Treatise 30: Clans VII

¶The Ōtomo clan, the Saeki clan, the Yanouchi clan, the Koshi clan, the Koshi-no-Mibu clan, the Hayashi clan, the Kamu-no-Watakushi clan, the Naka-no-Marukobe clan, the Naka clan, the Oshika clan, the Michishima clan, the Enomoto clan, the Inbe clan, the Onchi clan, the Oyama clan, the Shiratsutsumi clan, the En clan, the Yuge clan, the Usa clan, the Tamatsukuri clan, the Iyobe clan, the Katsuragi clan, the Arata clan, the Hinomatsuri clan, the Kume clan, the Ukiana clan, the Kadobe clan, the Chichibu Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Hita Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Awa Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, and the Sanuki Kuni-no-Miyatsuko are all descendants of Takamimusubi-no-Mikoto.

¶The Ōtomo clan descends from Ame-no-Oshihi-no-Mikoto, a grandson of the fifth generation of Takamimusubi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Another reading gives "sixth generation" in place of "fifth generation". Moreover, on examining this book, the generation counts from Takamimusubi downward often differ, and since the ages are so far removed it is now impossible to verify them all. Here, in general, what could be known has been fixed according to the Ōtomo genealogy. For the rest, the original texts are followed throughout and are not annotated one by one.) Later, to avoid the personal name of Emperor Junna, the clan was called simply the Tomo clan. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) There are those with the surname Ason (Note: following the Nihon Kiryaku), those with the surname Sukune, and those with the surname Muraji. There are also such surnames as Ōtomo-no-Ōta-no-Sukune, Ōta-no-Muraji, and Ōtomo-no-Yamasaki-no-Muraji (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku); Ōtomo-no-Ichitsu-no-Muraji, Ōtomo-no-Namekata-no-Muraji, Ōtomo-no-Karita-no-Muraji, and Ōtomo-no-Shibata-no-Omi (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi); Ōtomo-no-Shirakawa-no-Muraji, Ōtomo-no-Watari-no-Muraji, Ōtomo-no-Asaka-no-Muraji, Ōtomo-no-Yamada-no-Muraji, and Ōtomo-no-Miyagi-no-Muraji (Note: following the Nihon Kōki); and Tomo-no-Yoshida-no-Muraji and others. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) The Sukune and Muraji lines alike were registered in the Left Capital, the Ōta-no-Sukune in the Right Capital, and the Yamasaki-no-Muraji in Izumi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) Ame-no-Oshihi followed the Imperial Grandchild Hikohononinigi-no-Mikoto, bearing bow and arrows as his vanguard, and trekking over mountains and rivers he wiped out those who would not submit. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The part from "trekking over mountains and rivers" onward follows the Man'yōshū.) When the Great Ancestor (Emperor Jinmu) marched eastward, Ame-no-Oshihi's descendant in the third generation, Michi-no-Omi-no-Mikoto, commanded the main army, swept away the baleful vapors, and with spirited valor achieved great deeds, truly becoming a foremost meritorious minister of the founding of the state. His descendants were appointed Ōmuraji generation after generation and never let the honor of the house fall, so that the clan flourished greatly. (Note: the general sense of the Nihon Shoki and the Kojiki has been weighed.) Michi-no-Omi begot Umashihi-no-Mikoto; Umashihi begot Wakahi-no-Omi-no-Mikoto; Wakahi-no-Omi begot Ōhi-no-Mikoto; Ōhi begot Tsunohi-no-Mikoto; and Tsunohi begot Toyohi-no-Mikoto. Toyohi's son Takehi followed Yamato-takeru-no-Mikoto and pacified the eastern lands. His son Takemochi first became Ōmuraji in the reign of Emperor Chūai and begot Muroya. Muroya served through seven reigns, from Emperor Ingyō to Emperor Buretsu, and begot two sons, Katari and Mimono. (Note: Mimono follows the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) Katari's son Kanamura served six reigns beginning with Emperor Ninken and begot Iwa, Satehiko, and Ahifuko. Iwa became commander-in-chief of the expedition against Silla, and Satehiko achieved merit in the campaign against Koguryŏ. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Ōtomo genealogy. Ahifuko follows the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Kanamura's grandson Kuiko (Note: the Shoku Nihongi does not record Kuiko's father. The Ōtomo genealogy makes Kuiko a brother of Iwa and Satehiko and does not list Ahifuko. Ahifuko may be another name of Kuiko. However, the genealogy also contains errors and cannot be wholly trusted. According to the words of Tomo-no-Ōta-no-Sukune Tsuneo quoted below, all the eminent and distinguished members of the Ōtomo through the generations were descendants of Ahifuko, and the eminent Nagatoko, Fukei, Miyuki, Yasumaro, and others were all of Kuiko's line. If so, there is no doubt that Ahifuko was an ancestor of Kuiko, but since the order of the generations cannot be made out, the point is appended here to await later study.) begot Nagatoko, Makuta, and Fukei. Fukei assisted Emperor Temmu and became a meritorious subject of the Jinshin disturbance. When the surnames of all the people of the realm were settled, the Ōtomo-no-Muraji were granted the change to Sukune. Nagatoko became Minister of the Right and begot Miyuki and Yasumaro. Miyuki became Major Counselor. Yasumaro became Major Counselor and General, and begot Tabito and Michitari. Tabito became Major Counselor and Governor-General of Dazaifu. His son Yakamochi became Middle Counselor and General for Subduing the East, and once composed a poem on his kinsfolk, in which he told of the flourishing of the family. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki, the Shoku Nihongi, and the Ōtomo genealogy. The part from "once composed" onward follows the Man'yōshū.) Tabito's nephew, the Major Controller of the Left, Komaro (Note: the genealogy makes Komaro a son of Yakamochi, but this is an error. In the Man'yōshū Tabito himself speaks of "my younger brother Inakimi, Assistant of the Armory, and my nephew Komaro, Junior Secretary of the Ministry of Civil Administration". By this, Komaro was a cousin of Yakamochi, and the name of his father cannot be ascertained. He may perhaps have been a son of Inakimi. The genealogy also makes Inakimi a younger brother of Yasumaro, which is an error.) plotted with Tachibana-no-Naramaro to destroy Fujiwara-no-Nakamaro, but the matter was discovered and he was put to death. His son, the Junior Controller of the Left Tsugundo, was imprisoned and died in the reign of Emperor Kanmu, for the crime of having sided with Crown Prince Sawara and killed Fujiwara-no-Ason Tanetsugu. At about the same time Ōtomo-no-Sukune Sukeru and others transferred their registration to the Right Capital. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki. "Sukeru" follows the Tenmon manuscript.) Tsugundo's son, the Consultant Kunimichi, changed the name to Tomo-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi, the Nihon Kiryaku, and the Ōtomo genealogy.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Hayashi-no-Muraji Umanushi, a man of Kawachi of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, was granted the surname Tomo-no-Sukune and was registered in the Right Capital. The Emperor once granted one chō of land in Kambayashi village, Katsuragi District, Yamashiro, to the Tomo-no-Sukune, so that they might worship their clan deity there. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Montoku there was Tomo-no-Sukune Mimune, who became Commander of the Chinjufu (Pacification Headquarters). (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, the Middle Counselor Tomo-no-Sukune Yoshio said: "A man of my kin from the Left Capital, Tomo-no-Ōta-no-Sukune Tsuneo, has made a petition, saying: 'Having respectfully examined the genealogical registers, I find that the Tomo-no-Ōta-no-Sukune are the descendants of Satehiko, the third son of Kanamura-no-Ōmuraji. In the reigns of Emperors Senka and Kinmei, Satehiko twice served as an envoy overseas and achieved merit in the farthest lands; he was honored in his own time and his name has been handed down to later ages. But because the men of old were plain and unadorned, all were granted separate surnames, and for that reason his descendants were unable to call themselves Ōtomo (Ōbe), (Note: Ōbe here means precisely Ōtomo) and were granted the present surname anew. Yet Satehiko's younger brother Ahifuko succeeded his father as Ōbe-no-Muraji, and fearing from then on that his descendants would not spread, he never again accepted a different surname. Now the descendants of Ahifuko have been eminent and distinguished through the generations, while Satehiko's line has long been unheard of in the world. Though branches of a single ancestor, their flourishing and decline have grown so far apart. The lament of those sunk in obscurity can never be fully told. Tsuneo was fortunate to meet the Shōtai era, to enter the palace anew, and to be revived through the privilege of family protection, and he counts himself truly honored. I beg that the two characters "Ōta" be removed, and that I be allowed to return to the same single stock; then I would not shame the genealogy of the meritorious ancestors and could also express the affection of true brothers.' When I respectfully examined the family records, the petition proved to be without falsehood. I beg that Sukune be granted at once, so that the diverging stream may be stopped and brought back into its source." An edict granted this. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Yoshio was a son of Kunimichi and rose to the office of Major Counselor, but later, for the crime of burning the Ōtenmon gate in a plot to entrap the Minister of the Right, Minamoto-no-Ason Makoto, he had his death sentence reduced by one degree and was exiled to Izu, and all his kin were demoted and banished. The Tomo clan declined from then on. (Note: the general sense of the Ruijū Kokushi, the Sandai Jitsuroku, and the Ōtomo genealogy.)

