Treatise 32: Clans IX

¶Heavenly Descendants (Tenson)

¶The Izumo clan, the Haji clan, the Saba clan, the Sugawara clan, the Hioki clan, the Akishino clan, the Mii clan, the Ōeda clan, the Ōshikōchi clan, the Kamudo clan, the Ishizu clan, the Ōtomo clan, the Iruma clan, the Yama clan, the Tami clan, the Hinokuma Toneri clan, the Kazusa clan, the Tsushima Agata-no-Atai, the Tōtōmi Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Shimazu Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Musashi Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Kikuma Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Hōki Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Inushima Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Sagamu Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Kamitsu-Unakami Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Shimotsu-Unakami Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Awa Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Niihari Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Taka Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Ijimu Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Toyo Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, and the Futakata Kuni-no-Miyatsuko are all descendants of Ame-no-Hohi-no-Mikoto.

¶The Izumo clan had those with the surname Sukune, those with the surname Omi, and those with the surname Muraji, and was also a line of Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. The Sukune were registered in the Left Capital and descend from Ame-no-Hitori-no-Mikoto, a son of Ame-no-Hohi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The Muraji surname is from the Shoku Nihon Kōki, and the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko from the Sendai Kuji Hongi. ○ On examination, the names Izumo-no-Ason Masatsugu and Minetsugu appear in the entries for the fifth and sixth years of Jōwa in the Shoku Nihon Kōki, which would mean that this clan also had the surname Ason. However, the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku states that the father of Sugawara-no-Ason Minetsugu was Izumo-no-Ason Hirosada, and that in the tenth year of Jōgan the surname was changed from Izumo to Sugawara. According to the Nihon Kōki, Hirosada had originally borne the name Izumo-no-Muraji and was granted Sukune in the Kōnin era, and no record of the granting of Ason appears in the histories. Moreover, although this clan appears often in the histories, apart from Minetsugu and his kin no one else bore the surname Ason, and because Minetsugu and the others later changed to the Sugawara clan, the name Izumo-no-Ason is not seen thereafter. It is therefore not listed here.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Izumo-no-Omi Sohito, Konoe-no-Shōgen (Captain of the Inner Palace Guards), stated: "Our ancestor descends from Ame-no-Hohi, and the fourteenth-generation descendant of Ame-no-Hohi was called Nomi-no-Sukune. Their descendants, the Haji clan, have been granted either Sukune or Ason, yet we, though descended from the same ancestor, have not shared in that favor. We humbly request that we be granted the surname Sukune and be ranked as kin." This was permitted. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Izumo-no-Muraji Oyama, a man of Toyoshima District in Settsu Province, of Junior Seventh Rank Lower, and Yūkō (reading uncertain), of the same surname, a man of Kawabe District, of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, together with more than twenty others, were all granted the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Izumo-no-Sukune Koreka, Goryakusho-no-Azukari-no-Suke (Assistant Custodian of the Calendar Office). (Note: following the Geki Nikki.) Among those with the surname Omi, those registered in Yamashiro descend from Ame-no-Hitori, and those registered in the Left Capital descend from Kushiwatsu-no-Mikoto, a fifth-generation descendant of Ame-no-Hohi. (Note: ○ the Izumo Kuni-no-Miyatsuko Keizu writes the name Kushitsuki, but this is probably the same person.) Those registered in the Right Capital and in Kawachi descend from Unaginu, a twelfth-generation descendant of Ame-no-Hohi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) Unaginu's father, Iiirine, was killed by his elder brother Furune. Emperor Sujin issued an edict, put Furune to death, and made Unaginu Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. That he became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko is from the Sendai Kuji Hongi.) Miyamuki-no-Omi, a fifth-generation descendant of Unaginu who became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, was the first to be granted the surname Izumo-no-Omi. (Note: following the Izumo Kuni-no-Miyatsuko Keizu.) In the reign of Emperor Monmu, Izumo-no-Koma, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, was granted the surname Omi. (Note: ○ the entry of "Izumo-no-Omi Koma" in the Annals of Emperor Temmu in the Nihon Shoki was probably added afterward.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Izumo-no-Yamaro, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, was granted the surname Omi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ On examination, this book states that Yamaro was first granted the surname Omi in the nineteenth year of Tenpyō (747), but he is already recorded as Izumo-no-Omi in the entry for the eighteenth year (746); this is doubtful and may have been added afterward.) There was also the surname Izumo-no-Obito, and there were Izumo-no-Obito Tomamaro, a gochō (leader of fifty men) of the Izumo Kamudo Military Corps, and Izumo-no-Obito Mikuni, a Uejishi (Guardsman of the Right), and others. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji.) They were probably of the same kin. The Izumo-no-Omi who were Kuni-no-Miyatsuko inherited the office generation after generation and presided over the rites of the Hinosumi Shrine. In the reign of Emperor Go-Murakami, Kiyotaka, a forty-ninth-generation descendant of Ame-no-Hohi, had two sons, Takamune and Sadataka. The descendants of Takamune called themselves Senge, and the descendants of Sadataka called themselves Kitajima. (Note: following the Taisha-shi.)

¶The Haji clan had those with the surname Ōsukune, those with the surname Sukune, and those with the surname Muraji, and there were also the Nie-no-Haji-no-Muraji and the Mozu-no-Haji-no-Muraji. The Sukune were registered in the Right Capital and in Yamashiro, Yamato, and Izumi, and descend from Umashikaharine, the second son of Iiirine, a twelfth-generation descendant of Ame-no-Hohi; Umashikaharine begot Nomi-no-Sukune. Nomi-no-Sukune served at the court of Emperor Suinin, made a proposal at the time of the Empress's funeral, and first made clay figures to take the place of those who followed their lord in death. The Emperor commended this and granted him the surname Haji-no-Omi, and thereafter the clan generation after generation had charge of the great funerals. The details are found in the Retsuden (Biographies). Mi, a third-generation descendant of Nomi-no-Sukune, was granted a change to the surname Muraji in the reign of Emperor Nintoku. Oi, a seventh-generation descendant of Mi, was granted Sukune in the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683). (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. The Kanke Denki was also consulted.) In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Haji-no-Tatchimochi, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Upper, a man of Shiki District in Kawachi Province, was granted Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Haji-no-Sukune Nagao and others, men of Tajihi District in Kawachi Province and shishō (clerks) of the Daijōkan (Council of State), changed their registration to the Right Capital. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Toba there were Haji-no-Sukune Yasutoshi and Narifusa, zaichō kanjin (local officials) of Suō Province. (Note: following the Azuma Kagami.) Among those with the surname Muraji, those registered in Settsu descend from Iiirine, and those registered in Izumi descend from Nomi-no-Sukune. The Nie-no-Haji-no-Muraji were registered in Yamato and descend from Ōsoba, a sixteenth-generation descendant of Ame-no-Hohi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) Emperor Yūryaku once commanded the Haji-no-Muraji and others to present pure vessels for use in the imperial meals. At that time Haji-no-Muraji Ake presented the private subject groups (shiminbe) in six provinces, including Settsu, Yamashiro, and Ise, and these were called the Nie-no-Haji-be. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of the Deposed Emperor there was Nie-no-Haji-no-Muraji Samimaro, who was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) The Mozu-no-Haji-no-Muraji were also called simply the Mozu clan. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Shoku Nihongi. ○ The Shoku Nihongi writes Mozu as Mōzu with other characters, because the readings, on and kun, are interchangeable.) The Haji clan divided roughly into four branches, one of which is the Mōzu kin. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Kōtoku there were Mozu-no-Nagae and Mozu-no-Haji-no-Muraji Tokutoku. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Saba clan descends from the Haji-no-Muraji. In the eleventh year of Emperor Suiko (603), Prince Kume died, and when his temporary burial (mogari) was held at Saba in Suō Province, Haji-no-Muraji Inode was sent to take charge of the matter. From then on his descendants called themselves Saba-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Igame Saba-no-Omi Yasumaro (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji), who was perhaps also of the same kin.

¶The Sugawara clan had those with the surname Ason and those with the surname Sukune. The Ason were registered in the Right Capital and descend from Ōhodo, a seventh-generation descendant of Iiirine. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The Sukune surname is from the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) Nomi-no-Sukune, the ancestor five generations before Ōhodo, had charge of the great funeral of Emperor Suinin, and his descendants lived generation after generation in the village of Sugawara-Fushimi beside the imperial tomb. (Note: following the Kanke Denki.) In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Michinaga, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, the eldest son of Haji-no-Sukune Furuhito, Tōtōmi-no-Suke (Assistant Governor of Tōtōmi) and a ninth-generation descendant of Ōhodo, and others, submitted a memorial saying: "Our distant ancestor Nomi-no-Sukune, at the death of Emperor Suinin's Empress, proposed making clay figures to take the place of those who followed their lord in death. Since then we have presided over matters of ill omen generation after generation, though on festival days we also take part in auspicious affairs. Yet now we are regarded solely as holding an office of ill omen, which seems contrary to the work of our ancestor. We humbly request that the surname Haji be changed and that we be called the Sugawara clan after the place where we live." This was permitted. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Michinaga was granted a change to the surname Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Saga, Haji-no-Sukune Momoe, a man of Yamashiro of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, was granted the surname Sugawara-no-Ason. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Haji-no-Muraji Toyomichi of Junior Sixth Rank Upper and his kinsman Michiyoshi and others were granted Sugawara-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Hioki-no-Omi Okanari, a man of the Left Capital and Mokunō-no-Shōsakan (Junior Clerk of the Bureau of Carpentry), was granted a change to Sugawara-no-Ason. Hioki-no-Miyatsuko Kumemaro was granted the surname and given name Sugawara-no-Ason Narutoshi. Haji-no-Sukune Masuo of Senior Sixth Rank Upper and others were likewise granted Sugawara-no-Ason. All of these descend from Ada-no-Sukune, a tenth-generation descendant of Ame-no-Hohi. (Note: that he was a tenth-generation descendant is from the Izumo Kuni-no-Miyatsuko Keizu. ○ The genealogy gives the name as Ata-no-Mikoto.) In the reign of Emperor Yōzei, Hioki-no-Obito Nagatsu and others, men of Kii, were granted Sugawara-no-Ason. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶From Furuhito onward the Sugawara clan produced men of outstanding virtue generation after generation. When it came to his great-grandson Michizane, he was discovered by Emperor Uda for his literary skill and virtuous conduct, and his office and rank rose as far as Udaijin (Minister of the Right). He was demoted through slander and ended his life in misfortune, but his spiritual power appeared with great clarity and he was enshrined as a myōjin. His descendants became a family of letters generation after generation. (Note: the general sense of the Sugawara Keizu and the Fusō Ryakki has been taken into account.) Michizane begot Takami and Atsushige, both of whom became Daigaku-no-Kami (Director of the University). Takami begot Masaki, Yamashiro-no-Kami (Governor of Yamashiro), who had two sons, Sukatada and Tōsen. Sukatada was Ukyō-no-Chūben (Middle Controller of the Right). His grandson Sadayoshi became Daigaku-no-Kami and begot Koretsuna and Ariyoshi. Koretsuna was Daigaku-no-Kami. His great-grandson Tamenaga, a Sangi (Consultant), begot Naganari and Takanaga. Naganari became Daigaku-no-Kami, and his descendants became the Takatsuji house. Takanaga became Shikibu-no-Taifu (Senior Assistant Minister of Ceremonial), and his descendants became the Gojō house. Takanaga's grandson Shigenaga became Jibu-kyō (Minister of Civil Affairs) and was the ancestor of the Higashibōjō house. Ariyoshi became Shikibu-no-Taifu, and his descendants became the Karahashi house. (Note: following the Sugawara Keizu.) Tōsen became Kii-no-Kami (Governor of Kii), and those of his descendants who lived in Mimasaka called themselves the Arimoto clan, whose branches gradually prospered. In the reign of Emperor Go-Daigo, Arimoto Sukehiro, together with his younger brothers Sukemitsu and Sukeyoshi, served the imperial cause and died in battle in the capital. These were the so-called Kanke Ittō (partisans of the Sugawara house). (Note: following the Egara Ichijōin-bon Sugawara Keizu and the Taiheiki.) Among the descendants of the Sugawara clan there is also the Kasa clan. In the reign of Emperor Sutoku there was a man named Koremitsu. His distant ancestor Sugawara-no-Chikamichi became an adopted son of Kiyohara-no-Michihiro and took his clan name. Koremitsu served as governor of Mino, Owari, and other provinces, and in the Tenji era (1124-1126) he served as Gion Festival Envoy and was granted by imperial command a ceremonial hat (shōzoku-gasa), whence he called himself of the Kinugasa clan, later changing this to the Kasa clan. (Note: following the Kasa-shi Keizu.) One branch of it is the Hamuro clan. It descends from Zenken, a sixth-generation descendant of Koremitsu, and lived in Higo generation after generation. Chikayoshi, a fifth-generation descendant of Zenken, served the imperial cause together with the Kikuchi clan at the time of the Restoration, but was later slandered and had his lands taken away. In the reign of Emperor Go-Kameyama, Chikayoshi petitioned: "Since my ancestors' time, generation after generation, I have been loyal to the royal house and have never once joined in treacherous rebellion. In the Jōkyū Disturbance (1221), Zenken died in the crisis. In the Genkō War (1331), Takayoshi died for his principles. In the Kenmu and Engen years (1334-1340), my grandfather Yoshimune and my father Sukeyoshi both took part in the imperial cause. In the Bunchū years (1372-1375), Nakatomi belonged to the Shogun Prince's forces and fought at Mizushima, Hakata, and other places, and my younger brother Yoshiyasu fell in battle. Moreover, the Shogun Prince, receiving the edict of Shōhei, took over the conduct of military affairs in place of the late Great Prince. I have always followed the army and served the imperial cause, and even if I do not now receive any fresh favor, I humbly request that my long years of service be recorded and that I be permitted to keep my former lands intact." An imperial edict then restored the old domain, which was passed on to his descendants, and later they were called simply the Muro clan. (Note: following the Hamuro Chikayoshi Mōshijō and the Kasa-shi Keizu. The Hamuro-shi Monjo was also consulted.)

¶The Hioki clan had those with the surname Omi, those with the surname Miyatsuko, and those with the surname Obito. They share a common ancestor with the Haji-no-Sukune and descend from Ada-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku. ○ On examination, the Shinsen Shōjiroku lists the Hioki-be in the section on miscellaneous surnames, saying they are descendants of Ame-no-Kushimimi, a son of Ame-no-Kushitama. Considering the Izumo Kuni-no-Miyatsuko Keizu, Kushitsuki-no-Mikoto is a son of Kushimikamae-no-Mikoto, a fourth-generation descendant of Ame-no-Hohi. The characters for mimi and tsuki resemble each other, and probably one of the two is an error. The Kushiwatsu, fifth-generation descendant of Ame-no-Hohi, in the entry for the Izumo-no-Omi of the Left Capital in the Shinsen Shōjiroku is, I think, this same person. If so, the Hioki-be are also of the same kin as he. Furthermore, on examination, the Izumo no Kuni Fudoki shows such surnames as Oki-no-Kimi and Oki-be-no-Omi. Oki is none other than Hioki. The Oki Village in Kamudo District in the Fudoki appears as the Hioki Village in the Wamyōshō. From this it seems that some of this clan also bore the clan name Oki, and so it is appended here for reference.) There was also the surname Sukune, who were probably of the same kin. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Kinmei there was Hioki-no-Omi Shibi, a Ōtoneri (Senior Attendant). (Note: following the Izumo no Kuni Fudoki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there were Hioki-be-no-Omi Ashiyumi, a man of Kawachi Village in Izumo District of Izumo Province, Hioki-be-no-Omi Ichishima, a man of Urushinuma Village, and Hioki-be-no-Obito Ushimaro. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Ōhioki-no-Sukune Eikō, who served as Yamashiro-no-Gon-no-Shōjō (Provisional Junior Secretary of Yamashiro). (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Toba there was Hioki-no-Sukune Takamoto, a zaichō kanjin (local official) of Suō Province holding rank without office. (Note: following the Azuma Kagami.) In the Genkō years (1331-1334) of Emperor Go-Daigo, Hioki Masataka, the sōryō (chief) of Kajiya Village in Ōno Manor in Izumo Province, called himself of the Misaki clan, and for his service to the imperial cause was granted Fukutomi Estate in his home province, but later he turned against it and surrendered to Ashikaga Takauji. (Note: following the Izumo Ono-shi Monjo.) Among the kin of the Hioki-no-Omi there was also the Kuratoneri-no-Kimi clan, which descends from the line of Shibi. (Note: following the Izumo no Kuni Fudoki.)

