Treatise 33: Clans X

¶The Yamada clan, the Nagano clan, the Miyake clan, the Ōzato clan, and the Shigahe clan are all descendants of Prince Jin, the Crown Prince of King Xie Xin (King Ling) of Zhou.

¶The Yamada clan had the surnames Sukune, Muraji, Miyatsuko, and Fuhito. The Sukune were registered in the Right Capital and in Kawachi, and came from Wang Chang, Minister of Works of Wei, a descendant of Prince Jin. The Muraji were registered in Kawachi. The Miyatsuko were registered in the same places as the Sukune, and all came from the line of Chūi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku; the Fuhito surname is from the Shoku Nihongi. ○ On examination, this work records of the Yamada-no-Sukune in one place that they descend from Prince Jin and in another that they descend from Wang Chang, so that their ancestors appear to differ. According to the Xin Tang shu, the Wang clan had its seat at Taiyuan and is said to be descended from Prince Jin. Wang Chang was a man of Jinyang, and Jinyang belongs to Taiyuan, so it is plain that his line came from Jin. Therefore it is here treated as a single clan. Chūi too was probably a distant descendant of Wang Chang, but the order of the generations is hard to establish.) In the reign of the Deposed Emperor (Emperor Junnin), Yamada-no-Fuhito Gin, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, was granted the surname Muraji, and Hirona, of the same clan, was granted the surname Miyatsuko. In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Yamada-no-Miyatsuko Yoshitsugu, a man of the Right Capital of Senior Seventh Rank Lower, was granted the surname Muraji. In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Yamada-no-Muraji Kimitari of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower and thirty others were granted the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ Kimitari was later renamed Yamada-no-Mii-no-Sukune.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Yamada-no-Miyatsuko Furutsugu, a man of the Left Capital who was Shōgeki (Junior Secretary), was granted the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) There was also the Yamada-no-Mii-no-Sukune, of the same kin. In the reign of Empress Kōken, Yamada-no-Fuhito Hirohito of Junior Seventh Rank Upper, and Himeshima-me of the same clan, of Junior Fifth Rank Upper, and others were granted the name Yamada-no-Mii-no-Sukune. Himeshima soon incurred guilt and was demoted to the Fuhito surname. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Nagano clan had the surname Muraji and was registered in the Right Capital. They came from Chūi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ On examination, according to the Shoku Nihongi there was in the reign of the Deposed Emperor a Nagano-no-Muraji Kimitari, Supernumerary Assistant Governor of Echizen, who was of the same kin. However, this work records earlier, in the reign of Empress Kōken, that Yamada-no-Fuhito Kimitari of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower was granted the surname of Hirono-no-Muraji, and in the reign of Emperor Kōnin that Yamada-no-Muraji Kimitari of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower was granted the surname Sukune. The Kimitari written with the first set of characters is surely the same as the one written with the other, and they seem not to be different men. Yet it is doubtful that his surname should differ before and after, and this is left to later examination.)

¶The Miyake clan and the Ōzato clan both had the surname Fuhito, and both were registered in Kawachi. They came from the line of Chūi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Shigahe clan had the surname Muraji and was registered in the Right Capital and in Kawachi. They shared a common ancestor with the Yamada-no-Sukune and came from the line of Wang Angao. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ One account says they were descendants of Kasa, a son of Wang Angao.) In the reign of Empress Genshō there was Shigahe-no-Muraji Amida, a Yin-Yang master. In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Shigahe-no-Miyatsuko Azumahito, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, was granted anew the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Nagamine clan, the Tsuki clan, the Mizumi clan, the Tami clan, the Shiratori clan, the Shirahara clan, and the Ibe clan are all descendants of Boqin, Duke of Lu of Zhou.

¶The Nagamine clan came from Nori-no-Omi, a descendant of Boqin. (Note: ○ the character for Nu is sometimes written as Nai.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Tami-no-Obito Ujinushi, a man of the Left Capital of Junior Sixth Rank Lower, was granted the name Nagamine-no-Sukune, and at the same time Nagamine-no-Sukune Takana, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, became Assistant Envoy (Hangan) to Tang China. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. For Nori-no-Omi, following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ On examination, the entry for Tami-no-Obito in the Shinsen Shōjiroku says that they were descendants of Nori-no-Omi, a man of Paekche, and does not state that they descended from Boqin. Nori-no-Omi is said to have come over and been naturalized in the reign of Emperor Ōjin; probably he was called a man of Paekche because he had lived there on the way. The Shinsen Shōjiroku has quite a number of cases of this kind, so here the whole kindred are set out together below, to await later examination.) Afterward they held the governorships of various provinces in turn, achieved results in administration, and were called good officials. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Nagamine-no-Mochimichi, Interpreter at Tsushima. (Note: following the Fusō Ryakki.) In the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Nagamine-no-Sukune Tadachika, Hizen no Jō (Third-Rank Provincial Official of Hizen). (Note: following the Jimoku Taisei Shō.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō, Nagamine Tadayoshi incurred guilt and was exiled to Sado. (Note: following the Nihon Kiryaku, the Fusō Ryakki, and the Shōyūki.)

¶The Tsuki clan had the surnames Muraji and Obito and was registered in the Left Capital. There was also the surname Sa, registered in Kawachi. All came from the line of Nori-no-Omi. Nori-no-Omi was naturalized in the reign of Emperor Ōjin, and his grandson Akuta had three sons: Miwa, Kaya, and Mari. In the reign of Emperor Kenzō, Miwa raised silkworms, wove thread, and presented pure silk, and for this he was granted the surname Tsuki-no-Obito. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) There was also the Kishi line, probably of the same kin. In the reign of Emperor Kinmei, Tsuki-no-Kishi Ikina died for his loyalty and honor in Silla. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Temmu there was Tsuki-no-Obito Ōmi, who later became a Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. For the Muraji surname, following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ On examination, the year and month in which the Muraji surname was granted are missing from the histories.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Tsuki-no-Muraji Ushikai, Ōi no Jō (Third-Rank Official of the Bureau of Palace Kitchens). (Note: following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents.) In the reign of Emperor Saga there was Tsuki-no-Obito Tomimaro, a man of Echi District in Ōmi Province. (Note: following the deed of the ninth year of Kōnin.) In the reign of Emperor Konoe there was Tsuki-no-Nariyasu, Zasshō (Miscellaneous Attendant). (Note: following the Kōji Daijōe Ki.) This too was probably of the same kin.

¶The Mizumi clan had the surname Muraji and was registered in Kawachi. They came from Nori-no-Omi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Mizumi-no-Hito Kiyonari, a Myōbu (court lady-official), and others were granted the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Tami clan had the surname Obito and was registered in Yamashiro. They shared a common ancestor with the Mizumi-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Kawachi-no-Tami-no-Obito Yasukomaro, Chūgū Shōjō (Junior Secretary of the Empress's Household). (Note: following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents.)

¶The Shiratori clan had the surname Sukuri and shared a common ancestor with the Tami-no-Obito. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Shiratori-no-Fuhito Oyuhito, Kyotō Reishi (Clerk of the Pottery Office). (Note: following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents.) This too was probably of the same kin.

¶The Shirahara clan came from the Shiratori clan. In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Shiratori-no-Sukuri Umahito, a man of the Right Capital, and Shiratori-no-Kurahito Hiro and more than twenty others were granted the surname Shirahara-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Ibe clan had the surname Miyatsuko and was registered in Yamashiro. They came from Nori-no-Omi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Matsuno clan had the surname Muraji and was registered in the Right Capital. They were descendants of Fuchai, King of Wu. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Kiyomura clan (Note: ○ the character for Kiyo is sometimes written with a different character.) was registered in the Left Capital and descended from Yuan Taotu of Chen. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Yuan Jinqing, Gembano-kami (Director of the Bureau of Buddhism and Foreign Guests), was granted the surname Kiyomura-no-Sukune. Jinqing was originally a man of Tang, who was naturalized after accompanying an embassy to Tang in the Tenpyō era. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō there was Kiyomura-no-Koremine, Shikibu Shōroku (Junior Recorder of the Ministry of Ceremonial). (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.)

¶The Harushina clan was a branch of the Kiyomura clan. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Kiyomura-no-Sukune Minamoto, a man of the Left Capital of Senior Seventh Rank Lower, submitted: "My father Yuan Changzhao came to court as an envoy in the Tenpyō-hōji era and, fortunately receiving favor, at last became a subject of the realm. Unfortunately I lost my father early and was raised by my maternal grandfather Jinqing. In accordance with the regulation of the eighteenth year of Enryaku, I have already made my origin clear. I humbly request that my name be changed to Harushina-no-Sukune Michinao." This was permitted. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Hata clan, the Koremune clan, the Asahara clan, the Tokihara clan, the Kagato clan, the Takao clan, the Kochi clan, the Yamamura clan, the Sakurada clan, the Mibayashi clan, the Nagaoka clan, and the Nara clan are all descendants of Ying Zheng of Qin (the First Emperor).

¶The Hata clan came from Prince Kōbu, a third-generation descendant of Zheng, ruler of Qin (the First Emperor). (Note: the name of the ruler of Qin is from the Shiji. ○ On examination, Kōman, a son of Kōbu, is said to have come to court in the eighth year of Emperor Chūai. Over four hundred years had already passed since the time of the First Emperor. To call Kōman a third-generation descendant is truly doubtful. In the Sandai Jitsuroku, Tokihara-no-Harukaze himself says that he is a descendant of Kōman, an eleventh-generation descendant of the First Emperor, and Hata-no-Nagahara too is said to be of the twelfth generation; this account seems closer to the truth. However, the other generation counts still contain doubtful points, so everything is here left as in the original text.) They had the surnames Sukune, Imiki, and Muraji (Note: the Muraji surname is from the Nihon Shoki.), Kimi, and Miyatsuko. There were also the surnames Uzumasa-no-Kimi-no-Sukune, Hata-no-Ōkura-no-Miyatsuko, and Hata-no-Ide-no-Imiki (Note: for the Ōkura-no-Miyatsuko, following the Nihon Shoki; for Ide, the Shoku Nihongi.), Hata-no-Nagakura-no-Muraji and Hata-hara-no-Kimi (Note: for Hata-hara-no-Kimi, following the Shoku Nihongi.), and Kadono-no-Hata-no-Miyatsuko and Enoichi-no-Hata-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: Kadono and Enoichi are from the Nihon Shoki.) Kōman, the son of Kōbu, came to court in the eighth year of Emperor Chūai. His son, Prince Yuzuki (Note: ○ one account writes this name as Yūzū), in the reign of Emperor Ōjin led the people of more than 120 districts in a naturalization and presented a variety of rare treasures. The Emperor approved of this and gave them the land of Wakigami in Asatsuma in Yamato to live in. Prince Yuzuki fathered Prince Shintoku, Prince Fudō (Note: ○ sometimes written Urahigashi-no-Kimi), Prince Unshi, and Prince Mura. In the reign of Emperor Nintoku the people of Qin were distributed among the provinces and made to raise silkworms, weave silk, and present it as tribute, to supply the Emperor's garments. The Emperor was pleased that the silk thread was so soft and suited the skin, and by edict granted Prince Fudō the surname Hada-no-Kimi. In the national language the skin is called "hada," and this is also the reading of the character for Hata. (Note: from "the skin" onward, the general sense of the Kogo Shūi has been taken.) Fudō's son Sake, in the reign of Emperor Yūryaku, submitted a memorial: "Now the people of Qin have all been taken by other clans, and those who remain are not even one in ten. We beg that you send envoys to inspect and gather them." Thereupon, by imperial order, a search was made, and 92 groups of more than 18,600 people were found, all of whom were placed under Sake. Sake led them to raise silkworms, plant mulberries, weave silk, and present it, and their baskets and chests of tribute were piled up like mountains. The Emperor was greatly pleased and specially granted Sake the title Utsumasa. This means that things were full and piled up and produced profit. Thereupon the people of Qin were put to work and an eight-jō-long great storehouse (Ōkura) was built beside the palace to store their tribute. It was at this time that officials of the Ōkura were first established, and Sake was made its chief. Though the Hata clan were descendants of one ancestor, they divided into many clans according to their places of residence and their duties. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kinmei, Hata-no-Ōtsuchi, a man of Kii District in Yamashiro Province, gained the Emperor's favor and was appointed to the office of the Ōkura. Thereupon more than 7,000 households of Qin people were gathered and entered in the registers, and Ōtsuchi was made their Tomo-no-Miyatsuko. Between the reigns of Empress Kōgyoku and Emperor Tenji, Kadono-no-Hata-no-Miyatsuko Kawakatsu and Enoichi-no-Hata-no-Miyatsuko Tagitsu were the most famous. In the eleventh year of Emperor Temmu, the Hata-no-Miyatsuko were granted the surname Muraji instead. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) The Sukune were registered in Kawachi and came from the line of Yuzuki. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Hata-no-Imiki Manaka, a man of the Left Capital who was Sadaishi (Senior Secretary of the Left), was granted the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) The Imiki were registered in the Left and Right Capitals and in the provinces of Yamashiro, Yamato, Settsu, Kawachi, and Izumi, and their lines were not one. Some came from Sake; some from Ōkura-no-Hata-no-Kimi Yukatsu, a fourth-generation descendant of Yuzuki, and from Nitera, a fifth-generation descendant; some came from Kōman; and some from Kawa-no-Hata-no-Kimi, a fifteenth-generation descendant of the ruler of Qin. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu, Hata-no-Muraji was granted the surname Imiki. In the reign of Empress Jitō, Hata-no-Miyatsuko Tsunade, of Senior Brocade Rank Upper (Daikinjō), was granted the surname Imiki. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Hata-no-Oyu, Udaishi (Senior Secretary of the Right), and more than 1,200 households of the same kin in the capital region were all granted the surname Imiki. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku; the general sense of the Shoku Nihongi has also been taken.) In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Hata-no-Suguri Koki-maro, a man of Yamato of Senior Eighth Rank Lower, Hata-no-Hito Hirotachi of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, a man of Nishinari District in Settsu Province, Hata-no-Nagata-no-Miyama, Danjō Shishō (Clerk of the Board of Censors), Hata-no-Kurahito Azanushi, Zōgū Chōjō (Permanent Official of the Palace Construction Office), Hata-no-Kabane Tsunamaro, a craftsman of the Tōdaiji construction, and others were all granted the surname Imiki. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Anakui-no-Azamaro, Governor of Tsushima, who had mistakenly taken his mother's surname, was granted anew the surname Hata-no-Imiki. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Mononobe-no-Hirohisa and others, men of Kadono District in Yamashiro Province, were granted the surname Hata-no-Imiki. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) At about the same time there were Hata-no-Imiki Nukamori, acting Senior District Magistrate of Kadono District, and Naotoyo, of the same surname, acting Junior District Magistrate. (Note: following the Tōji documents.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Hata-no-Koreue-nari, a man of Tado District in Sanuki Province who was Mimasaka no Jō (Third-Rank Provincial Official of Mimasaka), and others were granted the surname Imiki. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Kimi were registered in Kawachi and came from the line of Prince Kōtoku, a grandson of the ruler of Qin. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Hata-be-no-Fukue, a man of Sanuki of Junior Sixth Rank Upper, was granted the surname Kimi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) One branch of them was the Hata-no-Nakaie-no-Imiki. Their ancestor Hata-no-Kimi Irogu, in the reign of Empress Genmei, built the Inari Shrine in Kii District in Yamashiro Province (Note: following the Nenjū Gyōji Hishō and the Shoshin-ki.), and his descendants served for generations as shrine officials. Among their kindred were the Matsumoto, Ōnishi, Haraikawa, Hagura, Mōri, and other clans. (Note: following the Wakan Sansai Zue.) The Miyatsuko were registered in the Left Capital and came from the line of Yuzuki. The Uzumasa-no-Kimi-no-Sukune were registered in the Left Capital, and their line probably came from Sake. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Montoku, Hata-no-Imiki Nagamine, a man of Yamashiro who was Chūgū Shōzoku (Junior Clerk of the Empress's Household), was granted the name Uzumasa-no-Kimi-no-Sukune and changed his registration to the Right Capital. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Uzumasa-no-Kimi-no-Sukune Sukemasu, Bungo no Daimoku (Senior Clerk of Bungo). (Note: following the Tōji documents.) There was also an Imiki line: in the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Uzumasa-no-Kimi-no-Imiki Hamatoji-me, wet nurse of Emperor Saga, was granted the surname Kamino-no-Sukune. There were also the Uzumasa-no-Kimi (written with a variant character): in the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Hata-no-Shimojima-maro, of Senior Eighth Rank Lower, was granted the name Uzumasa-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Uzumasa-no-Kimi Yukiyasu. (Note: following the Tōji documents.) The Hata-no-Ōkura-no-Miyatsuko and the Hata-no-Ide-no-Imiki have both lost their lines. In the reign of Empress Saimei there was Hata-no-Ōkura-no-Miyatsuko Mari. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) There was also a Muraji line: in the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Hata-no-Ōkura-no-Muraji Michinari became Gembano-shōzoku (Junior Clerk of the Bureau of Buddhism and Foreign Guests). (Note: following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents. ○ In the old Tōdaiji documents there is a Hata-no-Kurahito Otogimi in the Tenpyō era, who seems to be of the same kin.) In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Ide-no-Ogata, a man of Toshima District in Settsu Province, and others were granted the surname Hata-no-Ide-no-Imiki. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) The Hata-no-Nagakura-no-Muraji were registered in the Left Capital and came from Yuzuki. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Empress Suiko there was Hata-no-Nagakura-no-Tamube. (Note: following the Kōryūji Raiyuki.) The Hata-hara-no-Kimi also came from Yuzuki. (Note: this descent is from the entry for Hata-no-Suguri in the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Hata-no-Suguri Kurashita and more than fifty others, men of Kagawa District in Sanuki Province, were granted the surname Hata-hara-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Echi-no-Hata Tomoyori, Shōshori (Junior Clerk) to the Minister of the Right Tadahira. (Note: following the Tōji documents.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Echi-no-Hata Yoshinori, Kazue no Shōzoku (Junior Clerk of the Bureau of Accounts). (Note: following the Geki Nikki.) In the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Echi-no-Hata-no-Kimi Hironori, Ōmi no Gon-no-Daijō (Provisional Senior Third-Rank Official of Ōmi). (Note: following the Chōya Gunsai.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Echi-no-Hata-no-Sukune Masayori, Iga no Gon-no-Jō (Provisional Third-Rank Official of Iga). (Note: following the Jimoku Taisei Shō.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Toba there was Echi-no-Hata Morikiyo, Ōmi no Jō (Third-Rank Official of Ōmi). (Note: following the Kikki.) These were probably all descendants of the Enoichi-no-Hata-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: ○ Enoichi and Echi are connected in sound and reading.) There were also the lines of Hata-no-Hito (Note: ○ sometimes written Obito or Hito), Hata-no-Suguri, Hata-no-Kamuri, Hata-no-Kabane, and Hata-no-Saki. (Note: for Hata-no-Saki, following the Shoku Nihongi.) Of the Hata-no-Hito, those registered in the Right Capital came from Sake, and those registered in Settsu came from Yuzuki. The Hata-no-Suguri were registered in Izumi and came from Yuzuki. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Hata-no-Mimi, a man of Settsu who was Uemon no Ishi (Physician of the Right Gate Guards) (Note: ○ Mi is sometimes written Nao), and Nakanushi and others were granted the surname Hata-no-Suguri. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) The Hata-no-Kamuri were registered in Yamashiro and came from Prince Hōjō, a fourth-generation descendant of the ruler of Qin. The Hata-no-Kabane were registered in Kawachi and came from Zennō-no-Kai-no-Kimi, a thirteenth-generation descendant of the ruler of Qin. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Hirohata-no-Ushikai, of Senior Seventh Rank Lower, was granted the surname Hata. (Note: ○ in the old Tōdaiji documents there is Hata-no-Hito-Hirohata-no-Ishitari and others in the reign of Emperor Shōmu, and this is based on that. Hata-no-Hito-Hirohata is also one surname.) The Hata-no-Saki have lost their line, and in the Tenpyō era there were Hata-no-Saki Hirohashi, Ōkura no Shōroku (Junior Recorder of the Treasury Bureau) (Note: following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents.), and Hata-no-Saki-no-Imiki Ōuo, Governor of Mikawa. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. For the Imiki surname, following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents.)