¶In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Tomo-no-Sukune Fuminaga, Senior Secretary of the Council of State. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku, the Consultant Tomo-no-Sukune Yasuhira was granted the surname Ason. (Note: following the Nihon Kiryaku.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Ichijō there was Tomo-no-Sukune Nobushige, of Senior Sixth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) The Muraji line comes from Satehiko. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) The Ōtomo-no-Ōta-no-Sukune also come from Satehiko. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Shōtoku, Ōtomo-no-Ōta-no-Muraji Samimaro, a man of the Left Capital of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, was granted Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) The Ōtomo-no-Yamasaki-no-Muraji come from Michi-no-Omi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) There were also those who called themselves simply Yamasaki; in the reign of Emperor En'yū there was Yamasaki-no-Muraji Yoshitada, Assistant of the Bureau of Accounts, who later petitioned for a change of surname to Tomo-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) The eleven surnames beginning with Ōtomo-no-Ichitsu-no-Muraji are of unclear descent, but they are probably of the same kin. In the reign of Emperor Genshō there was Ōtomo-no-Ichitsu-no-Muraji Shito, Junior District Governor of Nagusa District in Kii. In the reign of Emperor Shōtoku, Yugei-Ōtomobe Tsugundo, a man of Shirakawa District in Mutsu of Outer Senior Seventh Rank Lower, Yugei-Ōtomobe Otodo, a man of Kurokawa District of Outer Junior Sixth Rank Lower, and others were granted the surname Yugei-Ōtomo-no-Muraji. Ōtomobe Mita and others, of Namekata District, of Outer Senior Sixth Rank Lower, were granted Ōtomo-no-Namekata-no-Muraji; Ōtomobe Hitotari, a man of Kawada District of Outer Senior Sixth Rank Upper, was granted Ōtomo-no-Karita-no-Omi; and Ōtomobe Fukumaro, a man of Shibata District of Outer Junior Eighth Rank Lower, was granted Ōtomo-no-Shibata-no-Omi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Ōtomobe Ashii and others, men of Shirakawa District in Mutsu, were granted the surname Ōtomo-no-Shirakawa-no-Muraji. Iokibe Kurohito of Watari District was granted Ōtomo-no-Watari-no-Muraji; Ōtomobe Mamori, a man of Kurokawa District of Outer Junior Initial Rank Upper, and Ōtomobe Enhito, a man of Namekata District of Outer Junior Initial Rank Upper, and others, were granted Ōtomo-no-Namekata-no-Muraji; Marukobe Kosami and Ōtabe Yamasaki, men of Asaka District of Outer Junior Initial Rank Upper, together with Marukobe Sami of Tomita District and Marukobe Inamaro of Oda District and others, were granted Ōtomo-no-Asaka-no-Muraji; Marukobe Yachiyo, a man of Tōda District of Outer Great Initial Rank Upper, was granted Ōtomo-no-Yamada-no-Muraji; a certain man of Iwase District (Note: this book lacks the surname and personal name) was granted Ōtomo-no-Miyagi-no-Muraji; and Ōtomobe Hitone, a man of Shibata District, was granted Ōtomo-no-Shibata-no-Omi. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki. Moreover, as to treating the surnames from Ōtomo-no-Ichitsu-no-Muraji onward as of the same kin, there is of course no clear proof. But among the Ōtomo kin who lived in Kii there was Enomoto-no-Muraji Chishima, Junior District Governor of Nagusa District, who appears in the Shōtoku reign of the Shoku Nihongi. The Nihon Ryōiki also says that in the reign of Empress Suiko there was a man named Ōbe-no-Muroyako-no-Muraji, of Great Flowery Rank, said to be the ancestor of the Ōtomo-no-Muraji of Uji in Nagusa District of Kii. By this, the Ōtomo kin lived long in Kii, and since the Ichitsu-no-Muraji too were men of Nagusa District, there is some ground for regarding them as of the same kin. Most of the other several surnames arise from the Ōtomobe and Marukobe. According to the Shinsen Shōjiroku, a surname Nakako exists among the Ōtomo kin, and the Marukobe may perhaps also be of that family. Furthermore, on examining the Shōtoku reign, there was Ōtomobe Oshihito, a captive barbarian of Oshika District in Mutsu, who was originally a man of Nagusa District in Kii; the story is that when his ancestor Ōtomobe-no-Atai campaigned against the Emishi, he came to Oda District and ended by settling there. That there are Ōtomo kin in Mutsu may perhaps be due to such circumstances. The line of descent is not clear here, but for now they are attached by category, to await later study. The article on the Oshika clan below should also be considered together with this.) In the reign of Emperor Montoku there was Tomo-no-Sukune Mune, Major Judge, whose former surname had been Tomo-no-Yoshida-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku. The part from "whose former surname" onward follows the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor En'yū, Tomo-no-Yoshida-no-Muraji Munesada and his kinsman Sadanobu were appointed one after another as Great District Governor of Tado District in Sanuki. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) Yoshio at first had two sons, called Nakatsune and Kazusuke. Nakatsune's descendants became shrine officials of the Tsurugaoka Hachiman Shrine. (Note: the part from "Nakatsune's descendants" onward follows the genealogy of the Tsurugaoka shrine officials.) Kazusuke became District Governor of Hazu District in Mikawa. His descendant Tomo-no-Ason Sukekane became Deputy Governor of Mikawa (Note: following the Tomo genealogy. "Ason" follows the Chōya Gunsai. "Suke" is written "Moto" in another reading), followed Minamoto-no-Yoshiie in the campaign against Mutsu, and achieved merit. He is the so-called Tomo Shirō Kenjō. (Note: following the Ōshū Gosannen Gunki.) In the Ken'ei era, Iwago Ietsugu, a man of Ōmi and a descendant of Sukekane, served Minamoto-no-Sanetomo. (Note: following the Azuma Kagami. In this book "suke" is written with a different character and read "michi". The characters Iwa and Tomo are also alike in sound.) His kin lived in Ōmi generation after generation and called themselves the Hiramatsu and the Kōga. Those who lived in Mikawa called themselves the Tominaga and the Shitara, and these two houses were the most prominent. Shitara Suketsuna (Note: Suketsuna appears in the Taiheiki as Sukeshige) followed Ashikaga Takauji in the attack on Rokuhara and died after cutting down Saitō Mototsune and falling with him, each stabbing the other. Tominaga Sukesato also fought hard and died for his loyalty. (Note: the part from "followed Ashikaga Takauji" onward follows the Tenshō text of the Taiheiki.) In later generations there were still those who called themselves the Tomo clan. (Note: following the Tomo genealogy.)

¶The Saeki clan descends from Muroya-no-Ōmuraji. There are those with the surname Sukune, those with Muraji, those with Obito, and those with Atai. (Note: Muraji follows the Nihon Shoki, and Atai follows the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) There is also the surname Saeki-no-Hinomatsuri-no-Miyatsuko. The Sukune were registered in the Left Capital, the Obito in Kawachi, and the Hinomatsuri-no-Miyatsuko in the Right Capital. In the reign of Emperor Yūryaku, the Ame-no-Yugei-be (Heavenly Quiver-Bearers) were granted to Muroya. Muroya petitioned that he might divide them and entrust their charge to his son Katari, and this was permitted. Katari's descendants became the Saeki clan. From then on the two clans of Ōtomo and Saeki governed the Left and Right Gate Guards generation after generation. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the Saeki-no-Muraji were granted Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Saeki-no-Atai Nagahito and others, men of the Left Capital of Junior Seventh Rank Upper, were granted Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Montoku, Saeki-no-Atai Masao, a man of Sanuki and Junior Secretary of the Table Office, was granted Sukune. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, eleven descendants of the late Saeki-no-Atai Takimi, men of Tado District in Sanuki, were granted Sukune and were assigned to the Left Capital. Before this, the Middle Counselor Tomo-no-Sukune Yoshio had submitted a memorial saying: "Saeki-no-Atai Toyoo, Professor of Calligraphy, has made a petition, saying: 'My ancestor Ōtomo-no-Muraji Takehi followed Yamato-takeru-no-Mikoto and pacified the eastern lands; his meritorious deeds had no equal in the world, and he was granted Sanuki as his private residence. Takehi's grandson Muroya-no-Ōmuraji begot Mimono-no-Sukune. His son Yamato became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of Sanuki in the reign of Emperor Ingyō. He was the ancestor of Toyoo and his kin. In the reign of Emperor Kōtoku the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko were all abolished. Mamochi, Director of the Bureau of Buddhism and Aliens, and Masao, of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, men of the same clan, have already registered in the Left Capital and been granted the change to Sukune. But the family of Takimi has still not been able to share in this. I believe that the rise of Mamochi and Masao is owed to the two masters Jitsue and Dōyū. These two masters were disciples of the posthumous Great Archbishop Kūkai. Takimi was in truth the father of Kūkai. Now the Senior Priest Shinga, meeting the times, has long enjoyed protection. Compared with those two masters, the difference of high and low is plain. Toyoo too has joined the ranks of the academy through the petty craft of insect-carving (that is, literary skill). When I look back on past times I can only grieve deeply. I beg that, following the precedent of Masao, a change of surname and transfer of registration be permitted.' When I respectfully examined the family records, the facts were without any discrepancy. I humbly beg that permission be given." The memorial was approved. At about the same time Tsukae-no-Atai Jōshū and others, Junior District Governors of Miyoshi District in Awa, were granted a change to Saeki-no-Atai. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) The Sukune were later granted the change to Ason. In the reign of Emperor Go-Reizei there was Saeki-no-Ason Tomosada, Great Assistant Secretary of Izumo. (Note: following the Chōya Gunsai. This book writes Sukune, but a note says it should properly be Ason, and that is followed here.) In the reign of Emperor Horikawa there was Saeki-no-Ason Yoshiyasu, Junior Clerk of the Crown Prince's Household. (Note: following the Taifuki.) The Saeki-no-Hinomatsuri-no-Miyatsuko descend from Katari.

¶The Yanouchi clan has the surname Muraji and was registered in Kawachi. It descends from Ame-no-Oshime. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Koshi clan has the surname Muraji, was registered in the Right Capital and in Yamato, and descends from Muroya. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Note: according to this book, the Koshi-no-Muraji of the Right Capital are said to be descendants of Hi-no-Omi.) In the reign of Emperor Genmei, Koshi-no-Muraji Murakimi became Governor of Echizen. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Sanjō there was Koshi-no-Sukune Suetomo, Great Assistant Secretary of Izumi (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō), who was perhaps also of the same kin. Among the Foreign branches, there are also Koshi-no-Muraji descended from Liu Bang, the founder of the Han dynasty. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Koshi-no-Mibu clan has the surname Muraji and was registered in the Right Capital. Its line descends from Muroya. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Hayashi clan has the surnames Sukune, Muraji, and Imiki. The Sukune were registered in Kawachi, and their line descends from Mimono-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Muraji and Imiki follow the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Shōtoku, Hayashi-no-Muraji Sahimono and Hiroyama, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, were granted Sukune. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Hayashi-no-Imiki Inamaro, who later changed his surname to Sukune. In the reign of Emperor Saga, Hayashi-no-Imiki Mamukuri, a man of Kawachi of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, was granted Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi and the Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō there was Tomo-no-Sukune Misono, Sergeant of the Right Palace Guards, who was at first called Tomohayashi-no-Sukune. He too was therefore of the same kin. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Ichijō there was Hayashi-no-Sukune Shigemichi, Junior Clerk of the Crown Prince's Household. (Note: following the Gaiki Nikki quoted in the Tonoki.)

¶The Kamu-no-Watakushi clan has the surname Miyatsuko. (Note: "Watakushi" is written in another reading with the character for "pine", but that is an error. The Shūgaishō and the Seimei Rokushō both give Kamu-no-Watakushi-no-Miyatsuko, and this is correct.) It was registered in the Left Capital and descends from Kanamura. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Naka-no-Marukobe clan was registered in Yamato and descends from Kanamura. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) There are also such surnames as Marukobe and Marukobe-no-Muraji (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi), and they are probably of the same kin. (Note: on examination, in the Shinsen Shōjiroku, among the Divine branches, there is Wanihiko in the line of Ōkuninushi, whose reading is the same as that of Marukobe. This Marukobe here is in fact of unclear descent, but among its members many were granted the surname Ōtomo, and perhaps this came through their being of the same stock. For that reason it is set out here for the time being. Moreover, the Mutsu Waki has Marukobe-no-Sukune Hiromasa, and the Shūgaishō has Marukobe-no-Kimi; perhaps all are of the same kin. They are appended together to await later study.)

¶The Naka clan has the surname Sukune and descends from the Naka-no-Marukobe-no-Muraji. (Note: the Shinsen Shōjiroku does not record a surname for Naka-no-Marukobe, but since it was registered in Yamato, the origin of the Naka-no-Sukune is truly that same family. Perhaps their grant of the surname came after the Shinsen Shōjiroku was already completed.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Naka-no-Marukobe-no-Muraji Otonari, a man of Yamato of Senior Seventh Rank Upper, and Naka-no-Marukobe-no-Muraji Manemasa, of Junior Eighth Rank Upper, and others were granted a change to Naka-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Oshika clan descends from the Maruko clan. The Michishima clan descends from the Oshika clan. In the reign of Empress Kōken, twenty-four men, including Marukobe Ushimaro, a man of Oshika District in Mutsu of Outer Senior Sixth Rank Lower, his clansman Toyoshima of Senior Seventh Rank Lower, and Shimatari of Junior Initial Rank Lower, were granted the surname Oshika-no-Muraji. In the reign of the Deposed Emperor, Shimatari was granted a change to Sukune. In the reign of Emperor Shōtoku, Shimatari shot and killed the rebel Emi-no-Kunjumaro, and for this merit he was granted Junior Fourth Rank Lower and the Second Order of Merit, was granted a change to Michishima-no-Sukune, and became Great Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of Mutsu. Michishima-no-Sukune Miyama, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, also became a Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Oshika-no-Muraji Inote, a man of Momonoo District in Mutsu of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, was granted Michishima-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Oshika-no-Sukune Kizumi, a Palace Guard. (Note: following the Nihon Ryōiki.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Michishima Shigekage, Clerk of the Council of State. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.)

¶The Enomoto clan (Note: the character for "Eno" is in one reading written with a different character, and "moto" is also written "shita") has the surname Muraji, was registered in the Left Capital, and descends from Satehiko. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) Among the original followers in Emperor Temmu's Jinshin disturbance there was Ōtomo-no-Enomoto-no-Muraji Ōkuni, who also was of the same kin. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was a man called Muro-no-Shami, of the Enomoto clan and a man of Muro District in Kii. (Note: following the Nihon Ryōiki and the Konjaku Monogatari.) In the reign of Emperor Shōtoku there was Enomoto-no-Muraji Chishima, former Junior District Governor of Nagusa District in Kii. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa there was Enomoto-no-Muraji Fukusame, a chaste wife of Saeki District in Aki. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kazan there was Enomoto Suemichi, Clerk of the Left. (Note: following the Shōyūki.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Enomoto Chinaga of the Left Gate Guards. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Toba there was Enoshita Shigekane, a former Takiguchi (Palace Guard). (Note: following the Azuma Kagami.)