¶The Mitō clan had the surname Sukune and descends from the Hioki-no-Sukune. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Hioki-no-Sukune Majō, a man of the Left Capital and Genba-no-Suke (Assistant of the Bureau of Buddhism and Foreign Guests), and others were granted a change to the surname Mitō-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. ○ On examination, the Nihon Kōki states that in the reign of Emperor Kanmu, [-no-]Ason Imatsugu, a man of the Left Capital of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and others were granted the surname Mimune-no-Ason. Mimune and Mitō have the same reading and were probably of the same kin. However, a character is missing before "Ason" in the Kōki, so the original surname is unclear, and it is therefore appended here.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo, Mitō-no-Sukune Michihira was known for his literary learning. (Note: following the Nichūreki, the Gōdanshō, and the Ruijū Fusenshō.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there were Mitō-no-Sukune Kimitada, Dai-geki (Senior Secretary), and Mitō Motonatsu, Shikibu-no-Daijō (Senior Secretary of the Ministry of Ceremonial). (Note: following the Geki Nikki.)

¶The Akishino clan had those with the surname Ason and those with the surname Sukune. The Ason were registered in the Right Capital and descend from Ōhodo. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The Sukune surname is from the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Haji-no-Sukune Yasuhito, Shōnaiki (Junior Private Secretary), and others petitioned: "Since our distant ancestor Nomi-no-Sukune, most of his descendants have presided over rites of ill omen. When we examine the work of our ancestor, we find that his true intention did not lie there. Our kinsman Furuhito has already changed his surname to Sugawara. At that time Yasuhito had been posted to a distant province and did not share in the granting of the change. We humbly request that our original surname be changed to Akishino-no-Sukune." This was permitted. Afterward Haji-no-Sukune Ōmi and others, men of the Right Capital, were likewise granted Akishino-no-Sukune. Yasuhito was granted the surname Ason before long. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) At about the same time, Akishino-no-Ason Matatsugu of Junior Seventh Rank Upper, a man of Kawachi, and others transferred their registration to the Right Capital. In the reign of Emperor Saga, Haji-no-Sukune Tokiwa, a man of Kawachi, was granted Akishino-no-Ason. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Mii clan descends from the Akishino clan. In the reign of Emperor Saga, Akishino-no-Ason Kamiko, a man of the Left Capital of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and Muronari, of the same surname, a man of the Right Capital of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and others were granted a change to Mii-no-Ason. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Ōeda clan had the surname Ason and was registered in the Right Capital. It descends from Ōhodo. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the ninth year of Enryaku (790), Emperor Kanmu issued an edict saying: "It is fitting that the Haji-no-Sukune, my maternal grandmother, be posthumously granted Senior First Rank, and that the surname be changed to Ōeda-no-Ason. That kindness should proceed from near to far is a principle that exists in the registers of old. To Sugawara-no-Manaka, Haji-no-Sugamaro, and the others, we grant together the surname Ōeda-no-Ason. Let all those of the same mother as the Empress's mother be given Ōeda-no-Ason, and let those of a different mother follow the surnames Akishino and Sugawara-no-Ason." (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) Ōeda-no-Ason Nagahito, a man of Yamato of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and Ōeda-no-Ason Ujimaro, a man of Kawachi of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and others transferred their registration to the Right Capital. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Hiroe-no-Muraji Otohira, a man of Sarara District in Kawachi Province and Sagami-no-Jō (Third-Rank Official of Sagami), was granted the surname Ōeda-no-Ason. Otohira was a son of Ōeda-no-Ason Nagayama, but his father died before he had been entered in the household register, and so he had taken his mother's surname and been registered in Kawachi. At this time he petitioned to be restored to his original surname, and his registration was changed to the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) Earlier, in the reign of Emperor Junna, Ōeda-no-Ason Motonushi adopted Otondo, a son of Prince Abo, as his own son. In the Jōgan years (859-877), Otondo changed to the Ōe clan, and from then on this line became still more an Imperial branch. (Note: following the Kōin Jōunroku, the Kugyō Bunin, and the Mōri Keizu.)

¶The Ōshikōchi clan had the surname Imiki and was registered in Settsu. It descends from Iiirine. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ This book also lists Ōshikōchi-no-Imiki among the descendants of Amatsuhikone, registered in Settsu. It is doubtful that, among the Divine branches of the same province of Settsu, there should be those of the same surname with different lines. Probably the attribution to the descendants of Ame-no-Hohi is mistaken. The doubt is preserved for now, to await later examination.)

¶The Kamudo clan had the surname Omi and was registered in the Right Capital. It descends from Unaginu. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) Its descendant Igasokuma was the first to build and present the gate (kamudo) of the Great Shrine, and was therefore called Kamudo. His descendants lived in Izumo generation after generation, established Kamudo District, and some later became Dairyō (Senior District Magistrates). (Note: following the Izumo no Kuni Fudoki.) In the reign of Emperor Junna there was Kamudo-no-Omi Tomitsugu. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) In the reign of Emperor Montoku there was Kamudo-no-Omi Ujinari, Sakonoe-no-Shōsō (Clerk of the Left Imperial Guards). (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Kamudo Tsunenao, Sama-no-Shishō (Clerk of the Left Bureau of Horses). (Note: following the Geki Nikki.) Among its kin there was also the surname Takeribe-no-Omi. When Emperor Keikō established Takeribe in the various provinces, Kamudo-no-Omi Komi was made a Takeribe, and his line lived in Izumo District of Izumo Province generation after generation; its branches multiplied and the Takeribe Village was established. (Note: following the Izumo no Kuni Fudoki. That the branches multiplied is from the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there were Takeribe-no-Omi Kuroi and others, men of the same province. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji.)

¶The Ishizu clan had the surname Muraji and was registered in Izumi. It descends from Nomi-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Ōtomo clan had the surname Atai, and there was also the surname Ōtomo-no-Tomi-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi and the Nihon Kōki.) Their line probably descends from Ōtomo-no-Atai Ōtaki, a tenth-generation descendant of Ame-no-Hohi. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Ōtomo-no-Atai Minabuchimaro and others were granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Empress Kōken there was Ōtomo Akamaro, Dairyō (Senior District Magistrate) of Tama District in Musashi Province. (Note: following the Nihon Ryōiki.) In the reign of Emperor Saga, Musashi-no-Atai Kashiwade-no-Ōtomo-be Hirokatsu, a man of Dewa of Junior Initial Rank Lower, was granted Ōtomo-no-Atai, and Ōtomo-no-Atai Katsumaro, a man of Awa of Senior Sixth Rank Lower, was granted Ōtomo-no-Tomi-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki. ○ On examination, the Musashi-no-Atai were probably descendants of the Musashi Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, and the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko share a common ancestor with the Izumo-no-Omi. Haji-no-Sukune Momoe was likewise first granted Ōtomo-no-Tomi-no-Sukune and later became Sugawara-no-Ason; this too probably came about because they were of the same kin.) There was also the surname Kimi, who were perhaps also of the same kin. In the reign of Empress Saimei there was Nutari-no-Ki-no-Miyatsuko Ōtomo-no-Kimi Inazumi. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Ōtomo-no-Kimi Kumagori, a man of Mashiki District in Hizen Province, who served as Sumai-no-Tsukai (Sumo Envoy). (Note: following the Man'yōshū.)

¶The Iruma clan had the surname Sukune and was registered in the Left Capital. It descends from Ame-no-Hikosonoiro-no-Mikoto, a seventeenth-generation descendant of Ame-no-Hohi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Mononobe-no-Atai Hironari of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, a man of Iruma District in Musashi Province, and others were granted a change to Iruma-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ On examination, the Izumo Fudoki mentions a Mononobe-no-Omi who was Shuchō (Chief Clerk) of Tatenui District in that province, but his origin is unknown. That this Mononobe-no-Atai was granted Iruma-no-Sukune here means that this line had originally called itself the Mononobe clan, and its Omi surname may also perhaps be of the same kin. It is appended for reference.)

¶The Yama clan was at first called Yamabe, but later became the Yama clan to avoid the personal name of Emperor Kanmu. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) It was registered in Izumi and descends from Ame-no-Hikosonoiro. It had the surnames Sukune and Atai. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The Sukune surname is from the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Keikō there was Okinaga, also called Ishiji, ancestor of the Yama-no-Atai and a man of Kamo District in Harima Province. He was the one who welcomed Empress Harima-no-Inabi-no-Ōiratsume. (Note: following the Harima Fudoki. ○ The title "Yama-no-Atai" was probably added by a later hand.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Yamabe-no-Atai Unago, a man of Inukami Village in Izumo Province. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Yama-no-Atai Ikesaku, U-daishi (Senior Clerk of the Right), and others were granted Sukune. Ikesaku was originally a man of Izumi and transferred his registration to the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Sanjō there was Yama-no-Sukune Yoshitake, Harima-no-Daijō (Senior Third-Rank Official of Harima). (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.) In the reign of Emperor Shirakawa there was Yama-no-Sukune Kiyoko, a Tonomo-ryō no Nyoju (maid-servant of the Palace Housekeeping Office). (Note: following the Chōya Gunsai.) In the reign of Emperor Horikawa there was Yama-no-Sukune Nagatsune, Tonomo-no-Kami (Head of the Palace Housekeeping Office). (Note: following the Taifuki.) Among the descendants of Amatsuhikone there is also a Yama-no-Atai, but this is of a different line. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Tami clan had the surname Atai and was registered in Izumi. It descends from Wakakuwa-no-Sukune, a seventeenth-generation descendant of Ame-no-Hohi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) There was also the surname Omi, who were perhaps also of the same kin. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Tami-no-Omi Umame, a man of Izumo. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji.)

¶The Hinokuma Toneri clan was also called simply the Hinokuma clan. It had the surname Atai and shares a common ancestor with the Haji clan. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Hinokuma-no-Toneri-no-Atai Yukamaro of Senior Seventh Rank Upper, a man of Kami District in Musashi Province, and nine others changed their registration to the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Kazusa clan descends from the Hinokuma-no-Toneri-no-Atai. In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Hinokuma-no-Toneri-no-Atai Takemaro of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, a man of Unakami District in Kazusa Province, was granted a change to Kazusa-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Horikawa there was Kazusa Masasuke, Bizen-no-Daisakan (Senior Clerk of Bizen) (Note: following the Geki Nikki), who was probably a descendant.

¶The Tsushima Agata-no-Atai descends from Take-hiratori-no-Mikoto, a son of Ame-no-Hohi. (Note: ○ Ame-no-Hohi is written Ame-no-Hohi with other characters in this book. Take-hiratori is probably the same as Ame-no-Hitori. The Kuji Hongi states that the Tsushima Agata-no-Atai was changed to Atai from Take-yakoko-no-Mikoto, a fifth-generation descendant of Takamitama-no-Mikoto, in the Kashihara court, which does not agree with this book. It is appended here for the time being. Furthermore, on examination, the Ryō no Shūge states that the Tsushima Kamiagata Kuni-no-Miyatsuko presented one mikannagi (shrine maiden), and the same book also mentions the Shimoagata Kuni-no-Miyatsuko; these were probably of the same kin.)

¶The Tōtōmi Kuni-no-Miyatsuko shares a common ancestor with the Tsushima Agata-no-Atai and descends from Take-hiratori-no-Mikoto. (Note: following the Kojiki. ○ The Kuji Hongi also lists a Tōtōmi Kuni-no-Miyatsuko among the descendants of Nigihayahi, but that is of a different line.)

¶The Shimazu Kuni-no-Miyatsuko: Izumo-no-Kasaya-no-Mikoto, a grandson of Sahine-no-Sukune, ancestor of the Izumo-no-Omi, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.)

¶The Musashi Kuni-no-Miyatsuko (Note: ○ also written with other characters as Musashi, Munasashi, or Takesashi) descends from Eitamohi-no-Mikoto, a tenth-generation descendant of Ni-i-ukamoroshinokamusa-no-Mikoto, ancestor of the Izumo-no-Omi, who became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi. ○ A later passage of this book also states that the Munasashi Kuni-no-Miyatsuko was made by Isachi-no-Atai, a son of Eitamohi, ancestor of the Kihe Kuni-no-Miyatsuko; this is a complete duplication of the same entry, and moreover it mistakenly makes the line share a common ancestor with the Kihe Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. A later hand probably miswrote it, and this confusion arose.) In the reign of Emperor Ankan, Kasahara-no-Atai Omi, the Musashi Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, contended for the office with his kinsman Oki, and Oki sought help from Kamitsukeno-no-Kimi Oguma and plotted to kill Omi. Omi fled to the capital and appealed to the court. The court ordered that Oki be put to death and made Omi Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Omi was greatly pleased and established four miyake (imperial granaries), including Yokonu and Tachibana, and presented them. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Musashi-no-Sukune Otofusa, Dairyō (Senior District Magistrate) of Adachi District, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) There was also Musashi-no-Sukune Ietoji, an uneme (palace attendant) of the same district, who became a Naishi-no-Jō (Principal Handmaid). (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Musashi-no-Takeshiba, Gunji Hangandai (Deputy Judge of the District Office) of Adachi District. (Note: following the Shōmonki. ○ On examination, the Takahashi Ujibumi, quoted in the Honchō Getsuryō, states that when Emperor Keikō, on his tour of the eastern lands, reached Kazusa, Iwakamutsukari addressed the Emperor, and the Emperor summoned Ōtamohi, supreme ancestor of the Musashi Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, and others, to serve the imperial meals. The Emperor thereupon fixed the Ōtomo-be of the various provinces and granted them to Iwakamutsukari. He also ordered the twelve Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of the eastern region each to present one son as a cook (kashiwade) and attach him to Iwakamutsukari. Ōtamohi is probably the same as Eitamohi. I think that the Ōtomo clan within this kin probably arose because they presented their sons and so shared in governing the Ōtomo-be. It should be read together with the entry for the Ōtomo-no-Atai above.)

¶The Kikuma Kuni-no-Miyatsuko: Ōshikakuni-no-Atai, a son of Eitamohi, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.)

¶The Hōki Kuni-no-Miyatsuko: Ōyagi-no-Sukune, a son of Eitamohi, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.) There was also the Hōki-no-Miyatsuko, who were granted the surname Muraji in the eleventh year of Emperor Temmu (682). (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. ○ This book writes the character "Haku" for the first element with a different character, but it has now been corrected according to the Shaku Nihongi.) They were perhaps also of the same kin. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Hahaki-no-Masamaru (Note: following the Nihon Ryōiki), who was probably a descendant.

¶The Ōshima Kuni-no-Miyatsuko: Anaiko-no-Mikoto, a son of Eitamohi, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi. ○ The Nihon Shoki mentions Ōshima-no-Obito Iwahi in the reign of Emperor Bidatsu, who may perhaps have been of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko's line. It is appended here for the time being.)

¶The Sagamu Kuni-no-Miyatsuko: Ototakehiko-no-Mikoto, a third-generation descendant of Ise-tsuhiko-no-Mikoto, ancestral deity of the Musashi Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.) In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Nurushibe-no-Atai Iwa of Junior Fifth Rank Lower was granted a change of surname to Sagami-no-Sukune and became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Kōkō, Sagami-no-Sukune Akomaro of Junior Seventh Rank Upper, a man of Soekami District in Yamato Province, and thirty others, men and women, transferred their registration to Shibukawa District in Kawachi Province. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) The Nurushibe-no-Atai were probably also of the same kin. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Nurushibe-no-Atai Sumitari, a man of Urushinuma Village in Izumo District of Izumo Province, and others. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji.)

¶The Kamitsu-Unakami Kuni-no-Miyatsuko (Note: ○ the character for "umi" in Unakami is written with a different character in the Kojiki): Oshitatekatahi-no-Mikoto, an eighth-generation descendant of Ame-no-Hohi, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.)

¶The Shimotsu-Unakami Kuni-no-Miyatsuko (Note: ○ the character for "umi" is written with a different character in the Kojiki): shares a common ancestor with the Kamitsu-Unakami Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, and his grandson Kutsuki-no-Atai became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Ōjin. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi. ○ It seems that a character is missing above "grandson.") His descendants became the Osada-no-Hinomatsuribe-no-Atai. In the reign of Emperor Kōtoku, Osada-no-Hinomatsuri-no-Atai Oshi, of Junior Otsu Lower, became Shōryō (Junior District Magistrate) of Unakami District. His son Miyamaro, of Tsuikōshi rank, succeeded him as district magistrate in the reign of Emperor Temmu. Miyamaro's grandsons were Kunitari and Jingo. Kunitari became Dairyō (Senior District Magistrate) in the reign of Empress Jitō, and Jingo became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko and concurrently Dairyō in the reign of Emperor Shōmu. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Unakami Kuni-no-Miyatsuko Osada-no-Hinomatsuri-no-Atai Tokutoji was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Kōkō, Osada-no-Hinomatsuri-no-Atai Harutaka, Dairyō of Unakami District and Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, was provisionally granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) All of these belonged to this kin.