¶In general, the descendants of the Hata clan, in their branches and divisions, were truly many. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there were Hata-no-Kawabe-no-Kotojime, a woman of Atago District in Yamashiro Province, Hata-no-Kawabe-no-Imiki Nobumaro, Ōi no Suke (Assistant of the Bureau of Palace Kitchens), Hata-no-Takahashi-no-Etsume, a woman of the same district, and Takahashi-no-Imiki Tadoko, and also Hata-no-Tatsufu-no-Muraji Hiroshima, a Suruga Shishō (Clerk of Suruga), Hata-no-Oyake-no-Makitoko, a man of the Right Capital, Hata-no-Tsune-no-Imiki Yamatomaro, Kamori no Jō (Third-Rank Official of the Bureau of Housekeeping), and Akiba, of the same surname, a man of the Right Capital of Junior Initial Rank Upper, and these were probably all of the same kin. (Note: following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents.) Their main line lived for generations between Yamashiro and Tamba, and in later ages some served as officers of the Guards Headquarters (Efu) and some as officers of the musicians, all hereditarily holding those posts without a break for a long time. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki, the Shoku Nihongi, the Geki Nikki, and the Gakkaroku.) The descendants of Kawakatsu who lived in Tamba took Kawakatsu as their clan name. The Chōsokabe clan of Tosa also claims to be descended from Kawakatsu. (Note: following the Kan'ei Keizu and the Chōsokabe Keizu.)

¶The Koremune clan (Note: ○ also written with a different set of characters) came from the Hata clan. They had the surnames Ason and Sukune. In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Hata-no-Imiki Yoshiko, a man of the Right Capital who was Head of the Naikyōbō (Inner Dance Office), was granted anew the surname Koremune-no-Ason. His younger brother Yasuo and others were granted Koremune-no-Sukune. In the reign of Emperor Yōzei, Hata-no-Sukune Nagahara, a man of the Left Capital of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, stated: "Prince Kōman, a twelfth-generation descendant of the First Emperor of Qin, cherished a longing for the sacred court and sought to be naturalized, but was blocked by Silla. It happened that the imperial army was then calling its dependent state to account, and so he led his kin and was naturalized. We are his descendants." Thereupon, by imperial order, the surname Koremune-no-Ason was granted to Nagahara and to Hata-no-Kimi Naomune of Junior Fifth Rank Lower and more than ten others. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Naomune was versed in law and was appointed Myōbō Hakase (Professor of Law); his descendants held the post hereditarily for generations, and his great-great-grandson Masasuke was especially well known. In the reign of Emperor Ichijō he submitted a memorial and changed his surname to Koremune-no-Ason (written with a different character). (Note: following the Seiji Yōryaku, the Honchō Monzui, the Gōdanshō, and the Zoku Ōjōden.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Reizei there was Koremune-no-Ason (variant) Narito, Governor of Buzen. In the reign of Emperor Shirakawa there was Koremune Takayasu, the jitō of Usa, who was called Sō Hachidayū, and his kinsman Yoshitaka was called Sō Rokudayū. (Note: following the Usa Ōkagami.) In the reign of Emperor Toba, on a memorial from the Ministry of Ceremonial, Fujiwara-no-Ason Akisada was restored to his original surname of Koremune and appointed Shōroku (Junior Recorder). (Note: following the Chōya Gunsai.)

¶The Koremune clan later divided into the Shimazu, Hara, Sō, Jinbō, and other clans. (Note: following the Azuma Kagami, the Taiheiki, the Ōnin Ki, and the inscription on the divine mirror of the Kōzuke Karashina Shrine.) The Shimazu were the most famous, and their line came from Hirokoto, a son of Koremune-no-Motokoto, Governor of Hyūga. (Note: following the Sakusha Burui. ○ The Shimazu Kafu says that Hirokoto, Minbu-no-Taifu (Senior Assistant Minister of Popular Affairs), was a grandson of Sō Kamon Takakoto.) Hirokoto, while in the capital, had relations with Tango no Naishi, and they had Tadahisa. (Note: following the Yoshimi Keizu. ○ On examination, the Shimazu Kaden makes Tadahisa an illegitimate son of Minamoto-no-Yoritomo, but that account conflicts with the Azuma Kagami, the Sanchōki, the Jimoku Taisei Shō, and other works, so it is not adopted here. For details see the notes to the biography of Yoritomo.) In the reign of Emperor Konoe he was appointed Harima no Shōjō (Junior Third-Rank Official of Harima). (Note: following the Jimoku Taisei Shō.) Afterward he served the Konoe family and became jitō of its estate of Shimazu-no-Shō, and for this took the name as his clan name. (Note: following the Shimazu Monjo and the Shimazu Keizu.) Tadahisa's maternal grandmother, the nun Hiki, had once been the wet nurse of Minamoto-no-Yoritomo (Note: following the Yoshimi Keizu.), and therefore Tadahisa was able to rely on him and take refuge with him. (Note: following the Shimazu Monjo.) Yoritomo granted Tadahisa the post of shugo (military governor) of Hyūga, Ōsumi, and Satsuma, and appointed him Governor of Bungo. (Note: following the Shimazu Keizu.) Soon he was implicated in an affair and deprived of the shugo posts (Note: following the Azuma Kagami.), but afterward was restored as shugo of Satsuma. (Note: following the Shimazu Monjo.) Tadahisa's younger brother Tadasue became Governor of Wakasa at the beginning of the Genkyū era, and this is the Wakasa Shimazu clan. His son Tadatsune died in the Jōkyū disturbance. (Note: following the Wakasa Shugoshoku Shidai and the Shoke Keizu.) Tadahisa fathered Tadayoshi and Tadatsuna. Tadatsuna became Governor of Suō and was the founder of the Echizen Shimazu. Tadayoshi became Governor of Ōsumi and at one time privately changed his surname to Fujiwara. (Note: from "at one time" onward, following the Shimazu Monjo.) Tadayoshi fathered Tadatsugu, Hisatsune, and Hisatoki. Tadatsugu called himself Yamada. Hisatoki became the Asoya clan, and one branch of it comprises the Kibire, Machida, Ijūin, and other clans. Hisatsune fathered Tadamune and Tadanaga. Tadanaga called himself Isa. Tadamune called himself Koremune Shimotsuke-no-Kami and fathered Sadahisa. (Note: following the Shimazu Keizu. The use of the name Koremune is from the Shoku Senzai Wakashū.) At the beginning of the Restoration, he responded to Ashikaga Takauji and attacked Hōjō Hidetoki, winning distinction. By imperial order he was appointed shugo of Hyūga, Ōsumi, and Satsuma. (Note: following the Shimazu Monjo.) When Takauji rebelled, Sadahisa, with his sons Morohisa, Ujihisa, and others, sided with him. The Ashikaga clan's conquest of the nine provinces of Kyūshū owed much to their strength. (Note: following the Shimazu Monjo, the Aso Monjo, and the Shoke Keizu.) Morohisa became Kebiishi and governed Satsuma. Ujihisa became Governor of Echizen and governed Ōsumi. The world called them the Two Shugo. Ujihisa fathered Motohisa, who became shugo of Hyūga and Ōsumi. His son Hisatoyo governed Satsuma as well. (Note: from "Hyūga" onward, following the Shimazu Monjo.) Their descendants were for generations powerful houses of western Japan, and their branch families include the Niiro, Kabayama, Hongō, Suehiro, Ishizaka, Kawakami, and other clans. (Note: following the Shimazu Keizu.)

¶The Asahara clan came from the Hata clan. They had the surnames Sukune (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) and Imiki. In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Hata-no-Imiki Minotsukuri, a man of Kadono District in Yamashiro Province, and more than ninety others were granted anew the surname Asahara-no-Imiki. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ This work records at the same time an Asahara-no-Obito Masoimé; she too may be of the same kin. It is noted here for the time being.) In the reign of Emperor Saga, Asahara-no-Imiki Morosaka, a man of the Right Capital of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and Asahara-no-Imiki Mikami, a man of Yamashiro of Junior Initial Rank Lower, and others were granted the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Asahara-no-Sukune Okano, a man of Kadono District who was a physician to the Tang embassy, changed his registration to the Left Capital. At the same time Hata-no-Imiki Yasumaro, Ushō Shōzoku (Junior Clerk of the Right), and Hata-no-Sukune Seichio, a man of Kawachi District in Kawachi Province, and others were all granted Asahara-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Asahara-no-Sukune Arifu, Shoryō Gon-no-Shōjō (Provisional Junior Third-Rank Official of the Bureau of Imperial Tombs). (Note: following the Jimoku Taisei Shō.) In the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Asahara-no-Sukune Yotsune, Governor of Sado. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there were Asahara-no-Yohide, Inaba no Jō (Third-Rank Official of Inaba), and Asahara-no-Sukune Arimine, a man of the Right Capital of Senior Sixth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Geki Nikki. For Arimine, following the Tōji documents. ○ The Asahara-no-Ason in the Shūgaishō is probably of the same kin.)

¶The Tokihara clan came from the Hata clan. They had the surnames Ason and Sukune. In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Hata-no-Imiki Harukaze, a man of Kadono District in Yamashiro Province who was Zusho Daijō (Senior Third-Rank Official of the Bureau of Books), and Moronaga, of the same surname, who was Tajima no Shōsakan (Junior Clerk of Tajima), and others were granted anew the surname Tokihara-no-Sukune. In the reign of Emperor Kōkō, Harukaze was further granted the surname Ason. Harukaze himself stated that he was a descendant of Prince Kōman, an eleventh-generation descendant of the First Emperor. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Tokihara-no-Aritaira, Daigaku Shōzoku (Junior Clerk of the University). In the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Tokihara-no-Ason Nagatsura, Daigaku Jokyō (Assistant Instructor of the University). (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.)