¶The Inbe clan was at first written Imibe. (Note: Imibe follows the Nihon Shoki.) It descends from Ame-no-Futodama-no-Mikoto, a son of Takamimusubi, and has the surname Sukune and was registered in the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) There are those with the surname Muraji, those with Obito, and those with Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) When the Imperial Grandchild Ninigi-no-Mikoto descended to the Central Land, the Heavenly Ancestor commanded Futodama to attend and assist him, and together with Ame-no-Koyane to establish the heavenly sacred hedge (himorogi) with reverence. The Inbe clan's governance of divine rites began from this. When the Great Ancestor pacified the realm, Futodama's grandson Ame-no-Tomi-no-Mikoto cultivated the work of his ancestors and dared not let it fall, and the presenting of offerings and the reading of ritual prayers did not change through the generations. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Kogo Shūi.) In the reign of Emperor Kōtoku, Imibe-no-Obito Sagashi, of Lesser Flowery Rank Lower, became head of the shrine officials. (Note: following the Kogo Shūi.) In the eighth year of Emperor Temmu (679), the brothers Imibe-no-Obito Koobito and Shikofu were granted Muraji. In the twelfth year (683), Muraji was changed to Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of the Deposed Emperor, Imibe-no-Obito Kuromaro, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, was granted Muraji, and his clansman Toshimaro was granted Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) By the middle period the Inbe gradually declined and could not match the full prosperity of the Nakatomi. In the reign of Emperor Heizei, Inbe-no-Sukune Hironari, roused to indignation, wrote the Kogo Shūi and presented it to the throne. (Note: following the Kogo Shūi.) Yet his descendants were in the end unable to restore the house. In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Imibe-no-Sukune Takayoshi, Provisional Senior Assistant of the Department of Deities, changed the name to Inbe. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. Note: on examination, Hironari had already written Inbe himself in the reign of Emperor Heizei. His change to the spelling Inbe therefore did not begin at this time. A lost passage of the Ruijū Kokushi quoted in the Nihon Itsushi says that in the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Imibe-no-Sukune Hamanari, of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and others changed to Inbe. That account is probably close to the truth.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Inbe-no-Sukune Haruyuki, Junior Vice-Director of the Department of Deities. In the reign of Emperor Konoe there was Inbe Munehige, Junior Assistant of the Department of Deities. (Note: following the Gaiki Nikki.) In the reign of Emperor Nijō there was Inbe-no-Sukune Akitomo, Senior Assistant of the Department of Deities, who was falsely accused by his clansman, the Junior Assistant Takashige, and languished for several years, but at last was able to state his case and became head of the clan. (Note: following the Akihiro-ō Ki and the Hyōhanki.) The Inbe grew ever weaker. In the reign of Emperor Tsuchimikado there was Inbe-no-Sukune Akishige, Provisional Junior Assistant of the Department of Deities. (Note: following the Narisuke-ō Ki.) In the reign of Emperor Hanazono there was Inbe Hiranori. In the reign of Emperor Go-Daigo there were Inbe Norichika and Inbe-no-Sukune Chikashige, Provisional Senior Vice-Director of the Department of Deities. (Note: following the Miyaji Hiji Kuden.)

¶The three deities whom Futodama at first led were Ame-no-Hiwashi-no-Mikoto, who became the ancestor of the Awa Imibe; Teoki-hoi-no-Mikoto, who became the ancestor of the Sanuki Imibe; and Hikosachi-no-Mikoto, who became the ancestor of the Kii Imibe. (Note: following the Kogo Shūi.) Of these, the Awa Imibe were especially prominent. In the reign of Emperor Shōtoku, eleven persons, including Imibe-no-Muraji Katamaro, a man of Oe District in Awa of Outer Junior Seventh Rank Lower, and his clansman Sumi of Junior Fifth Rank Upper, were granted Sukune, and fourteen persons, including Imibe-no-Koshimaro of Great Initial Rank Lower, were granted Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Kōnin there was Imibe-no-Muraji Itaya, a man of Oe District in Awa. (Note: following the Nihon Ryōiki and the Konjaku Monogatari.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa there was Imibe-no-Obito Masadako, a chaste wife of Nakata District in Awa. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Toba, Imibe Hisaie, a man of Awa, was appointed head of the clan. (Note: following the Nakasuke-ō Ki.) From the time of the Great Ancestor the Imibe had lived divided between the two provinces of Awa (Awa in Shikoku, written with one pair of characters) and Awa (Awa in the Bōsō peninsula, written with another). Those who lived in Awa presented cotton and hemp cloth through the generations for use in the Great Thanksgiving Rite (Daijōsai). (Note: following the Kogo Shūi and the Engishiki.) Among their descendants is the Miki clan. (Note: following the documents of the Miki clan of Awa.) Those who lived in Kii lived in Nagusa District through the generations. (Note: following the Kogo Shūi.) Since the household registers were made in the first year of Wadō (708), they became the Kamunu clan after their place of residence. In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Kamunu Momotsugu and others, of Outer Junior Initial Rank Lower, petitioned to be restored to their original surname. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Takakura there was Imibe-no-Sukune So-and-so, a local official of the home province, who called himself of the Taya clan. (Note: following the Kii Kurusu clan documents.) There is also the Tatenui clan. (Note: "tate" is also written with another character.) Since Hikosachi at first served the Heavenly Ancestor as a maker of shields, the original clan probably came from him. By the reign of Emperor Heizei, the main line had already declined. (Note: following the Kogo Shūi.) In the reign of Emperor Kōkō there was Tatenui Hikomaro, a laborer of the Bureau of Carpentry (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku), whose kin lived in Tanba through the generations. It is said that they presented sacred shields for the rites of the accession Great Thanksgiving Rite. (Note: following the Jōgan Gishiki and the Engishiki.)

¶The Onchi Kannushi were registered in Kawachi and descend from Ikutama. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Shōtoku, Onchi-no-Kannushi Hirohito became Junior Secretary of Mimasaka. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa there was Onchi Sadayoshi. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Oyama clan has the surname Muraji and was registered in the Left Capital and in Settsu. It descends from Kushitama-no-Mikoto, a son of Takamimusubi. (Note: in the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji, there is Oyamada-no-Muraji Watamaro, Clerk of Satsuma in the Tenpyō era, and perhaps he too was of the same kin. It is appended here to await later study.)

¶The Shiratsutsumi clan has the surname Obito and was registered in Yamato. It descends from Ōkuma-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the eighth generation of Ame-no-Kushitama. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The En clan has the surname Atai and was registered in Kawachi, and descends from Ame-no-Oshitate-no-Mikoto, a grandson of Takamimusubi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. "Oshi" is in another reading written "Kami".) There are also those with the surname Muraji, probably of the same origin. In the reign of Emperor Keikō, their ancestor Tori became chief of the corvée laborers (en-min), and his descendants therefore became the En clan. Among their kin there is the Hiromura clan. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, En-no-Muraji Toyotari and others, men of the Left Capital, were granted a change to Oshi-hiromura-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Yuge clan has the surname Sukune and was registered in the Left Capital and in Kawachi. It descends from Ame-no-Hiwashi-kakeya-no-Mikoto, a grandson of Takamimusubi. There are also those who descend from Nigihayahi and those who descend from Ame-no-Oshihone, who are of a different stock from these. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Usa clan (Note: in another reading written with different characters) has the surname Kimi (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi) and also the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Usatsuhiko-no-Mikoto, a grandson of Takamimusubi, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Jinmu. (Note: following the Kujiki.) In the reign of Empress Genshō, in recognition of the medical merit of the monk Hōren, the surname Usa-no-Kimi was granted to his relatives of the third degree and above. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Horikawa there was Usa Masa, Provisional Junior Secretary of Bitchū (Note: following the Gaiki Nikki), who was probably of their kin. Among the descendants of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko were those who served the rites of the Usa Hachiman Shrine. Between the reigns of Emperor Shōmu and Empress Kōken, Usa-no-Kimi Ikemori was first appointed Great Chief Priest (Daiguji), and his descendants held the post by inheritance. (Note: refer to the Usa Takusenshū, the Usa genealogy, and the Hachiman Honki.) Later they were granted a change to the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Usa Takusenshū.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Ichijō there was Usa-no-Sukune Sukenori, Great Chief Priest. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō. Note: on examination, the Usa genealogy gives a Great Chief Priest Sukechika as a grandson of Nori, who may be this man. The characters for "nori" and "chika" resemble each other in cursive script, so one of the two books must contain an error.) In the reign of Emperor Takakura, the Great Chief Priest Kimimichi was raised to Junior Fifth Rank Lower and further became Ason. (Note: following the Gyokuyō and the Iroha Jirui Shō. Note: on examination, by the genealogy Kimimichi was a descendant in the sixth generation of Sukechika.) Among their kin there is the Yakata clan; in the reign of Emperor Go-Daigo, Yakata Morotoshi followed Ashikaga Takauji in submitting to him. (Note: following the Buzen Yakumaru clan documents.)

¶The Tamatsukuri clan (Note: in another reading written Imi-Tamatsukuri) has the surname Muraji, was registered in the Right Capital, and descends from Ame-no-Akarutama-no-Mikoto, a grandson of Takamimusubi. (Note: Ame-no-Akarutama is also written Tamaya or Tamanoya. One variant in the Nihon Shoki makes him a son of Izanagi-no-Mikoto, but this is probably an error.) When Ninigi-no-Mikoto descended to the world below, Ame-no-Akarutama attended him together with such deities as Ame-no-Koyane and Ame-no-Futodama, and made jade discs to serve as sacred offerings. He was therefore called Tamatsukuri (jade-maker). (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) His descendants lived in Izumo through the generations. (Note: following the Kogo Shūi.) There are also the Tamanoya-no-Sukune, who were registered in the Right Capital and in Kawachi, and whose line descends from Ōaraki-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the thirteenth generation of Takamimusubi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Note: "Ō" is in another reading written "Ken". Ōaraki was probably a descendant of Akarutama, and his descendants specially took the name of the ancestral deity as their clan name.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the Tamanoya-no-Muraji were granted Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) His descendants were shrine officials of the Tamanoya Shrine in Suō through the generations. In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Tamanoya Koretaka, Chief Priest of the Tamanoya Shrine. (Note: following the Konjaku Monogatari and the Genkō Shakusho.) In the reign of Emperor Konoe there was Tamanoya Chikamune, Third Secretary of the Bureau of Carpentry. (Note: following the Hyōhanki.) In the reign of Emperor Shijō there was Tamatsukuri Kagesato, Provisional Junior Secretary of Ōmi. (Note: following the Heikōki.)

¶The Iyobe clan was registered in the Right Capital and descends from Ame-no-Kotoshironushi-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the third generation of Takamimusubi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Katsuragi clan (Note: "Katsura" is in another reading written with a different character) descends from Tsurugine-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the fifth generation of Takamimusubi, and has the surnames Sukune, Imiki, Muraji, and Atai. The Imiki were registered in Yamato, and the Atai in Kawachi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Sukune follows the Shoku Nihongi, and Muraji follows the Nihon Shoki. Note: the origin of the Sukune is not clear, but since the Katsuragi-no-Imiki and Atai of the Shinsen Shōjiroku both belong to Takamimusubi's line, the Sukune are probably of the same kin. For that reason they are set out here for the time being. Moreover, on examination of the Shoku Nihongi, in the Tenpyō-shōhō era, by imperial order ten orphans of the capital were taken in and raised, and later all were granted the surname Katsuragi-no-Obito and entered in the household register of the Katsuragi-no-Muraji. Also Hiromushi, elder sister of Wake-no-Kiyomaro, married a Katsuragi-no-Sukune. After the disturbance of Tenpyō-hōji she took in abandoned children of the destitute, raised more than eighty, and all were granted the surname Katsuragi-no-Obito. By this, the Obito surname has mixed origins and does not form a single line, so it is appended here.) There is also the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko; in the time of the Great Ancestor, Tsurugine was made Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. In the eleventh year of Emperor Temmu (682), the Katsuragi-no-Atai were granted Muraji. In the twelfth year (683) they were granted Imiki. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōtoku, Katsuragi-no-Hito Ōyuka and others, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, were granted Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Katsuragi-no-Atai Sadamine, a man of Toyoshima District in Settsu and Clerk of the Left, changed his registration to the Right Capital. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Katsuragi-no-Sukune Shigetsune, Provisional Professor of the Calendar. (Note: following the Gaiki Nikki.)

