-no-Shikifuchi and others, Tamai. (Note: ○ the Shoku Nihongi states that in the time of Emperor Kanmu, Kanamebe-no-Kamimaro, a man of Yamanashi District in Kai Province, asked to change his original surname to the clan name Tai. His kinsman Koni and others again divided into the three clans of Tamai, Ōi, and Nakai. Perhaps these too were descendants of men of Koguryŏ. They are attached here for the time being.) In the time of Emperor Saga, Tōbu-no-Kuromaro, a man of Yamashiro, was granted the surname Hiromune-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki. ○ The Montoku Jitsuroku has Hiromune-no-Sukune Hiramaro. The Ruijū Fusenshō says that in the time of Emperor Seiwa there was Hiromune Yasuhito, Daigeki.) In the time of Emperor Ninmyō, Matsukawa-no-Miyatsuko Sadatsugu and Ietsugu, Secretaries on the embassy to Tang, and others were granted the surname Takamine-no-Sukune. Sadatsugu was shortly afterward granted the Ason surname, and these too were all descendants of men of Koguryŏ. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶Silla (Shiragi)

¶The Miyake clan, the Ito Agata-nushi, the Itoi clan, the Kitsumori clan, the Unabara clan, the Maki clan, and the Kin (Kim) clan are all descendants of the kings of Silla.

¶The Miyake clan bore the surname Muraji and was registered in the Right Capital and Settsu. There was also the Sukune surname. They come from Ame-no-Hiboko, a prince of Silla. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The Sukune surname is from the Nihon Shoki.) In the time of Emperor Suinin, Ame-no-Hiboko became naturalized and asked to settle in Tajima. His great-grandson was called Tajimamori, and he was the ancestor of the Miyake-no-Muraji. Tajimamori's younger brother was called Tajimahitaka, and he begot Katsuraki-no-Takanuka-hime. Takanuka-hime married Okinaga-no-Sukune-no-Miko and bore Empress Jingū. (Note: from "younger brother" onward, the account of the Kojiki was consulted.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu, the Miyake-no-Muraji were granted the Sukune surname. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the time of Emperor Kanmu there was Miyake-no-Muraji Kasaomaro, a man of Kambara District in Echigo Province, of Junior Eighth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the time of Emperor Go-Reizei there were Miyake-no-Ason Mitsuhira, Harima-no-Shōjō, and Miyake-no-Sukune Yasuyori, Settsu-no-Gon-no-Shōsakan. In the time of Emperor Horikawa there was Miyake-no-Sukune Taketsato, Kōzuke-no-Shōsakan. (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.) The Ason surname probably is of the same ancestry. Those of their kin who in later ages settled on Kojima in Bizen Province were called the Kojima clan. (Note: following the Taiheiki and the Ukita-ke Fu. ○ The Ukita genealogy says that long ago there were three brothers, men of Paekche, who as children boarded a boat and drifted on the sea, advanced east and reached Bizen, found an island, and stayed there. The banners in the boat were all painted with the character "ko" (child), so they named the island Kojima. The descendants of the three sons called themselves Miyake. This account was probably attached by some fanciful person of later times and of course is not worth taking. But as to the claim that the Kojima clan's original surname was Miyake and that they came from Paekche, there is something to consider. The Shinsen Shōjiroku says that the Miyake-no-Muraji came from the king of Silla; but Silla and Paekche are adjacent lands, both being lands of the Han (Korea). Hence the received account probably mistook one for the other and attached the story to it. In the end, although their origin differs from what the Shinsen Shōjiroku records, in fact they are probably a single surname. Hence it is now corrected.) In the time of Emperor Go-Daigo, Kojima Norinaga and his son Takanori were famed for their loyalty to the throne, and their branches include the clans of Wada, Imaki, Nakanishi, Matsuzaki, and others. (Note: following the Taiheiki.) Descendants of Takanori who moved to Kamo District in Mikawa Province became the Miyake clan again, and their branches include the Ukita clan. (Note: following the Miyake Keizu and the Kan'ei Keizu.)

¶The Ito Agata-nushi come from Itode, a descendant of Ame-no-Hiboko. When Emperor Chūai (Note: the source prints the emperor's name with a variant second character; clearly Chūai is meant) made a progress to Tsukushi, Itode took a mirror, a sword, and other things and welcomed him. The Emperor approved this and granted him the title Isoshi. His descendants became Ito Agata-nushi through the generations. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. For the descendants of Ame-no-Hiboko, following the Chikuzen Fudoki as cited in the Shaku Nihongi.)