¶The Kagato clan had the surname Omi and were a branch of the Hata clan. In the reign of Emperor Mommu, Hata-no-Ōe, a man of Bizen, was granted the surname Kagato-no-Omi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Takao clan had the surname Imiki and were registered in Kawachi. They came from Yuzuki. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Tera-no-Kiyomaro, a man of Takayasu District in Kawachi Province, was granted the surname Takao-no-Imiki. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Kochi clan (Note: ○ Ko is sometimes written with a different character, and Chi is also written with another) was registered in Yamato and descended from Huhai, a son of Zheng, ruler of Qin. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kinmei, the Kochibe were naturalized from Paekche and settled at Yamamura in Soenokami District in Yamato, and so their descendants were called the Yamamura-no-Kochibe. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. ○ This work calls the Kochibe men of Paekche, probably because they had lived in Paekche on their way.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Kochi-no-Arii. In the reign of the Deposed Emperor there was Kochi-no-Obinari. (Note: following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō, Kochi-no-Omi Nobuzane became Sagami no Jō (Third-Rank Official of Sagami). (Note: following the Jimoku Taisei Shō.) The Omi surname too was probably of the same kin.

¶The Yamamura clan had the surname Imiki and were registered in Yamato. They shared a common ancestor with the Kochi clan and came from the line of Kore-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Empress Shōtoku there was Yamamura-no-Kochi-no-Hitotari, Assistant Governor of Higo. In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Yamamura-no-Kochi-no-Ōtari, a man of the Left Capital, and others were granted the surname Yamamura-no-Imiki. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Ichijō there was Yamamura-no-Sukune Masanobu, a man awaiting appointment (San'i). (Note: following the Sakeiki.) These too were probably of the same kin. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ The Shoku Nihongi has, in the reign of the Deposed Emperor, a Yamamura-no-Omi Kibatsu, who may also belong to this kindred. It is noted here for the time being.)

¶The Sakurada clan had the surname Muraji and were registered in Yamato. They shared a common ancestor with the Kochi clan and came from the line of Prince Moroha. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Mibayashi clan had the surname Kimi and were registered in Yamato. They came from Moroha. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Sae-no-Obito Kimimaro, Ise no Daimoku (Senior Clerk of Ise), and others were granted the surname Mibayashi-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Nagaoka clan had the surname Imiki and were registered in Yamato. They came from Moroha. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) At first they were called Nara-no-Osa (interpreters). In the reign of Empress Suiko there was Nara-no-Osa Emyō. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Nara-no-Osa Kawachi, a man of the Left Capital of Junior Sixth Rank Lower, and others were granted anew the surname Nagaoka-no-Imiki. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ On examination, the readings of the two writings of Nara-no-Osa are interchangeable.)

¶The Nara clan too was a branch of the Hata clan. In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Hata-no-Imiki Nagano, a man of the Left Capital, and more than twenty others were granted anew the surname Nara-no-Imiki. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) There were also the Nara-no-Kochi, who shared a common ancestor with the Yamamura clan. In the reign of Emperor Ōjin there was Nara-no-Kochi-no-Kana, who lived in Kochi Village in Shikama District in Harima Province. (Note: following the Harima no Kuni Fudoki. ○ The readings of the two writings of Nara are interchangeable.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Nara-no-Kochi So-and-so, Ōkimi no Daisakan (Senior Secretary of the Office of the Ōkimi). (Note: following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents.) Among their kin was the Ōtaki clan. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Nara-no-Kochi Toyotsugu, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, a man of Kawabe District in Dewa Province, and others were granted the surname Ōtaki-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. ○ This work says they were descendants of men of Paekche, probably because they were naturalized from Paekche. For now they are set out here, to await later examination.)

¶The Fumi clan, the Kiyono clan, the Takefu clan, the Sakurano clan, the Koshi clan, the Kurusu clan, the Takamichi clan, the Hinokuma clan, the Shimo-no-Osa clan, the Kuwahara clan, and the Toyooka clan are all descendants of Liu Bang, ruler of Han.

¶The Fumi clan (Note: ○ sometimes written with a different character) was registered in the Left Capital. They came from Prince Ran, a distant descendant of Bang (Liu Bang), ruler of Han. They had the surnames Sukune and Imiki (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The name of the ruler of Han is from the Shiji.), and Muraji and Obito. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) Wang Gou, a descendant of Ran, wandered round to Paekche. His grandson Wani was widely versed in the classics and, answering a summons in the reign of Emperor Ōjin, came to court; he is the ancestor of the Kawachi-no-Fumi-no-Obito, that is, of the Nishi-no-Fumi clan. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki, the Kogo Shūi, and the Shoku Nihongi.) In the eleventh year of Emperor Temmu, the Fumi-no-Obito were granted the surname Muraji. In the thirteenth year, the Fumi-no-Muraji were granted the surname Imiki. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) The Imiki came from the line of Unako. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ The order of generations of Unako is missing.) In the reign of Empress Genmei, Fumi-be-no-Kōto, Kuromaro, and others were granted the surname Imiki. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Fumi-no-Imiki Otoototo, Sadaishi (Senior Secretary of the Left), and Takefu-no-Muraji Mazō, Harima no Shōsakan (Junior Clerk of Harima), and others stated: "The Fumi clan has two houses. The eastern Fumi have been called Atai, and the western Fumi have been called Obito, and this has been so from very long ago. Now the eastern Fumi have all been granted the surname Sukune, while the western Fumi still remain at the surname Imiki. We have fortunately encountered an enlightened age, and we beg that you will take the matter in hand and grant us too a splendid surname, to be a model for our descendants for ever." By edict the surname Sukune was granted to Otoototo, Mazō, and the others. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Fumi-no-Imiki Tsugutachi, a man of Kawachi of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, was granted the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Kiyono clan came from the Fumi clan. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Fumi-no-Imiki Toshinushi, a man of the Left Capital of Senior Seventh Rank Lower, and others were granted anew the surname Kiyono-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. ○ This work makes Toshinushi, Tsugutachi, and others descendants of men of Paekche, probably because Wani came from Paekche. Moreover, the Nihon Kōki has, in the reign of Emperor Kanmu, a Kiyono-no-Sukune Otoototo, and the Ruijū Kokushi has, in the reign of Emperor Saga, a Kiyono-no-Sukune Natsutsugu, which shows that this surname was not first granted at this time. Probably Otoototo was granted Fumi-no-Sukune in the reign of Emperor Kanmu and later granted this surname anew. But the Kōki has many gaps and there is no way to confirm it.) There was also an Ason surname. In the reign of Emperor Kōkō, Kiyono-no-Ason Miyao became Daigaku Jokyō (Assistant Instructor of the University). (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. ○ On examination, the Ason surname too was probably of the same kin, but the granting of the surname does not appear in the histories.)

¶The Takefu clan had the surname Sukune and were registered in the Left Capital. They came from Arako, a grandson of Wani. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ Ako is sometimes written Ka.) There was also a Muraji line, which at first was called Uma-no-Fuhito. In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Uma-no-Fuhito Masuhito, a man of Furuichi District in Kawachi Province of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and Kunihito, of the same surname, a man of the Right Capital of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, were granted anew the surname Takefu-no-Muraji. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Takefu-no-Muraji Mazō was granted the surname Sukune. There were also the Atsumi and Harusawa, two clans probably of the same kin. Uma-no-Fuhito Ebisuhito, a man of Furuichi District, and Nakanari, of the same surname, a man of the Right Capital, and others were granted the surname Atsumi-no-Muraji at the same time as Masuhito and the others. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ On examination, this work records that in the reign of Emperor Kanmu Geirō Hamakura (reading uncertain), a descendant of men of Paekche, a man of Atsumi District in Mino Province, was granted the surname Atsumi-no-Miyatsuko (written with a different character). Since the two writings of Atsu are read the same, perhaps he was granted this surname because he shared a common ancestor with the Uma clan. It is noted here for the time being. Also, some texts write the character Ro as Sei and the character Atsu as Mi, but these are probably errors.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Uma-no-Fuhito Manushi, Noto no Shishō (Clerk of Noto), and Sadanushi and others were granted the surname Harusawa-no-Fuhito. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. ○ This work makes Manushi and the others descendants of men of Paekche. That account is explained in the entry on the Kiyono clan.)

¶The Sakurano clan had the surname Obito and were registered in the Left Capital. They came from Arako. (Note: ○ the old Tōdaiji documents have, in the Tenpyō era, Sakura-no-Muraji Obito, Katamaro, and others, but their kin are unknown. They are therefore noted here.)

¶The Koshi clan (Note: ○ one account also writes this as Koshi with another character, and Ko is also written with a different one) had the surname Muraji, were registered in Kawachi and Izumi, and came from the descendants of Wani. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was the monk Gyōki, whose surname was Koshi-no-Fuhito (with the Koshi written as "Koshi" of Echigo), a man of Kubiki District in Echigo Province. (Note: following the Nihon Ryōiki.) These are precisely of this kindred, and in the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Koshi-no-Fuhito Wakugomaro, a man of Izumi of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and fifty-two others, were granted the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Kurusu clan had the surname Obito and were registered in the Right Capital. They came from the descendants of Wani. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Kurusu-no-Fuhito Tanemé, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Empress Kōken there was Kurusu-no-Fuhito Ōnari, Mino no Shōsakan (Junior Clerk of Mino) (Note: following the old Tōdaiji documents.), who was probably of the same kin. (Note: ○ the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents have, in the Taihō era, Kurusuta-no-Kimi Wakugome, a woman of Kurita Village in Mokusu District in Mino Province (Mino then written Mino with other characters), and her kin Hiromaro and others, but their origin is hard to establish. They are noted here for the time being.)

¶The Takamichi clan were registered in Kawachi and came from Fei, Prince of Qi, a son of Bang (Liu Bang), ruler of Han. They had the surnames Sukune and Muraji. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The Sukune surname is from the Shoku Nihon Kōki. ○ The Shūgaishō has Takamichi-no-Ason.) In the reign of Emperor Saga, Tamatsukuri-no-Taitsuri, a man of Kawachi, was granted the surname Takamichi-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Taitsuri changed to the Sukune surname and was conferred Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Hinokuma clan had the surname Suguri and were registered in the Right Capital. They came from Fei. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Shimo-no-Osa clan were registered in Kawachi and came from Fei. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Empress Jitō there was Shimo-no-Osa Moroda, of Shinkōsan rank. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Empress Genshō, Kawachi-no-Tehito Ōtari, of Junior Initial Rank Lower, was granted the surname Shimo-no-Osa. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Kuwabara clan came from Mantoku-no-Omi, a seventh-generation descendant of the ruler of Han. They had the surnames Sukune, Muraji, Kimi, Atai, Suguri, and Fuhito. The Sukune were registered in the Left Capital, the Atai in Yamato, and the Fuhito in Yamashiro and Settsu. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The Muraji surname is from the Nihon Shoki, and the Kimi and Suguri surnames from the Shoku Nihongi. ○ On examination, this work lists the Kuwabara-no-Fuhito of Yamashiro under the Koma-be, saying that they were descendants of Kankyō, a man of the Koma (Goguryeo) state. But the Kuwabara-no-Fuhito of Settsu who are said to be descendants of Mantoku are likewise listed under Koma. It is therefore clear that their origin is the same, and they are set out here. Also, the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents have, in the reign of Emperor Shōmu, a Kuwabara-no-Imiki So-and-so, Chūgū Shōroku (Junior Recorder of the Empress's Household), from which it follows that this kindred also had the Imiki surname.) In the reign of Emperor Temmu, Kuwabara-no-Suguri Kato, a personal physician of Chokukōshi rank, was granted the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. ○ On examination, the Shoku Nihongi says that in the reign of Emperor Mommu Kuwabara-no-Kato of the Inner Medicine Office was granted the surname Muraji. This seems a duplication and is doubtful, and one of the two works must contain an error.) In the reign of Empress Kōken, Kuwamura-no-Fuhito Toshitari, a man of Katsuragi-no-Kami District in Yamato Province, and more than ninety men and women, and Hitokatsu, of the same surname, a man of Kanzaki District in Ōmi Province, and more than 1,150 men and women, submitted a memorial that the surname Fuhito offended against the personal name of the Grand Chancellor (Fujiwara-no-Nakamaro): "Our ancestors, Ryū Gen'kō and his kin, were naturalized from Koma in the reign of Emperor Nintoku, and their descendants have divided into many surnames. We beg that the Fuhito surname be changed and that we be granted a single surname in common." Thereupon the surname Kuwabara-no-Atai was granted to the six kindreds of the Kuwabara-no-Fuhito, the Ōtomo-Kuwabara-no-Fuhito, the Ōtomo-no-Fuhito, the Ōtomo-be-no-Fuhito, the Kuwabara-no-Fuhito-be, and the Fuhito-be. Afterward, Kuwabara-no-Muraji Majima, a man of the Left Capital, Kuwabara-no-Suguri Ashitoko, a man of the Right Capital, and Okamaro and forty others of the same surname, men of Yamato, and Kuwabara-no-Atai Niimaro, Kunshi-no-Fuhito, and more than forty others, men of Asai District in Ōmi Province, were all granted the surname Kimi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) The Fuhito-be were registered in Settsu and descended from Han Shi Liu De, a man of Hancheng. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ Liu is sometimes written Ryū with another character.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there were Fuhito-be-no-Okishima and others, men of Tsuu District in Bitchū Province. (Note: following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Fuhito-be-no-Tadanori, Hyōbu Shōroku (Junior Recorder of the Ministry of Military Affairs). (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.)

¶The Toyooka clan had the surname Muraji and were registered in Yamato. They came from Isukumuji-no-Omi, a distant descendant of the ruler of Han. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) There was also a Sukune surname, and in the reign of Emperor Ninmyō Toyooka-no-Sukune Makuromaro was conferred Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Yōzei there was Toyooka-no-Sukune Tsugio, Dewa no Shōsakan (Junior Clerk of Dewa). (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. ○ On examination, the year and month of the change of surname are missing from both works.)

¶The Harui clan, the Kawachi clan, the Shimo clan, the Harutaki clan, the Takeoka clan, the Yato clan, the Tsunezumi clan, and the Takayasu clan are all descendants of Liu Xiu, ruler of Han.

¶The Harui clan had the surname Muraji and were registered in Kawachi. They came from Prince Shinkon, a seventh-generation descendant of Xiu (Emperor Guangwu), ruler of Han. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The name of the ruler of Han is from the Hou Han shu.)