¶The Arata clan has the surname Atai, was registered in Izumi, and descends from Tsurugine. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kōtoku there was Aratao-no-Atai Akamaro. In the ninth year of Emperor Temmu (680), Aratao-no-Atai Yoshimaro was granted the surname Muraji (Note: following the Nihon Shoki), and he too was probably of the same kin. (Note: on examination, according to the Jimoku Taiseishō, in the reign of Emperor Toba there was Arata-no-Sukune Isofuji, Junior Clerk of Sanuki, but it is not clear which family he belonged to. He is appended here for the time being.)

¶The Hinomatsuri clan has the surname Muraji and was registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the eleventh year of Emperor Temmu (682), the Hinomatsuri-no-Miyatsuko were granted Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) There are also the surnames Ō-Hinomatsuri-no-Toneri-no-Muraji and Hinomatsuri-no-Toneri (Note: following the Keikokushū and the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji), and they are probably of the same kin. In the reign of Emperor Bidatsu the Hi-no-Matsurube (Sun-Worship Corps) were established (Note: following the Nihon Shoki), and the original clan arose from this. In the reign of Emperor Mommu there was Ō-Hinomatsuri-no-Toneri Mashima, Senior Clerk of the Bureau of Unassigned Officials. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Hinomatsuribe Wakayoshi, a man of Araki District in Hida, was registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Hinomatsuri-no-Sukune Okiyori, Junior Secretary of Bitchū. (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.) The Sukune were probably of the same kin as these. Of the Hinomatsuri kin, those who lived in Musashi in later ages were called the Nishi-tō (Western Band) and were one of the so-called Seven Bands of Musashi. Among their branches were such clans as Naganuma, Ueda, Ogawa, Inage, Hirayama, Kawaguchi, Yugi, Nishinomiya, Yui, Nakano, Tamura, Tachikawa, Tomae, Shino, Takahashi, Kiyotsune, Hirame, Taguchi, and Ninomiya. Hinomatsuri-no-Sueshige of the Hirayama Musha-dokoro served Minamoto-no-Yoritomo. (Note: following the genealogy of the Seven Bands of Musashi.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Horikawa there were Hinomatsuri-no-Sanenao and Hiromochi, resident unassigned officials of Musashi. (Note: following the Azuma Kagami.) In the reign of Emperor Shijō there were Hinomatsuri-no-Yoshihisa, Lieutenant of the Left Palace Guards, and Hinomatsuri-no-Yukikiyo, a Palace Attendant (Uchitoneri), and others. In the reign of Emperor Go-Saga there was Hinomatsuri-no-Kageyoshi, Lieutenant of the Left Palace Guards. (Note: following the Heikōki.)

¶The Kume clan (Note: also written with other characters for Kume) has the surname Atai (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku) and also the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Kujiki.) The Atai were registered in the Left and Right Capitals and descend from Umashimimi-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the eighth generation of Takamimusubi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Note: according to this book, the Kume-no-Atai of the Right Capital are said to be descendants of Umashihi-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the eighth generation of Kamimusubi-no-Mikoto; it is not known which is correct, but they were surely not different families. This book probably contains one error. For that reason both are set out here together.) When Ninigi-no-Mikoto first left the heavenly rock-seat, Ame-tsu-Kume-no-Mikoto led the Ō-Kume-be, bore the heavenly stone quiver on his back, and stood in the front rank together with Ame-no-Oshihi-no-Mikoto, opening the way until they reached Hyūga. For this reason the Kume-be were made the Ame-no-Yugei-be (Heavenly Quiver-Bearers). (Note: following the Kojiki. Refer to the Nihon Shoki and the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) When the Great Ancestor marched eastward, Ō-Kume-no-Mikoto commanded the main army together with Michi-no-Omi-no-Mikoto and became a meritorious minister of his councils. Ame-tsu-Kume and Ō-Kume were both ancestors of the Kume-no-Atai. (Note: following the Kojiki.) In the reign of Emperor Keikō, Nanatsukahagi, an ancestor of the Kume-no-Atai, followed Yamato-takeru-no-Mikoto on the eastern campaign. After this the Kume-no-Atai no longer appear in the histories. (Note: following the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki. Note: on examination, according to the Shoku Nihongi, in the reign of Empress Genshō, Hiromichi, a craftsman of Oshinumi, was granted the surname Kume-no-Atai, but he was probably of a different family. Moreover, on examination of the Man'yōshū, Ōtomo-no-Yakamochi composed a poem on his ancestors' great deeds, in which the words "Ō-Kume-nushi" occur. But Ō-Kume-nushi does not appear in other old books. The Kojiki records Ame-tsu-Kume, Ō-Kume, and others, and they are all made ancestors of the Kume-no-Atai. This account is surely not mistaken. But the Shinsen Shōjiroku does not record this at all. And its article on the Kume-no-Atai makes them in one place descendants of Umashimimi-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the eighth generation of Takamimusubi-no-Mikoto, and in another place descendants of Umashihi-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the eighth generation of Kamimusubi-no-Mikoto. The characters for "mimi" and "hi" are similar in form, and the same Kume-no-Atai cannot have had different lines, so this book must surely contain one error. For now Umashimimi-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the eighth generation of Takamimusubi-no-Mikoto, is fixed as the ancestor of the Kume-no-Atai. The number of generations then matches exactly that of Michi-no-Omi-no-Mikoto, the ancestor of the Ōtomo, who also descends from Takamimusubi-no-Mikoto. From this I think that Umashimimi-no-Mikoto was perhaps another name of Ō-Kume-no-Mikoto, or else that there is an error or omission in the personal name. Only, in the Ōtomo genealogy Umashihi is made a son of Michi-no-Omi, as already seen above. But its number of generations does not agree with the Shinsen Shōjiroku. If so, the genealogy too is not necessarily to be trusted. Considering this, the descendants of the Kume probably declined early, and by the reign of Emperor Yūryaku the Yugei-be under their charge had all passed to the Ōtomo clan, which governed them through the generations. Thus those among the descendants who set out their family line perhaps did not inquire deeply into its origins and, because the origin was originally the same, mistakenly listed Umashihi in their original line. And Umashihi was in fact chief of the Ō-Kume-be, so Yakamochi too finally acknowledged Ō-Kume-nushi and took him as his ancestor. But the upper ages are far remote, and the facts cannot be made out. For that reason the Kojiki text on the Kume-no-Atai is for now taken as the basis, compared with the Shinsen Shōjiroku, and both are set out here to await later study.) As for the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, Iyo-nushi-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the thirteenth generation of Kamimusubi, became Kume Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Ōjin. (Note: following the Kujiki. Note: on examination, this book makes the Kume Kuni-no-Miyatsuko descendants of Kamimusubi-no-Mikoto, which agrees with one account in the article on the Kume-no-Atai in the Shinsen Shōjiroku. By this, the account making them descendants of Takamimusubi-no-Mikoto seems to be mistaken. But old books contain many copying errors, and no conjecture can be made. For now it is taken only as beyond doubt that the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko and the original clan were of the same kin, and they are set out here for the time being.) In the reign of Emperor Seinei there was a man called Iyo-no-Kumebe Odate, who as Governor of Harima sought out the two emperors Kenzō and Ninken from among the lowly and brought them to honor. When Kenzō ascended the throne, he praised this merit and granted him the surname Yamabe-no-Muraji. In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the Yamabe-no-Muraji were granted Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) These too were perhaps kin of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko.

¶The Ukiana clan has those with the surname Muraji, registered in the Left Capital, and those with the surname Atai, registered in Kawachi. Both share an ancestor with the Kume-no-Atai, and their line descends from Otooso-no-Muraji, a grandson in the fifth generation of Isumusubi-no-Mikoto. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. That they share an ancestor with the Kume-no-Atai follows the Shoku Nihon Kōki. Note: "Oto" is in another reading written "Chi", and "so" is written "o".) There is also the Harue clan: in the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Ukiana-no-Atai Chitsugu, a man of Iyo of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, his clansman Mayoshi of Great Initial Rank Lower, and Nagako, a palace maid and a woman of Wakae District in Kawachi, were all granted the surname Harue-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Harue Mitsuyuki, Junior Clerk of the Ministry of Ceremonial. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.)

¶The Kadobe clan has the surname Muraji, was registered in Yamato, and descends from Amusubi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Note: on examination, Amusubi is the same as Isumusubi, since the readings of "A" and "Isu" are interchangeable in sound and meaning. Only, in this book the five characters "child of Musubi-no-Mikoto" stand above "A", so that it seems to be a different deity. I suppose that characters such as "Takami" have dropped out above "mu".) In the ninth year of Emperor Temmu (680), Kadobe-no-Atai Ōshima and others were granted the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Kadobe-no-Muraji Matsubara, a man of the Right Capital. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) Among their kin there is the Okimichi clan: in the reign of Emperor Montoku, Kadobe-no-Muraji Natsugu, an Attending Physician, and others were granted a change to Okimichi-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Okimichi-no-Sukune Tensai, Provisional Junior Clerk of Echizen. (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.)

¶As for the Hita Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, Towa-no-Sukune, who shared an ancestor with the Katsuragi Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Kujiki.) In the reign of Emperor En'yū there was Hida Korenobu, Clerk of the Hayato Office, who was probably a descendant of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.)

¶As for the Awa Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, Chinami-no-Sukune, a grandson in the ninth generation of Takamimusubi, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Ōjin. (Note: following the Kujiki.) Among his descendants there are such surnames as Awa-no-Ōshi-no-Atai, Awa-no-Atai, and Awa-no-Ōshi-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi and the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Shōtoku, the common people of the three districts of Itano, Nakata, and Awa in Awa submitted a petition, saying: "Our surname was entered as Ōshi-no-Atai in the Kōgo Register (of 670), but on the reverse side of the household registers it was entered throughout as Ōshi-hi. Afterward the district chief (Hyōtoku) Ōshi-no-Atai Maro and others brought a suit, and the name was changed to Awa-no-Ōshi-no-Atai. But when the registers were compiled in the Tenpyō-hōji era it was again entered as Ōshi-hi, and we are uneasy in our hearts. We beg that it be changed to Awa-no-Ōshi-no-Atai." This was granted. In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, ten men, including Michitari, a Palace Guard of Awa, were granted the surname Awa-no-Atai. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Awa-no-Ōshi-no-Atai Toyoho, a man of Awa of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, twelve persons, including Awa-no-Ōshi-no-Atai Masumaro, a man of Itano District and Professor of Law, and his clansman Sadamune, an Attendant of the Empress's Household, were granted Awa-no-Ōshi-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Reizei there was Awa Hideyori, Junior Secretary of Bitchū (Note: following the Gaiki Nikki), who was probably their descendant.

¶The Sanuki Kuni-no-Miyatsuko was a branch of the Ōtomo-no-Muraji, as seen above. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. Note: on examination, there is also a Sanuki Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the section on the Imperial branches of Emperor Keikō, already seen above. That one province should have two Kuni-no-Miyatsuko is doubtful. For now this book is followed and it is entered here.)

¶The Kamo clan, the Nishi-Hanibe clan, the Hafuribe clan, the Tsumetakumi clan, the Ano clan, the Isoshi clan, the Shigeno clan, the Ki clan, the Niu clan, the Mononobe clan, the Wa-no-Yamamori clan, the Wada clan, the Takaie clan, the Ōsaka clan, the Kawase clan, the Ōmura-no-Atai-da clan, the Takano clan, the Ōmura clan, the Atai-shiri-ie clan, the Ōie clan, the Hashihito clan, the Imaki clan, the Kami clan, the Kihara clan, the Tanabe clan, the Tame clan, the Amagatari clan, the Ise clan, the Miyabe clan, the Watarai clan, the Wakayamatobe clan, the Agata-no-Inukai clan, the Ōkura-no-Okisome clan, the Ōba clan, the Ya clan, the Meshikibe clan, the Hata-Kadobe clan, the Takeda clan, the Mishima clan, the Chikarabe clan, the Shitori clan, the Nukatabe clan, the Takehara clan, the Mino clan, the Tottoribe clan, the Ogi clan, the Iwami Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Ōku Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Awaji Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Naka-no-Agata Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Abu Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Amakusa Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, and the Katsuratsutachi Kuni-no-Miyatsuko are all descendants of Kamimusubi-no-Mikoto.