¶The Awa Kuni-no-Miyatsuko (Note: ○ this book writes Awa with other characters, but it has now been corrected according to the entry for the Ijimu Kuni-no-Miyatsuko): Ōtomo-no-Atai Ōtaki, a grandson of Mitsurogi-no-Mikoto, an eighth-generation descendant of Ame-no-Hohi, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.) In the reign of Emperor Montoku, Tomo-no-Atai Chifukumaro, the Awa Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.)

¶The Niihari Kuni-no-Miyatsuko: Hinarafu-no-Mikoto, a son of Mitsurogi, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi. ○ On examination, the Hitachi Fudoki states that in the reign of Emperor Sujin, Hinaratama-no-Mikoto, ancestor of the Niihari Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, was sent to subdue the eastern barbarians, and also that when Yamato-takeru-no-Sumeramikoto, that is, Yamato-takeru-no-Mikoto, went on his eastern campaign and reached Niihari Agata, he ordered the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko Hinaratama (written with different characters) to dig a well. Hinaratama is probably the same person as the Hinarafu of this book. But from the death of Emperor Sujin to Yamato-takeru's eastern campaign there are nearly one hundred and forty years, and no single person could live through that span. If it was in the time of Yamato-takeru, the period fits somewhat better. The earlier statement in the Fudoki is probably mistaken.) In the reign of Empress Shōtoku there was Niihari-no-Atai Shikō, Dairyō of Niihari District. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Niihari-no-Atai Ōnao, Dairyō of Niihari District. Both were granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Junna there was Niihari-no-Atai Tan, a man of Hitachi and holder of the Seventh Order of Merit. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) They were probably all descendants of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko.

¶The Taka Kuni-no-Miyatsuko: Misahi-no-Mikoto (Note: ○ the Hitachi Fudoki writes it Takemisahi), a grandson of Mitsurogi, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.)

¶The Ijimu Kuni-no-Miyatsuko: Iirodo-no-Atai, a grandson of Ikohodo-no-Mikoto, ancestor of the Awa Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.) In the reign of Emperor Ankan there was the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko Wakako-no-Atai. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Toyo Kuni-no-Miyatsuko shares a common ancestor with the Ijimu Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.) In the reign of Emperor Keikō, Una-no-Sukune governed Toyo Province and was therefore granted the name Toyokuni-no-Atai. (Note: following the Bungo no Kuni Fudoki.) He became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi. ○ On examination, the Nihon Shoki states that when Emperor Keikō went on his western campaign and reached Suō, he looked to the south and saw much smoke rising, and so sent Unade, ancestor of the Kunisaki-no-Omi, to inspect the land. Unade and Una-no-Sukune are close in sound and reading, and were probably not different persons. However, the Shoki's making him the ancestor of the Kunisaki-no-Omi is probably a mistake. The Toyokunisaki-no-Omi have been seen above and are of a different line.)

¶The Futakata Kuni-no-Miyatsuko shares a common ancestor with the Izumo Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Minefu-no-Mikoto, a grandson of Utsukoma-ichinu-no-Mikoto, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi. ○ Utsukoma-ichinu is probably an error for Ukatsukunu. Ukatsukunu is none other than Unaginu.)

¶The Yamashiro clan, the Kuni clan, the Ōshikōchi clan, the Kiyouchi clan, the Iwase clan, the Gamō clan, the Yamato-no-Tanaka clan, the Tsubue clan, the Ō-Agatanushi clan, the Nukatabe-no-Yuege clan, the Nukatabe-no-Kawata clan, the Anchi clan, the Kuwana clan, the Sue clan, the Yama clan, the Takechi clan, the Saegusabe clan, the Ibaraki Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Suō Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Iwaki Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Shinaga Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Sue Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Umakuta Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Kikuta Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, and the Kihe Kuni-no-Miyatsuko are all descendants of Amatsuhikone-no-Mikoto.

¶The Yamashiro clan (Note: ○ also written with other characters as Yamashiro) was registered in Yamashiro and descends from Ame-no-Mahitotsu-no-Mikoto, a son of Amatsuhikone. (Note: ○ Ame-no-Mahitotsu is given in this book as Ame-no-Mahitotsune, but the Nihon Shoki is now followed.) It had the surnames Sukune and Imiki (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The Sukune surname is from the Shoku Nihon Kōki), the surnames Muraji and Atai (Note: following the Nihon Shoki), and was also a line of Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. When the Founding Emperor pacified the Central Land, he made Atane-no-Mikoto Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi. ○ As to Atane, this book does not say of which deity he was a descendant, and it also says that Emperor Jinmu made Ame-no-Mahitotsu the Yamashiro Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, who was the ancestor of the Yamashiro-no-Atai. Those statements do not agree. Yet a son of Amatsuhikone could hardly still have been alive in the time of the Founding Emperor. The text probably has omissions or errors. However, that the Yamashiro-no-Atai descend from Amatsuhikone has clear evidence in the Nihon Shoki as well, and the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko were truly of the same kin. Atane was probably a descendant of Ame-no-Mahitotsu. Therefore the other account in this book is followed for now.) When Empress Jingū returned from pacifying the Three Han kingdoms, she ordered Hayama-hime, daughter of Yamashiro-no-Neko, to enshrine Amaterasu-Ōmikami at Hirota. In the reign of Emperor Temmu there were Yamashiro-no-Atai Obayashi and Mukade, all of this kin. In the eleventh year (682), the Yamashiro-no-Atai were granted the surname Muraji. In the thirteenth year (684) they were granted the surname Imiki. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Monmu there was Yamashiro-no-Imiki Hōchi, Yamashiro Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of Outer Junior Eighth Rank Upper. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Yamashiro-no-Atai Ōyama of Senior Eighth Rank Lower and others were granted the surname Imiki. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Yamashiro-no-Imiki Kiyotari, a man of Yamashiro, and Iokawa, of the same surname, and others were granted the surname Sukune. Yamashiro-no-Sukune Oyatsugu of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, a man of Otagi District, and others changed their registration to the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) Originally Ame-no-Mahitotsu followed Futodama-no-Mikoto and together they presided over sacred rites, and so his descendants also became Inbe. These are the Inbe of the two provinces of Tsukushi and Ise. (Note: following the Kogo Shūi.)

¶The Kuni clan had the surname Miyatsuko and was registered in Settsu. It descends from Ame-no-Tomami-no-Mikoto, a son of Amatsuhikone. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) At first it was called the Wakaobihiko clan. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Monmu there was Wakaobe-no-Hitsujime, a woman of Kagami District in Mino Province (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji), who was probably of this kin. In the seventh year of Wadō under Empress Genmei (714), because the clan name offended the taboo name of the province, it was granted a change, according to the place of residence, to the surname Kuni-no-Miyatsuko-hito, and before long the character for "hito" was dropped. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ In which province the place of residence lay is not clear.) In the reign of Empress Kōken there was Kunitsuchimaro, a Dai-busshi (Master Sculptor of the Great Buddha). (Note: following the Tōdaiji Daibutsu-ki.) In the reign of Emperor En'yū there were Kuni-no-Sukezane, Kazue-no-Sakan (Clerk of the Bureau of Accounting), and his son Kuni-no-Sukune Kimizane, Tosa-no-Kami (Governor of Tosa). (Note: following the Tōji Monjo.) Perhaps they were all of this kin.

¶The Ōshikōchi clan (Note: ○ the first character is sometimes written with another character) had the surname Imiki and was registered in Settsu and Kawachi. There were also the surnames Muraji and Atai (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The Muraji and Atai surnames are from the Nihon Shoki), and it was also a line of Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Hiko-isone-no-Mikoto, a descendant of Amatsuhikone, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Jinmu. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi and the Kojiki. ○ Isone is written elsewhere as Kosohori. On this basis "ne" is probably an error for "furi.") In the eleventh year of Emperor Temmu (682), the Ōshikōchi-no-Atai were granted the surname Muraji. The next year they were granted the surname Imiki. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Monmu there was Ōshikōchi-no-Imiki Ishimaro, Settsu Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) He was probably of this kin. In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Ōshikōchi-no-Sukune Hirotsune, Izumo-no-Kami (Governor of Izumo), who was also probably of the same kin. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Ōshikōchi Yoshinao, Kazue-no-Shōsakan (Junior Clerk of the Bureau of Accounting). (Note: following the Geki Nikki.) In the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Ōshikōchi-Ki-no-Imiki Masashige, Settsu Mokudai (Deputy Governor of Settsu). (Note: following the Chōya Gunsai.) In later ages the branch of this kin that lived in Harima was called the Hiromine clan. (Note: following the Hiromine Keizu.)

¶The Kiyouchi clan descends from the Ōshikōchi-no-Imiki. In the reign of Emperor Junna, Ōshikōchi-no-Imiki Kinushi of Junior Sixth Rank Upper, a man of Settsu, and others were granted a change to Kiyouchi-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. ○ On examination, the Shinsen Shōjiroku has two lines of Ōshikōchi-no-Imiki registered in Settsu. Which of the two lines those granted the Kiyouchi name belonged to is unknown. The Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku states that Kiyouchi-no-Sukune Oyuki, a man of Shiki District in Kawachi Province, had originally borne the surname Ōshikōchi-no-Imiki and was later granted a change to Kiyouchi-no-Sukune. According to the Shinsen Shōjiroku, the Ōshikōchi-no-Imiki registered in Kawachi descend from Amatsuhikone, so it is clear that Kinushi and the others were of the same kin. Since the year and month in which Oyuki was granted the surname is not known, it is appended here.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there were Kiyouchi Inazumi, Dairyō of Shiki District in Kawachi Province (Note: following the Hokuzanshō), and Kiyouchi Hirotsu, a horse physician. (Note: following the Geki Nikki.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Ichijō there was Kiyouchi Nagamitsu, Uemon-fushō (Clerk of the Right Gate Guards). (Note: following the Shōyūki.)

¶The Mutsu Iwase clan (Note: Iwase is also written with other characters) had the surnames Ason and Omi (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi and the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku), and was also a line of Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Takeyayorime-no-Mikoto, a son of Takekoro-no-Mikoto, a fourteenth-generation descendant of Amatsuhikone, became the Iwase Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi. That he was a fourteenth-generation descendant is from the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ "Fourteen" is written "twelve" in one text, but that is probably an error. Koro is sometimes written with another character. The Hitachi no Kuni Fudoki gives Amatsutakekoro.) In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Kimikobe-no-Hitogami of Outer Senior Sixth Rank Upper, a man of Iwase District in Mutsu Province, was granted the surname Iwase-no-Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Kimikobe-no-Toyono of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, a man of Iwase District, was granted Mutsu-Iwase-no-Omi, and at about the same time there were Iwase-no-Ason Nagamune, Gon-no-Dairyō (Provisional Senior District Magistrate) of Iwase District, and the Dairyō Tominushi. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) They were probably all of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko's kin.

¶The Gamō clan had the surname Inaki. The Yamato-no-Tanaka clan had the surname Atai. (Note: following the Kojiki.)

¶The Tsubue clan (Note: ○ on examination, the "Tsuboe-no-Muraji" in the Shūgaishō is this clan. There is also a "Tsuōe-no-Muraji," but the character for Ō is probably an error for the character for bu) had the surname Muraji and was registered in Kawachi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Ō-Agatanushi were registered in Kawachi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ On examination, the Ō-Agatanushi probably means the Ōagata Agatanushi. In Kawachi there was Ōagata District, and this clan probably came from there. The Shoku Nihongi mentions Ōagata-no-Muraji Momoe-me in the reign of Empress Shōtoku, who may also be of this kin. Both are appended together to await later examination.) In the reign of Emperor Takakura there was Ōagata-no-Sukune Yasunaga, Kōzuke-no-Jō (Third-Rank Official of Kōzuke) (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō), who was perhaps also of the same kin.

¶The Nukatabe-no-Yuege clan had the surname Muraji and was registered in the Left Capital and Kawachi. It descends from Akitatsu-ame-no-Mikage-no-Mikoto, a son of Amatsuhikone. (Note: ○ in the entry for the Kawachi branch of this clan in this book, they are said to be descendants of Otabe-no-Muraji, a fifth-generation descendant of Amatsuhikone.) In the reign of Emperor Ingyō, one of his descendants subdued the Satsuma Hayato and, returning, presented a horse that had on its forehead a hair whorl in the shape of a field plot (machi). The Emperor was pleased and granted him the name Nukatabe. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kōtoku there was Nukatabe-no-Yuege-no-Muraji (Note: the name is missing), who was killed in connection with the affair of Soga-no-Kura-Yamada-no-Ishikawamaro. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Empress Kōken there was Nukatabe-no-Yuege-no-Muraji Okinaga, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Nukatabe-no-Yuege-no-Muraji Nagayoshi was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) There were also the Ibaraki-no-Yuege-no-Muraji, and there was also the surname Yuege-Kikuta-no-Omi. (Note: for the Yuege-Kikuta-no-Omi, the Ruijū Kokushi is followed.) The Ibaraki-no-Yuege-no-Muraji descend from Tsukuba-no-Omi, a son of Takekoro. (Note: following the Hitachi no Kuni Fudoki.) In the reign of Emperor Junna there was Yuege-Kikuta-no-Omi Fukutari, who was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Hasetsukabe-no-Tsugimaro, Hamanari, and nineteen others, twenty-one persons in all, men of Kikuta District in Mutsu Province, were granted the surname Yuege-Kikuta-no-Omi. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) They were probably a branch of the Kikuta Kuni-no-Miyatsuko.

¶The Nukatabe-no-Kawata clan had the surname Muraji and was registered in Yamato. There was also the surname Nukatabe-no-Sukune, descending from Ōiga-tsu-no-Mikoto, a third-generation descendant of Amatsuhikone. In the reign of Emperor Ingyō, because they presented a Nukata horse, they were granted the surname Nukata-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The Sukune surname is from the Shoku Nihongi. ○ On examination, Nukatabe was originally a single surname, which later divided into the two houses of Yuege and Kawata, and some differences arose in what the descendants handed down. This book probably recorded them according to the account of each house. It is appended for reference.) In the reign of Empress Kōken, Nukatabe-no-Sukune Santō was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. Santō's former surname was Nukatabe-no-Kawata-no-Muraji, but on this occasion the rank certificate was written with Nukatabe-no-Sukune and granted to him. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Anchi clan had the surname Miyatsuko. Those registered in the Left Capital share a common ancestor with the Nukatabe-no-Yuege-no-Muraji, and those registered in Yamato descend from Takekoro. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Saga, Anchi-no-Miyatsuko Kibimaro was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.)

¶The Kuwana clan had the surname Obito and was registered in the Right Capital. It descends from Ame-no-Kushihi-no-Mikoto, a son of Amatsuhikone. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Yōzei there was Kuwana Kibimaro, a Gon-no-Shibe (Provisional Messenger) of the Left Controller's Office. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Sue clan (Note: ○ also written with another character) had the surname Omi and was registered in Izumi. It descends from Hikoinakatsu-no-Mikoto, a son of Amatsuhikone. (Note: ○ On examination, the Kuji Hongi lists a Sue Kuni-no-Miyatsuko among the descendants of Amatsuhikone, which is seen below. Sue and Sue (written with different characters) are the same in sound, and this clan was probably a branch of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko.)

¶The Yama clan had the surname Atai and was registered in Settsu. It descends from Yamashiro-no-Neko, an eleventh-generation descendant of Ame-no-Mikage. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Takechi clan had the surnames Muraji and Agatanushi. The Muraji were registered in the Left Capital and descend from Hikoigatsu-no-Mikoto, a third-generation descendant of Amatsuhikone. The Agatanushi were registered in Izumi and descend from Takekoro. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Temmu there was Takechi-no-Agatanushi Kome, Dairyō of Takechi District in Yamato Province. In the eleventh year (682), the Takechi-no-Agatanushi were granted the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Takechi-no-Ōkuni, a man of Otagi District in Yamashiro Province of Senior Initial Rank Lower, was granted the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Saegusabe clan (Note: ○ also written with other characters as Sakikusabe) was registered in the Left Capital and Yamato and descends from Takekoro. It had the surnames Muraji and Miyatsuko. When Emperor Kenzō once gave a banquet to the various clans, a plant with three stalks grew in the palace courtyard. A descendant of Takekoro gathered it and presented it, and was therefore granted the surname Saegusabe-no-Miyatsuko (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku), and the Sakikusabe were established. In the eleventh year of Emperor Temmu (682), the Saegusabe-no-Miyatsuko were granted the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō there was Saegusa-no-Atai Hiramaro, a man of Yamanashi District in Kai Province. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Reizei there was Saegusa-no-Sukune Nariyoshi, Kai-no-Jō (Third-Rank Official of Kai). In the reign of Emperor Sutoku there was Saegusa-no-Sukune Ushitomo, Iyo-no-Shōsakan (Junior Clerk of Iyo). (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.) It seems that all were of the same kin. Those of this kin who later lived in Kai include the Kashio, Noro, Tachikawa, Onzo, and Hayashibe clans. (Note: following the Saegusa Keizu. ○ On examination, the genealogy states that in the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, when barbarian bandits invaded, a divine person named Morikuni descended from heaven, received an imperial command, defended against the bandits with great merit, and was granted the surname Saegusa, but later incurred guilt, was exiled to Kai, and became the ancestor of the Zaichō (local officials) of Kai Province. That account is fanciful and not worthy of belief. However, that the Saegusa clan lived in Kai generation after generation is probably certainly in accord with fact.)