¶The Kawachi clan had the surname Miyatsuko (Note: ○ one account writes it as Muraji) and were registered in the Left and Right Capitals. They came from Shinkon. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Shimo clan had the surname Suguri and were registered in the Left and Right Capitals. They came from Shinkon. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Empress Genshō, Kawachi-no-Tehito Tōsuzukuri Hiromaro, a man of Wakae District in Kawachi Province, was granted the surname Shimo-no-Suguri. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Karasu-no-Yasumaro, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, was granted the surname Shimo-no-Suguri. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Harutaki clan came from the Shimo-no-Suguri. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Shimo-no-Suguri Ujinari, a man of Kawachi who was Mino no Shōsakan (Junior Clerk of Mino), and Minaka and others were granted anew the surname Harutaki-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Yōzei there was Harutaki-no-Sukune Harutaka, Left Capital Shōzoku (Junior Clerk). (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Takeoka clan had the surname Fuhito and were registered in Kawachi. They shared a common ancestor with the Harui-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Yato clan had the surname Fuhito and were registered in Kawachi. They descended from Xuan, a grandson of Xiu, ruler of Han. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. For the grandson Xuan, following the Hou Han shu. ○ The Yato-no-Sukune of the Shūgaishō is probably this kindred with a changed surname.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Yato-no-Fuhito Hirotari, Shishō (Clerk) of the Mint Office. (Note: following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents.)

¶The Tsunezumi clan came from the Yato-no-Fuhito. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Yato-no-Fuhito Isomasu, Sanshi (Accountant) of the Bureau of Carpentry, and twenty others were granted anew the surname Tsunezumi-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ This work says they were descendants of men of Koma.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Tsunezumi-no-Narifuchi, Sakonoe no Shōjō (Junior Lieutenant of the Left Guards). (Note: following the Geki Nikki.)

¶The Takayasu clan shared a common ancestor with the Yato-no-Fuhito. Their line came from Prince Jindatsu. They had the surnames Sukune, Muraji, and Miyatsuko, and the Miyatsuko were registered in Kawachi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The Sukune surname is from the Sandai Jitsuroku, and the Muraji surname from the Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Fuhito-be-no-Azumahito, a man of Kawachi, and ninety-three others were granted the surname Takayasu-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Takayasu-no-Muraji Makasa. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Yōzei, Tsunezumi-no-Sukune Akio, a man of Takayasu District in Kawachi Province who was Hitachi Gon-no-Shōsakan (Provisional Junior Clerk of Hitachi), Muneo, of the same surname, junior district magistrate of that district, Yato-no-Fuhito Nomori, Kebiishi of Kawachi, and others stated: "Our ancestors came from Emperor Zhang of Han, and their descendant Takayasu-no-Kimi Yabe first established Takayasu District in the reign of the Emperor Ame-yorozu-toyohi (Emperor Kōtoku). Because Yabe and Yato are read alike in the national language, the surname Yato-no-Fuhito was granted. His distant descendant Sadakawa, of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and others were granted anew the surname Tsunezumi-no-Sukune in the Jōwa era. We humbly beg that the two surnames Yato and Tsunezumi be changed and the original surname restored." Thereupon, by imperial order, the surname Takayasu-no-Sukune was granted. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Takayasu-no-Sukune Tamemasa, of Senior Sixth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Chōya Gunsai.)

¶The Sakanoue clan, the Fumibe-no-Tani clan, the Tami clan, the Michi clan, the Hinokuma clan, the Hibara clan, the Fumi clan, the Yamaguchi clan, the Tsuki clan, the Ishiura clan, the Kuragaki clan, the Kaya clan, the Sata clan, the Unebi clan, the Uchikura clan, the Ōkura clan, the Kura clan, the Sakurai clan, the Hirata clan, the Ikenobe clan, the Hinade clan, the Kurusu clan, the Ashiya clan, the Tanba clan, the Wakae clan, the Kizu clan, the Kunimi clan, the Odani clan, the Nagao clan, the Takada clan, the Natsumi clan, the Tabe clan, the Inoue clan, the Kurehara clan, the Ishimura clan, the Hayashi clan, the Osaka clan, the Sakahito clan, the Aratai clan, the Osa clan, the Takamuku clan, the Kuratsukuri clan, and the Tadehara clan are all descendants of Liu Hong, ruler of Han.

¶The Sakanoue clan came from Prince Yan, a son of Hong (Emperor Ling), ruler of Han. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The name of the ruler of Han is from the Hou Han shu.) When Wei had already replaced Han, Achi-no-Omi, a grandson of Prince Yan, went out and settled in Daifang. In the reign of Emperor Ōjin, with his son Tsuga-no-Omi, he led the people of seven surnames and seventeen districts and was naturalized. They were granted Hinokuma Village in Takechi District in Yamato Province and lived there. Their kindred gradually multiplied and divided to live in the provinces of Settsu, Mikawa, Ōmi, Harima, Awa, and others. In the reign of Emperor Yūryaku, an edict gathered the Aya-be and fixed their Tomo-no-Miyatsuko, granting them the surname Atai. Because they lived east of the imperial city, they were called the Yamato-no-Aya-no-Atai, or the Eastern Aya (Yamato-no-Aya). (Note: ○ the character for Atai is written Hi-atai in the Sakanoue genealogy.) Tsuga fathered three sons: Yamaki, Shinu, and Nihaki. Their descendants divided into several tens of clans, but the Sakanoue clan, descended from Shinu, was the most famous. (Note: the general sense has been taken from the Nihon Shoki, the Shoku Nihongi, the Ryō no Gige, and the Shinsen Shōjiroku as quoted in the Sakanoue genealogy. ○ On examination, the passages of the Shinsen Shōjiroku quoted in the genealogy are all ones that do not appear in the present text. The work is quite detailed and is probably an old text, so it is adopted here.) They had the surnames Ō-Sukune (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.), Sukune, Ō-Imiki, and Imiki (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.), and Atai. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) The Ō-Sukune were registered in the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kinmei there was Yamato-no-Aya Sakanoue-no-Atai Komaro. In the Jinshin disturbance, Sakanoue-no-Atai Kunimaro, and Kumake and Oyu of the same surname, all followed Emperor Temmu and won merit. In the tenth year, the Yamato-no-Aya-no-Atai were granted the surname Muraji. In the thirteenth year, the whole kindred were granted in addition the surname Imiki. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. The point about the whole kindred is from the Shinsen Shōjiroku as quoted in the Sakanoue genealogy.) In the reign of the Deposed Emperor, Sakanoue-no-Imiki Inukai, a grandson of Oyu and Governor of Yamato, was celebrated for his valor and fathered Karitamaro. In the Tenpyō-hōji era he was specially granted the surname Ō-Imiki. Ishimura-no-Suguri Ishitate, a man of the Left Capital of their kindred who was Gaiei Shōgen (Captain of the Outer Guards), and Oshinawa, of the same surname, a man of Hekikai District in Mikawa Province, and more than ten others, were granted the surname Sakanoue-no-Imiki. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Karitamaro, Commander of the Right Gate Guards, submitted a memorial: "Our ancestor was Prince Achi, a great-grandson of Emperor Ling of Han. When the fortunes of the state had already shifted, he went out and settled in Daifang. Hearing that a sage ruler was in the east, he led his kindred and was naturalized. He then asked that envoys be sent, and summoned the men and women of Daifang and made them all subjects of the realm. The Han people of the provinces today are precisely their descendants. I, Karitamaro, have lost the pride of my ancestors' royal line and have been content with the lowly surname of the common people. I beg that the Imiki surname be changed and that I be granted anew the surname Sukune." This was permitted. Thereupon the ten Imiki surnames of Sakanoue, Uchikura, Hirata, Ōkura, Fumi, Tsuki, Fumibe-no-Tani, Tami, Sata, and Yamaguchi were all changed to Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) Karitamaro's son Ō-Sukune Tamuramaro was born in the Tamura estate in Mutsu Province (Note: from "was born" onward, following the Sakanoue genealogy and the Kamakura Ōzōshi.), became a meritorious subject of the Enryaku era, and rose in office to Dainagon (Major Counselor). (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Sakanoue-no-Imiki Toyoo, a man of the Right Capital awaiting appointment and holder of the Ninth Order of Merit, was granted anew the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Sakanoue-no-Imiki Yoshifumi, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, a man of the Left Capital, and Kurahito Sadano and others were all granted the surname Sakanoue-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Tamuramaro had already pacified the Emishi, and his awesome name was widely heard. Many of his descendants became governors and assistant governors of Mutsu and Dewa and commanders of the Pacification Headquarters (Chinju Shōgun). (Note: following the Nihon Kōki and the Sakanoue genealogy.) Tamuramaro's third son Kiyono became Inspector (Azechi) of Mutsu and Dewa and fathered Uchino, whom he settled in Mutsu. Uchino's grandson Kotetsu called himself of the Tamura clan and served for generations as steward of the Tamura estate. A sixteenth-generation descendant of Kotetsu was Terusada, Ukyō no Daibu (Master of the Right Capital Office). During the period of the Northern and Southern Courts he attached himself to Minamoto-no-Akiie and served the Emperor loyally. (Note: following the Tamura Kafu and the Kamakura Ōzōshi.) Norimasa, an eighth-generation descendant of Kiyono, took the Nakahara name (Note: for his taking the Nakahara name, following the Chōya Gunsai and the Nakahara genealogy.), became Myōbō Hakase (Professor of Law), and his descendants held that office hereditarily for generations. His great-grandson Akimoto became Shōhangan (Junior Judge) in the reign of Emperor Takakura, and he too took the Nakahara name. (Note: from "Takakura" onward, following the petition of Isobe Nobusada.) Masatō, a fifth-generation descendant of Masano, Kiyono's younger brother and Jibu no Taifu (Senior Assistant Minister of Civil Administration), lived in Kureba in Toshima District in Settsu Province. Among his descendants were the Shōya, Murachi, and other clans. Shigeno, Masano's younger brother, lived in Adachi District in Mutsu Province and became a powerful family for generations. They were styled the Sakanoue band. Of Hiroo, Shigeno's younger brother and Ukonoe Shōgen (Captain of the Right Guards), the descendants lived in Kii, and there are the Ikuji, Ōga, and other kindred. In the Genkō and Kenmu periods, Ikuji Tadazumi and his son Yasuzumi both attached themselves to Kusunoki Masashige and repeatedly won distinction in battle. (Note: from "Genkō" onward, following the Kii Meisho Zue.) Besides these, there were the Musha clan in Kazusa, the Sōsa clan in Shimōsa, and the Nuttari clan in Echigo, all kindred of the Sakanoue clan. (Note: following the Sakanoue genealogy.)

¶The Fumibe-no-Tani clan had a line that came from Yamaki. They had the surnames Sukune and Imiki (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku as quoted in the Sakanoue genealogy. The Sukune surname is from the Shoku Nihongi.), and Atai. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, the Fumibe-no-Tani-no-Imiki were granted anew the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Fumibe-no-Tani-no-Atai Hiramaro, a man of Otokuni District in Yamashiro Province who was Naizen Tenzen (Steward of the Palace Kitchen), and others changed their registration to the Left Capital. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) There were also the surnames Tani-no-Sukune, Tani-no-Imiki, and Tani-no-Atai. The Sukune were registered in the Right Capital, and their line came from Ushi, a fourth-generation descendant of Tsuga. The Atai were registered in Yamashiro and came from Prince Shiken of Han. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The Imiki surname is from the Nihon Kōki. ○ On examination, the Shinsen Shōjiroku as quoted in the Sakanoue genealogy says that the Tani-no-Sukune came from Yamaki. According to this, the Tani-no-Sukune and the Fumibe-no-Tani clan both came from Ushi, and were probably descendants of Yamaki. The origin of Prince Shiken is not clear, but since he belonged to the Han kindred, he is set out here.)

¶The Tami clan had the surnames Sukune and Imiki and came from Yamaki. Some of their kindred also lived in Ise. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku as quoted in the Sakanoue genealogy. The Sukune surname is from the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Ayahito-be-no-Otori, a man of Iitaka District in Ise Province, and others were granted the surname Tami-no-Imiki. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, they were granted the surname Sukune together with the various Sakanoue clans. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Montoku, the Tami-no-Imiki, together with the Imiki of Uchikura, Hirata, Yamaguchi, Fumi, Ōkura, Hinokuma, and Tani, were changed anew to Imiki (written with different characters). (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Tami-no-Sukune Toyosato, Assistant Governor of Noto. (Note: following the Jimoku Taisei Shō.)

¶The Michi clan were registered in the Right Capital and shared a common ancestor with the Sakanoue clan. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku as quoted in the Sakanoue genealogy. They are held to be descendants of Yamaki.) They had the surnames Sukune and Imiki (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The Imiki surname is from the Shoku Nihongi.) and Atai. In the reign of Emperor Temmu there was Michi-no-Atai Masuhito. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Michi-no-Imiki Izumimaro was granted the surname Sukune. There was also the surname Fumibe-no-Michi-no-Imiki, probably of the same kin. In the reign of Empress Genshō there was Fumibe-no-Michi-no-Imiki Ishikatsu, Urushibe Reishi (Clerk of the Lacquer Office), whose sons Ojimaro, Azumaro, and others appear in the Kōshi-den (Biographies of Filial Sons). (Note: ○ the character for Fumi is written in this work in one place as another character, and again as yet another, but both are probably errors. It is provisionally fixed here as Fumi.) In the reign of the Deposed Emperor there was Fumibe-no-Michi-no-Imiki Namikura. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Hinokuma clan had the surname Imiki and were registered in Settsu. They came from the descendants of Achi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Sakanoue-no-Ō-Imiki Karitamaro petitioned: "Our ancestor Achi-no-Omi was naturalized in the reign of Emperor Ōjin, who ruled the realm from the Karushima Toyoakari Palace, and was granted Hinokuma Village in Takechi District in Yamato Province, and lived there. Ever since, the Hinokuma-no-Imiki kindred have occupied and lived in this district, and other surnames are only one or two in ten. In the Tenpyō era, Tami-no-Imiki Oshihi explained its origin. Thereupon Kuragaki-no-Imiki Yakamaro, Kura no Shōzoku (Junior Clerk of the Treasury), was appointed junior district magistrate, and soon was transferred to be senior district magistrate. Further, Kaya-no-Imiki Komushi was made junior district magistrate. In the Jingo era, Fumi-no-Yamaguchi-no-Imiki Kimimaro was appointed senior district magistrate, but today these men have not necessarily passed their posts to their descendants. Three lines have been appointed in turn, and four generations have passed down to the present. We beg that the Hinokuma-no-Imiki be appointed district officials of this district." By imperial order: "Without examining the order of pedigree, appointment as district officials is permitted." (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ On examination, the Shinsen Shōjiroku as quoted in the Sakanoue genealogy says that of the three sons of Tsuga, the eldest, Yamaki, was the ancestor of the elder-brother branch, the next, Shinu, was the ancestor of the middle branch, and the next, Nihaki, was the ancestor of the younger-brother branch. The Hinokuma-no-Atai came from Yamaki, the Kuragaki-no-Imiki and the Kaya-no-Imiki came from Shinu, and the Fumi-no-Yamaguchi-no-Imiki came from Nihaki. The so-called Three Branches probably refers to this.) In later times they probably changed to the Sukune surname. In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Hinokuma-no-Sukune Tadaaki, Udaishi (Senior Secretary of the Right). (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō. ○ The Nihon Shoki has, in the reign of Emperor Yūryaku, Hinokuma-no-Tami-no-Tsukai Hakatoko, and the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents have, in the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Hinokuma-no-Tami-no-Tsukai-no-Obito Shizumeme, a woman of Atago District in Yamashiro Province; perhaps both belonged to this kindred. They are noted here for the time being.)