¶The Kamo clan (Note: also written Kamo with another character) has the surname Agatanushi, was registered in Yamashiro, and descends from Kamo-Taketsunumi-no-Mikoto, a grandson of Kamimusubi. (Note: in this book "Taketsunumi" is also written "Takekado".) When the Great Ancestor was about to enter the central land, the mountains were steep and he lost the way. At this time Kamo-Taketsunumi turned himself into a great crow and, spreading his wings, led the way in front, so that the imperial army was at last able to get through. After the Emperor had pacified the realm, he approved this service and rewarded it richly, naming him Yatagarasu (the Eight-Span Crow). (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) His descendants served as Negi (chief priests) of the Kamo-mioya Shrine through the generations. (Note: following the genealogy of the Kamo Agatanushi.) Among their kin there are such clans as the Yatabe and the Hasetsukabe, both registered in Yamashiro. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, ten persons, including Kamo-no-Negi Makamibe-no-Tsumori, a man of Atago District in Yamashiro of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, were granted the surname Kamo-no-Agatanushi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In later ages their kin divided again into the Negi and Hafuri (priests) of such shrines as Kawai, Kibune, and Hiragi. (Note: following the genealogy of the Kamo Agatanushi.)

¶The Nishi-Hanibe clan was registered in Yamashiro and descends from Kamo-Takeshitamayorihiko-no-Mikoto, who shared an ancestor with the Kamo-no-Agatanushi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Note: on examination, the Nihon Shoki says that in the eleventh year of Emperor Temmu (682) the Hanibe-no-Miyatsuko were granted Muraji, but their line is not known, so they are appended here for the time being.) Among their kin there are such surnames as Kadono-no-Tonomo-no-Agatanushibe. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. Note: Kadono-no-Tonomo-no-Agatanushibe should probably be written as Kadono-no-Agatanushi and Tonomobe. But since the manuscripts of this book all read the same, the original text is followed now and is not emended.) Ōfutame-no-Mikoto, a descendant of Kamo-Takeshitamayorihiko, governed the water-keepers (Mizube), and among his descendants there was Kujira, of Greater Lower Rank of the Mountain. In the reign of Empress Suiko he served in the Bureau of Palace Maintenance (Tonomoryō). His son Kotate-no-Kurohi became a water-keeper in the Office of Drinking Water (Moitori-no-tsukasa) in the reign of Emperor Kōtoku, and his descendants held the post as a hereditary office. (Note: following the genealogy of the Kamo Agatanushi.) By the reign of Emperor Yōzei, the attendants of the Bureau of Palace Maintenance were still being filled by taking men of the Kamo clan. They are the so-called Nazukau-ujibito (clansmen who bear the name). (Note: following the Engishiki and the genealogy of the Kamo Agatanushi.)

¶The Hafuribe clan was registered in Yamashiro and descends from Kamo-no-Agatanushi Kate, a remote descendant of Kamo-Taketsunumi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The part from "remote descendant" onward follows the genealogy of the Kamo Agatanushi.) Ushi, a grandson of Kate in the fifth generation, became a Hafuri (priest) in the reign of Emperor Tenji. In the Kōgo year (670) he was granted the surname Hafuribe. (Note: following the genealogy of the Kamo Agatanushi.) Afterward they were Hafuri of the Hie Shrine through the generations. (Note: following the Hie Shrine records.) Among their kin there is the Nakajima Agatanushi, whose line descends from Tamete, a younger brother of Kate. (Note: following the genealogy of the Kamo Agatanushi.) The Tsumetakumi clan descends from Takutsutama-no-Mikoto, a son of Kamimusubi, and has the surnames Sukune and Muraji. The Muraji were registered in the Left Capital and in Izumi. In the reign of Emperor Yūryaku, a descendant of Takutsutama made the nails (tsume) of the purple canopy and also adorned the imperial seat, and for this was granted the surname Tsumetakumi-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Sukune follows the Nihon Shoki.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the Tsumetakumi-no-Muraji were granted Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was a Tsumetakumi-no-Muraji, Chief Registrar of Owari. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji. Note: both the district name and the personal name are missing.) In the reign of the Deposed Emperor there was Tsumetakumi-no-Sukune Iitari, of Junior Sixth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. Note: the printed editions write "takumi" with the character for "tree", but the old manuscripts are followed now.)

¶The Ano clan (Note: also written Ano or Ano with other characters) has the surname Sukune, is a branch of the Tsumetakumi clan (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku), and is probably descended from the Ano Agata-no-Miyatsuko. In the reign of Emperor Suinin there was Makuwae-no-Mikoto, ancestor of the Ano Agata-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Daijingū Gishikichō and the Yamatohime-no-Mikoto Seiki.) In the reign of Emperor Saga there was Ano-no-Sukune Fumitsugu, who was granted Junior Fifth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō there was Ano-no-Sukune Matsugu, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Tsumetakumi Nakanari, a man of Ano District in Ise and Clerk of the Right Controllers' Office, was granted Ano-no-Sukune. (Note: on examination, the Man'yōshū says that in the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Ano-no-Kimi Hiroshima, Great District Governor of Imizu District in Etchū. The Nihon Kōki says that in the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Tōsai-Tamaro and others, men of the Right Capital of Senior Seventh Rank Upper, were granted Ano-no-Miyatsuko. They were probably all of the same kin, and so they are appended here for the time being.)

¶The Isoshi clan has the surname Omi and was registered in Yamato. It was at first called Narahara-no-Miyatsuko and descends from Ame-no-Michine-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the fifth generation of Kamimusubi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Narahara follows the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Empress Kōken, Narahara-no-Miyatsuko Azumahito, as Governor of Suruga, presented gold produced within his province. The Empress approved this and said, "How diligent (isoshi) he is, this subject!" For this reason he was granted the surname Isoshi-no-Omi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. Note: on examination, the character for "diligent" is read "isoshi".)

¶The Shigeno clan was registered in the Right Capital and shares an ancestor with the Isoshi-no-Omi. There are those with the surname Ason and those with Sukune. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Ason follows the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Iewake, a grandson of Isoshi-no-Omi Azumahito, and his son Sadanushi, a man of the Right Capital, were granted a change to Shigeno-no-Sukune. In the reign of Emperor Saga they were further granted Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi, the Nihon Kōki, the Montoku Jitsuroku, and the Sandai Jitsuroku. Note: on examination, the Shigeno clan has another branch. The Shoku Nihon Kōki says that in the reign of Empress Genshō, Munakata Yokone, a man of the Right Capital, married Otohime, a daughter of Nagusa-no-Atai, a man of Kii, and begot Shimamori. Shimamori took his mother's surname and was attached to the Nagusa clan. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, his grandsons Toyonari, Lecturer, and Yasunari, Junior Secretary of the Council, were granted a change to Nagusa-no-Sukune. The Montoku Jitsuroku says that in the Ninju era Yasunari was further granted Shigeno-no-Ason. The Nagusa clan is the Ki-no-Nagusa-no-Atai, who share an ancestor with the Shigeno clan. Only the Munakata clan is of an entirely different origin. By this point the streams have mingled and cannot be distinguished. For that reason it is appended here.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Shigeno Harunori, Senior Secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs. In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Shigeno-no-Ason Yoshikoto, Senior Secretary of the Council of State (Note: following the Gaiki Nikki), who was probably a descendant. Their kin who later lived in Shinano are called the Unno clan. (Note: according to the Unno genealogy, Prince Sadahide, a son of Emperor Seiwa, lived at the Shiratori estate in Shinano, and his grandson Prince Yoshibuchi was first granted the surname Shigeno and was the ancestor of the Unno clan. But on examination of the Kōin Jōunroku and the Sonpi Bunmyaku, Emperor Seiwa had no son named Sadahide, while a daughter of Shigeno-no-Sadanushi became a consort of Emperor Montoku and bore Prince Korehiko. He was an elder brother of Emperor Seiwa, and perhaps the error arose from this. For that reason it is corrected here.) Unno Yukihiro followed Minamoto-no-Yoshinaka and died in battle at Mizushima. His son Yukiuji served Minamoto-no-Yoritomo and was favored by him, and the clan first flourished. Later they changed the name to Sanada, and the clans of Nezu, Mochizuki, Nei, Tate, Kasuga, Asabano, Odagiri, and others were all branches of this family. (Note: following the Shigeno genealogy.) There is also the Sakurai clan: in the reign of Emperor Go-Fukakusa, Shigeno Munehira became Lieutenant of the Left Gate Guards and called himself Sakurai Shirō. (Note: following the Yōkōki.)

¶The Ki clan descends from Ame-no-Michine. There are those with the surname Sukune and those with Atai (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku; Sukune follows the Shoku Nihon Kōki) and also the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Kujiki.) There are also the surnames Ki-no-Kamu-no-Atai, Ki-no-Nagusa-no-Atai, and Ki-no-Imigaki-no-Atai. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. Note: on examination, the Nihon Shoki says that in the eleventh year of Emperor Temmu (682) Ki-no-Sakahito-no-Atai was granted Muraji, and that in the twelfth year (683) he was further granted Imiki. They were probably also of the same kin, and so are appended here for the time being.) The Atai were registered in Kawachi and Izumi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Note: the article on the Izumi Ki-no-Atai in this book says they are descendants of Mikemochi-no-Mikoto, a son of Kamimusubi-no-Mikoto. The Kujiki says that Ame-no-Mikemochi-no-Mikoto, a son of Kamimusubi-no-Mikoto, was the ancestor of the Ki-no-Atai, which agrees with this.) Ame-no-Michine served the Great Ancestor and became Ki Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Kujiki.) His descendant in the ninth generation, Toyofuru, was first granted the surname Ō-Atai. (Note: following the genealogy of the Kii Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Note: "Ō" is probably an error for "Ki". On examination, among the Ki kin there are those who call themselves simply the Atai clan, who appear below; they are probably descendants of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko.) In the reign of Emperor Sujin there was the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko Arakawa-tobe (Note: following the Kojiki), who dedicated attendants and sacred rice fields to the Kōtai Jingū. (Note: following the Yamatohime-no-Mikoto Seiki. Note: this book does not record the name of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, but it is written here by reckoning the period.) In the reign of Emperor Keikō there was Ki-no-Atai Udohiko, whose daughter married Yanushi-oshio-takeogokoro-no-Mikoto and bore Takeuchi-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, thirteen persons, including Isoshi-no-Omi Hironari, a man of the Right Capital and Junior Secretary of Ōmi; his clansman Hitomaro, a man of Yamato of Senior Sixth Rank Upper; and Ki-no-Atai Tsugunari, a man of Kii of Outer Senior Eighth Rank Upper, were granted Ki-no-Sukune. Yu-no-Atai Kunitachi and others, men of Nagusa District in Kii of Senior Seventh Rank Upper, were granted Ki-no-Atai. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. Note: this book also says that Ōmura-no-Atai Fukuyoshi and others, men of Tanba, were granted the surname Ki-no-Sukune and were said to be a separate branch of Takeuchi-no-Sukune. On examination of the Shinsen Shōjiroku, among the descendants of Takeuchi there are the Ki-no-Omi and the Ki-no-Ason, which are naturally distinct from the Ki-no-Sukune. This book probably contains an error, so it is appended here.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, twenty-eight persons, including Atai Otomaro, a man of Nagusa District, were granted the surname Ki-no-Kamu-no-Atai. Twenty-three, including Atai Morototo, were granted Ki-no-Nagusa-no-Atai, and one hundred and nine, including Atai Akihito, were granted Ki-no-Imigaki-no-Atai; they were probably all of the same kin. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) The Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, succeeding one another through the generations, governed the rites of the Hinokuma Shrine. With Tomoyo, the descendant of Toyofuru in the sixteenth generation, there was no son, so he adopted Yukiyoshi, a descendant of Takeuchi-no-Sukune, as his heir, and the line at last became the Ki clan of the Imperial branches. (Note: following the genealogy of the Kii Kuni-no-Miyatsuko.) Among their kin there is the Yuasa clan: in the Heiji disturbance, Yuasa Munehige served Taira-no-Munemori, and his son Munemitsu, Lieutenant of the Military Guards, was granted the stewardship of Asegawa by order of Minamoto-no-Sanetomo (Note: following the Azuma Kagami, the Heiji Monogatari, the Genpei Jōsuiki, the Yuasa genealogy, and the Ninnaji Hinamiki), and for this reason they are also called the Asegawa clan. In the reign of Emperor Go-Daigo, Asegawa the lay monk Jōbutsu followed Kusunoki Masashige and served the imperial cause. (Note: following the Taiheiki.)