¶The Ibaraki Kuni-no-Miyatsuko: Tsukushi-no-Tone, a grandson of Amatsuhikone, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Ōjin. (Note: ○ The Hitachi no Kuni Fudoki states that Takekoro-no-Mikoto had eight sons at the time of the birth of Emperor Ōjin, and that Tsukuba-no-Omi, a male among them, became ancestor of the Ibaraki-no-Yuege-no-Muraji. From this, Tsukuba-no-Omi at that time probably attended on matters of the yuege (bathing attendants) as Ibaraki Kuni-no-Miyatsuko and took that as his surname. The so-called eight sons, according to the Kuji Hongi, are Tsukushi-no-Tone, Ōwashi-Oine, Ōfuhi-Oine, Fukagawa-Oine, Yanushi-no-Ne, Usahi-no-Ne, Takeneyorime, and Kamenoomi. However, the Kuji Hongi does not mention Tsukuba-no-Omi, which does not agree with the Fudoki. Tsukuba-no-Omi may be another name for Tsukushi-no-Tone. If not, one of the two books must contain an error. It is appended for reference.)

¶The Suō Kuni-no-Miyatsuko shares a common ancestor with the Ibaraki Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Kamenoomi became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Ōjin. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.)

¶The Iwaki Kuni-no-Miyatsuko: in the reign of Emperor Seimu, Takekoro was made Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.) In the reign of Emperor Kōtoku there were Iwaki-no-Atai Miyabe, Taka Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, and Iwaki-no-Kōri-no-Miyatsuko-be Shikoaka, who, because the lands under their charge were far apart and travel was inconvenient, petitioned that they be divided into the two districts of Taka and Iwaki; they were probably of this kin. (Note: following the Hitachi no Kuni Fudoki. ○ On examination, in the reign of Emperor Seimu there were already two Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, of Taka and of Iwaki, and the statement here that the two districts of Taka and Iwaki were established separately probably means that their boundaries were redetermined. Moreover, the Iwaki-no-Atai must have been of the Iwaki Kuni-no-Miyatsuko's kin, so it is doubtful to call him Taka Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. The Taka Kuni-no-Miyatsuko actually descended from Takemisahi, a descendant of Ame-no-Hohi. Perhaps the descendants of Takemisahi had by then died out, and this clan became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in their place. Both are appended to await later examination.)

¶The Shinaga Kuni-no-Miyatsuko: Ōwashi-Oimi-no-Mikoto, a son of Takekoro, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.)

¶The Sue Kuni-no-Miyatsuko (Note: ○ in one text of this book the character for "e" is written with another character, which is wrong. The "Sue District" of Kazusa in the Wamyōshō, written with other characters, is this): Ōfuhi-Oimi-no-Mikoto, a son of Takekoro, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.)

¶The Umakuta Kuni-no-Miyatsuko: Fukagawa-Oimi-no-Mikoto, a son of Takekoro, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi. ○ A character is missing below "Takekoro" in this book, so it has now been supplied.)

¶The Michinoku Kikuta Kuni-no-Miyatsuko: Yanushi-no-Ne, a son of Takekoro, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Ōjin. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi. ○ It seems that "no-ne" may be an error for "tone," but for now the original text is followed, and likewise below.)

¶The Michinokuchi Kihe Kuni-no-Miyatsuko (Note: ○ Michinokuchi is written Michinoshiri in the Kojiki): Usahi-no-Ne, a son of Takekoro, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Ōjin. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.)

¶The Owari clan, the Ozeki clan, the Tadamune clan, the Tajihi clan, the Suhu clan, the Isaseri clan, the Tsumori clan, the Kawakami clan, the Mitobe clan, the Ifukube clan, the Sugita clan, the Kura clan, the Tajihi-mibe clan, the Ōi-Osakabe clan, the Asaku clan, the Wakayamatobe clan, the Mutobe clan, the Takasada clan, the Iyobe clan, the Kobe clan, the Yoshibuchi clan, the Yoshimichi clan, the Fuefuki clan, the Yumo-Takeda clan, the Takeda-Kawabe clan, the Kamuhatori clan, the Tajima-no-Amabe clan, the Ishitsukuri clan, the Kuwauchi clan, the Yamanobe clan, the Sakaibe clan, the Takumi clan, the Hinokuma Toneri clan, the Wakainukai clan, the Enomuro clan, the Mōtori clan, the Tanba Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, and the Hida Kuni-no-Miyatsuko are all descendants of Ame-no-Hoakari-no-Mikoto.

¶The Owari clan (Note: ○ the character "Owari" is also written with another character) had the surname Sukune and was registered in the Left Capital. There was also the surname Muraji, registered in the Left and Right Capitals and in Yamashiro, Yamato, and Kawachi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ The entry on the Sukune in this book says they are descendants of Aso-no-Muraji, a twenty-seventh-generation descendant of Hoakari.) It was also a line of Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, and there were also such surnames as Himura-no-Owari-no-Muraji and Kii-no-Owari-no-Muraji (Note: following the Kuji Hongi), Owari-no-Mashiki-no-Sukune (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi), and Taka-no-Owari-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) Ame-no-Hoakari-no-Mikoto begot Ame-no-Kaguyama-no-Mikoto (Note: ○ also written Ame-no-Kaguyama with other characters), Ame-no-Kaguyama begot Ame-no-Murakumo-no-Mikoto, and Ame-no-Murakumo begot Ame-no-Oshihito-no-Mikoto and Ame-no-Oshio-no-Mikoto. Ame-no-Oshihito begot Ame-no-Tohame-no-Mikoto (Note: ○ "To" is also written with another character), Ame-no-Tohame begot Take-tome-no-Mikoto (Note: ○ also written with other characters as Take-tome; the character "to" is also written with another), and Take-tome begot Take-tase-no-Mikoto and Take-marine-no-Mikoto. (Note: ○ also written Take-wakane, and also Take-marine, with other characters.) Take-tase begot Take-morosumi-no-Mikoto, Take-morosumi begot Yamato-tokudamahiko-no-Mikoto, and Yamato-tokudamahiko begot Ototohiko-no-Mikoto and Hikoyoso-no-Mikoto. Ototohiko begot Awayawake-no-Mikoto, and Awayawake begot Otoyo-no-Mikoto. (Note: ○ also written Otoyo with other characters.) Otoyo became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu, and from then on the line lived in Owari generation after generation. Otoyo begot Take-inadane-no-Mikoto. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.) Take-inadane accompanied Yamato-takeru-no-Mikoto's eastern campaign and died along the way. (Note: following the Atsuta-sha Genki.) Take-inadane's son Shiritsukine-no-Mikoto (Note: ○ the character "tsuki" is written with another character in this book, which is an error; it has now been corrected according to the Shinsen Shōjiroku) served at the court of Emperor Ōjin and was granted the surname Owari-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the Owari-no-Muraji were granted the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Monmu, Owari-no-Muraji Wakakomaro and others were granted the surname Sukune. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Owari-no-Sukune Okura became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, and at about the same time there was Owari-no-Sukune Kukuri, Dairyō of Nakashima District in Owari Province. (Note: from "at about the same time" onward, the Nihon Ryōiki and the Konjaku Monogatari are followed.) In the reign of Empress Kōken, Owari-no-Muraji Mumi, a meritorious subject of the Jinshin War, died before being granted a surname, and so the surname Sukune was granted to his descendants. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Okan-no-Sukune Yuhari, a man of the Left Capital, petitioned on the basis of the Kōgo-nenjaku (Registers of the Kōgo Year) that he be restored to the Owari clan. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ This book states that in the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Owarida-no-Muraji Kusuri, a man of Yamada District in Owari Province, and others were granted Owari-no-Sukune. On examination, in the Shinsen Shōjiroku the Owarida-no-Muraji are descendants of Nigihayahi and are of a different clan from the Owari-no-Muraji. The character "da" is probably a superfluous character.) In the reign of Emperor Kōkō there was Owari-no-Sukune Otohiro, Dairyō of Harube District in Owari Province. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Uda there was Owari-no-Sukune Kurinushi, Mikawa-no-Gon-no-Daisakan (Provisional Senior Clerk of Mikawa). (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Owari-no-Sukune Kotoaki, Sa-daishi (Senior Clerk of the Left). (Note: following the Kujō Nenjū Gyōji.) In the second year of Ōwa (962) under Emperor Murakami, Owari-no-Sukune Koretane, a man of Owari of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, was held to be the legitimate main line with a correct genealogy, was put on trial service with good results, and was appointed to fill the vacancy left by the death of Owari-no-Sukune Tsunemura, Dairyō of Ama District in the same province. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Owari-no-Sukune Toshinobu, Yamashiro-no-Gon-no-Daijō (Provisional Senior Third-Rank Official of Yamashiro). (Note: following the Shōyūki.) The Himura-no-Owari-no-Muraji descend from Otoshika-no-Muraji, a great-grandson of Shiritsukine, and the Kii-no-Owari-no-Muraji descend from Hirafu-no-Muraji, a grandson of Sakai-no-Muraji, the elder brother of Otoshika. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi.) The Owari-no-Mashiki-no-Sukune arose in the reign of Empress Kōken, when Owari-no-Susuki, a man of the Left Capital of Senior Initial Rank Lower, and Owari-no-Toyokuni, a man of Saba District in Suō Province, were together granted the surname Owari-no-Mashiki-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) The Taka-no-Owari-no-Sukune were at first called Jimoku-no-Muraji. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Jimoku-no-Takimaro, a man of Nakashima District in Owari Province and holder of the Twelfth Order of Merit, who was of this kin. (Note: from "Emperor Shōmu" onward, the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji are followed.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Jimoku-no-Muraji Muneuji, a man of Ama District and Jibu-no-Shōsakan (Junior Clerk of the Ministry of Civil Affairs), and Fuyuo, of the same surname, a physician of Owari, and others were granted a change to Taka-no-Owari-no-Sukune. In the reign of Emperor Yōzei, Taka-no-Owari-no-Sukune Matsukage, a man of Ama District and Genba-no-Shōjō (Junior Secretary of the Bureau of Buddhism and Foreign Guests), and others transferred their registration to Yamashiro. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) The Owari clan served as officials of the Atsuta Shrine generation after generation. In the reign of Emperor Go-Ichijō, the Daiguji (Chief Priest) Kazunobu had three sons, Kazuyori, Nobuyori, and Kazumoto. (Note: following the Owari Keizu. ○ Kazumoto is given as Sanemoto in the Sonpi Bunmyaku. The characters for Kazu and Sane resemble each other, and one of the two is probably an error, but which is correct is not known. The characters for "moto" in the two names share the same reading.) Kazumoto succeeded to his father's office but had no son, and he adopted his daughter's son Fujiwara-no-Suenori as his heir, and from then on that line became the Fujiwara clan. (Note: following the Sonpi Bunmyaku and the Owari Keizu.) Kazuyori was appointed Hōri (priest), and his descendants became the Tajima clan. The descendants of Nobuyori became the Baba clan and served as Sō-kengyō (Chief Superintendent) generation after generation. (Note: following the Owari Keizu and the Chōshū Fushi.)

¶The Ozeki clan (Note: ○ the first character is also written with another character) descends from the Owari-no-Muraji. Chika-no-sato, the ancestor two generations before Owari-no-Sukune Yuhari and the others (Note: ○ the meaning of this entry is unclear, and it seems that there are errors or omissions), called himself Ozeki after his place of residence from the Kanoe-Tora year (690) onward. In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Yuhari and the others were granted the surname Sukune. Yuhari later returned to the Owari clan. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Kazan there was Ozeki Mitsumasa, Hyōbu-no-Suke-dai (Acting Assistant of the Ministry of Military Affairs). In the reign of Emperor Go-Reizei there was Ozeki Suemasa of Junior Fifth Rank Lower. In the reign of Emperor Horikawa there was Ozeki Hidekiyo, Mondo-no-Gon-no-Suke (Provisional Assistant of the Water Office). (Note: following the Geki Nikki.) In later ages this clan still lived in Ozeki Village in Nakashima District in Owari Province and called itself the Ozeki clan (written with different characters). (Note: following the Ozeki Zushi. The names of the district and village are from the Wamyōshō.)

¶The Tadamune clan shares a common ancestor with the Owari clan. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Owari-no-Muraji Toshinaga, a man of the Right Capital and Kōzuke-no-Gon-no-Shōjō (Provisional Junior Secretary of Kōzuke), and others were granted a change to Tadamune-no-Sukune. Sugita-no-Muraji Uomaro of Senior Sixth Rank Upper and others were granted Tadamune-no-Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Yōzei there was Tadamune-no-Ason Koreyuki, Sahyōefu-shō (Clerk of the Left Military Guards). (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Tadamune-no-Ason Arinari of Senior Sixth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Tōji Monjo.) There was Tadamune Koresada, Shikibu-no-Shōsakan (Junior Clerk of the Ministry of Ceremonial). (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.)

¶The Tajihi clan (Note: ○ also written Tajihi with other characters, and also with the character for "viper") had the surnames Sukune, Omi, Muraji, and Obito. There were also the surnames Tasuki-no-Tajihi-no-Sukune (Note: ○ "Tasuki" is written with other characters in the Nihon Shoki), Yuki-no-Tajihi-no-Sukune (Note: the Nihon Shoki was also consulted for Yuki-no-Tajihi-no-Sukune), and Tajihi-no-Suhu. The Sukune were registered in the Right Capital and descend from Ame-no-Oshio. Mitono-no-Sukune, an eighth-generation descendant of Ame-no-Oshio, begot Shikinaru and served Emperor Nintoku. When Emperor Richū was born, the first bath was being prepared, and by chance a flower of the itadori (Japanese knotweed) flew into the basin. Shikinaru took this as an auspicious sign and gave him the name Tajihi-no-Mizuhawake-no-Mikoto. (Note: ○ On examination, Tajihi is probably the old name for itadori.) The Tajihi-be were then established in the various provinces and made the bath-fief (yunamu no mura) of the Prince. Shikinaru was made their steward and styled Tajihi-no-Muraji, and this finally became the name of his clan. In the Kanoe-Uma year (670), because he built a new residence, he was also called Tajihi-no-Niinomi-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The Omi and Obito surnames are from the Izumo no Kuni Fudoki. ○ The Fudoki mentions Tajihibe-no-Omi, who served as district magistrates and administrators (gunryō and shusei) in the districts of Shimane, Nita, Akika, and others of that province, but both dates and personal names are missing. There is also Tajihi-no-Ason, but "Ason" is probably an error for "be.") In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the Tajihi-no-Muraji were granted the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Tajihi-no-Niinomi-no-Muraji Inanaga of Senior Sixth Rank Upper and others were granted Tajihi-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) Those with the surname Muraji were registered in Kawachi and Izumi and descend from Ame-no-Kaguyama. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there were Tajihibe-no-Omi Inanushi, a soldier of Ou Village in Izumo Province (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji), and Tajihi-no-Obito Oshii, a man of Ou District of Senior Initial Rank Lower holding rank without office. (Note: following the Izumo no Kuni Fudoki.) In the reign of Emperor Montoku there was Tajihi-no-Omi Masatsugu, district official of Tomata District in Mimasaka Province. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.)

¶The Tasuki-no-Tajihi and Yuki-no-Tajihi were registered in Kawachi, and both descend from Tonomoro-no-Sukune, an eleventh-generation descendant of Ame-no-Hoakari. Tonomoro's eldest son Eonoso, because his nature resembled that of a woman, was granted the tasuki (sash) and became a Kashiwadebe (provider of imperial meals). His second son Ototonoso, because he was brave and strong, was granted the yuki (quiver), was styled Yosochi-takehiko, and took Yugei (Quiver Bearer) as his clan name. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the Tasuki-no-Muraji and the Yuki-Tajihi-no-Muraji were together granted the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. ○ The Shoku Nihongi mentions Yugei-no-Sukune Shimamaro of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower in the reign of the Deposed Emperor, who was probably of the kin of the Yuki-Tajihi. The Shūgaishō has Yuki-no-Sukune. The Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku also mentions Yugei-no-Atai Tsugio, Gyōbu-no-Shōsakan (Junior Clerk of the Ministry of Justice), in the Jōgan years. As to the Atai surname, his origin is unknown, so it is appended here for the time being.) The Tajihi-no-Suhu were registered in the Left Capital and descend from Ame-no-Oshio. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ The Nihon Shoki mentions Tajihi-no-Ozawa-no-Muraji Kuniso in the reign of Empress Saimei, and the Shoku Nihongi mentions Tajihi-no-Hashihito-no-Sukune Tarushima in the reign of Emperor Monmu. It seems that both were of the same kin, but since their lines are not clear, they are appended here.)