¶The Hibara clan had the surname Sukune and were registered in the Right Capital. They came from Yamaki. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku and the Shinsen Shōjiroku as quoted in the Sakanoue genealogy. ○ The Shinsen Shōjiroku says they were descendants of the Tsuga-no-Atai and the Tsugate-no-Atai, but there seem to be omissions and errors.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Hibara-no-Sukune Sukizukuri (reading uncertain), who was conferred Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Hibara-no-Koremochi, Toneri (Attendant). (Note: following the Geki Nikki.)

¶The Fumi clan were registered in the Right Capital and came from Nihaki. They had the surnames Sukune and Imiki (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. That they came from Nihaki is from the Shinsen Shōjiroku as quoted in the Sakanoue genealogy; the Sukune surname is from the Shoku Nihongi.), and Muraji and Atai, and at first were called the Yamato-no-Aya Fumi-no-Atai. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) They are precisely the Eastern Fumi clan. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) Some of their kindred also lived in Yamato and Kii. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku as quoted in the Sakanoue genealogy.) In the ninth year of Emperor Temmu, Fumi-no-Atai Chitoku was granted the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, the Imiki surname was granted anew as Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Yamaguchi clan came from Nihaki. They had the surnames Ason, Sukune, Imiki, and Atai. The Ason were registered in the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. That they came from Nihaki is from the Shinsen Shōjiroku as quoted in the Sakanoue genealogy; the Ason surname is from the Shoku Nihon Kōki, the Imiki surname from the Shoku Nihongi, and the Atai surname from the Nihon Shoki.) The Sukune were also registered in the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kōtoku there was Yamato-no-Aya-no-Yamaguchi-no-Atai Ōkuchi. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. ○ The halo inscription of the Two Guardian Statues of Hōryūji has Yamaguchi-no-Ōkuchi-no-Atai, and this is the same man.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Yamaguchi-no-Imiki Ietari was granted the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Saga, Yamaguchi-no-Imiki Morotari, a man of the Right Capital of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, was granted the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Yamaguchi-no-Imiki Toyomichi, a man of the Right Capital who was Ushōshi (Junior Secretary of the Right), and Okumichi, of the same surname, Satsuma no Sakan (Clerk of Satsuma), and others were granted the surname Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) There were also the Fumi-no-Yamaguchi-no-Imiki, whose line was likewise the same.

¶The Tsuki clan came from Nihaki. They had the surnames Sukune and Imiki. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku as quoted in the Sakanoue genealogy. The Sukune surname is from the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Empress Jitō there was Tsuki-no-Imiki Oyuhito. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, the Imiki surname was changed to Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Ishiura clan had the surname Imiki and were registered in Settsu. They came from the descendants of Achi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ The Shinsen Shōjiroku as quoted in the Sakanoue genealogy makes Shida, a son of Shinu, the ancestor of the main clan.) In the reign of Emperor Junna there was Ishiura-no-Imiki Mizunao, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.)

¶The Kuragaki clan (Note: ○ also written with other characters) had a line that came from Tone, a son of Shinu. They had the surname Imiki (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku as quoted in the Sakanoue genealogy.), and Muraji and Atai. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Temmu there was Kuragaki-no-Atai Maro. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Mommu, Kuragaki-no-Atai Konohito, Chikara no Suke (Assistant of the Bureau of Taxation), was granted the surname Muraji, and later changed it to Imiki. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Kuragaki-no-Akizane, Ukonoe Shōgen (Captain of the Right Guards). (Note: following the Geki Nikki.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Sanjō there was Kuragaki-no-Sukune Nagakiyo, Izu no Jō (Third-Rank Official of Izu). (Note: following the Jimoku Taisei Shō.) These were probably all of the same kin.

¶The Kaya clan had the surnames Sukune and Imiki, and both came from Nukate, a grandson of Shinu. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku as quoted in the Sakanoue genealogy.) In the reign of Empress Jitō there was Kaya-no-Imiki Kima. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Kaya-no-Imiki Kiyotari, of Junior Seventh Rank Lower, was granted the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Sata clan were registered in the Right Capital. They came from Menko, a third-generation descendant of Tsuga. They had the surname Sukune (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) and Imiki. In the reign of Emperor Mommu, Sata-no-Imiki Oyu was conferred Junior Fifth Rank Lower. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, the Sata-no-Imiki were granted the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Sata-no-Yoshichika, Saeji no Sakan (Clerk of the Left Gate Guards). (Note: following the Geki Nikki.)

¶The Unebi clan had the surname Sukune and were registered in the Right Capital. They came from Ōhito, a third-generation descendant of Tsuga. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ On examination, Ushi, Usako, and Ōhito are all alike in sound and reading and must surely be the same man. Only the number of generations differs somewhat, and probably one of the two accounts contains an error. Further, the Shinsen Shōjiroku as quoted in the Sakanoue genealogy says that Tone, a son of Shinu, was the ancestor of the Unebi-no-Sukune. According to this, Ōhito was perhaps a descendant of Tone.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Unebi-no-Sukune Kiyonaga, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ The Ruijū Kokushi writes Unebi with different characters, and Kiyo is also written with another character.)

¶The Uchikura clan were registered in the Right Capital, and their line came from Azumahito, a fourth-generation descendant of Tsuga. They had the surnames Ason, Sukune, and Imiki. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The Ason surname is from the Montoku Jitsuroku, and the Imiki surname from the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) Across the reigns of Emperors Richū and Yūryaku, the Uchikura (Inner Storehouse) and Ōkura (Great Storehouse) were built one after the other to hold the tribute silk of the provinces, and the two clans of the Eastern Fumi and Western Fumi were made to inspect their registers. Thereupon the surnames Uchikura and Ōkura were granted to the Han clans, making the two clans of Uchikura and Ōkura. (Note: following the Kogo Shūi.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Uchikura-no-Imiki Hidetsugu, a man of the Left Capital who was Dai-geki (Senior Secretary of the Council of State), was granted the surname Sukune, and Ito-no-Imiki Morotari, Yamaguchi-no-Imiki Nagatsugu, Ōkura-no-Sukune Otsugu, Ōkura-no-Imiki Tsuginaga, and Hibara-no-Sukune Toshimichi, twelve men and women of the Right Capital in all, were together granted anew the surname Uchikura-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. ○ This work records that at the same time Uchikura-no-Sukune Kageko and Uchikura-no-Sukune Takamori were granted Uchikura-no-Sukune. But Takamori and the others were already Sukune, so they could not have been granted it again. The text below records Uchikura-no-Ason Takamori, so perhaps Takamori was at this time specially granted the Ason surname and this work mistakenly wrote Sukune. It is noted for the time being for examination.) In the reign of Emperor Montoku, Tami-no-Imiki Kuninari, Takumi Shōzoku (Junior Clerk of the Bureau of Artisans), was granted the surname Uchikura-no-Ason. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Uchikura-no-Ason Koreyori, Governor of Awaji. (Note: following the Geki Nikki.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Uchikura-no-Aritaka, Tonomo no Kami (Director of the Palace Grounds Office). In the reign of Emperor Sanjō there was Uchikura-no-Chitake, Banchō (Watch Captain). (Note: following the Shōyūki.) In the reign of Emperor En'yū, Takayasu-no-Muraji Sachū, Ushōshi (Junior Secretary of the Right), petitioned to change his surname to Uchikura-no-Ason. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) The Takayasu clan were in fact descendants of Xiu, ruler of Han. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Horikawa there was Uchikura-no-Sukune Kuratake, Nagato no Shōsakan (Junior Clerk of Nagato). (Note: following the Jimoku Taisei Shō.) These were probably all of the same kin.

¶The Ōkura clan had the surnames Ason, Sukune, and Imiki (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi and the Shoku Nihon Kōki. The Ason surname is from the Zatsugen Hōwa.), and Atai. In the Jinshin disturbance, Ōkura-no-Atai Hirosumi followed Emperor Temmu. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Ōkura-no-Imiki Yokohaki, a man of the Left Capital who was Assistant Governor of Kii, was granted the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Ōkura-no-Imiki Hirokatsu (written Imiki with other characters) was granted the surname Sukune. Yoshiyuki, of the same surname, became distinguished for his learning in letters and was granted anew the surname Ason. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. From "Yoshiyuki" onward, following the Zatsugen Hōwa.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku, Ōkura-no-Ason Harusane, Governor of Tsushima, defeated Fujiwara-no-Sumitomo and won distinction. His grandson Tanetoki was appointed Dazai no Daigen (Senior Secretary of the Dazaifu), won merit in battle in the Jurchen disturbance, and his descendants for generations held offices of the Dazaifu. (Note: following the Ōkura genealogy.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Reizei there were Ōkura-no-Chikazu, senior district magistrate of Hita District in Buzen Province, and Ōkura-no-Ason Nagaaki, a man awaiting appointment. (Note: following the Usa Ōkagami.) Tanenao (Note: ○ Nao is sometimes written Nari), a great-grandson of Tanetoki, held the Akizuki estate in Yasu District in Chikuzen Province in the Juei era, and his descendants became the Akizuki clan. (Note: following the Kan'ei Keizu.) Among their kindred are the Harada, Tajiri, and other clans. (Note: following the Ōkura genealogy.)

¶The Kura clan had the surname Hito (Note: ○ Kurahito is also written Kuramori, or Kura-no-Fuhito) and were registered in Settsu. They came from the descendants of Achi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of the Deposed Emperor there was Kura-no-Obito Osumi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Saga there was Kurahito Nenushi, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) There was also a Fuhito surname: in the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Kura-no-Fuhito-no-Ason Tsugu, a man of Furuichi District in Kawachi Province who was Moku no Daisakan (Senior Clerk of the Bureau of Carpentry), transferred his registration to the Right Capital Office. In the reign of Emperor Yōzei there was Kura-no-Fuhito Miyao, Daigaku Jokyō (Assistant Instructor of the University). (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. ○ On examination, the Right Capital Ayabito-be entry of the Shinsen Shōjiroku has Kurahito (written with different characters), said to be descendants of Aso-no-Omi. Since the two writings of Kurahito are read alike, they are probably the same surname. Aso is probably an error for Achi.)

¶The Sakurai clan had the surname Sukune and were registered in the Right Capital. They came from Azumahito. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Sakurai-no-Sukune Moriaki, a student of law (Myōbō Tokugōshō). (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) In the reign of Emperor Toba there was Sakurai-no-Sukune Matsue, Bingo no Daimoku (Senior Clerk of Bingo), of Junior Seventh Rank Upper. (Note: following the Jimoku Taisei Shō.)

¶The Hirata clan (Note: ○ also written with another character for Hira) were registered in the Right Capital, and their line came from Shikobu, a fourth-generation descendant of Tsuga. They had the surname Sukune (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ On examination, the Shinsen Shōjiroku as quoted in the Sakanoue genealogy says that the Hirata-no-Sukune and the Imiki both came from Yamaki. According to this, Shikobu was perhaps a descendant of Yamaki.) and Imiki. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Hirata-no-Imiki Tsuemaro, of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, was granted the surname Sukune. There was also Ue-no-Imiki Otomaro, and both were granted the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ The character is read Ue; one text has an additional character below it, but this is probably superfluous.) The Ue clan were probably of the same kin as the Tami clan. (Note: ○ On examination, this work records that at the same time Michi-no-Imiki and Kaya-no-Imiki were likewise granted the surname Sukune. It appears above that the Michi clan and the Kaya clan were both of the same kin as the Hirata clan. But the Ue-no-Imiki are not recorded in the Shinsen Shōjiroku and cannot now be examined. However, since they were granted the same surname together at the same time, they were surely not a separate kindred. They are therefore attached here for the time being.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Ue-no-Imiki Koobito, a man of the Right Capital who was Head Craftsman of the construction of Shimotsuke Yakushiji. (Note: following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents.) In the reign of Empress Shōtoku there was Ue-no-Imiki Ikuha, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) He was probably an ancestor of Otomaro. (Note: ○ The Nihon Shoki has, in the reign of Emperor Temmu, Uhe-no-Atai Yumi, a man of Yoshino; since Uhe and Ue are connected in sound and reading, perhaps he too was of the same kin.)

¶The Ikenobe clan had the surname Atai and were registered in Izumi. They shared a common ancestor with the Sakanoue clan. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Bidatsu there was Ikenobe-no-Atai Mita. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. ○ Mi is sometimes written with another character.)

¶The Hinade clan and the Kurusu clan both had the surname Atai and were registered in Izumi. The Ashiya-no-Ayahito clan were registered in Settsu. All came from the descendants of Achi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Tanba clan had the surname Fuhito and were registered in the Left Capital. Their line came from Prince Kōnichi, an eighth-generation descendant of Hong (Emperor Ling), ruler of Han. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) There were also the two surnames Sukune and Ason, which came from Tsuga. In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Tanba-no-Sukune Mineyuki, Sadaishi (Senior Secretary of the Left). (Note: from "Daigo" onward, following the Saigūki.) In the reign of Emperor En'yū, Tanba-no-Yasuyori, a man of Amata District in Tanba Province, was by his skill in medicine made Professor of Medicine and Acupuncture and was granted the surname Sukune. His grandson Tadaaki was also skilled in medicine, became Tenyaku-no-kami (Director of the Bureau of Medicine), and was granted anew the surname Ason. His descendants passed on the art, and in every generation men of renown appeared. (Note: following the Tanba genealogy.)

¶The Wakae clan had the surname Miyatsuko and were registered in the Right Capital. They came from Chō Anriki, a Nasotsu, a distant descendant of Hong (Emperor Ling), ruler of Han. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Heizei, Wakae-no-Miyatsuko Ietsugu became Tenyaku no Jō (Third-Rank Official of the Bureau of Medicine). (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Wakae-no-Yoshikuni, Uemon no Fushō (Clerk of the Right Gate Guards). (Note: following the Geki Nikki.) In the reign of Emperor Reizei there was Wakae-no-Tamenori, a student of mathematics. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Sanjō there was Wakae-no-Sukune Yorimichi, Sanuki Gon-no-Shōjō (Provisional Junior Third-Rank Official of Sanuki). (Note: following the Jimoku Taisei Shō.) He too was probably of the same kin. In the reign of Emperor Horikawa there was Wakae-no-Tsugutō. (Note: following the Geki Nikki.)