¶The Niu clan has the surname Atai, and its line descends from Udohiko. (Note: this book writes Ujihiko.) Udohiko begot Toyomimi, and Toyomimi begot Omuku. He was the ancestor of the Ō-Niu-no-Atai and of the three clans Niu-no-Aimi and Kamunu. Omuku begot Niu-maro, and Niu-maro begot Osahi and Mafura. Mafura was first granted the surname Niu-no-Hafuri, and Osahi's grandson Hirohashi called himself Niu-no-Aimi. (Note: following the Niu genealogy. Note: on examination, the Amano Shrine records say that Ōamuta-no-Atai, a son of Ame-no-Michine, took up the duties of the Niu Shrine in the reign of Emperor Sujin, and that his two sons Eji and Otoji both became priests in the reigns of Emperors Keikō and Seimu. Otoji's younger sister Amuta-toji was first granted the surname Niu-no-Hafuri in the reign of Emperor Chūai. This differs from this book, and since it is not known which is correct, it is appended to await later study.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Niu-no-Atai Ikazuchi, Chief Registrar of Niu District in Echizen (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji), and Niu-no-Atai Otokami, a man of Iwata District in Tōtōmi. (Note: following the Nihon Ryōiki.) Mafura's descendants were Hafuri of the Niu Shrine in Kii through the generations and called themselves the Niu clan. (Note: following the Niu genealogy and the Kii Zoku Fudoki.)

¶The Mononobe clan has the surname Muraji, was registered in Izumi, and descends from Ame-no-Michine. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) They are of a different stock from the line of Nigihayahi. In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Mononobe-no-Muraji Yoshitsune, a man of Takai District in Shinano of Junior Eighth Rank Upper, changed his registration to Kii District in Yamashiro (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku), and he too was perhaps of the same kin. (Note: on examination, that the two branches of the Mononobe had the same surname is highly doubtful. But in the Kōnin era the Mononobe of Nigihayahi's line had also declined somewhat. For that reason, in the Shinsen Shōjiroku, the Mononobe who are made descendants of Nigihayahi all bear no surname recorded. That only this clan records its surname was probably because it was used at that time as a means of distinguishing them. It is appended for the time being for reference.)

¶The Wa-no-Yamamori clan, the Wada clan, and the Takaie clan all have the surname Obito and were all registered in Izumi. The Ōsaka clan has the surname Atai and was registered in Yamato. All descend from Ame-no-Michine. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Kawase clan has the surname Miyatsuko and was registered in Izumi. There is also the Ki-no-Kawase-no-Atai, and both descend from Ame-no-Michine. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Ki-no-Kawase-no-Atai follows the Kujiki.) In the eleventh year of Emperor Yūryaku, the Kawase-no-Toneri were established. In the eleventh year of Emperor Temmu (682), the Kawase-no-Toneri-no-Miyatsuko were granted Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) They were probably also of the same kin. In the reign of Emperor En'yū there were Kawase-no-Muraji Yasumoto, Senior Secretary of the Right, and Kawase Yasuhira, Provisional Junior Clerk of the Bureau of Accounts. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Kawase-no-Sukune Morimitsu, Provisional Junior Assistant of the Bureau of Revenue (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō), who probably later changed his surname to Sukune.

¶The Ōmura-no-Atai-da clan has the surname Muraji, was registered in Kawachi, and descends from Ame-no-Michine. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Takano clan was registered in Izumi and descends from Ō-Nagusahiko-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the fifth generation of Ame-no-Michine. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Ōmura clan has the surname Atai and was registered in the Right Capital and in Izumi. It descends from Kimitsumi-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the sixth generation of Ame-no-Michine. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Note: the article on the Izumi Ōmura-no-Atai in this book says they are descendants of Kimitsumi-no-Mikoto, a son of Ō-Nagusahiko-no-Mikoto, who shared an ancestor with the Ki-no-Atai. Kimitsumi is the same as Kimitsumi in the other spelling.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Ōmura-no-Atai Ikemaro, Deputy Governor of Inaba. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Atai-shiri-ie clan (Note: the Shūgaishō and the Seimei Rokushō both write "atai" with the character for "true") was registered in Izumi and shares an ancestor with the Ōmura-no-Atai. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Ōie clan has the surname Obito and was registered in the Right Capital. It descends from Hikomayamato-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the fifth generation of Ame-no-Michine. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Hashihito clan has those with the surname Sukune and those with Muraji. The Sukune were registered in the Left Capital. Both descend from Tamakushihiko-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the fifth generation of Kamimusubi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Muraji follows the Kujiki. Note: in the Kujiki, the character for "heavenly" stands above "Tama".) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the Hashihito-no-Muraji were granted Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. Note: on examination, the Shinsen Shōjiroku has two lines of Hashihito-no-Sukune, one of which is precisely the Imperial branch of Emperor Chūai seen above. Which line those granted Sukune in this year actually belonged to is not known. Now, following the Kujiki and on the ground that this clan was originally Muraji, it is entered here for the time being.)

¶The Imaki clan has the surname Muraji and was registered in Yamashiro. It descends from Ame-no-Seo-no-Mikoto, a son of Ame-no-Kabetachi-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the fourth generation of Kamimusubi. (Note: Ame-no-Seo is in another reading written Ama-no-Seo-no-Mikoto. In the Kujiki "Seo" is written with other characters.)

¶The Kami clan has the surname Atai and was registered in Izumi. It descends from Ikutama-ehiko-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the fifth generation of Kamimusubi. (Note: on examination, the Shoku Nihongi says that in the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Atai Otomaro and others, men of Kii, were granted the surname Ki-no-Kamu-no-Atai, as seen above. They too are therefore of the same kin.)

¶The Kihara clan was registered in Kawachi and descends from Ōhirome-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the fifth generation of Kamimusubi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Junna there was Kihara-no-Muraji Tsugunao, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi), who was probably also of the same kin. (Note: the Shinsen Shōjiroku records no surname for Kihara. The Shūgaishō gives Muraji.)

¶The Tanabe clan has the surname Sukune and was registered in Yamato. It descends from Ame-no-Hiwashi-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the seventh generation of Kamimusubi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Note: "seventh generation" is in another reading written "fifth generation".)

¶The Tame clan (Note: also written Tame with other characters) descends from Ame-no-Hiwashi. There are those with the surname Sukune, registered in the Right Capital and Yamato, and those with the surname Muraji, registered in the Left Capital and in Settsu and Kawachi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) Onagata-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the fourteenth generation of Ame-no-Hiwashi, had charge of the rice cooking in the reign of Emperor Seimu. Because the cooked rice was fragrant and good, the Emperor approved it and granted him the surname Tame-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku and the Shinsen Shōjiroku as quoted in the Seiji Yōryaku. Fourteen generations follows one text of the Yōryaku. Note: the article on the Yamato branch in the Shinsen Shōjiroku says they are descendants of Ohoto-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the twenty-second generation of Kamimusubi-no-Mikoto. The article on the Kawachi branch says they are descendants of Ame-no-Iwatsuwai-no-Mikoto, a son of Kamimusubi-no-Mikoto. Their origin is probably one.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the Tame-no-Muraji were granted Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Kōkō there was Tame Sadanari, Steward of the Bureau of Palace Kitchens. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there were Tame-no-Sukune Kunihira, Senior Clerk of the Left (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō), and Tame Kunisada, Junior Clerk of the Left Gate Guards. (Note: following the Gaiki Nikki.) Kunihira was later granted Ason. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō and the Iroha Jirui Shō.)

¶The Amagatari clan has the surname Muraji and was registered in the Right Capital. It descends from Ame-no-Hiwashi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Ise clan descends from Ame-no-Hiwake-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the sixth generation of Ame-no-Kabetachi, and has the surnames Ason and Atai. The Ason were registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Atai follows the Shoku Nihongi. Six generations follows the Toyuke Shrine Negi Appointment Record.) There are also the surnames Nakato-no-Atai, Nakatomi-Ise-no-Ason, and Nakatomi-Ise-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. Nakato-no-Atai follows the Kujiki. Note: on examination, the Kujiki says that Ame-no-Mukuno-no-Mikoto was the ancestor of the Nakato-no-Atai. It also says that Ame-no-Hiwashi-no-Mikoto, a grandson of Ame-no-Mukuno-no-Mikoto, was the ancestor of the Ise Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Mukuno in the two spellings is interchangeable in sound and meaning. In the Watarai genealogy Mukuno is written Murakumo and Hiwashi is written Hiwake. The Seki genealogy writes Hiwashi again. These are probably all due to closeness of reading, and though the various books differ slightly, in any case they are not different persons. Moreover, on examination, the Wamyō Shō says there is a Nakato village in Kawawa District in Ise. The old documents of Tōdaiji write it with the characters for Nakatomi. Nakatomi and Nakato are also interchangeable in reading. Probably this family lived in Nakato village in Ise through the generations and for that reason called itself the Nakato clan, or the Ise clan, or the Nakatomi-Ise clan; they were never in origin different families. For that reason they are set out here together. Moreover, the Shūgaishō has Nakato-no-Muraji, who were probably also of the same kin.) At the time of the Great Ancestor's eastern campaign there was a man called Isetsuhiko, who held the land of Ise and would not submit. The Emperor had Ame-no-Hiwake lead troops and subdue him, and he pacified the land and was granted it. (Note: following the Ise Fudoki as quoted in the Shaku Nihongi and the Senkaku Man'yōshō.) His descendant in the fifth generation, Takehikata-no-Mikoto, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Suinin. (Note: following the Daijingū Gishikichō and the Yamatohime-no-Mikoto Seiki. Five generations follows the Shinmei Hisho. Note: the Gishikichō writes "hikata" with other characters.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Ise-no-Atai Ōtsu and others, men of Ise of Junior Sixth Rank Upper, were granted Nakatomi-Ise-no-Muraji. In the reign of the Deposed Emperor, Nakatomi-Ise-no-Muraji Oyuhito was granted Ason. In the reign of Emperor Shōtoku, Ōtsu was granted a change to Ise-no-Ason and appointed Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Shaku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Toba there was Ise Tsunemasa, a man of Iino District in Ise. (Note: following the Tōji documents.) Among the descendants of Ame-no-Kabetachi there are also the surnames Koga-no-Atai and Miyabe-no-Miyatsuko. The Miyabe-no-Miyatsuko were registered in the Left Capital, and their line descends from Ame-no-Seo. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Koga-no-Atai follows the Kujiki. Note: one text of the Kujiki writes Yamashiro-Koga-no-Atai. The Ruijū Fusenshō says that in the Enchō era there were Miya-no-Sukune Haruki, Physician of the Left Palace Guards, and his clansman Tadaki, Provisional Professor of Acupuncture. They were probably descendants of the Miyabe-no-Miyatsuko.) In the reign of Empress Kōken there was Koga-no-Kiyohito (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji), who was perhaps a descendant of the Koga-no-Atai.