¶The Suhu clan had the surname Muraji. The Suhu-Isaseri clan had the surname Sukune. Both descend from the Tajihi-no-Muraji. (Note: ○ Suhu and Suhu (written with different characters) are the same in sound. The Tajihi-no-Suhu were probably of this branch.) In the reign of the Deposed Emperor, Tajihi-no-Muraji Makuni, a man of Suhu District in Iyo Province, and nine others were granted the surname Suhu-no-Muraji. Later Makuni and the others changed to Suhu-Isaseri-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Tsumori clan had the surnames Sukune and Muraji, and there were also those with no surname and those called Ami-no-Tsumori-no-Muraji. The Sukune were registered in Settsu and descend from Ōmihi-no-Sukune, an eighth-generation descendant of Ame-no-Hoakari. (Note: ○ On examination, the Kuji Hongi says that the eighth-generation descendant of Ame-no-Hoakari was Yamato-tokudamahiko, also called Ichiōinahi. Ōinahi and Ōmihi are close in reading and were probably not different persons.) The Muraji and the Ami-tsu-no-Obito-no-Muraji were registered in Izumi, and those with no surname were registered in Settsu; all descend from Ame-no-Kaguyama. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) After Empress Jingū triumphed over the Three Han kingdoms, she ordered Tamomi-no-Sukune, a descendant of Ame-no-Kaguyama, to enshrine the war deities at Sumiyoshi (Note: following the general sense of the Nihon Shoki and the Tsumori Keizu), and also to guard the Naniwa harbor, and so he was called Tsumori (Harbor Guardian). His descendants succeeded one another and served as the Sumiyoshi Kannushi (chief priests) generation after generation. (Note: following the Kaikoku Zakki and the Tsumori Keizu.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the Tsumori-no-Muraji were granted the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Murakami there were Tsumori-no-Sukune Shigetsura, Chinjufu Gunsō (Sergeant of the Pacification Headquarters), and Nukishige, of the same surname, Dairyō of Sumiyoshi District in Settsu. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Murakami, Tsumori Kuninatsu served the imperial cause, and his rank rose as far as Senior Third Rank. (Note: following the Tsumori Keizu and the Shin'yō Wakashū.)

¶The Kawakami clan had the surname Obito and was registered in the Right Capital. (Note: ○ the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku states that in the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Kawakami-no-Toneri Nao, a man of Inukami District in Ōmi Province and Sama-no-Daisakan (Senior Clerk of the Left Bureau of Horses), transferred his registration to the Right Capital. As to Toneri, his origin is not clear, and so it is appended here for the time being.)

¶The Mitobe clan was registered in Yamashiro. In the reign of Emperor Yūryaku there was Mitobe Ma. (Note: from "Emperor Yūryaku" onward, the Nihon Shoki is followed. ○ On examination, Mitobe (written one way) and Mitobe (written another way) share the same reading.)

¶The Ifukube clan (Note: ○ also written Iokibe, and also Ioki-be, with other characters) descends from Ame-no-Kaguyama. There were those with the surname Sukune, registered in the Left Capital and Yamato, and those with the surname Muraji, registered in Yamato and Kawachi. Those with no surname were registered in Yamashiro. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Ankan there was Ioki-be-no-Muraji Kikoyu, whose daughter had committed an offense, and he atoned for her guilt by presenting the Ioki-be Miyake at Kato in Aki Province; he belonged to this kin. In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the Ifukube-no-Muraji were granted the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Ifukube-no-Sukune Emishi was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō there was Ifukube-no-Iotari, a man of Saeki District in Aki Province, who was advanced one rank as a diligent farmer (rikuden). (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Ifukusada, a man of Ibo District in Harima Province and a trainee accompanist on the shō (reed organ) of the Gagaku (Court Music) Bureau, was restored to his original surname, Iokibe-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Ifukube Yasuchika, Gon-no-Shō-geki (Provisional Junior Secretary). (Note: following the Geki Nikki.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Saga there was Ifukube Mitsunobu, Uemon-no-Jō (Third-Rank Official of the Right Gate Guards). (Note: following the Heikōki.) There was also the surname Kimi, who were probably of the same kin. In the reign of Emperor Monmu there were Ifukube-no-Kimi Fukuzen, Shusei (District Administrator) of Ajifuma District in Mino Province, and Iokibe-no-Kimi Kie of Senior Eighth Rank Upper, a man of Yamagata District. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji.) In the reign of Emperor Genmei there was Ifukube-no-Kimi Arate of Junior Sixth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa there was Iokibe-no-Kimi Matanari, a jii (physician in attendance). (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku. ○ This book mentions in the reign of Emperor Kōkō Ifukube-no-Atai Yasumichi, Dairyō of Nima District in Iwami Province. The Ifukube Boshi mentions in the reign of Emperor Monmu Ifukube-no-Kibe-no-Omi Tokutarashihime, a woman of Hōmi District in Inaba Province. The Saikyūki mentions Iokibe-no-Obito Toshio, Bizen Gon-no-Hakase (Provisional Professor of Bizen). As to these various houses, it is not clear whether they were of the same kin, so they are appended here for the time being.)

¶The Sugita clan had the surname Muraji and was registered in Kawachi. It descends from Ame-no-Kaguyama. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Kura clan had the surname Muraji and was registered in Izumi. It descends from Ame-no-Kaguyama. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ The Nihon Shoki states that in the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu the Kura-no-Muraji were granted the surname Sukune, and perhaps they too were of the same kin.)

¶The Tajihi-mibe clan descends from Ame-no-Iohara-no-Mikoto, a grandson of Ame-no-Hoakari. (Note: ○ On examination, in the Kuji Hongi Ame-no-Iohara seems to be another name for Ame-no-Murakumo.) There were the surnames Muraji and Obito. The Obito were registered in Yamato. (Note: ○ the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji mention, in the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Tajihi-no-Ō-no-Obito Matsuchime, a woman of Otagi District in Yamashiro Province. The character "Ō" is probably an error for "mi," and the character "be" may have dropped out above "Obito.") There was also the Tajihibe, registered in Settsu, descending from Tajihi-mibe Inute, an eleventh-generation descendant of Ame-no-Hoakari. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) Originally, the younger sister of Shiritsukine married Hondamawaka-no-Ō and bore three daughters, all of whom entered the palace of Emperor Ōjin and bore more than ten children. The Emperor commanded Shiritsukine to rear his nephews and nieces, and so the Mibu-be were established. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.) This clan probably arose from this.

¶The Ōi-Osakabe clan had the surname Miyatsuko and was registered in the Left and Right Capitals. It descends from the line of Ame-no-Tohame. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Ōi-Osakabe-no-Miyatsuko Minomaro, Ōi-no-Shōsakan (Junior Clerk of the Palace Kitchen Bureau). (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji.) There was also the surname Osakabe-no-Obito, registered in Settsu, descending from Yanushi-no-Sukune, a seventeenth-generation descendant of Ame-no-Hoakari. (Note: ○ the Shoku Nihongi mentions in the reign of Emperor Kōnin Osakabe-no-Atai Mushina of Outer Senior Fifth Rank Lower. The Shoku Nihon Kōki mentions in the reign of Emperor Ninmyō Osakabe-no-Atai Michitsugu, a man of Tama District in Musashi Province. The Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji mention in the reign of Emperor Shōmu Osakabe-no-Omi Kotomo and Osakabe-no-Omi Nemaro, men of Izumo. The Izumo no Kuni Fudoki mentions the Osakabe-no-Omi, Dairyō of Akika District in that province, and the Osakabe-no-Omi and Naoomi, two surnames, of the provisional Junior District Magistrate of Kamudo District; since it is not known to which kin they belonged, they are appended here for the time being.)

¶The Asaku clan had the surname Atai and was registered in the Right Capital. It descends from Ame-no-Tohame. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Empress Genshō there was Asaku-no-Atai Kasuya, who was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Wakayamatobe clan had those with the surname Muraji and those with no surname. Those with no surname were registered in the Right Capital and descend from the line of Takenukaaka-no-Mikoto, a son of Ame-no-Oshio. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The Kuji Hongi was also consulted.) In the reign of Emperor Nintoku there was Wakayamatobe-no-Muraji Ikeko, who lived in Ibo District in Harima Province. (Note: following the Harima no Kuni Fudoki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Wakayamatobe-no-Omi Kibishi, a man of Kamudo District in Izumo Province. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Wakawabe-no-Omi Matsune, a man of Izumo. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) He was probably also of the same kin. In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Wakayamatobe Shigenori, Saemon Banchō (Captain of the Left Gate Guards). (Note: following the Geki Nikki.) Among its kin there is the Kaede-no-Ason. In the reign of Emperor Yōzei, Wakayamatobe Ujiyo, Sadauji, Sadamichi, and others, men of Mikumi District in Tajima Province of Junior Seventh Rank Upper, were granted the surname Kaede-no-Ason. Ujiyo and the others were sons of Kaede-no-Ason Hironaga. On the day Hironaga's surname was changed, they had been omitted from the household register, and so it was granted to them afterward. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku. ○ On examination, the changing of Hironaga's surname is not found in the histories.)

¶The Mutobe clan (Note: ○ the first character is also written with another character) descends from Take-tome. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) Its kin held the duty of measuring the person of the Son of Heaven and carried out the rites of purification (misogi), and from this they took it as their clan name. (Note: following the Miyaji Hiji Kuden.) There were those with the surname Muraji, registered in Yamashiro, Settsu, and Kawachi. Those with no surname were registered in the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Mutobe-no-Muraji Harumine of Junior Seventh Rank Upper. (Note: following the Tōji Monjo.) In the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Mutobe-no-Sukune Koreoki, Settsu-no-Sakan (Clerk of Settsu). (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) They probably had their surname changed to Sukune in a later age. In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Mutobe-no-Sukune Shigeoki, Kai-no-Gon-no-Shōsakan (Provisional Junior Clerk of Kai). (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.) In the reign of Emperor Sanjō there were Mutobe Yasushige, Banchō (Captain), and his kinsmen Nobumichi, Fushō (Guard Office attendant), and Yasuharu, Shōsō (Clerk). (Note: following the Shōyūki.)

¶The Takasada clan descends from the Mutobe clan. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Mutobe-no-Muraji Kadotsugu, a man of the Right Capital and On-hakase (Professor of Pronunciation), and his younger brother Ōmune and others were granted a change to Takasada-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Iyobe clan was registered in the Right Capital and descends from Take-tome. There were those with the surname Muraji and those with no surname. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The Muraji surname is from the Shoku Nihon Kōki. ○ The Iroha Jiruishō mentions Iyo-no-Sukune, who was probably of this kin.)

¶The Kobe clan was registered in the Right Capital and descends from Take-tome. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Yoshibuchi clan shares a common ancestor with the Iyobe-no-Muraji. It descends from the line of Sukunakamitsumi-no-Mikoto, a descendant of Ame-no-Hoakari. It had the surnames Ason and Sukune. In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Mutobe-no-Fukusada, a man of Atsumi District in Mino Province of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, his kinsmen Yoshinari, Sanuki-no-Shōsakan (Junior Clerk of Sanuki), and Yukinao of Junior Seventh Rank Lower were granted a change to Yoshibuchi-no-Ason. Mutobe-no-Muraji Yoshio, a man of the Right Capital and Sa-daishi (Senior Clerk of the Left), was granted Yoshibuchi-no-Sukune. Among the descendants of Nigihayahi there is also a Yoshibuchi-no-Ason. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Yoshimichi clan descends from the Iyobe-no-Muraji. In the reign of Emperor Junna, Iyobe-no-Muraji Iemori, a man of the Right Capital and Iga-no-Kami (Governor of Iga), and his son Sanesada of Junior Fifth Rank Upper were granted a change to Yoshimichi-no-Sukune. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō they were further granted the surname Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. ○ This book states that Sanesada was granted Yoshimichi-no-Ason in the fifth year of Tenchō (828), but the Ruijū Kokushi still records him as Yoshimichi-no-Sukune in the eighth year of Tenchō (831), so this book is probably in error.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Yoshimichi-no-Ason Korenori, Myōbō Tokugōshō (graduate in law). (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.)

¶The Fuefuki clan had the surname Muraji and was registered in Kawachi. (Note: ○ On examination, the Kuji Hongi states that the Fue-no-Muraji descend from Takeaori-no-Mikoto (written Takataori with other characters), and this is this clan. Takataori is none other than Taketaori.)

¶The Yumo-Takeda clan had the surname Muraji and was registered in the Left Capital. It descends from Taketaori-no-Mikoto, a son of Take-tome. Emperor Keikō once granted him a field, and in a single night mushrooms grew in the field. The Emperor heard of this and, finding it marvelous, granted him the surname Takeda-no-Muraji (written with the character for "mushroom"). Later it was changed to Yumo-Takeda-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ On examination, the characters for "mushroom" and "bamboo" share the same reading, take.)

¶The Takeda-Kawabe clan had the surname Muraji and was registered in the Left Capital. (Note: ○ This book says only that they were descendants five generations after Hoakari, without saying who that was, and probably the characters for a name such as "Take-tome-no-Mikoto" have dropped out.) In the reign of Emperor Nintoku, there was a Takeda Shrine at Osaka Kawabe in Tōchi District of Yamato Province, and a descendant of Ame-no-Hoakari lived in that place and worshipped it as the clan deity. Green bamboo grew thick and beautiful, and because it was offered for the imperial chopsticks, he was granted the surname Takeda-Kawabe-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Kamuhatori clan (Note: ○ Kamuhatori is written with another character in the Shinsen Shōjiroku, but the readings agree) had the surnames Sukune and Muraji. Its line descends from Take-tase. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi. The Sukune surname is from the Nihon Shoki.) The Muraji were registered in Izumi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ This book says they were descendants of Ame-no-Kaguyama, but this probably cites a distant ancestor.) This kin held the duty of leading the Kamuhatori-be generation after generation, and wove the sacred garments to offer at the rites of the Daijingū, and from this they took it as their clan name. (Note: following the general sense of the Ryō no Gige and the Jōgan Gishiki.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the Kamuhatori-be-no-Muraji were granted the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Kamuhatori-no-Muraji Kiyotsugu, a man of Yamato and Dazai-no-Daiten (Senior Clerk of the Dazaifu), changed his registration to the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Yōzei, Kamuhatori-no-Muraji Sadauji and others, soldiers (gunshi) of Dewa who were commoners (hakuchō), were specially permitted to enter official service. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Kamuhatori Tokimasa, Uemon-fushō (Clerk of the Right Gate Guards). (Note: following the Geki Nikki.)

¶The Tajima-no-Ama clan had the surname Atai and was registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) There were also the Amabe-no-Atai, descending from the line of Take-tase, and the Ōamabe-no-Atai, descending from Awayawake. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there were Ama-no-Obito Yūga, Kazue-no-Shōsakan (Junior Clerk of the Bureau of Accounting) (Note: following the Tōji Monjo), and Amabe-no-Obito Meretsu, a man of Urushinuma Village in Izumo District of Izumo Province. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji.) In the reign of Emperor Murakami there were Ama-no-Sukune Naritsune, Sa-daishi (Senior Clerk of the Left), and Tadanaka, of the same surname, U-daishi (Senior Clerk of the Right). (Note: following the Seiji Yōryaku and the Ruijū Fusenshō.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Reizei there was Ama-no-Sukune Tamesumi, Hyūga Kokushi (Governor of Hyūga). (Note: following the Usa Ōkagami.) The Sukune surname was probably also of this kin. The descendants of Take-tase served as priests (hōri) of the Aneko Shrine at Hikami Village in Aichi District of Owari Province generation after generation. (Note: following the Atsuta-sha Engi.) Those of this kin who lived in Tango became the chief priests of the Kono Shrine. (Note: following the Tango Miyazu-shi. ○ On examination, the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji contain a fragmentary household register of Inaba Province, in which many members of the Amabe-no-Atai, Ifukube, and similar kin are listed. These two clans are both descendants of Ame-no-Hoakari who were registered in that province, but regrettably their dates cannot be determined. Furthermore, the Shoku Nihongi mentions in the reign of Emperor Kanmu Amabe-no-Kimi Tsuneyama, Dairyō of Ama District in Bungo Province. The Izumo no Kuni Fudoki mentions Ama-no-Omi, Shuchō (Chief Clerk) of Ou District in that province. As to the two surnames Omi and Kimi, it is not known to which kin they belonged, and so they are appended here.)