¶The Kizu clan had the surname Imiki and were registered in the Left Capital. They came from the descendants of Achi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) At first they were called Yamato-no-Aya-no-Imiki Kizu. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Yamato-no-Aya-no-Imiki Kizu Yoshihito stated: "As descendants of Prince Achi, we have been granted the surname Imiki. It ought properly to be written Yamato-no-Aya Kizu-no-Imiki, but has been mistakenly written Yamato-no-Aya-no-Imiki Kizu. Moreover the characters are complicated and inconvenient. We beg to drop the characters Yamato-no-Aya and be called simply Kizu." This was permitted. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Murakami there was the monk Ryōgen, of the Kizu clan, a man of Asai District in Ōmi Province. (Note: following the Tendai Zasuki.) He too was probably of the same kin.

¶The Kunimi clan had the surname Imiki and came from Yamaki. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku as quoted in the Sakanoue genealogy. ○ On examination, the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents record the household register of the fifth year of Tenpyō for Kunimi-no-Imiki Otomaro of the Eighth Ward of the Right Capital, from which it is clear that this kindred too were registered in the capital.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Kunimi-no-Imiki Katsumaro. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Kunimi-no-Imiki (written Imiki with other characters) Yoshimune, Hangandai (Deputy Judge) of the Retired Emperor Yōzei's household. (Note: following the Tōji documents.) In the reign of Emperor Kazan there was Kunimi-no-Nakayori, Ushishi (Clerk of the Right). (Note: following the Geki Nikki.)

¶The Odani clan had the surname Imiki and came from Yamaki. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku as quoted in the Sakanoue genealogy.) In the reign of Empress Shōtoku there was Odani-no-Atai Iyori, a man of Yatsushiro District in Kai Province, who was probably also of the same kin. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Nagao clan had the surnames Imiki and Atai and came from Yamaki. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku as quoted in the Sakanoue genealogy. The Atai surname is from the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Temmu there was Nagao-no-Atai Masumi. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Kōnin there was Nagao-no-Imiki Kanamura, Governor of Iga. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Nagao-no-Motoo, Toneri (Attendant). (Note: following the Geki Nikki.)

¶The Takada clan had the surname Imiki and came from Yamaki. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku as quoted in the Sakanoue genealogy.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō there was Takada-no-Sukune Yakamori, Assistant Governor of Echigo, whose original surname was Imiki. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi and the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Natsumi clan had the surname Imiki and came from Yamaki. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku as quoted in the Sakanoue genealogy.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Natsumi-no-Kanamura, Shuchō (Chief Clerk) of Iga. (Note: following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents. ○ The name of the district is missing from this work. Also, the Natsumi listed in the Ason section of the Shūgaishō may be this kindred.)

¶The Tabe clan had the surname Imiki and came from Asona, a son of Shinu. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku as quoted in the Sakanoue genealogy.) In the reign of Empress Shōtoku there was Tabe-no-Atai Okimaro, Governor of Iki Island, who was also probably of the same kin. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Inoue clan had the surname Imiki and came from Shida, a son of Shinu. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku as quoted in the Sakanoue genealogy.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Inoue-no-Imiki Maro. In the reign of Empress Shōtoku there was Inoue-no-Imiki (written Imiki with other characters) Naotsugu. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. ○ Nao is sometimes written with another character.) There was also an Atai surname, probably of the same kin. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Inoue-no-Atai Ushikai became Kazue no Kami (Director of the Bureau of Accounts). (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ The Inoue-no-Sukune of the Shūgaishō is surely this kindred. Also, the Nihon Shoki has, in the reign of Emperor Kōtoku, an Inoue-no-Kimi, who was probably of a different kindred from this one. The Shoku Nihongi records that in the reign of Empress Shōtoku Amao-no-Yukimaro, a man of Settsu, was granted the surname Inoue-no-Muraji (written with a variant character), but since his kindred too are unknown, he is noted here together with the others.)

¶The Kurehara clan had the surname Imiki and came from Shida. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku as quoted in the Sakanoue genealogy.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Kurehara-no-Imiki Momotari, Satsuma no Sakan (Clerk of Satsuma). (Note: following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents.)

¶The Ishimura clan had the surname Imiki and came from Shida. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku as quoted in the Sakanoue genealogy.) In the reign of Empress Kōken there was Iware-no-Imiki (written Imiki with other characters) Morokimi, of Senior Seventh Rank Upper. (Note: following the Man'yōshū. ○ On examination, Ishimura and Iware are connected in reading.)

¶The Hayashi clan had the surname Imiki, were registered in Yamato and Kawachi, and came from Ara, a son of Shinu. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku as quoted in the Sakanoue genealogy.) There was also an Atai surname, probably of the same kin. In the reign of Emperor Ōtomo (Emperor Kōbun) there was Osaka-no-Atai Ōmaro. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Sakahito clan had the surname Imiki and came from Tori, a son of Shinu. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku as quoted in the Sakanoue genealogy.) In the reign of Emperor Kōnin there was Sakahito-no-Imiki Tojiko. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Aratai clan had the surname Atai and were a branch of the Yamato-no-Aya-no-Atai. In the reign of Emperor Kōtoku there was Yamato-no-Aya-no-Atai Aratai-no-Hirafu, who was later called Aratai-no-Atai. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. ○ The Shinsen Shōjiroku as quoted in the Sakanoue genealogy says that Tone, a son of Shinu, was the ancestor of the Aratai-no-Imiki. These are precisely this kindred.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Aratai-no-Torikai. (Note: following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents.)

¶The Osa clan were a branch of the Eastern Aya clan. In the reign of Empress Saimei there was Higashi-no-Aya-no-Osa-no-Atai Arima. The Eastern Aya kindred also had a Kusa-no-Atai surname, and at about the same time there was Higashi-no-Aya-no-Kusa-no-Atai Tarishima. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Takamuku clan had the surname Fuhito and were a branch of the Ayahito. In the reign of Empress Suiko, Takamuku-no-Ayahito Kuromaro became a student sent to Sui. In the reign of Emperor Kōtoku he was appointed Hakase (Professor) and took the Fuhito surname. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Junna there was Takamuku-no-Fuhito Kimimori. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) Now the Ayahito who were naturalized following Achi numbered roughly seven surnames. One was called the Tan surname (Note: one account also calls it the In surname), and became the ancestors of the Takamuku-no-Fuhito, as well as the Takamuku-no-Suguri, the Takamuku-no-Tsuki-no-Tsukai, the Kōri-no-Obito, and the Tami-no-Tsukai-no-Obito. One was called the Ri surname and became the ancestors of the Osakabe-no-Fuhito. One was called the Sōkaku surname and became the ancestors of the Sakaibe-no-Obito, the Sata-no-Obito, and others. One was called the Shu surname and became the ancestors of the Oichi-no-Sanagi and others. One was called the Ta surname and became the ancestors of the Hinokuma-no-Tsuki-no-Tsukai and others. One was called the Sō surname and became the ancestors of the Sahata-no-Suguri and the Nagahatabe in Uda District in Yamato Province. One was called the Kō surname and became the ancestors of the Hinokuma-no-Suguri. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku as quoted in the Sakanoue genealogy. ○ On examination, the present text of the Shinsen Shōjiroku lists the Takamuku-no-Suguri, the Kōri-no-Obito, the Tami-no-Tsukai-no-Obito, and others in the section on foreign branches as descendants of Cao Cao, which does not agree with this. Also there are the Osakabe-no-Miyatsuko, who likewise came from the Ri clan but are not said to be descendants of the Ayahito; both points are doubtful. Perhaps these clans were not really separate kindreds, and because the present Shinsen Shōjiroku is an abridged text, their origins and branches are not fully set out. This is noted here for later examination.) In the reign of Emperor Yōmei there was Osakabe-no-Fuhito Kekuso. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was the monk Gyōhyō, whose clan name was Hinokuma-no-Tsuki-no-Tsukai, a man of Katsuragi District in Yamato Province and son of Yasumaro. (Note: following the Fusō Ryakki.)

¶The Kuratsukuri clan had the surname Suguri and were a branch of the Eastern Aya clan. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku as quoted in the Sakanoue genealogy.) In the reign of Emperor Bidatsu there was Kuratsukuri-no-Suguri Shiba Tatto. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) Among his descendants were the Kashiwabara clan, and in the reign of Empress Genmei, Kuratsukuri-no-Maro, of Senior Seventh Rank Upper, because of his marvelous skill in weaving brocade and figured silk, was released from the status of miscellaneous households and granted the surname Kashiwabara-no-Suguri. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Tadehara clan had the surname Imiki, and their line came from Yamaki-no-Atai. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku as quoted in the Sakanoue genealogy.) There was also a Muraji surname (Note: following the Shūgaishō), probably of the same kin. In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Tadehara-no-Muraji Fusatsugu, Buzen no Shōsakan (Junior Clerk of Buzen). (Note: following the Jimoku Taisei Shō.) Besides these, the descendants of Achi include the kindreds of the Kurimura-no-Imiki, the Karu-no-Imiki, the Niinomi-no-Imiki, the Tai-no-Imiki, the Fumibe-no-Oka-no-Imiki, the Kuromaru-no-Atai, the Kuramon-no-Imiki, the Shisa-no-Atai, the Kōri-no-Imiki, the Enoi-no-Imiki, the Kawara-no-Imiki, the Yono-no-Imiki, the Shiraishi-no-Imiki, the Fumi-no-Ikenobe-no-Imiki, and others, and also the various Suguri of Nishi-no-Hata, Hirakata, Akunami, Ikisu, Hika, Chinu, Yama, Takamiya, Asuka, Osada, Tamura, Oshinumi, Sami, Kōga, Harima-no-Ayahito, Imaki, Ishiki, Kanatsukuri (Note: ○ the Shoku Nihongi records that in the reign of Empress Genshō Kanatsukuribe-no-Azumahito of Iga Province and Kanatsukuribe-no-Mura of Ise Province and others had the name of miscellaneous households removed and were together made ordinary subjects of the realm; these too were probably of this kindred.), and Owari and Tsugitsuno, all of them descendants of the Ayahito, whose ancestors were all men who were naturalized following Achi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku as quoted in the Sakanoue genealogy.)

¶The Hirohara clan, the Tōmune clan, the Shiga clan, the Ōtomo clan, the Anji clan, the Harura clan, the Nishikibe clan, the Yamashiro clan, the Kawachi clan, the Utena clan, the Ōhito-Nakaie clan, and the Nagano clan are all descendants of Liu Xie (Emperor Xian), ruler of Han.

¶The Hirohara clan had the surname Imiki and were registered in Kawachi. They came from Prince Toku, a son of Xie (Emperor Xian), ruler of Han. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The name of the ruler of Han is from the Hou Han shu. ○ The character for Toku is sometimes written with another.)

¶The Tōmune clan had the surname Imiki and were registered in Kawachi. They came from the descendants of the Duke of Shanyang, a fourth-generation descendant of Xie (Emperor Xian), ruler of Han. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ On examination, the Hou Han shu says that Cao Pi deposed Xie and made him Duke of Shanyang, that his domain passed through four generations, and that it was abolished at the great-great-grandson Qiu. The Duke of Shanyang of this work may refer to this Qiu.) In the reign of Emperor Saga, Tōmune-no-Sukune Yanushi, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and fifteen others were registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) These too were probably of the same kin. The Tōmune lady who was maternal grandmother of Emperor Uda was precisely a descendant of this line. (Note: following the Nenjū Gyōji Hishō.)

¶The Shiga clan had the surname Imiki and were registered in Settsu. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Ōtomo-no-Suguri Hiromichi, a man of the Right Capital, Ōtomo-no-Tami-no-Osa Tatsuhito, a man of Yasu District in Ōmi Province, Nishikori-no-Osa Shūkō, a man of Asai District, Nishikori-no-Osa Nayoshi, a man of Gamō District, Ano-no-Suguri Mahiro, a man of Sakata District, and others were together granted anew the surname Shiga-no-Imiki. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Ōtomo clan had the surname Suguri and probably shared a common ancestor with the Shiga clan. In the reign of Empress Suiko there was Ōtomo-no-Suguri Takasō. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Empress Shōtoku there was Ōtomo-no-Suguri Hitonushi, a man of Ōmi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa there was Ōtomo-no-Suguri Yanushi, Seyakuin no Shi (Commissioner of the Dispensary). (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) At about the same time there were Ōtomo-no-Suguri Kuronushi, senior district magistrate of Shiga District in Ōmi Province, and Yasuramaro, acting junior district magistrate. (Note: following the Tendai Zasuki. ○ On examination, the Kōin Shōunroku makes Kuronushi a descendant of Emperor Ōtomo (Emperor Kōbun), which is an error.) In the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Ōtomo-no-Kanehira. (Note: following the Chōya Gunsai.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Ōtomo-no-Tadatoki, Daizen Shōzoku (Junior Clerk of the Palace Kitchens). (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) There were also the surnames Ōtomo-Tanba-no-Fuhito, Ōtomo-Tsukimoto-no-Muraji, and Tsukimoto-no-Muraji, probably of the same kin. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki, the Sandai Jitsuroku, and the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Ōtomo-Tanba-no-Fuhito Kibimaro, a man of Ōmi, and his kindred were all registered in Furuichi Village in Shiga District. (Note: for Shiga District, following the Wamyō Shō.) At about the same time there was Ōta-no-Fuhito Takume, and the Ōta-no-Fuhito were also of the same lineage. (Note: following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents. ○ This work also has the Ōtomo-no-Ayahito clan, who seem also to be of the same kin.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Ōtomo-Tsukimoto-no-Muraji Makichi became Ise no Shōsakan (Junior Clerk of Ise). (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Temmu, Tsukimoto-no-Suguri Katsumaro was granted the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Shiga-no-Uneme Tsukimoto-no-Muraji Wakugo. (Note: following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents.) Between the reigns of Emperors Daigo and Suzaku there was the monk Enshō, a man of Enuma District in Kaga Province, of the Tsukimoto clan. (Note: following the Tendai Zasuki.) He too was probably of the same kin. In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Tsukimoto-no-Katsue, Saehyōe no Fushō (Clerk of the Left Guards). (Note: following the Geki Nikki.) In the reign of Emperor Toba there was Tsukimoto-no-Suguri Masatada, Wakasa Gon-no-Sakan (Provisional Clerk of Wakasa). (Note: following the Jimoku Taisei Shō.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Komatsu there was Tsukimoto-no-Muraji Kunitomo. (Note: following the Sakkaiki.)