¶The Watarai Kannushi share an ancestor with the Ise Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Kujiki.) Ōwakako, a grandson of Ame-no-Hiwake in the fifth generation, in the reign of Emperor Suinin received an edict to subdue Ahiko, a rebel of Koshi, raised a banner, advanced, fought, and achieved merit, and for this was granted the name Ōhatanushi-no-Mikoto. Later he petitioned and divided off the fief lands east of the Isobe River and offered them to the Great Shrine, and for this Ōwakako was made Kami-no-Kuni-no-Miyatsuko and was also made Great Kannushi (Ōkannushi). (Note: following the Daidō Honki as quoted in the Jingū Zatsureishū. Refer to the Watarai genealogy.) Ōwakako's younger brother Otowakako served Emperor Keikō and inherited the post of Great Kannushi. Because in Empress Jingū's campaign against Korea he made and presented humming-bulb arrows, he was granted the name Kamubura-i-no-Mikoto, and his descendants took Kannushi as their surname. Otonoko, a descendant of Otowakako in the fourth generation, begot four sons, Niha, Asuka, Mizutsu, and Kogoto, who divided into four houses, and all were granted the surname Ishibe. Asuka served Emperor Keitai. (Note: following the Watarai genealogy and the Negi Appointment Record.) His descendants in the fifth generation, the two men Isobe-no-Ōji and Takashi, were restored to the original surname Kannushi in the reign of Empress Genmei. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. Five generations follows the Negi Appointment Record.) There are also such surnames as Isobe-no-Atai and Kamu-Isobe, probably of the same kin. In the reign of Emperor Kōtoku there was Isobe-no-Atai Yayade, who first established Taki District in Ise and was thereby appointed Assistant District Chief of that district. (Note: refer to the Daijingū Gishikichō and to the Ise Fudoki quoted in the Yamatohime-no-Mikoto Seiki. Note: on examination, the Fudoki lacks the name of Isobe-no-Atai, but the Gishikichō writes Isobe-no-Mayade, and since the time is already the same, it is clear that they are the same person. "Ma" is probably the characters "atai" and "mikoto" and "ya" wrongly joined together. For that reason, the two books are now considered together and this is corrected.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Isobe-no-Atai Mantoku, Junior District Governor of Yakudō District in Oki. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji.) In the reign of Empress Kōken there was Kamu-Isobe-no-Kunimaro, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) Among the descendants of the Kannushi there were Sadao and Muranobu, who were granted the surname Watarai-no-Kannushi one after the other in the reign of Emperor Ichijō, later entered the Inner Ranks and were raised to Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and their descendants became the Watarai clan. (Note: following the Negi Appointment Record.) Among their kin there are such clans as Kawada, Iwabuchi, Kushimoto, Akaune, Hiruta, Osu, Imanishi, Fuchizaki, Yose, Ichiki, Suhara, Ōseko, Muramatsu, Fukiage, Sone, Matsubara, Nishigawara, Minomage, Tsuchida, Fujimoto, Ikemachi, Ushikusa, Kawabe, Izumi, Kawasaki, Tsutsumi, Seki, Matsuki, Higaki, and Haida. (Note: following the Watarai genealogy.)

¶The Wakayamatobe clan has the surname Muraji, was registered in the Right Capital, and descends from Ame-no-Tsutsukusa-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the seventh generation of Kamimusubi. There are also those without a surname, registered in the Left Capital, whose line descends from Netachi, a grandson in the eighteenth generation of Kamimusubi. (Note: on examination, the Kujiki says that Takeshitsukusa-no-Mikoto, a son of Takenukaaka-no-Mikoto, a grandson of Hoakari-no-Mikoto in the fourth generation, was the ancestor of the Wakayamatobe-no-Muraji, which agrees with one account in this book. Ame-no-Tsutsukusa and Take-Tsutsukusa were probably not different persons. This book probably contains an error. For now the doubt is kept, to await later study.)

¶The Agata-no-Inukai clan (Note: "kai" is also written with other characters) descends from Akoitatsu-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the eighth generation of Kamimusubi. There are those with the surname Ōsukune, those with Sukune, and those with Muraji. The Sukune were registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Ōsukune and Muraji follow the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Agata-no-Inukai-no-Tachibana-no-Sukune Michiyo, an Inner Lady-in-Waiting and the birth mother of the Empress, made a petition, saying: "Agata-no-Inukai-no-Muraji Ioyori, Yasumaro, Oyamamori, Ōmaro and the others are all descendants of one ancestor. The bonds of kinship are deep, and I beg that they be granted the Emperor's favor and all be given Sukune." This was granted. In the reign of the Deposed Emperor, fifteen persons, including Agata-no-Inukai-no-Sukune Uchimaro, a Palace Attendant, were granted the surname Ōsukune. In the third year of Jingo-keiun under Emperor Shōtoku, Uchimaro and Anemé and others were found guilty through slander and demoted to the surname Inukai. In the second year of Hōki under Emperor Kōnin, the charges were cleared and all were restored to their original surname. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Agata-no-Inukai-no-Sukune Onari, a man of Furuichi District in Kawachi of Junior Sixth Rank Lower, changed his registration to the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Agata-no-Inukai-no-Sukune Akihito, Senior Clerk of the Bureau of Books. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Agata-no-Inukai Tamemasa, Senior Clerk of the Right Gate Guards. (Note: following the Saikyūki and the Gonki.)

¶There are also those who call themselves simply Inukai, registered in Settsu, whose line descends from Tane-no-Muraji, a grandson in the nineteenth generation of Kamimusubi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kōtoku there was Inukai Isagi, who later was granted the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. Note: on examination, the Nihon Ryōiki says there was Inukai-no-Sukune Maoyu, a man of the capital of Nara. By this, the clan perhaps also had the surname Sukune. It is appended for reference.) In the reign of Emperor Mommu there was Inukai Hiromaro, a man of Nishikibe District in Kawachi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Inukai Tadatoki, Clerk of the Table Office. (Note: following the Gonki.)

¶The Ōkura-no-Okisome clan has the surname Muraji, was registered in the Left Capital, and its line descends from Akoitatsu. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kōtoku there was Okisome-no-Muraji Ōku. In the reign of Emperor Temmu there was Okisome-no-Muraji Usagi, who became a meritorious subject of the Jinshin disturbance. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) His son Mushimaro was granted merit fields on account of his father. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) They too were probably of the same kin. (Note: on examination, the Shinsen Shōjiroku also has Hase-no-Okisome-no-Muraji. Those who call themselves simply Okisome are of course of unclear family, but since this clan includes those who call themselves simply Ōkura, those who call themselves simply Okisome are perhaps also of the same kin. For that reason they are entered here. The Nihon Ryōiki has Okisome-no-Omi Taime, who followed the monk Gyōki and became a nun. The surname Omi too was probably of the same origin. It is appended for reference.) There are also the Ogura-no-Muraji, registered in Yamashiro, who share an ancestor with the Imaki-no-Muraji, and whose line descends from Toyowachi-no-Mikoto. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Ōba clan has the surname Miyatsuko, was registered in Izumi, and descends from Ame-tsu-Mara-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the eighth generation of Kamimusubi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Note: the Shoku Nihongi says that in the reign of Emperor Shōtoku, Shirai-no-Omi Ōtari, a man of Ōba District in Mimasaka of Junior Eighth Rank Lower, and his clansman Shōnin, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and others, were granted the surname Ōba-no-Omi. Since the line of the Omi surname is not known, they are appended here.)

¶The Ya clan has the surname Muraji and was registered in the Right Capital. It descends from Ame-no-Mikiyuki-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the eleventh generation of Kamimusubi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Meshikibe-no-Matoki clan was registered in Settsu. It descends from Ōtarishi-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the twelfth generation of Kamimusubi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Hata-Kadobe clan has the surname Miyatsuko and was registered in the Right Capital. It descends from Ōkibe-no-Muraji, a grandson in the thirteenth generation of Kamimusubi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Takeda clan has the surname Muraji and was registered in the Right Capital. It descends from Yatsukahagi-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the thirteenth generation of Kamimusubi. (Note: the Shūgaishō has Takeda-no-Fubito, but the Shinsen Shōjiroku does not record it. Since it is not known to what family it belonged, it is appended here.)

¶The Mishima clan has the surname Sukune and was registered in the Right Capital. Its original surname was Agatanushi. It descends from Taketsuhiho-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the sixteenth generation of Kamimusubi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Agatanushi follows the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Ankan there was Mishima-no-Agatanushi Iitsubu. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōtoku, Mishima-no-Agatanushi Hirotsuki and others, men of Shimagami District in Settsu of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, were granted a change to Sukune. In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Mishima-no-Agatanushi Munemaro, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, was granted Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Murakami, one of this clan was appointed Great or Junior District Governor of Shimagami District in Settsu (Note: following the Chōya Gunsai), and his descendant Mishima-no-Sukune Hisayori, Director of the Bureau of Palace Kitchens, had a son called Hisatō, who was raised by Yoritō, a descendant in the fifth generation of Ki-no-Ason Hasewo, and became Governor of Kawachi, Awa, and other provinces. (Note: following the Ki genealogy. Note: the Shoku Nihon Kōki says that in the reign of Emperor Ninmyō there was Mishima-no-Kimi Shimatsugu, Deputy Envoy of the ship-building mission. Since it is not known to what family he belonged, he is appended here for the time being.)

¶The Chikarabe clan was registered in Yamashiro and descends from Tsunogori-no-Mikoto, a son of Kamimusubi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Suzaku there was Chikarabe-no-Sukune Okikuni, Junior Secretary of Tōtōmi (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō), who was perhaps also of the same kin.

¶The Shitori clan (Note: "Shi" is in another reading written with a different character) has those with the surname Sukune and those with Muraji. The Sukune have two lines: those registered in Yamato descend from Ōaji-no-Sukune, a descendant of Kamimusubi, and those registered in Kawachi descend from Tsunogori. The Muraji were registered in Settsu and descend from Isafutama-no-Mikoto, a son of Tsunogori. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Note: on examination, concerning Tsunogori this book does not say of what deity he was a descendant. But since the Shitori clan appears to have come from a single ancestor beyond doubt, Tsunogori was probably a descendant of Kamimusubi. Moreover, on examination, the article on the Nukatabe-no-Sukune in this book says that after Tsunogori came Asukanado-no-Mikoto, and that his grandson in the third generation was Ame-no-Murakumo-no-Mikoto. According to the Kujiki and the Watarai genealogy, Ame-no-Murakumo was in fact an ancestor of Ame-no-Hiwashi. That Ame-no-Hiwashi was a descendant of Kamimusubi has explicit text in this book. It can therefore be inferred that Tsunogori was his ancestor. For that reason it is set out here.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the Shitori-no-Muraji were granted Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there were Shitori-no-Sukune Nobukane, Junior Secretary of Settsu (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō), Shitori Takeyori of the Right Military Guards (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō), and Shitori Takemitsu, Watch Captain of the Left Palace Guards. (Note: following the Gonki.)

¶The Nukatabe clan has those with the surname Sukune, those with no surname, and those with the surname Nukatabe-no-Hetama. The Sukune registered in Settsu descend from Isafutama. Those registered in the Right Capital descend from Ame-no-Murakumo-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the third generation of Asukanado-no-Mikoto. Those registered in Yamashiro descend from Ame-no-Sarukutomi-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the sixth generation of Asukanado. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Note: "Saru" is in another reading written with a different character.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the Nukatabe-no-Muraji were granted Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) Those with no surname were registered in Settsu and descend from Asukanado-Hetama. Those registered in the Right Capital have a line descending from Mishi-no-Sukune, a grandson in the eleventh generation of Asukanado. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Note: on examination, concerning Asukanado this book does not say of what deity he was a descendant, but the article on the Nukatabe-no-Sukune says that they are descendants of Isafutama, a son of Tsunogori. Below it, the Nukatabe are set out as descendants of Asukanado, who shared an ancestor with the Nukatabe-no-Sukune. By this, it is beyond doubt that Asukanado was a descendant of Tsunogori; only his generation cannot be verified.) In the reign of Empress Kōken there was Hetama-no-Ōonamé, a woman of Settsu, and also those with the surname Atai, probably also of the same kin. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Nukatabe-no-Atai Hiromaro, Junior District Governor of Toyora District in Nagato. In the reign of Emperor Shōtoku there was Nukatabe-no-Atai Sokumori, who was also appointed Great District Governor. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Takehara clan was registered in Settsu and descends from Isafutama. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Mino clan (Note: also written Mino with other characters) was registered in Kawachi and descends from Ame-no-Yukawatana-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the third generation of Tsunogori. There are those with the surname Sukune and those with Muraji. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Sukune follows the Nihon Shoki. Note: the Nihon Shoki writes "Yukawatana" with other characters, and it seems that the character for "ten" has dropped out above "third generation".) They were at first called Mino-no-Agatanushi. In the reign of Emperor Seinei there was Mino-no-Agatanushi One. In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the Mino-no-Agatanushi were granted the surname Muraji, and soon afterward it was changed to Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōtoku, Mino-no-Muraji Takaratoji, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, was granted Sukune, and soon afterward was restored to the original surname. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Naniwabe-no-Nushitari, a man of Munakata District in Chikuzen of Junior Eighth Rank Upper, was granted Mino-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Yōzei, Mino-no-Muraji Kiyona, Lecturer, and others, men of Wakae District in Kawachi, changed their registration to the Left Capital. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Mino Sadanobu, a Kebiishi (Police Commissioner). (Note: following the Saikyūki.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Reizei there was Mino-no-Sukune Nobushige, Junior Secretary of Izumi. In the reign of Emperor Toba there was Mino-no-Sukune Kunitsugu, Junior Assistant Secretary of Ise. (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.)