¶The Ishitsukuri clan had the surname Muraji and was registered in the Left Capital and Settsu. There were also those with no surname, registered in Yamashiro. They descend from Take-marine. When Empress Hibasu-hime, consort of Emperor Suinin, died, one of the descendants of Take-marine made and presented a stone coffin, and was therefore granted the surname Ishitsukuri-no-Ōmuraji. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) At the funeral of Emperor Chūai, the Empress sent Ishitsukuri-no-Muraji Ōku to quarry stone in Sanuki. (Note: following the Harima no Kuni Fudoki.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa there was Ishitsukuri-be Hirotsugu, a virtuous woman (setsufu) of Ika District in Ōmi Province. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Ishitsukuri Sadatsura, Kanshō (Attendant of the Council of State). (Note: following the Geki Nikki.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Ishitsukuri-no-Ason Machika, Dazai Kenjō (Guard Escort of the Dazaifu). (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Reizei there was Ishitsukuri-no-Sukune Fujitake, Suō-no-Gon-no-Jō (Provisional Third-Rank Official of Suō). (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.) The two surnames Ason and Sukune were probably granted in a later age.

¶The Kuwauchi clan (Note: ○ the character "uchi" is also written with another character) descends from Take-marine. There were the surnames Ason and Muraji. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi. The Ason surname is from the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Kuwauchi-no-Muraji Otomushime of Junior Fifth Rank Upper, a woman of the Left Capital, and others were granted the surname Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Yamanobe clan had the surname Agatanushi and shares a common ancestor with the Kuwauchi-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi.) In the reign of the Deposed Emperor, Yamanobe-no-Agatanushi Okasa was granted Senior Fourth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Sakaibe clan had the surname Sukune and was registered in the Left and Right Capitals. It descends from Nibe-no-Sukune, an eighth-generation descendant of Ame-no-Hoakari. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ This book also says in one place that they descend from Hosuseri-no-Mikoto, but which is correct is not known.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the Sakaibe-no-Muraji (written with a variant character) were granted the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. ○ On examination, the Annals of Empress Saimei in this book mention Sakaibe-no-Muraji Ishifu. The Shoku Nihongi records Sakaibe-no-Sukune in the first year of Tenpyō-hōji (757), which is because the surname was changed afterward. However, Ishifu is described in his own biography as a descendant of Ōhiko-no-Mikoto, and according to the Shinsen Shōjiroku the Sakaibe descended from Ōhiko also had the surname Muraji, so in reality it cannot be determined to which kin those who were granted the surname Sukune in the reign of Emperor Temmu belonged. But in the Shinsen Shōjiroku the descendants of Ōhiko have only the two surnames Muraji and Obito, and not Sukune. Therefore, as to those granted the surname Sukune, they are for now hung here, to await later examination.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Sakaibe-no-Sukune Katsuragi, Echizen-no-Jō (Third-Rank Official of Echizen). (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji.)

¶The Takumi clan had the surname Miyatsuko and was registered in Yamato. It descends from the line of Ōmiwatsune-no-Mikoto, a tenth-generation descendant of Ame-no-Hoakari. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Hinokuma Toneri clan had the surname Muraji and was registered in the Left Capital. It descends from Hariyano-no-Muraji, a fourteenth-generation descendant of Ame-no-Hoakari. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ Harinano is given as Harinane in the Kuji Hongi, and the number of generations also agrees.) In the eleventh year of Emperor Temmu (682), the Hinokuma-no-Toneri-no-Miyatsuko were granted the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Hinokuma-no-Toneri-no-Muraji Umakai, Dazai-no-Shishō (Clerk of the Dazaifu). (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji.) In the reign of Emperor Konoe there was Hinokuma-no-Muraji Kunitsugu, Shimotsuke-no-Daijō (Senior Third-Rank Official of Shimotsuke) (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō), who was probably of this kin.

¶The Wakainukai clan (Note: ○ "Waka" is also written with another character) had the surname Sukune and was registered in Kawachi and Izumi. It descends from the line of Shiritsukine. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ This book makes Shiritsukine a sixteenth-generation descendant of Hoakari, but according to the Kuji Hongi "six" should be "three." The entry on the Izumi Wakainukai in this book says they are descendants of Kori-no-Mikoto, a fifteenth-generation descendant of Hoakari, whereas the Kuji Hongi has Owari-no-Kori-no-Muraji as a sixteenth-generation descendant, who is this very person.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the Wakainukai-no-Muraji (written with another character) were granted the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Enomuro clan had the surname Muraji and was registered in the Left Capital. It descends from Kure-no-Sukune, a seventeenth-generation descendant of Ame-no-Hoakari. His distant descendant Yamanoinoko-no-Muraji Komaro served Prince Umayado. Komaro's house was at Mōtori Village in Kuse District in Yamashiro Province, and at its gate stood a great enoki (hackberry) tree. The Prince once passed in front of it and pointed, saying, "This tree is like a room; it will not leak even in heavy rain," and so he was granted the surname Enomuro-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kōtoku, Naka-no-Ōe sent Uda-no-Enomuroko (Note: ○ On examination, Enomuroko was probably the same person as Komaro) and others to lead troops and attack Prince Furuhito-no-Ōichi (Note: following the Nihon Shoki), and he belonged to this kin.

¶The Mōtori clan had the surname Atai and was registered in Yamashiro. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ "Atai" is also written "Obito." On examination, this book says that Komaro, ancestor of the Enomuro-no-Muraji, lived at Mōtori Village. From this, the Mōtori-no-Atai probably came from the same line.) In the reign of Emperor Monmu there was Mōtori-no-Atai Yakara Iofuri, a man of Motosu District in Mino Province. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji.)

¶The Tanba Kuni-no-Miyatsuko shares a common ancestor with the Owari clan. Ōkuraki, a fourth-generation descendant of Take-inadane, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi. ○ One account in this book also makes Take-tase the ancestor of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko.) Its kin had the surname Atai. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Tanba-no-Atai Naokai, a man of Tanba District in Tango Province, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. At about the same time there was Tanba-no-Atai Hiromaro, Dairyō of Amata District in Tanba Province. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Tanba-no-Atai Sōmo, a man of Tanba District, transferred his registration to Otagi District in Yamashiro Province. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo there were Tanba-no-Atai Tsunenao, Gi-shuchō (Provisional Chief Clerk) of Funai District in Tanba Province (Note: following the Tōji Monjo), and Tanba-no-Atai Tsuchinari, Tosa-no-Gon-no-Daisakan (Provisional Senior Clerk of Tosa). (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Tanba-no-Atai Katsuko, an uneme (palace attendant). (Note: following the Chōya Gunsai.)

¶The Hida Kuni-no-Miyatsuko (Note: ○ On examination, this is Hida written with other characters): Ōyahashi, a son of Hikoyoso, ancestor of the Owari-no-Muraji, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi. ○ The Kuni-no-Miyatsuko Hongi in this book has errors and omissions, and it has now been corrected according to the Tenson Hongi.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Takechimaro, Dairyō of Ōno District in Hida Province and Hida Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Sokado, ancestor of the Hida Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Ata clan, the Kusakabe clan, the Sakaibe clan, and the Futami clan are all descendants of Hosuseri-no-Mikoto.

¶The Ata clan (Note: ○ also written Ata with other characters) had the surname Imiki. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) There was also the surname Ata-no-Ohashi-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Kojiki. ○ The Nihon Shoki writes it Ata-no-Kimi Obashi, but this book is now followed.) There were also the surname Ata-no-Hayato and the surname Ata-no-Mitakai. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) When the Founding Emperor was in Hyūga, he took Ahiratsu-hime as his consort, and she was a younger sister of Ata-no-Ohashi-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Kojiki.) In the reign of the Deposed Emperor there was Obashi-no-Kimi Ishimasa, Etchū Sanshi (Accountant of Etchū) (Note: following the Tōdaiji Komonjo), who was probably of this kin. The Ata-no-Hayato were registered in Yamashiro. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Ata-no-Hayato Sakatari, a man of Yamashiro and holder of the post of U-Daie, was granted the surname Imiki. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Ata Chiharu, Shuri-shiki Takumi-no-Azukari (Assistant Custodian of the Craftsmen of the Office of Repairs). (Note: following the Fusō Ryakki.) The Ata-no-Mitakai were registered in the Right Capital and descend from the line of Satsuma-no-Wakasagara, a sixth-generation descendant of Hosuseri. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) Originally, Hosuseri, because Hikohohodemi-no-Mikoto possessed divine virtue, made himself one of the performing people (wazaogi) and requested to guard the palace gate, taking the role of a barking dog. His descendants became the Hayato (Note: following the Nihon Shoki), lived in Satsuma, Ōsumi, and other provinces generation after generation, and their people multiplied; their customs were rather wild and hard to tame, and they repeatedly put the armies to labor. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Shoku Nihongi.) Among those who submitted to the court and were granted surnames there are the Ōtsuno-no-Hayato (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku), the Ōsumi-no-Atai and Ōsumi-no-Imiki (Note: following the Nihon Shoki), the Ōsumi Kuni-no-Miyatsuko (Note: following the Kuji Hongi), the So-no-Kimi (Note: ○ also written Soo-no-Kimi with other characters), and kin such as the Kashi-no-Kimi, Sasuki-no-Kimi, Saki-no-Kimi, Satsuma-no-Kimi, and Kuni-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) The Ōtsuno-no-Hayato were registered in Yamato. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) They share a common ancestor with the Ōsumi Hayato who were Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, and their line descends from Hatsuko. In the reign of Emperor Nintoku, Fushifu was made Ōsa (interpreter) and enfeoffed as Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi. ○ On examination, this book probably has errors and omissions, and the general sense has been taken here.) In the thirteenth year of Emperor Temmu (684), the Ōsumi-no-Atai were granted the surname Imiki. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Empress Genmei, So-no-Kimi Hosomaro, a Hyūga Hayato, was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, the Hayato Soo-no-Kimi Tarishisa, and Kashi-no-Kimi Watari, Shōryō (Junior District Magistrate) of Shira District, and Sasuki-no-Kimi Yamatokume, Ōsumi Hayato, were together granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and at about the same time there were Ōsumi-no-Atai Sakamaro, a man of Ōsumi and Sa-Ōtoneri (Senior Attendant of the Left), and Saki-no-Kimi Osa, Satsuma-no-Shōryō. (Note: from "at about the same time" onward, the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji are followed.) In the reign of Empress Kōken, Osa was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Upper. In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, the Ōsumi and Satsuma Hayato Satsuma-no-Kimi Takashiro and Kashi-no-Kimi Shimamaro were together granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Upper, and Satsuma-no-Kimi Kunatsu, So-no-Kimi Tarimaro, Ōsumi-no-Atai Yamatoue, and Ōsumi-no-Imiki Miyuki were together granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ On examination, this book mentions in the reign of Emperor Monmu Ei-no-Kimi Agata, commander of Ei District (kōri no kami). There was also the assistant commander Ei-no-Kimi Tejimi. Ei District was probably what is now Ei District in Satsuma Province. The Ei-no-Kimi were probably also of the same kin, but they are appended to await later examination.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Soo-no-Kimi Ushikai, Dairyō of Soo District in Ōsumi Province, was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) There was also the So-no-Agatanushi, who were probably of the So-no-Kimi's kin. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was So-no-Agatanushi Ki-no-Atai Shijihashikane-hosasa of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: ○ the personal names from "Ki-no-Atai" onward probably contain errors or omissions. For now the original text is followed.) At about the same time there were Kuni Kimimaro, a Hayato of Junior Fifth Rank Upper, and Kuni Obitomaro of the same surname. (Note: following the Tōdaiji Komonjo. Junior Fifth Rank Upper is from the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Satsuma Toshio, Banchō (Captain). (Note: following the Ononomiya Nenjū Gyōji.)

¶The Kusakabe clan was registered in Settsu and shares a common ancestor with the Ata-no-Mitakai. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Sakaibe clan was registered in Izumi. It descends from Yamatoko-no-Mikoto, a seventh-generation descendant of Hosuseri. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Futami clan had the surname Obito and was registered in Yamato. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Shiraki clan was registered in the Right Capital and descends from Inahi-no-Mikoto. Inahi went into Silla and became king, and his descendants became the Shiraki clan. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ This book places the Shiraki among the Imperial branches, but they have now been moved here.)

¶The Saeki clan had the surname Muraji and was registered in the Left Capital. It descends from Tanba-no-Atai Futotama, a son of Kinone-no-Mikoto. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Hazuka clan was registered in Settsu. It descends from Shikino-no-Mikoto, a third-generation descendant of Ōsakiri-no-Mikoto. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Anashi Kannushi were registered in Izumi. They descend from Kosamazuchi-no-Mikoto, a fifth-generation descendant of Ame-no-Tomiki-no-Mikoto. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶Earthly Deities (Chigi)

¶The Uji-Tsuchikimi clan descends from Sarutahiko-no-Ōkami. (Note: following the Yamatohime-no-Mikoto Seiki and the Daijingū Zōjiki.) When the Imperial Grandchild descended from heaven to the peak of Takachiho in Hyūga, Sarutahiko met him and offered to guide him, and he himself went to the upper reaches of the Sanagata Isuzu River in Ise and made his dwelling there. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) When Emperor Suinin came to enshrine the Heavenly Ancestor in Ise, Ōta-no-Mikoto, a descendant of Sarutahiko, chose a good site in advance and presented it. (Note: following the Yamatohime-no-Mikoto Seiki.) Because of this the Grand Shrine was founded. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) The descendants of Ōta became the Uji-Tsuchikimi, sometimes called simply Uji, and also called Ishibe. Between the reigns of Emperors Kanmu and Saga, there was Uji-Tsuchikimi Ishibe Onawa, Uji no Ōuchindo (Senior Inner Attendant of Uji) of Outer Junior Initial Rank Upper (Note: ○ "Ishi" is also written with another character, and "nawa" is also written with another character), who was a descendant of this line. They served generation after generation as Tamagushi no Ōuchindo (Senior Inner Attendants of the Sacred Branch), served at the Grand Shrine, and have not died out to this day. (Note: following the Daijingū Gishikichō, the Daijingū Zōjiki, the Kenkyū Karidono Sengūki, the Bun'ei Sengūki, and the Ujitsune Nikki.) In general, the offices of the Grand Shrine include the Miyamori Monoimi, Chimatsuri Monoimi, Sake-tsukuri Monoimi (maker of clear sake), Takimatsuri Monoimi, Yamamuke Monoimi, Mike-tsukuri Uchindo (maker of food vessels), Sueki-tsukuri Uchindo (maker of pottery), Mikannagi Uchindo, and Mimakai Uchindo (keeper of the sacred horses), and all of these were held by the Ishibe clan generation after generation. (Note: following the Daijingū Gishikichō.) However, whether this is the same as this kin is not clear.

¶The Ōmiwa clan, the Naga clan, the Nagara clan, the Asuka clan, the Ishibe clan, the Komabitono clan, the Abiko clan, the Kamo clan, the Munakata clan, the Wanigo clan, the Oki Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Naga Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, and the Tosa Kuni-no-Miyatsuko are all descendants of Ōnamuchi-no-Mikoto.