¶The Anji clan and the Harura clan both had the surname Sukune. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Tsukimoto-no-Muraji Yoshimune, a man of the Right Capital who was Official in Charge of the Ships of the Tang embassy, and Toyonuka, Minbu Shōroku (Junior Recorder of the Ministry of Popular Affairs), and others were granted anew the surname Anji-no-Sukune. Shiga-no-Fuhito Tsunetsugu, a man of Ōmi who was Saeifu Gon-no-Shōsakan (Provisional Junior Clerk of the Left Guards), Nishiki-no-Suguri Kusurimaro, Saemon no Shōsakan (Junior Clerk of the Left Gate Guards), Nishikibe-no-Imiki Hitokatsu, Etchū no Shōsakan (Junior Clerk of Etchū), Ōtomo-no-Suguri Otodsugu, Shishō (Clerk) of the Council of State, and others were granted the surname Harura-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Harura-no-Sukune Moroyo, a man of Inukami District in Ōmi Province who was Sakonoefu no Fushō (Clerk of the Left Guards), changed his registration to Atago District in Yamashiro Province. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Nishikibe clan (also written Nishikori) had the surname Suguri and were registered in the Right Capital and Yamashiro. Their line came from Hanushi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ The character for Nu is sometimes written with another. On examination, this work treats Hanushi as a man of Kara, but since he is listed in the section on the Aya-tsuchibe, it is clear that he was one of the Ayahito. The Yūryaku chronicle of the Nihon Shoki says that the Imaki-no-Aya Nishikibe Jōanna and Nishiki-no-Osa Bōanna, presented by Paekche, were moved to live in Kamitsumomohara and other places. According to this, the Nishikibe were probably their descendants. This work and the Shoku Nihon Kōki treat the Shiga, Harura, and other surnames as descendants of Emperor Xian of Han, but the kindreds of the Nishikori-no-Osa and Nishiki-no-Suguri were also granted this surname. It is therefore clear that their origin is the same. Hanushi too was probably a descendant of Emperor Xian, and so he is set out here to await later examination.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa there was Nishiki-no-Suguri Kiyotsune-tojī, a virtuous woman of Asai District in Ōmi Province. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Yamashiro clan had the surname Imiki and were registered in the Left Capital. They came from Prince Hakuryū of Lu, a son of Xie (Emperor Xian), ruler of Han. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Yamashiro-no-Atai Ōyama and others were granted the surname Imiki. In the reign of Empress Kōken, Ayahito Hirohashi, a man of Ishikawa District in Kawachi Province, and others were granted the surname Yamashiro-no-Imiki. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Kawachi clan had the surname Imiki and were registered in Kawachi. They came from Hakuryū. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the tenth year of Emperor Temmu, the Kawachi-no-Aya-no-Atai were granted the surname Muraji. In the thirteenth year they were granted in addition the surname Imiki. In the reign of Empress Jitō there was Kawachi-no-Imiki Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Kawachi-no-Imiki Tomotari, Kunai Shōroku (Junior Recorder of the Imperial Household Ministry). (Note: following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents. ○ The Sandai Jitsuroku has, in the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Kawachi-no-Fuhito Yoshiko, a virtuous woman of Takashima District in Ōmi Province; she too may be of the same kin. It is noted here for the time being.) In the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Kawachi-no-Imiki Yoshikane, Ise no Shōsakan (Junior Clerk of Ise). (Note: following the Seiji Yōryaku.)

¶The Utena clan had the surname Imiki and were registered in the Right Capital. There was also an Atai surname, registered in Settsu. The Imiki came from Hakuryū. The Atai shared a common ancestor with the Imiki and came from Prince Shakukichi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ Shakukichi was probably a descendant of Hakuryū, but this work lacks the order of generations.) In the reign of Emperor Kōtoku there was Utena-no-Atai Shumi. In the reign of Empress Jitō there was Utena-no-Imiki Yashima. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) There were also the two clans of Okamoto and Kiyoe, who came from the Utena-no-Imiki. In the reign of Empress Genshō, Utena-no-Imiki Sukunamaro, of Junior Fifth Rank Upper, stated: "To name a clan after a place has been the custom from ancient times to the present. Thus the Kawachi-no-Imiki too took their clan name from a village, and such cases are not a single one. We beg that you grant to Sukunamaro and his sons and younger brothers the name Okamoto anew." This was permitted. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Utena-no-Imiki Yoshiuji, a man of the Right Capital who was Uemon no Shōsakan (Junior Clerk of the Right Gate Guards), was granted anew the surname Kiyoe-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Utena-no-Motogu, Steward of the household of the Minister of the Right Fujiwara-no-Tadahira. (Note: following the Tōji documents.)

¶The Ōhito-Nakaie clan were registered in Izumi and came from Hakuryū. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Nagano clan had the surname Imiki. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Nagano-no-Imiki Ishitomo and Kakomaro, men of Yasu District in Ōmi Province, and others were registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. For Yasu District, following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Yōzei, more than 150 descendants of Ishitomo were returned to their original registration on the complaint of Ano-no-Osa Urakichi, but later again belonged to the Left Capital. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) The Ano-no-Osa too were probably of the same kin. There were also the Mitsu-no-Obito. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was the monk Saichō, a man of Shiga District in Ōmi Province. He was a son of the Mitsu-no-Obito clan, and their ancestor is said to have come from Prince Tomaki, a distant descendant of Xie (Emperor Xian), ruler of Han. (Note: following the Dengyō Gyōgōki and the Sōgō Bunin.)

¶The Takamura clan had the surname Sukune and were registered in the Right Capital. They were descendants of Cong, Inspector of Qingzhou, a distant descendant of Liu Yu, Prince of Lu of Han. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The name of the Prince of Lu is from the Han shu.) At first they were called Takamiya-no-Suguri. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Takamiya-no-Suguri Tazukai, a man of the Right Capital who was Ushōshi (Junior Secretary of the Right), and Makiyama, of the same surname, and others were granted anew the surname Sunohara-no-Muraji, and later were together granted anew the surname Takamura-no-Imiki. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. For the man of the Right Capital, following the Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Saga, Tazukai and others were further granted the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ The Takamura-no-Ason in the Shūgaishō is perhaps of this kindred.)

¶The Makami clan had the surname Sukune and were registered in Yamato. They were descendants of Prince Fukutoku of Han. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ The Makami-no-Imiki (written with a variant character) in the Shūgaishō may be of this kindred.) In the reign of Emperor Junna, Makami-no-Sukune Ujinaga was conferred Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) Among the descendants of Fukutoku there were also the Hara clan, who had the surname Obito and were registered in Settsu. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Tanabe clan had the surname Fuhito and were registered in the Right Capital. They were descendants of Chisō, a descendant of a ruler of Han. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Ōhara clan were descendants of the Ayahito Seisei Reiki. They were registered in the Left and Right Capitals and in Settsu, and had the surname Fuhito. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ One account says that the original surname of the Ayahito was Aruso, that it was also called Seisei Reiki, and that those of the Right Capital were attached to the Kudara-be.) There was also a Sukune surname. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Ōhara-no-Fuhito Kawamaro, a man of the Right Capital who was Saemon no Shōsakan (Junior Clerk of the Left Gate Guards), was granted the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Ōhara-no-Fuhito Hirohara, a man of the Right Capital who was Kazue Gon-no-Shōzoku (Provisional Junior Clerk of the Bureau of Accounts), and Hironaga, of the same surname, who was Naizen Reishi (Clerk of the Palace Kitchens), were granted the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. ○ The Shoku Nihon Kōki says that the ancestors of Kawamaro were men of Paekche. This work says that Hirohara and the others were descendants of Prince Rei, a descendant of Emperor Ling of Han. They seem not to be of the same kin, but perhaps the main clan were in fact descendants of Emperor Ling and, because they came from Paekche, were also called men of Paekche. This is noted to await later examination.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Ōhara-no-Sukune Takahira, Sakonoe Banchō (Watch Captain of the Left Guards). (Note: following the Tōji documents.) In the reign of Emperor Sanjō there was Ōhara-no-Yoshitada, Banchō. (Note: following the Shōyūki.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Toba there was Ōhara-no-Sukune Kiyokado, a man awaiting appointment who was an official of the Suō provincial office. (Note: following the Azuma Kagami.) There was also a Muraji surname, and in the reign of the Deposed Emperor Ōhara-no-Muraji Yanushi was conferred Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor En'yū there was Ōhara-no-Muraji Matsu, Ōkura Shōroku (Junior Recorder of the Treasury Bureau). (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) They were perhaps of the same lineage.

¶The Hiromi clan had the surname Muraji and were registered in the Right Capital. They were descendants of Shukei, a distant descendant of Han Xin, King of Han. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Kara-no-Onari and others were granted the surname Hiromi-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ The granting of the Muraji surname does not appear in the histories.)

¶The Yoshimizu clan were registered in the Left Capital. They were descendants of Gai Kuanrao, a man of Wei commandery in Han. They had the surnames Muraji (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) and Miyatsuko. In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Zen-no-Maro and others, men of the Left Capital, were granted the surname Yoshimizu-no-Muraji, and Zen-no-Minomaro and others were granted the surname Yoshimizu-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ On examination, the first character of these names (Zen) is probably an error for Gai. The entry for the ninth year of Tenpyō-shōhō in this work has Gai-no-Takamaro, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, who was surely of this kindred. Also the Yoshi-no-Sukune in the Shūgaishō is probably this clan with a later change of surname.)

¶The Katano clan had the surname Imiki and were registered in Kawachi. They were descendants of the Ayahito Sōin. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Iki clan were registered in the Left and Right Capitals. They were descendants of Ryū Yōyō, a man of Chang'an. They had the surname Muraji (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ Ryū Yōyō is also written in one account as Ryūke Yōyō, again as Ryūke Yō, and again as Yōyō, and which is right is not known, nor is it clear in what generation he lived. However, this work lists the Iki-no-Muraji after Wani, the Prince of Lu, and others, so it is clear that they were Ayahito, and they are set out here.) and Fuhito. In the eleventh year of Emperor Temmu, the Iki-no-Fuhito (written with a variant character) were granted the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. ○ This work's Kōtoku chronicle has Iki-no-Muraji Hakatoko, but the Muraji surname was probably added afterward.) Among their kindred were the Itamochi clan, registered in Kawachi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Empress Genshō, Itamochi-no-Fuhito Uchimaro, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and more than ten others were granted the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ On examination, the readings of the two writings of Mochi are interchangeable.) There were also the Shigeo clan, whose line came from Kijin, a seventh-generation descendant of Yōyō. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Iki-no-Fuhito Toyomune, a man of Kawachi who was Sakonoe Shōgen (Captain of the Left Guards), and twelve others of the same kin were granted the surname Shigeo-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. ○ This work makes Yōyō a man of Tang.) In the reign of Emperor Shirakawa there was Shigeo-no-Sukune Yukikane, Suō no Shōjō (Junior Third-Rank Official of Suō). (Note: following the Jimoku Taisei Shō.)

¶The Hakune clan were registered in Kawachi. They were descendants of Kōkin of the Hakuni surname, a Western Ayahito. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Takamuku clan, the Unade clan, the Tami-no-Tsukai clan, the Kōri clan, the Ōoka clan, the Hatabumi clan, the Kawara clan, the Ue clan, the Hirohashi clan, the Hiramatsu clan, the Nogami clan, the Tsukushi clan, the Kawachi clan, and the Mitsue clan are all descendants of Cao Cao, King of Wei.

¶The Takamuku clan had the surname Suguri and were registered in the Right Capital. They were descendants of Pi (Emperor Wen), a son of Cao (Cao Cao), King of Wei. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The name of the King of Wei is from the Sanguo zhi.) In the reign of Empress Kōken there was Takamuku-no-Suguri Oyu, who was conferred Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Unade clan were registered in the Right Capital and shared a common ancestor with the Takamuku clan. Their line came from Hōtoku-no-Kimi. They had the surnames Muraji (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) and Miyatsuko. In the reign of the Deposed Emperor, Ayahito Hakutoku-no-Hirotari and others were granted the surname Unade-no-Muraji, and Hakutoku-no-Morotari and others were granted the surname Unade-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Tami-no-Tsukai clan had the surname Obito and were registered in Yamashiro. They came from Hōtoku. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Empress Shōtoku there was Tami-no-Tsukai-no-Fuhito Hiri, who was appointed to the Aiga market office. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Kōri clan had the surname Obito and were registered in the Right Capital. They shared a common ancestor with the Takamuku clan. Their line came from Seisei-fu-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. He is also called by the other name Futo.)

¶The Ōoka clan had the surname Imiki and were registered in the Left Capital. At first they were called Yamato-no-Eshi (Yamato painters) and came from Anki-no-Kimi, a descendant of Pi (Emperor Wen), ruler of Wei. In the reign of Emperor Yūryaku he led the people of four groups and was naturalized. His son Ryū, also called Tatsuki, was skilled in painting, and Emperor Buretsu, pleased with his skill, granted him the surname Obito. His fifth-generation descendant Eson, of Kin Daiichi rank, was also skilled in painting, and Emperor Tenji granted him the surname Yamato-no-Eshi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Empress Genmei, Eshi Oshikatsu, of Junior Sixth Rank Lower, took the name Yamato-no-Eshi. In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Yamato-no-Eshi Tanemaro, a man of the Left Capital of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and more than ten others were granted the surname Ōoka-no-Imiki, after their place of residence. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. That it was after their place of residence is from the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ The Ruijū Kokushi says that in the reign of Emperor Kanmu the monk Keikoku of Nishinari District in Settsu Province returned to lay life and took the name Ōkuni-no-Imiki Kinushi. The Sandai Jitsuroku has, in the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Ōkuni-no-Imiki Fukuo. But Ōkuni-no-Imiki does not appear in the Shinsen Shōjiroku and is probably an error for Ōoka. This is noted to await later examination.) There was also a Sukune surname, and in the reign of Emperor Ninmyō there was Ōoka-no-Sukune Toyotsugu, Moku no Suke (Assistant of the Bureau of Carpentry). (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Hatabumi clan had the surname Miyatsuko and were registered in the Left Capital. They came from Anki. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Mommu, Hatabumi-no-Tōru was granted the surname Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Kawara clan were registered in Kawachi and came from Zhi (Cao Zhi), Prince of Chen, a son of Cao (Cao Cao), ruler of Wei. They had the surnames Muraji and Ryakujin (reading uncertain) (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) and Fuhito. In the reign of Empress Genshō, Kawara-no-Kurahito Komushi, a man of Tajihi District in Kawachi Province, and more than forty others were granted the surname Kawara-no-Fuhito. In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Kawara-no-Fuhito Katsuo, a man of the Left Capital, Kawara-no-Kurahito Hitonari, a man of Kawachi, and more than ten others were together granted anew the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) There was also a Sukune surname, probably of the same kin. In the reign of Emperor Go-Ichijō there was Kawara-no-Sukune Fumimine, Dazai no Daiten (Senior Recorder of the Dazaifu). (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō. ○ On examination, the Hitachi no Kuni Fudoki has Kawara-no-Sukune Kuromaro as provincial governor, probably a man of before the reign of Empress Genmei. According to this, the Sukune surname had been borne by this clan for a long time. It is therefore noted here.)