¶The Itoi clan bore the surname Miyatsuko and was registered in Yamato. Their line comes from Ame-no-Hiboko. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Kitsumori clan was registered in the Left Capital and has the same ancestor as the Miyake-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Suinin, Tajimamori, by command, went to the Land of Tokoyo, obtained the fruit of the tachibana, and returned. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) Probably his descendants took the name from this. In the time of the Deposed Emperor there was Kitsumori-no-Kanayumi. (Note: following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents.) In the time of Emperor Ninmyō, because it was confused with the Tachibana-no-Ason, an edict changed it to Tsubaki-mori. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. ○ This work states that at this time the surnames Tachibana-be, Awabi-Tachibana, and Tomo-no-Tachibana-no-Muraji were all changed to the character for tsubaki. The Sandai Jitsuroku says that in the time of Emperor Seiwa there was Tsubakibe-no-Miyanari, Acting Senior Official of Kuji District in Hitachi Province, who was a descendant of the Tachibana-be. But the origins of these various surnames are all unclear, so they are for now merely attached here. The Shūgaishō has the Tachibana-be-no-Sukune and the Awabi-Tsubaki-no-Omi.)

¶The Unabara clan had the Muraji surname and also the Miyatsuko surname. The Miyatsuko were registered in the Right Capital and come from Kin Kashimorei, of the rank Shinkōshi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The Muraji surname is from the Shoku Nihongi.) In the time of Emperor Kanmu, Kin Shijun, a man of the Left Capital, of Junior Sixth Rank Upper, was granted Unabara-no-Muraji, and Kin Iyori, a man of the Right Capital, of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, was granted Unabara-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Maki clan bore the surname Fuhito and was registered in Yamashiro. They come from Kin Ujison. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the time of Emperor Kōnin, Kinjō-no-Fuhito Yamamori, a man of Kii District in Yamashiro Province, and more than ten others were granted Maki-no-Fuhito. (Note: ○ on examination, the Dongguk Tonggam says that Silla had the three surnames Boku, Seki, and Kin, which alternately rose to be kings. Kin Kashimorei, Kin Ujison, and the others probably all belonged to the royal line, so they are set out here. Also the Shoku Nihon Kōki states that in the time of Emperor Ninmyō, Boku Bōshun, a man of the Right Capital and Zōhei-no-Daisakan (Senior Clerk of the Bureau of Armaments), was granted the surname Sadamune-no-Muraji and was a descendant of men of Paekche. Probably he too was of the Silla royal house. It is attached here for the time being.)

¶The Kin clan probably was of the royal house. In the time of Emperor Shōmu, Tokushi and more than fifty others, men of Silla in Saitama District in Musashi Province, asked to take the clan name Kin. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the time of Emperor Ninmyō, Kin Reishin and ten others, naturalized men of Silla, were attached to the registers of the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the Former Nine Years' War in Mutsu there was Kin Tametoki, Gunji (district magistrate) of Kesen District in the same province, who sided with the imperial army. (Note: following the Mutsu Waki.) Probably he was of this kin. There was also the Kunimi clan, a branch of the Kin clan. In the time of Emperor Shōmu, Kin Takuryō and Kin Genkichi, of Junior Sixth Rank Upper, were both granted Kunimi-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Toyohara clan (a different line) bore the surname Muraji and was registered in the Right Capital. They are descendants of Irohimaro. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the time of Emperor Kanmu, Ireifukumaro, a man of the Right Capital, and more than ten others were granted this surname. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ Ireifukumaro and Iremaro are probably the same person. Probably the character for "fuku" has dropped out in the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Hine clan bore the surname Miyatsuko and was registered in Izumi. They are descendants of Okushifu-no-Omi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the time of Emperor Shōmu, Hine-no-Miyatsuko Ō was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) At about the same time there were Hine-no-Miyatsuko Tamamaki, Daibu of Hine District in Izumi Province, and Hine-no-Miyatsuko Iotari, Shuchō (Registrar). (Note: following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents.)

¶The Fushimaru clan (Note: ○ the Shūgaishō writes it with another second character) was registered in Kawachi and are descendants of Enuri-no-Omi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) There were also the clans of Kiyoto, Karitaka (a different clan, written with different characters), Yoshii, and others, all descendants of men of Silla. In the time of the Deposed Emperor, Shiragiki-yadori Agatamaro and others were granted Kiyoto-no-Miyatsuko, and Suburohi Manmaro and more than ten others were granted Karitaka-no-Miyatsuko. In the time of Empress Shōtoku, Ne-Umatari and a hundred and ninety-three others, men of Silla in Kōzuke Province, were granted Yoshii-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ This work states that in the time of Empress Genmei, Mushirota-no-Kimi Nigon, a man of Owari, and more than seventy households of Silla people were registered in Mino Province and Mushirota District was established. The Mushirota-no-Ichi too may perhaps have been of Silla kin.)

¶Mimana (Appendix), Kara, and Balhae (Bokkai)

¶The Michida clan, the Tatara clan, the Arara clan, the Ōichi clan, the Shimizu clan, the Sakita clan, and the Ōtomo clan are all descendants of the kings of Mimana.