¶The Ōmiwa clan (Note: also written with other characters as Ōmiwa) had the surname Ason (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku; for Ōmiwa the Nihon Shoki is followed) and also the surname Kimi. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) Among its kin there were also the surnames Kami-no-Atai and Kamihito (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ Kami-no-Atai is written in various books as Ōmiwa-no-Atai, and also as Kamube-no-Atai), and also such surnames as Ōami-no-Miyatsuko, Hakiishi-no-Ason, Hikita-no-Ason, Suwaeda-no-Ason, and Makamita-no-Ason, all prefixed with "Ōmiwa." (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi and the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku. ○ Ōmiwa-no-Makamita is written Ōmiwa-no-Makamita with other characters in the Nihon Shoki and Kamimakamuda in the Shoku Nihongi, but all are the same.) The Ason were registered in Yamato. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) Ōnamuchi administered the Eight Islands, and after his great work was already accomplished, he yielded the land to the Heavenly Grandchild and quietly departed to a distant eternity. His descendants truly flourished, and among them the Ōmiwa clan was the most renowned. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) Originally Ōnamuchi took as his wife Tamakushi-hime, a daughter of Mishima-no-Mizokui-mimi (Note: ○ On examination, the Nihon Shoki says that Tamakushi-hime married Kotoshironushi, which differs from this book), but he always came at night and left, and had never shown himself in the daytime. Tamakushi-hime therefore spun hemp thread and tied it to his robe, and at dawn followed the thread to search for him. It led from Sue Village in Chinu Agata straight to Mount Mimoro, where it stopped. When she went back and looked at the remaining thread, only three coils (miwa) were left. The name Miwa arose from this. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ On examination, "three coils" (mi-wa) and Miwa share a reading, and it is also taken as a reading of the character for "kami.") The Kimi surname descends from Ōtataneko, a fifth-generation descendant of Ōnamuchi. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku. That he was a fifth-generation descendant is from the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ On examination, the Kuji Hongi writes Ōtataneko as Ōnaoneko in one place and "five generations" as "nine generations.") Ōtomonushi, a grandson of Ōtataneko, was granted the surname Ōmiwa-no-Kimi in the reign of Emperor Sujin. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.) In the reign of Emperor Kōtoku there was Miwa-no-Kurukuma-no-Kimi Azumahito, sometimes called simply Miwa-no-Kimi, who was also of this kin. In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the Ōmiwa-no-Kimi were granted the surname Ason. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Empress Genmei, Ōmiwa-no-Ason Oshihito of Junior Fifth Rank Lower became ujinokami (clan head). In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Ōmiwa-Hikita-no-Kimi Tarihito, Ōmiwa-Kisaibe-no-Kimi Inokai, and Ōmiwa-Hata-no-Kimi Ishimochi, men of Yamato of Junior Seventh Rank Lower, and others were granted a change to Ōmiwa-no-Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Wanigo Mamaro, a man of the Right Capital, and eleven others were granted Ōmiwa-no-Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Montoku, Kami-no-Atai Toranushi, a man of the Right Capital and jii (physician in attendance), himself stated, "I am a descendant of Ōmiwa Ōtataneko-no-Mikoto," and so Toranushi and his kinsman Kinami and others were granted the surname Ōmiwa-no-Ason. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku and the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Makamita-no-Ason Matao, a man of the Right Capital and Sa-daishi (Senior Clerk of the Left), was granted Ōmiwa-no-Ason. In the third year of Ninna (887) under Emperor Kōkō, Matao's younger brother Ōmiwa-no-Ason Yoshiomi, Bungo-no-Suke (Assistant Governor of Bungo) of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, had earlier lodged a complaint, saying: "Yoshiomi's great-great-grandfather Miwa-no-Kimi Koobito served in the army in the Jinshin War with merit and after his death was granted the posthumous Inner Shōshi rank, which corresponds to the present Junior Third Rank. If so, his descendants should not be granted outer ranks." In the deliberation of the Geki (Secretariat), it was held: "The descendants of the brothers Ōmiwa-no-Ason Takechimaro, posthumously Junior Third Rank, and Yasumaro, Junior Fourth Rank Upper, have all been granted inner ranks. But the Ōmiwa-Hikita-no-Ason, Ōmiwa-Suwaeda-no-Ason, Ōmiwa-Makamita-no-Ason, and others, though of the same ancestor, are different branches, and there is no precedent of their being granted inner ranks. Moreover, the regulation of the fifth year of Jinki (728) provides that the various clans are first granted outer ranks and afterward share in inner ranks. Yoshiomi's original surname was Ōmiwa-Makamita-no-Ason, and since Koobito none of them has shared in Fifth Rank. His seeking an inner rank now is contrary to the intent of the regulation." On this occasion, by imperial edict, inner ranks were specially granted to Yoshiomi and Matao. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Kami-no-Atai and Kamihito were both registered in Settsu and descend from the same line as the Kimi surname. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) Tatahiko, a younger brother of Ōtomonushi, was granted the surname Kamube-no-Atai in the reign of Emperor Sujin. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.) In the reign of Emperor Monmu there was Kamihito Futo, a man of Ōno District in Mino Province. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Kamihito Inamaro, district magistrate of Nose District in Settsu Province. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ The Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji mention Kami-no-Obito Haku and Miwa-no-Obito Hirotoko, men of Kuboya District in Bitchū Province, who were probably both of the Kamihito kin.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there were Ōmiwa-no-Atai Mushimaro and Kami-no-Atai Chikashiro, a man of Otagi District in Yamashiro Province. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji. Mushimaro is from the Keikokushū.) In the reign of Empress Kōken there was Kami-no-Atai Ōba, a man of Yamagata District in Mino Province. (Note: following the Tōdaiji Komonjo.) In the reign of Emperor Kōnin there was Kamube-no-Atai Hiromé, a woman of Inaba. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji.) As for the Ōami-no-Miyatsuko, in the reign of Emperor Monmu there was Ōmiwa-Ōami-no-Miyatsuko Mukade. As for the Hakiishi-no-Ason, in the reign of Empress Shōtoku Kami-no-Hakiishi-no-Kimi Kuhimaro of Outer Junior Sixth Rank Upper, a man of Shimane District in Izumo Province, and Kamihito-no-Kimi Hitotari and Ionari of Outer Junior Initial Rank Upper, men of Ou District, and others were granted a change to Ōmiwa-Hakiishi-no-Ason. As for the Ōmiwa-Hikita-no-Ason, there was also the surname Miwa-Hikita-no-Kimi (Note: from "also" onward, the Nihon Shoki is followed), who probably shared a common ancestor. As for the Suwaeda-no-Ason, in the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Suwaeda-no-Suguri Ehi of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, a man of Miyako District in Buzen Province, was granted Ōmiwa-Suwaeda-no-Ason. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) The Ōmiwa-Makamita-no-Ason descend from the line of Ōtataneko. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The descendants of the Ōmiwa clan presided over the rites of the Miwa Shrine generation after generation. In later ages their line was replaced by that of the Kamo-no-Agatanushi of Yamashiro. (Note: following the Kamo Agatanushi Keizu.) Those of the main kin who served the court served generation after generation as reikan (court musicians; officials of gagaku). (Note: following the Ōmiwa Keizu.) Among those who became warriors, the Usuki of Hyūga and the Ogata of Bungo are the most renowned. In the Juei years (1182-1185), Ogata Koreyoshi joined the Minamoto and gained merit. (Note: following the Azuma Kagami, the Genpei Jōsuiki, the Shiga-shi Monjo, and the Ōtomo Kōhaiki. ○ On examination, the Jōsuiki says that the Ubagatake Myōjin had relations with a daughter of Shiota Dai-dayū, always coming at night and leaving at night. The daughter passed a thread through a needle and secretly stuck it in his collar. The deity was in truth a great serpent and died, wounded by the needle. The daughter bore a son, who was called Ōyata. His great-grandson Koreyoshi, because he had scales on his body, called himself Ogata (Tail-form). That account is monstrous and without coherence, and not worthy of belief, but it presumably also has some origin. The Ogata clan probably descends from the Ōmiwa clan, and so the story of its ancestor, the "great three coils," was mistakenly transmitted. Moreover, Ubagatake also enshrines Ōnamuchi as its deity, and on this account the two stories were joined, and finally this account arose. The Wamyōshō has Ogata Village in Bungo, and Ogata (written with other characters) is the same in reading. That the clan name was not taken from the shape of a serpent's tail is all the clearer from this, showing the Jōsuiki's account to be a forced association. According to the Shiga-shi Monjo, Shigetsuna, a son of Wakuta Saburō Tomotsuna, called himself by the surname Ōmiwa. The Wakuta clan is of the same kin as the two clans of Ogata and Usuki. If so, there is firm evidence that these two clans descend from the Ōmiwa clan. The so-called Dai-dayū and Ōyata were also names taken from that surname, as with the Minamoto and Taira kin who called themselves Genta and Heita. However, the line of the Ogata clan before Koreyoshi cannot be determined. The Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku records that Ōmiwa-no-Ason Yoshiomi was Bungo-no-Suke. It seems that the Ogata clan were probably his descendants, and so it is appended for reference.) Their descendants became the Saeki clan and the Fujibayashi clan. (Note: following the Ōtomo Kōhaiki and the Fujibayashi Keizu.) The ancestor of the Usuki clan was called Ōta Koremoto and had five sons. The eldest, Masatsugu, called himself Takachio; the next, Koresue, called himself Anan; the next, Suesada, Ueda; the next, Motohira, Ōno; and the next, Koremori, was the founder of the Usuki clan. (Note: following the Ōtomo Kōhaiki.) In Shinano there was also the Jin clan (Kami clan), who called themselves the Jinke (Kami house) generation after generation and descend from Takeminakata-no-Mikoto, a son of Ōnamuchi. Among their descendants there were those who were appointed Ōhōri (Chief Priest) of the Suwa Shrine generation after generation, passing it on by heredity, and the kin prospered greatly. They include the Sekiya, Fukasawa, Minano, Shinomiya, Hoshina, Kasahara, Suwa, Chino (Note: ○ "Chi" is also written with another character), Fujisawa, Ariga, Ichinose, Uehara, and Yagisaka clans. (Note: following the Kohon Suwa Keizu and the Jinke Keizu.) In the Juei years (1182-1185), there were Chino Mitsuie and his sons Mitsuhiro and Mitsushige, who belonged to Minamoto-no-Yoshinaka. Kasahara Yorinao and Fujisawa Kiyochika (Note: ○ "chika" is also written with another character) — Yorinao belonged to Jō Sukenaga, and Kiyochika followed Minamoto-no-Yoritomo — were both renowned for their martial valor. There was Suwa Morizumi, who transmitted the archery method of Fujiwara-no-Hidesato and also served Yoritomo. (Note: following the Kohon Suwa Keizu, the Azuma Kagami, and the Genpei Jōsuiki.) At the time of the Restoration, this kin styled itself the Jinke Ittō (Partisans of the Jin House) and, together with the Shigeno clan, served the imperial cause in support of Prince Munenaga. (Note: following the Taiheiki.)

¶The Naga clan had the surname Kimi and was registered in Izumi. It descends from Kotoshironushi-no-Mikoto, a son of Ōnamuchi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō there was Naga-no-Kimi Hiroo, Dairyō of Naka District in Awa Province. (Note: following the Tōji Monjo.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Naga Hirokane, Shikibu-no-Daisakan (Senior Clerk of the Ministry of Ceremonial). (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Naga-no-Sukune Yoshinobu, Tenyaku Jii (Physician in Attendance of the Medical Bureau). (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.) Perhaps they were all his descendants.

¶The Nagara clan had the surname Obito. The Asuka clan had the surname Atai. Both were registered in Yamato and descend from Kotoshironushi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Imi-Asukada-no-Obito Nomori, Jingi-no-Daishi (Senior Clerk of the Department of Deities) (Note: following the Toyuke-gū Gishikichō), who was probably of the kin of the Asuka-no-Atai.

¶The Ishibe clan had the surname Kimi and was registered in the Left Capital and Yamashiro. It descends from Kushihikata-no-Mikoto, a son of Ōnamuchi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Komabitono clan was registered in Yamashiro and descends from Kushihikata. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Yōzei, Komabitono Miyanari, a man of Sagara District in Yamashiro Province and jii (physician in attendance), changed his registration to the Right Capital. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Abiko clan was registered in Settsu. It descends from the line of Ame-no-Yaututsuhiko-no-Mikoto, a grandson of Ōnamuchi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) There was also the Naga-no-Abiko clan, descending from Imike-no-Sukune, an eighth-generation descendant of Kotoshironushi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. ○ "Ke" is also written with another character.) In the reign of Emperor Monmu there was Abikobe-no-Shiome, a woman of Katagata District in Mino Province. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō there was Naga-no-Abiko Nawanushi, Dairyō of Naka District in Awa Province. (Note: following the Tōji Monjo.) Among its kin is the Nagamune clan. At about the same time, Naga-no-Abiko Katsuragi of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, a man of Settsu, and others were granted a change to Nagamune-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Naga-no-Abiko Toyotakara, Hizen-no-Daisakan (Senior Clerk of Hizen). (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.)

¶The Kamo clan (Note: ○ also written Kamo with other characters, and Kamo with others again) had the surname Ason and was registered in Yamato. Its line descends from Ōtataneko. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Sujin, Kotoshironushi-no-Mikoto was enshrined at the Kamo Shrine, and Ōkamotsumi, a grandson of Ōtataneko, was made to conduct the rites, and was granted the surname Kamo-no-Kimi. (Note: the Shinsen Shōjiroku and the Kuji Hongi were consulted. ○ The Shinsen Shōjiroku says that Ōkamotsumi was also called Ōkamo-no-Sukune.) There were also the surnames Taka-Kamo-no-Ason, Iyo-Kamo-no-Ason, and Kamo-no-Eki-no-Kimi (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ Iyo-Kamo is written Kamo-Iyo in one text of this book, which is probably an error), and also the Kamobe-no-Hōri (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku) and the Kamobe (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki), all of whom were of this kin. In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the Kamo-no-Kimi were granted the surname Ason. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. ○ On examination, the Shoku Nihongi mentions in the reign of Emperor Monmu Kamo-no-Obito Katana, a woman of Sagara District in Yamashiro Province. The Montoku Jitsuroku mentions Kamobe-no-Obito Fukunushi. The Obito surname was probably also of the same kin.) In the reign of Empress Kōken, Netari, a state slave (kannu) who had been freed, was granted the surname Kamo-no-Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Saga, Kamo-no-Sukune Kawamori of Senior Sixth Rank Lower, a man of Yamato, and Sekimori, of the same surname, and others were granted the surname Ason. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Kamobe-no-Funanushi and Ujinari and others, men of Kawachi, were granted Kamo-no-Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. ○ This book states that Funanushi and the others were descendants of Haya-Susano-o-no-Mikoto, but this cites their first ancestor.) The Taka-Kamo clan took its name because its kin presided over the affairs of the Takakamo Shrine generation after generation. In the reign of Empress Kōken, Kamo-no-Ason Morowo of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and Kiyohama of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, of the same surname, a man of Katsuragi-no-Kami District in Yamato Province, were together granted Taka-Kamo-no-Ason. As for the Iyo-Kamo clan, in the reigns of Empresses Kōken and Shōtoku, Kamo-no-Atai Umanushi and Hitonushi, men of Kanno District in Iyo Province, were granted Iyo-Kamo-no-Ason. Kamiyoda-no-Kimi Nashiro and others, men of Tosa, were granted the surname Kamo. (Note: ○ On examination, Emperor Yūryaku once moved and enshrined the Takakamo deity in Tosa. It appears in the entry for the eighth year of Tenpyō-hōji (764) in this book, and probably at that time this kin also followed it and moved to settle in the Nankai region. It is therefore provisionally determined to be of the same kin and is set out here.) As for the Kamo-no-Eki clan, in the reign of Emperor Monmu there was Kamo-no-Eki-no-Kimi Ozunu, who belonged to this kin. (Note: from "Emperor Monmu" onward, the Nihon Ryōiki is followed.) In the reign of Empress Genshō, Kamo-no-Eki-no-Obito Iwaho of Junior Sixth Rank Upper and more than a hundred others were granted the surname Kimi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) The Kamobe-no-Hōri were registered in Settsu. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) The descendants of the Kamo-no-Ason became onmyōji (yin-yang masters) generation after generation. When it came to Yasutane, he became prominent through literary learning and changed to the Yoshishige clan. Yasutane's nephew Tamemasa also became a Monjō-hakase (Professor of Letters) and called himself Yoshishige (written with other characters). (Note: following the Kamo Keizu, the Honchō Monzui, and the Zoku Honchō Monzui. ○ On examination, the two Yoshishige names share the same character readings as Kamo, and these two clans probably deliberately changed the characters. This account also appears in the notes to Yasutane's biography.)

¶The Munakata clan (Note: ○ also written Munakata with other characters, in which "kata" is also written with another character, or with the character for "image") descends from Ata-no-Katasumi-no-Mikoto, a sixth-generation descendant of Ōnamuchi. It had the surname Ason, registered in the Right Capital, and also the surname Kimi, registered in Kawachi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the Munakata-no-Kimi were granted the surname Ason. In remote antiquity, the Heavenly Ancestor gave the three daughters she had borne to Susanoo-no-Mikoto, and had them descend and dwell in Tsukushi; these are the Munakata deities. The Munakata clan presided over their rites generation after generation. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) Their descendants continued without a break and long never died out. (Note: following the Munakata Daiguji Keizu.) In the reign of Empress Genmei, Munakata-no-Ason Todo, Dairyō of Munakata District in Chikuzen Province, was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Upper, and from then on his kin successively became district magistrates. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Munakata-no-Ason Torimaro, Munakata Kannushi, was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Upper. (Note: ○ the Ruijū Fusenshō mentions in the reign of Emperor En'yū Munakata-no-Omi Hidetomo, Kageyu-no-Shishō (Clerk of the Bureau of Inspectors). The Omi surname is not found in the old histories, but it must have been of this kin.) There were also the two clans of Mashiki and Anō, probably of this kin. In the reign of Emperor Monmu, Munakatabe-no-Kataushi, Dairyō of Mikasa District in Chikuzen Province, was granted the surname Mashiki-no-Muraji. Munakatabe-no-Kamamaki was granted Anō-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Wanigo clan (Note: ○ also written Wanigo with other characters. The Kuji Hongi also writes Wani-no-Kimi, but which is correct is not known) was registered in Yamato and descends from Ata-no-Katasumi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Oki Kuni-no-Miyatsuko: Toesahiko-no-Mikoto, a fifth-generation descendant of Mimatsuhiko-Iroto-no-Mikoto, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Ōjin. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.)