¶The Ue clan were registered in the Left and Right Capitals and in Settsu and Izumi, and came from Zhi (Cao Zhi). They had the surnames Muraji and Suguri. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The Muraji surname is from the Shoku Nihongi. ○ The Ue-no-Sukune in the Shūgaishō may be of this kindred.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was the monk Chikō, a man of Kawachi, whose surname was Sukita-no-Muraji and who later changed it to Ue-no-Suguri. (Note: following the Nihon Ryōiki.) In the reign of Empress Kōken, Ue-no-Suguri Iokimi, a man of Ōagata District in Kawachi Province of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, was granted the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Ue-no-Suguri Mano, a man of Kamakura District in Sagami Province who was Junior Clerk of the Household of the Grand Empress Dowager, and Akisada, of the same surname, of Junior Eighth Rank Upper, and others changed their registration to Ōagata District. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Hirohashi clan (Note: ○ also written Hirohashi with different characters) were registered in the Right Capital and came from Zhi. They had the surnames Sukune and Muraji. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The Sukune surname is from the Ruijū Kokushi.) In the reign of Emperor Montoku, Ue-no-Suguri Miyao, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, Kawara-no-Muraji Sadao, Udaishi (Senior Secretary of the Right), and others were granted anew the surname Hirohashi-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Ue-no-Suguri Yatsuri and Sadanari, men of the Left Capital, and others were granted the surname Hirohashi-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Among their kindred were the Takane clan. In the reign of Emperor Junna, Hirohashi-no-Muraji Mazō, of Junior Fifth Rank Upper, was granted the surname Sukune and soon changed it to Takane-no-Ason. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.)

¶The Hiramatsu clan had the surname Muraji and were registered in Kawachi. They came from Zhi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Nogami clan had the surname Muraji and were registered in Kawachi. They came from Zhi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Tsukushi-no-Fuhito Hiroshima, Konoe Shōgen (Captain of the Inner Palace Guards), was granted the surname Nogami-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Tsukushi clan (Note: ○ also written with other characters) had the surname Fuhito and were registered in the Left Capital and Settsu. They came from Zhi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Empress Genshō there was Tsukushi-no-Fuhito Kimitari (written with other characters), Suruga no Jō (Third-Rank Official of Suruga). (Note: following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents.)

¶The Kawachi clan had the surname Eshi (painter) and were registered in Kawachi. They came from Zhi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Mitsue clan came from the Kawachi-no-Eshi. In the reign of the Deposed Emperor, Kawachi-no-Eshi Oyatari, Hangan (Judge) of the Tōdaiji construction office, and more than ten others were granted the surname Mitsue-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Musa clan, the Mamuta clan, the Hachita clan, and the Fukane clan are all descendants of Sun Quan, ruler of Wu.

¶The Musa clan (Note: ○ also written Musa with other characters) had the surname Suguri and were registered in the Left Capital. They came from the descendants of Gao, a son of Quan (Sun Quan), ruler of Wu. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Yūryaku there was Musa-no-Suguri Ao, who with Hinokuma-no-Tami-no-Tsukai Hakatoko enjoyed the Emperor's favor and was repeatedly sent as envoy to Wu. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Empress Genmei there was Musa-no-Suguri Sagami. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Mamuta clan had the surname Suguri and were registered in Kawachi. Their line came from Ōkamuki-no-Kimi, a descendant of Hao, a grandson of Quan, ruler of Wu. In the reign of Emperor Nintoku he was granted the land of Mamuta Village and thereby took it as his clan name. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. For the grandson of the ruler of Wu, following the Sanguo zhi.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō there was Mamuta-no-Suguri Oizumi, senior district magistrate of Sarara District in Kawachi Province. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Hachita clan had the surname Kusushi (physician) and were registered in Izumi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ This work has two Hachita-no-Kusushi, and one is said to be descended from Tsukunirikuni, a man of Wu, but they were probably not separate kindreds.) In the reign of Emperor Kōkō there was Hachita-no-Minenori, Tenyaku Daisakan (Senior Clerk of the Bureau of Medicine). (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Hachita-no-Hiratoki, Uemon no Fushō (Clerk of the Right Gate Guards). (Note: following the Saigūki.) These too were probably of the same kin.

¶The Fukane clan came from the Hachita clan. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Hachita-no-Kusushi Fumunushi, a man of Izumi of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and Yasuasobi and others were granted anew the surname Fukane-no-Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. ○ This work makes Fumunushi and the others descendants of men of Paekche. But the Shinsen Shōjiroku says that the Hachita-no-Kusushi were registered in Izumi, and Fumunushi was also a man of Izumi, so there is no doubt that they were of the same kin. They are therefore set out here.)

¶The Akazome clan and the Tokoyo clan are both descendants of Gongsun Yuan, King of Yan. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. For the Akazome clan, following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Temmu there was Akazome-no-Miyatsuko Tokutari. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there were Akazome-no-Maro, Suō no Shishō (Clerk of Suō), Sugita-Akazome-no-Miyatsuko Kamimaro, Satsuma no Sakan (Clerk of Satsuma), and Akazomebe-no-Obito Umate, a man of Tsuu District in Bitchū Province. (Note: following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin documents.) At about the same time, Akazome-no-Miyatsuko Hirotari, of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and others were granted the surname Tokoyo-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ This work also says that in the reign of Empress Kōken Hirotari and twenty-three others were granted Tokoyo-no-Muraji. This seems a duplication and is doubtful, and the number of persons does not agree, so probably one of the two contains an error.) Their kindred were registered in the Left and Right Capitals and in Kawachi. In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Akazome-no-Kunimochi, a man of the Right Capital of Junior Sixth Rank Upper, Hitotari, of the same surname, a man of Ōagata District in Kawachi Province of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, Nagahama, a man of Haibara District in Tōtōmi Province, Obinawa, a man of Yagami District in Inaba Province, and more than thirty others were granted the surname Tokoyo-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Akazome-no-Tokimochi, Uemon no Shōsakan (Junior Clerk of the Right Gate Guards), who was the father-in-law of the talented woman Akazome Emon. (Note: following the Fukuro Zōshi, the Saigūki, the Chūko Kasen Den, and the Shūchūshō.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Reizei there was Akazome-no-Sukune Shikitsune, Bitchū no Jō (Third-Rank Official of Bitchū). (Note: following the Jimoku Taisei Shō. ○ The Akazome-no-Ason in the Shūgaishō is probably also of this kindred.)

¶The Yamato-no-Kusushi clan were registered in the Left Capital. They were descendants of Chisō, a grandson of Shōen, ruler of Wu. They had the surnames Sukune and Omi. In the reign of Emperor Kinmei, Chisō came to court following Ōtomo-no-Muraji Sadehiko and presented 164 volumes of classics, secular and sacred, medical books, and illustrations of the acupuncture points, together with a set of Gigaku stage equipment and Buddhist images. His son Zenna, in the reign of Emperor Kōtoku, presented cow's milk and was granted the surname Yamato-no-Kusushi-no-Omi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The Sukune surname is from the Sandai Jitsuroku. ○ On examination, it is not known what manner of man the ruler of Wu, Shōen, was. Since Shōen and Xiao Yan are close in their national pronunciation, he may be Xiao Yan, ruler of Liang. The Six Dynasties all had their capitals in the land of Wu, and so the national histories customarily write Wu. Moreover, Sadehiko's campaign against Koma took place six years after Liang fell. If so, a descendant of the ruler of Liang who was in the land of Kara may perhaps have been naturalized following Sadehiko. It is noted for the time being for examination.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Yamato-no-Kusushi-no-Omi Otoo, a man of the Left Capital who was Ukonoe Shōsō (Clerk of the Right Guards), and Yasunushi and others were granted anew the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Osakabe clan had the surname Miyatsuko and were registered in Kawachi. They were descendants of Rimuomi, a man of Wu. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Takumi clan (artisans) had the surname Miyatsuko and were registered in the Right Capital and Yamashiro. They were descendants of Tarisusu, a man of Wu. There were also the Hafuribe clan, registered in the Right Capital and Yamashiro, who shared a common ancestor with the Takumi clan. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ On examination, the entries in this work for the Ue-Suguri of the Right Capital and the Suguri clan of Yamashiro say that they were descendants of Tarisusu, a man of Paekche. The two writings of Tari are interchangeable in sound and reading, but perhaps they were different men of the same name. It is noted for the time being for examination.)

¶The Nukata clan had the surname Suguri and were registered in Yamato. They were descendants of Amakuniko, a man of Wu. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ The character for Ama is sometimes written Kure.)

¶The Ongi clan were registered in Settsu. They were descendants of Gao Wei, Duke Wen of Northern Qi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Yako clan (Note: ○ Yo is sometimes written with another character; Ko is also written with two other characters) were descendants of Yang Jian, ruler of Sui. Their line came from his distant descendant, the Tatsusotsu Prince Yako Aryō. They had the surname Imiki, registered in the Left Capital; the surname Atai, registered in Izumi; and the surname Fuhito, registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Empress Suiko there was Tamafuru, ancestor of the Yako-no-Fuhito. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Mommu, by imperial order the monk Tsūtoku was returned to lay life and was granted the name Yako-no-Fuhito Kunisō. In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Yako-no-Fuhito Hitomaro, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and more than sixty others were granted the surname Imiki. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor En'yū there was Yako-no-Sukune Uchinari, Mutsu Gon-no-Daimoku (Provisional Senior Clerk of Mutsu). (Note: following the Jimoku Taisei Shō.) In the reign of Emperor Tsuchimikado there was Yako-no-Tōsei (reading uncertain), Iga no Daimoku (Senior Clerk of Iga). (Note: following the Meigetsuki.)

¶The Chiyo clan were descendants of Chen Huaiyu, a man of Tang. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Huaiyu was granted the surname Chiyo-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Kiyomune clan had the surname Sukune and were registered in the Left Capital. They were descendants of Li Yuanhuan, a man of Tang who held Senior Fifth Rank Lower. In the reign of the Deposed Emperor, Yuanhuan was granted the surname Ri-no-Imiki, and later was granted anew the surname Kiyomune-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. For Ri-no-Imiki, following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Kiyomune-no-Sukune Tadataka, Permanent Plasterer of the Office of Repairs. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.)

¶The Yashimizu clan and the Yanazu clan both had the surname Muraji and were registered in the Right Capital. Both were descendants of Wang Wendu, a Left Guard Colonel of Tang. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of the Deposed Emperor, Kunishima (Wang) was granted the surname Yanazu-no-Muraji, and Hōju (Wang) was granted the surname Yanazu-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) Among their kindred were the Tsuneyo clan. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Yanazu-no-Muraji Otonushi, a man of the Left Capital who was Shishō (Clerk) of the Council of State, and Tsuguyoshi were granted the surname Tsuneyo-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Kiyoumi clan had the surname Sukune and were registered in the Left Capital. They were descendants of Shen Weiyue, a man of Tang who held Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Weiyue was granted the surname Kiyoumi-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) There was also an Imiki surname, registered in the Left Capital, which came from Shen Tingxu, a man of Tang who held Senior Sixth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Kiyoyama clan had the surname Imiki and were registered in the Right Capital. They were descendants of Shen Qingting, a man of Tang. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Sūzan clan had the surname Imiki. One line came from Zhang Daoguang, a man of Tang who held Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and one from Meng Huizhi, a man of Tang who held Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and both were registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Daoguang and Huizhi were both granted the surname Sūzan-no-Imiki. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Eizan clan had the surname Imiki. They were descendants of men of Tang, but their origin was not one. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Yan Ziqin and Xu Gongqing, both of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, were granted the surname Eizan-no-Imiki and were registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku and the Shoku Nihongi.) Wang Weiqian and Zhu Zheng were also granted the surname Eizan-no-Imiki. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Nagakuni clan, the Kiyokawa clan, the Niinaga clan, and the Eda clan all had the surname Imiki and were all descendants of men of Tang. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Shōzeiji (reading uncertain), of Senior Sixth Rank Lower, was granted the surname Nagakuni-no-Imiki. (Note: ○ Naga is sometimes written with another character.) Lu Rujin, of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, was granted Kiyokawa-no-Imiki, and Ma Qingchao was granted Niinaga-no-Imiki, and both were registered in the Left Capital. Wang Xiyi was granted the surname Eda-no-Imiki. (Note: from "Wang Xiyi" onward, following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Takaoka clan were registered in Kawachi. They were descendants of Gao Mu of Guangling, a descendant of Gao Pu, who was a Grand Master of the ducal house. They had the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ This work writes "Gao Pu, Grand Master of the ducal house of the state of Paekche." But they are listed in the section of the Aya-tsuchibe together with the two clans of Ōyama and Ōishi, so there is no doubt that they were Ayahito. The three characters "state of Paekche" are probably superfluous. Also, Pu is probably an error for Xi, so this would be Gao Xi, a Grand Master of the ducal house of Qi. The Xin Tang shu says that Gao Rui, Governor of Danyang in Wu and a distant descendant of Gao Xi, at first lived in Guangling. Gao Mu may have been his distant descendant and was therefore called of Guangling. This is noted to await later examination.) There was also a Muraji surname. At first they were called the Sasanami clan, and in the reign of Emperor Shōmu Sasanami-no-Kawachi, of Senior Sixth Rank Lower, was granted anew the surname Takaoka-no-Muraji. In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Takaoka-no-Muraji Hiramaro, a man of Furuichi District in Kawachi Province of Junior Fourth Rank Lower, was granted the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Saga there was Takaoka-no-Sukune Kiyokado, Shōgeki (Junior Secretary). (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) Among their kindred there was the Ōyama-no-Imiki surname, registered in the Right Capital. There were also the Ōishi clan (Note: ○ Ō is sometimes written with another character), registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Ōishi-no-Hayashi Otari (Note: ○ Hayashi is sometimes written Suguri), a man of the Right Capital, and others were granted the surname Ōyama-no-Imiki. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ On examination, the Shinsen Shōjiroku does not record the Ōishi surname. But this work has, in the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Ōishi-no-Suguri Hiroshima, and in the reign of Empress Kōken, Ōishi-no-Suguri Mahito. The Sandai Jitsuroku has, in the reign of Emperor Kōkō, Ōishi-no-Imiki Fukumaro, a man of the Right Capital, and these were probably all of the same kin. Also, in the reign of Emperor Yōzei there was Ōishi-no-Hayashi Tsugunari, Nakatsukasa Shōroku (Junior Recorder of the Ministry of Central Affairs), who too may have been of the same lineage as Otari and the others.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Ōishi-no-Minekichi, Sahyōe Gon-no-Shōjō (Provisional Junior Lieutenant of the Left Guards). (Note: following the Ribu-ō Ki.) In the reign of Emperor Shirakawa there was Ōishi-no-Sukune Suekata, Suō Gon-no-Jō (Provisional Third-Rank Official of Suō). (Note: following the Jimoku Taisei Shō.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Daigo there were Ōyama Masahiro and Ōyama Sadashige. (Note: following the Tōji documents.)

¶The Asazuma clan had the surname Miyatsuko and were registered in Yamato. They were descendants of Tsuru-no-Omi, a man of Kara. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ This work says "man of Kara," but because they are listed in the section of the Aya-tsuchibe, they are likewise set out here.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Asazuma-no-Miyatsuko Kiyonushi was conferred Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Amagatari clan had the surname Muraji and were probably a branch of the Asazuma clan. In the reign of Empress Genshō, Asazuma-no-Tehito Tatsumaro, of Junior Initial Rank Upper, was released from the title of miscellaneous households and was granted the surname Amagatari-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ The character for "child" stands above "Tehito" in the source, but it is probably superfluous.)