¶The Michida clan bore the surname Muraji and was registered in the Left Capital. They come from King Kashitsu. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the time of Emperor Kōnin, Mita-no-Hito Yakamaro and others were newly granted Michida-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ On examination, this work says that in the time of Emperor Monmu there was Mita-no-Obito Itsuse, a man of Oshiumi District in Yamato Province. Perhaps he too has the same ancestor as the Michida clan? It is appended for the time being.)

¶The Tatara clan bore the surname Kimi and was registered in Yamashiro. They come from King Nirikumu, who became naturalized in the time of Emperor Kinmei and presented articles such as a metal kanatatari and a metal woko. The Emperor approved this and granted the surname Tatara-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ On examination, the Wamyōshō reads a winding frame (the characters for "luo duo") as "tatari." The "kanatatari" is therefore a metal winding frame. "Woko" is the reading for a hemp-fibre container (oke). The "metal oke" in the Kazekami no Norito is this.) His descendants lived in Ōuchi village in Suō Province and for this became the Ōuchi clan. In Moribusa they became Suō-no-Gon-no-Suke (Provisional Assistant Governor of Suō), and in later ages inherited this post and were called Ōuchi-no-Suke. His descendant Yoshihiro attached himself to the Ashikaga, and the house rose to prosperity. (Note: following the Ōuchi-ke Fu, the Taiheiki, and the Meitokuki. ○ On examination, the Ōuchi family genealogy says that their ancestor came from Rinshō, the third son of Yoshō, king of Paekche. In the time of Emperor Suiko he fled the disorder of the Tang soldiers, became naturalized, settled at Tatarahama in Suō Province, and took his clan name from this. When it came to his son Masatsune, he was granted the surname Tatara and, from his fief, was called Ōuchi. This differs somewhat from the Shinsen Shōjiroku, and which is correct is not known. Perhaps this clan in fact came from Mimana, but, with the years and months long past, later descendants forgot the source, and, since among the foreign branches Paekche is the most prominent, mistakenly took themselves to be its descendants? But what the genealogy says is quite detailed and clear, and it does not seem a groundless fabrication, so it is attached here for the time being.)

¶The Arara clan bore the surname Kimi and was registered in Settsu. They come from King Hōki. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Ōichi clan bore the surname Obito and was registered in the Left Capital. They come from Tsunuga-Arashito. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) Arashito was a prince of that country. In the time of Emperor Sujin he was the first to come with tribute. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the time of Emperor Shōmu there was Ōichi-no-Obito Kunikatsu, Noto-no-Shishō. (Note: following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents.) In the time of Emperor Yōmei there was Ōichi-no-Miyatsuko Kosaka. In the time of Emperor Kōtoku there was Ōichi-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) Probably all were of the same origin.

¶The Shimizu clan bore the surname Obito and was registered in the Left Capital. The Sakita clan bore the surname Obito and was registered in Yamato. (Note: ○ the first character of Sakita is sometimes written with another.) Both come from Arashito. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Ōtomo clan bore the surname Miyatsuko and are descendants of King Sari, a grandson of King Ryūshu, lord of the state of Mimana. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) Between the reigns of Empress Genmei and Emperor Shōmu there were Ōtomo-no-Miyatsuko Akimaro and Shikishi of the same surname. (Note: following the Tōdaiji Komonjo.)

¶The Toyotsu clan bore the surname Miyatsuko. There was also the Karahito clan. Both were registered in Settsu and are descendants of Sarikin. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ Sarikin is also written Sarikomu, but the sounds are the same.) In the time of Emperor Kōnin, Karahito-no-Inamura, a man of Toshima District in Settsu Province, and seventeen others were granted Toyotsu-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the time of Emperor Enyū there was Karahito-no-Sukune Kiminao, Bitchū-no-Gon-no-Shōsakan. (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.) Probably he was a descendant of the Karahito clan. There was also the Toyotaki clan, which came from the Karahito clan. In the time of Emperor Seiwa, Karahito-no-Masasada, Iga-no-Gon-no-Shōsakan, was granted Toyotaki-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. ○ The Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents give, in the Tenpyō era, Karahito-no-Tanoimiki Ōkuni, a man of the Right Capital. It is not clear of what kin he was, so he is appended to await later consideration.)

¶The Kara clan are descendants of Goriwashi, a man of the state of Kara. (Note: ○ also written Goruwashichi.) In the time of Empress Kōken, Goshi and others, Daibu of Mushirota District in Mino Province, sixth-generation descendants of Goriwashi, petitioned: "When our ancestors came to this court, they were not yet accustomed to the customs, and so did not take a surname and clan name. We hope to be granted a surname and clan name in accordance with the name of our country." Accordingly they were granted Kara-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Takaniwa clan are men of Balhae (Bokkai) and descendants of Taka Tabutsu. In the time of Emperor Saga, Tabutsu was granted the surname Takaniwa and the personal name Takao. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.)