¶The Naga Kuni-no-Miyatsuko: Karase-no-Sukune, a ninth-generation descendant of Mimatsuhiko-Iroto-no-Mikoto, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.) In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Naga-no-Hi Hitotachi, district magistrate of Katsuura District in Awa Province, submitted a memorial saying: "In the Kōgo-nenjaku, the register of the Naga-no-Atai has the character 'hi' annotated next to the character 'se,' and Hirafu, the former district magistrate, petitioned to have it changed to 'Atai.' In the Tenpyō-hōji years (757-765), the provincial governor, finding no evidence in the records, made it Naga-no-Hi once again. We humbly request that, on the basis of the Kōgo-nenjaku, it be fixed as Naga-no-Atai." This was permitted. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa there was Naga-no-Atai Ōtomime, a virtuous woman of the same district. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) They were probably all descendants of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi. ○ On examination, as to Mimatsuhiko-Iroto, this book does not say of which deity he was a kinsman. Moreover, that his ninth-generation descendant belonged to the reign of Emperor Seimu while his fifth-generation descendant served in the reign of Emperor Ōjin, a descendant of the Imperial Grandchild, is doubtful in the order of generations. But there is no other book to consult. Only, the Naga Province of this book is probably the Naga Village in Awa Province recorded in the Nihon Shoki, which is the land of what are now the two districts of Naka and Nakata in Awa Province. The Engishiki lists a Mimatsuhiko Shrine in Nakata District, and it was probably the descendants of the Naga Kuni-no-Miyatsuko who enshrined their ancestor Mimatsuhiko-Iroto. The Engishiki also lists a Kotoshironushi Shrine in Katsuura District, which I think was also enshrined by his descendants. According to the Shinsen Shōjiroku, among the descendants of Kotoshironushi there is a surname Naga-no-Kimi, who must be of the same kin as the Naga-no-Atai. That they were descendants of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko is almost beyond doubt. Considering these together, Mimatsuhiko-Iroto was probably a descendant of Kotoshironushi, whose descendants became the Naga Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, and the remaining kin lived generation after generation in Naka, Nakata, Katsuura, and other places and took Naga as their clan name. Furthermore, the Shinsen Shōjiroku has the Abiko clan among the descendants of Ame-no-Yaututsuhiko, a grandson of Ōnamuchi. And the Shoku Nihon Kōki says that among the descendants of Kotoshironushi there were also the Naga-no-Abiko, who later changed to the Nagamune clan, which also probably came about because of their being of the same lineage as the Naga clan. For now, following the books cited above, Mimatsuhiko-Iroto is hung on the descendants of Kotoshironushi. The two Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of Oki and Naga are set out here together, to await later examination.)

¶The Tosa Kuni-no-Miyatsuko shares a common ancestor with the Naga-no-Abiko. Odate-no-Sukune, a ninth-generation descendant of Mishima-no-Mizokui-no-Mikoto, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.)

¶The Yamato clan, the Monoimi clan, the Aomi clan, the Tone clan, the Akashi clan, and the Kubiki Kuni-no-Miyatsuko are all descendants of Shiinetsuhiko-no-Mikoto.

¶The Yamato clan (Note: ○ also written Ōyamato with other characters, and also Ōyamato with others again) had the surnames Ason, Sukune, Imiki, and Muraji (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The Imiki surname is from the Nihon Shoki), and also the surname Atai, and was also a line of Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi.) There were also such surnames as Yamato-no-Futo, Yamato-no-Mitashiro-no-Muraji, and Yamato-no-Sakahito-no-Muraji. The Sukune were registered in Yamato, the Muraji in Settsu, and the Yamato-no-Futo in the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Mitashiro is from the Shoku Nihongi, and Sakahito from the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) When the Founding Emperor went on his eastern campaign and reached the Hayasuina Strait, a local deity named Uzuhiko came out to meet him. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) He called himself a grandson of the imperial ancestor Hikohohodemi-no-Mikoto and knew well the routes by sea and land. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi. ○ On examination, this book has Takeikoshi-no-Mikoto after Ugayafukiaezu-no-Mikoto and makes him ancestor of the Yamato Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. According to this, Uzuhiko was a son of Takeikoshi.) The Emperor ordered him to guide the army and granted him the name Shiinetsuhiko. He repeatedly offered unusual strategies and had remarkable achievements. When the realm had been pacified, he was enfeoffed as Yamato Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, and this became the origin of the Yamato clan. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The Nihon Shoki was also consulted.) In the reign of Emperor Sujin, Ichishi-no-Nagaoichi, ancestor of the Yamato-no-Atai, was made Yamato-no-Ōkunitama Kannushi. Nagaoichi probably also held the office of Kuni-no-Miyatsuko concurrently. At this time unemes (palace attendants) and sacred rice fields were presented to Amaterasu-Ōmikami. (Note: from "probably" onward, the Yamatohime-no-Mikoto Seiki is followed.) In the reign of Emperor Kinmei, Tehiko, the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, followed the imperial army in the campaign against Silla. In the ninth year of Emperor Temmu (680), Yamato-no-Atai Tatsumaro was granted the surname Muraji. In the eleventh year (682), the Yamato-no-Atai were granted the surname Muraji. In the twelfth year (683), they were granted the surname Imiki. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Monmu there was Ōyamato-no-Imiki Iotari, who later became ujinokami (clan head), was appointed Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, and served the rites of Ōkunitama. His son Nagaoka, Osakabe-no-Shōfu (Junior Assistant Minister of Justice), took part in the revision of the codes, was granted a change to the surname Sukune, and later succeeded as Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: for the revision of the codes, the preface of the Ryō no Gige is followed.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Ōyamato-no-Imiki Oazumahito of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and Mimori, of the same surname, Dai-geki (Senior Secretary), were granted the surname Sukune because of a divine oracle, and all the people of their kin became Muraji. Mimori was made Ōyamato Kannushi, and Hironiwa, a state slave of the Chūgūshiki (Office of the Empress), was freed and granted the surname Ōyamato-no-Imiki (written with other characters). Ōyamato-no-Muraji Fukata and Uona were together granted the surname Sukune. In the reign of Empress Kōken, Yamato-no-Muraji Tanaga and Furuhito, men of Shikinoshimo District in Yamato Province, and others were granted the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Yamato-no-Sukune Yoshitsugu of Junior Eighth Rank Upper, a man of Yamato, and others were granted the surname Ason and transferred their registration to the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) The Muraji descend from the line of Mimono-no-Sukune, an eleventh-generation descendant of Shiinetsuhiko. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Kurahito-no-Mimori of Senior Eighth Rank Lower, a man of Unai District in Settsu Province, and seventeen others were granted the surname Yamato-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Yamato-no-Sukune Nagatane of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, a man of Shikinoshimo District, and others transferred their registration to the Right Capital. Ama-no-Atai Toyomune and others, men of Nakata District in Awa Province, were granted a change to Yamato-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) The Mitashiro and Sakahito are both unclear in their lines, but were probably of the same kin. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Ōyamato-no-Mitashiro-no-Muraji Maromé of Junior Fifth Rank Lower was granted the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Yōzei, Yamato-no-Sakahito-no-Muraji Tomimaro and others, men of Shikinoshimo District, transferred their registration to the Left Capital. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Murakami there were Akashi Dai-dayū Wa-no-Akio and Shuri-no-Shin (Third-Rank Official of the Office of Repairs) Wa-no-Sao, zaichō kanjin (local officials) of Harima Province. (Note: following the Minesō-ki.) In the reign of Emperor Rokujō there was Ōyamato-no-Atai Toshishige, Yamato Kami-no-Hōribe (priest of the Yamato Shrine). (Note: following the Ōyamato Jinja Chūshinjō.) They were probably all descendants of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko.

¶The Monoimi clan had the surname Atai and was registered in Settsu. It descends from Yashiro-no-Sukune, a ninth-generation descendant of Shiinetsuhiko. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Aomi clan had the surname Atai and was registered in the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Tone clan had the surname Atai and was registered in Kawachi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Akashi clan (Note: ○ "Aka" is also written with another character) descends from Tsumiji-no-Sukune, a son of Yashiro-no-Sukune. It had the surname Muraji and was also a line of Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Tsumiji-no-Sukune became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Ōjin. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi. The Muraji surname is from the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Ama-no-Atai Mizonaga of Outer Junior Eighth Rank Lower, a man of Akashi District in Harima Province, and others were granted a change to Yamato-Akashi-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo, Akashi Sadane, Dairyō of Akashi District, was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Fusō Ryakki Uragaki.) They were probably all descendants of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko.

¶The Kubiki Kuni-no-Miyatsuko shares a common ancestor with the Yamato-no-Atai. Mihoko-no-Mikoto became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Sujin. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.)

¶The Azumi clan, the Ōshiama clan, the Ama-no-Inukai clan, and the Yagi clan are all descendants of Toyotamahiko-no-Mikoto, the Sea Deity.

¶The Azumi clan descends from Hotakami-no-Mikoto, a son of Watatsumi-Toyotamahiko. (Note: ○ Watatsumi is also written with other characters, and also with others again.) There were those with the surname Sukune, registered in the Right Capital, and those with the surname Muraji, registered in Kawachi. There was also the surname Azumi-Ōkai-no-Muraji, registered in Settsu. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ On examination, the Nihon Shoki states that the Azumi clan worshipped generation after generation the three deities Sokotsu-Watatsumi, Nakatsu-Watatsumi, and Uwatsu-Watatsumi, sons of Izanagi-no-Mikoto. Watatsumi (written with the characters for "young boy") is read Watatsumi and means the sea deity. From this it is clear that Toyotamahiko descended from Izanagi-no-Mikoto. Furthermore, on examination, the Kojiki says that the Azumi clan are descendants of Utsushihikanasaku-no-Mikoto, a son of the Watatsumi deity, and therefore take Watatsumi as their ancestral deity. But Utsushihikanasaku does not agree with the Hotakami of this book, and perhaps is another name for him. Or it is said that the title Watatsumi was a common name over several generations of the Azumi clan and does not necessarily refer to Toyotamahiko alone. And since the order of generations of Utsushihikanasaku and Hotakami cannot be determined, some differences perhaps arose in what the two books record. Furthermore, the entry for the Azumi-no-Muraji in the section on unclassified miscellaneous surnames in this book says they are descendants of Utsushinaga-no-Mikoto. Utsushinaga and Utsushihikanasaku are close in sound and were probably not different persons. It is appended for the time being for reference.) In the reign of Emperor Ōjin, Ōhama, ancestor of the Azumi-no-Muraji (written with other characters), was made steward of the sea people. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) From then on the Azumi clan, together with the Takahashi-no-Ason, held charge of the imperial meals. (Note: following the Honchō Getsuryō.) In the reigns of Empress Kōgyoku and Emperor Tenji there was Azumi-Yamashiro-no-Muraji Hirafu, sometimes called simply Azumi-no-Muraji. In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the Azumi-no-Muraji were granted the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Azumi-no-Sukune Tsugunari, Naizen Buzen (Head Cook of the Palace Kitchen), was exiled to Sado for having disobeyed an imperial decree in a lawsuit with the Takahashi clan. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Azumibe-no-Awamaro of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, a man of Nakata District in Awa Province, himself stated, "I am a descendant of Azumi-no-Mukade-no-Sukune," and by imperial edict was granted Azumi-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) Between the reigns of Emperors Sanjō and Go-Ichijō there were Azumi Sadanobu, Azumi Mototaka, and others. (Note: following the Chōya Gunsai. Mototaka is from the Shōyūki.) The Inukai-no-Muraji descend from the line of Hoitsuku-no-Mikoto, a third-generation descendant of the great Watatsumi deity. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Ōshiama clan (Note: ○ the first character is also written with other characters) had the surnames Sukune and Muraji. Of those with the surname Muraji, those registered in the Right Capital descend from the line of Hotakami, and those registered in Settsu descend from Otakunashi-no-Mikoto, a sixth-generation descendant of Watatsumi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The Sukune surname is from the Nihon Shoki.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the Ōshiama-no-Muraji were granted the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Monmu there was Ōshiama-no-Sukune Aragama of Tsuidaishi rank. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ The Ōshiama-no-Sukune Sūho in the Annals of Emperor Temmu in the Nihon Shoki was probably this person.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Ōshiama Yasuhira, Sa-shōshi (Junior Clerk of the Left). In the reign of Emperor Go-Reizei there was Ōshiama Sadamichi. (Note: following the Geki Nikki.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Saga there was Ōshiama Ieyuki, Uemon-no-Jō (Third-Rank Official of the Right Gate Guards). (Note: following the Heikōki.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Uda there was Ōshiama Sadamori. In the reign of Emperor Go-Daigo there was Oshiamabe Morizane. (Note: following the Tōji Monjo.) Among the descendants of Ame-no-Hoakari there are also Ōshiama-no-Muraji, but their line is said to be unclear. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Ama-no-Inukai clan had the surname Sukune, and in the reign of Empress Kōgyoku there was Ama-no-Inukai-no-Muraji Katsumaro. In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the Ama-no-Inukai-no-Muraji were granted the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) There were also those with no surname, registered in the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Yagi clan (Note: ○ also written Yagi with other characters, and also with others again; "ya" is sometimes written with another character) had the surname Miyatsuko and was registered in the Right Capital. It descends from the line of Furutama-no-Mikoto, a son of Toyotamahiko. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kōnin there was Yagi-no-Miyatsuko Toyonarimé of Senior Sixth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Yagi-no-Sukune Masamitsu, Oki-no-Gon-no-Jō (Provisional Third-Rank Official of Oki) (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō), who was probably a descendant. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ Recently someone in Uchi District in Yamato Province dug the ground and found a tomb stele, which was the place where Kibi-no-Makibi buried his mother in the Tenpyō years. The inscription read "Tomb of the late mother, of the Yōki clan." Yōki (written with other characters) is none other than this kin.)

¶The Yuge clan had the surname Sukune and was registered in the Left Capital. It descends from Nikitsumaro, a son of Ame-no-Oshihone-no-Mikoto. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Takeda-no-Agatanushi descend from Oto-Ukashi, chieftain of Uda Agata in Yamato. When the Founding Emperor went on his eastern campaign and reached Uda, Oto-Ukashi was the first to submit. When the Emperor ascended the throne, he granted Takeda Village as a reward. The Takeda-no-Agatanushi and the Uda-no-Mondobe (Water Office attendants of Uda) are all his descendants. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Shiki-no-Agatanushi descend from Oto-Shiki, called Kurohaya, village chief of Shiki in Yamato. In the eastern campaign, Kurohaya submitted, and for that merit became Shiki-no-Agatanushi. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Yoshino clan was registered in Yamato. There were those with the surname Muraji (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku) and also those with the surname Obito. They descend from Ihikari, a local deity. When the Founding Emperor reached Yoshino, someone came out of a well, and this was Ihikari, who became the first ancestor of the Yoshino clan. (Note: ○ the Shinsen Shōjiroku says that the Yoshino-no-Muraji are descendants of Kamihikane. When Emperor Jinmu reached Yoshino, he sent a man to draw water, who returned and reported, "There is a woman called Ihikari." When the Emperor summoned her and questioned her, she answered, "I am a daughter of the heavenly deity Shiragumowake, and my name is Toyomito." The Emperor therefore granted her the name Mihikari-hime. The Mihikari deity now worshipped by the Yoshino-no-Muraji is this. It differs somewhat from this book.) In the eleventh year of Emperor Temmu (682), the Yoshino-no-Obito were granted the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Empress Genmei, Yoshino-no-Muraji Kujira was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Yoshino-no-Muraji Toyomasu, Dairyō of Yoshino District in Yamato Province, was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Kuzu were registered in Yamato. They descend from the deity Iwaoshiwake. (Note: ○ the Nihon Shoki writes it Iwaoshiwake with other characters.) When the Founding Emperor made a tour and reached Yoshino, there was a man at the upper reaches of the river. The Emperor summoned him and questioned him, and he answered, "I am a child of Iwaoshiwake." The name Kuzu was therefore granted. From the reign of Emperor Ingyō, they presented offerings of food at each of the seven seasonal festivals (nanafushi) for use in sacred rites, and later this became a permanent custom. In the reign of Emperor Kōtoku there were two persons who were granted names, called Kuzu-no-Oseko and Seko. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ The meaning of this book is not clear, and there are probably errors or omissions. For now the general sense has been taken and recorded.) In the reign of Emperor Kōnin there were Kuzu and Oguzu, who were granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Kuzu Shigenori, Kuzu Bettō (Steward of the Kuzu). (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.)

¶The Ata-no-Ukaibe descend from Niemotsu. When the army of the eastern campaign entered Yoshino, there was a man at the upper reaches of the river who had built a fish weir to catch fish. When the Emperor questioned him, he answered, "I am a child of Niemotsu." He probably served the Emperor and held charge of carrying provisions. The Ukaibe (cormorant keepers) are none other than his descendants. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)