¶The Tottori clan descends from Ame-no-Yukawatana. There are those with the surname Muraji, registered in Yamashiro, and those without a surname, registered in Kawachi and Izumi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) Prince Homutsuwake-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Suinin, could not yet speak even at the age of thirty. One day he saw a flying swan and pointed at it and asked about it. The Emperor therefore ordered Ame-no-Yukawatana to catch it and present it. Homutsuwake played with the swan and at last was able to speak. The Emperor was greatly delighted. By edict the Tottori-be (Bird-Catchers' Corps) were established, and Ame-no-Yukawatana was granted the surname Tottori-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku and the Nihon Shoki.) In the eleventh year of Emperor Temmu (682), the Tottori-no-Miyatsuko were granted Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) There are also those with the surname Obito, who were probably of the same kin. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Tottoribe-no-Obito Shimatari, a man of Izumo. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji.) In the reign of Emperor Shōtoku there were Tottoribe Yosofu, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Upper, and Tottori-no-Muraji Ōkita, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Ogi clan has the surname Muraji and was registered in the Left Capital. It descends from Ogi-no-Muraji, a grandson in the fifteenth generation of Tsunogori. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Shōtoku, Tehito-no-Muraji Iwakatsu, a man of the Left Capital, was granted Ogi-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Iwami Kuni-no-Miyatsuko shared an ancestor with the Kii Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Ōyako-no-Mikoto, a son of Kagesanaasa-no-Mikoto, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Sujin. (Note: following the Kujiki. Note: the Iroha Jirui Shō has Iwami-no-Kimi, who were probably his descendants.)

¶As for the Ōku Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, Sakitari-no-Sukune, a grandson in the seventh generation of Kamimusubi, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Ōjin. (Note: following the Kujiki.)

¶As for the Awaji Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, Yaguchi-no-Sukune, a grandson in the ninth generation of Kamimusubi, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Nintoku. (Note: following the Kujiki.)

¶As for the Kibi Naka-no-Agata Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, Akashihiko, a grandson in the tenth generation of Kamimusubi, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Sujin. (Note: following the Kujiki.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Mitsukaibe-no-Atai Otoutsugu, Great District Governor of Takamiya District in Aki, and his clansman the Junior District Governor Katsuo, and others, were restored to their original surname, Naka-no-Agata Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶As for the Abu Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, Umashihawa-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the tenth generation of Kamimusubi, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Keikō. (Note: following the Kujiki.)

¶As for the Amakusa Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, Takeshimamatsu-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the thirteenth generation of Kamimusubi, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Kujiki.)

¶As for the Katsuratsutachi Kuni-no-Miyatsuko (Note: "tachi" is probably an error for "atai", since there are Kuni-no-Miyatsuko who were granted the surname Atai), Wakahiko-no-Mikoto, a son of Ō-Nagusahiko-no-Mikoto, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Kujiki.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa there was Katsuratsu Sadatsu, District Governor of Fujitsu District in Hizen (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku), who was perhaps a descendant of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko.

¶The Nakatomi clan, the Koredake clan, the Soe clan, the Murayama clan, the Nakamura clan, the Tsushima clan, the Mukugaki clan, the Araki clan, the Sugō clan, the Sayama clan, the Wada clan, the Hachida clan, the Ōtori clan, the Hyō clan, the Uneo clan, the Tami clan, the Ōie clan, the Hiraoka clan, the Kawamata clan, the Ika clan, the Ōnuki clan, the Arakida clan, the Neki clan, the Iki clan, the Urabe clan, the Kamunu clan, and the Ikuta clan are all descendants of Tsuhayamusubi-no-Mikoto.

¶The Nakatomi clan descends from Ame-no-Koyane-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the third generation of Tsuhayamusubi. There are those with the surname Ason, those with Muraji, and those with no surname. Later their main line changed its name to Ōnakatomi-no-Ason. (Note: the part from "Later" onward follows the Nakatomi Honkeichō.) There are also Nakatomi-Sakahito-no-Sukune, Nakatomi-Takarahi-no-Muraji, Nakatomi-Miyatokoro-no-Muraji (Note: "tokoro" is in another reading written "chi"), Nakatomi-Kataoka-no-Muraji (Note: Kataoka is in another reading written with other characters), Nakatomi-Ōie-no-Muraji, Nakatomi-Shibi-no-Muraji, Nakatomi-Tsuka-no-Muraji, Nakatomi-Ai-no-Muraji, Nakatomi-Ōta-no-Muraji, Nakatomi-Sakaya-no-Muraji, Nakatomi-Omote-no-Muraji, Nakatomi-Uekuri-no-Muraji, Nakatomi-Kotono-no-Muraji, Nakatomi-Kashima-no-Muraji, Nakatomi-Maru-no-Ason, and Nakatomi-Tonoki-no-Muraji, and Mino-no-Muraji. (Note: the text reads "Omi Mino-no-Muraji", probably for Nakatomi-Mino-no-Muraji.) The Mino-no-Muraji, Kataoka-no-Muraji, Ōie-no-Muraji, and Shibi-no-Muraji were all registered in the Left Capital. Those with the surname Muraji and those with no surname, together with the Takarahi-no-Muraji and the Sakaya-no-Muraji, were all registered in Kawachi. The Tsuka-no-Muraji, Ai-no-Muraji, and Ōta-no-Muraji were all registered in Settsu. The Omote-no-Muraji and the Nakatomibe were registered in Izumi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Ason follows the Nihon Shoki. From Uekuri-no-Muraji to Tonoki-no-Muraji follows the Shoku Nihongi. Mino-no-Muraji follows the Shoku Nihon Kōki. Note: on examination, the Daijingū Gishikichō and the Daijingū Reibun say that in the reign of Emperor Kōtoku there was Nakatomi Kazumi-no-Muraji Suge, Officer of the Sacred Storehouse and a man of Nishikori District in Kawachi, who later became Chief Priest of the Great Shrine. The Hitachi Fudoki says that at about the same time there was Nakatomi-no-Hataorida-no-Muraji, General Commander of Bandō. These two families were both of the same stock but do not appear in the national histories or the Shinsen Shōjiroku. They are appended here for the time being.)

¶When Ninigi-no-Mikoto was set up as lord of the Central Land, Ame-no-Koyane received the edict of the Heavenly Ancestor and became his assisting minister, and since he governed the rites and harmonized the gods and men, he was called Nakatomi ("mediator"). (Note: the part from "governed the rites" onward follows the Nakatomi Honkeichō.) Koyane's grandson Ame-no-Taneko-no-Mikoto assisted the Great Ancestor, performed the pure sacrifices to Heaven, and arranged in order all the many objects of worship (the various deities). His descendants cultivated that work well and were prominent at court through the generations, so that the clan flourished exceedingly. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki, the Kogo Shūi, and the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) Taneko's descendant Tokiwa served Emperor Kinmei, showed a loyalty of austere integrity and selflessness (disregard of his own person), was first granted the surname Nakatomi-no-Muraji, and became head of the clan (Ujinokami). Tokiwa begot Katanoko (Note: also written with other characters), and Katanoko begot three sons, called Mikeko (Note: also named Mikeshi), Kuniko (Note: also written Kunigata, and also called Kunisuko), and Nukateko. Katanoko and Kuniko both formerly served the Office of Memorials and concurrently held the Office of Rites. Mikeko and Kuniko both received the Lesser Virtue cap and became heads of the clan. (Note: following the Nakatomi Honkeichō.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the Nakatomi-no-Muraji were granted Ason. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) Before this, in the reign of Emperor Tenji, Mikeko's two sons Kamatari and Tarumi, together with Kuniko's grandson Omimaro and Nukateko's grandson Ōshima, had been granted the clan name Fujiwara. In the reign of Emperor Mommu, because Omimaro and the others were attending the divine rites, an edict restored their original surname, Nakatomi. (Note: following the Nakatomi Honkeichō and the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Shōtoku, Nakatomi-no-Ason Kiyomaro was made head of the Department of Deities once more. He led the office without fault, and since the words "Ōnakatomi" appear in the divine speech, an edict granted him the surname Ōnakatomi-no-Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, more than five hundred persons of the same clan, including Nakatomi-no-Ason Takunari and Takanushi, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, descendants of Mikeko and Kuniko, were all granted Ōnakatomi-no-Ason. (Note: following the Nakatomi Honkeichō.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Nakatomi-no-Ason Sakatamaro, a man of the Right Capital and Clerk of the Office of Drinking Water, was granted Ōnakatomi. In the reign of Emperor Yōzei, Nakatomi-no-Ason Itohito, a man of the Left Capital of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, said: "On examining the original genealogy, I find that the Ōnakatomi were formerly called Nakatomi. In the Keiun era, the character 'Ō' (great) was specially added to the name of the Minister of the Right, Nakatomi-no-Ason Kiyomaro. In the Enryaku era, the character 'Ō' was added also to Nakatomi-no-Ason Takunari and Takanushi of the same clan. Only Itohito's great-grandfather, Nakatomi-no-Ason Michinari, of Senior Fifth Rank Lower, remained with the old surname. Michinari's son, Masutsugu, Governor of Iga, and his grandson Itsushi, Head of the Department of Deities, both also call themselves Nakatomi. Though the original source is already the same, the clan surnames are still different. In later generations this will surely cause estrangement. I beg that, together with more than ten descendants in the fourth generation of my great-great-grandfather Iwane, the character 'Ō' be granted to us, so that the order of the clan may be set right for all time." This was granted. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Nakatomi Honkeichō.) From then on, all those of the same clan became the Ōnakatomi clan. Those of their kin who lived in later ages in Izumi were called the Wada clan and the Kishiwada clan. In the reign of Emperor Go-Daigo, Wada Sukeuji and Kishiwada Haruuji joined the imperial forces and achieved merit. (Note: following the Wada genealogy and its reverse-side notes, and the Wada documents.) The Muraji line descends from Ikazuchi-no-Ōomi-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the fourteenth generation of Tsuhayamusubi. Those with no surname share an ancestor with the Takarahi-no-Muraji. (Note: "fourteen" is in another reading written "eleven".) Both the Nakatomi-Sakahito-no-Sukune and the Nakatomi-Takarahi-no-Muraji have lines descending from Omi-Sayama-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the tenth generation of Ame-no-Koyane. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the Nakatomi-Sakahito-no-Muraji were granted Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Takarahi-no-Muraji Chikami, Great Chief Priest of the Great Shrine (Note: following the Nisho Daijingū Reibun), who was probably of the Nakatomi-Takarahi kin. The Nakatomi-Miyatokoro-no-Muraji, the Nakatomi-Kataoka-no-Muraji (Note: on examination, the Hitachi Fudoki has Kataoka-no-Ōmuraji, who by imperial order worshipped the god Tatsuhayahio. He was probably of this clan. They are also called simply Kataoka), and the Nakatomi-Ōie-no-Muraji all share an ancestor with the Ōnakatomi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) At about the same time, Nakatomi-Miyatokoro-no-Muraji Azumahito received a reward for the merit of secretly reporting the Minister of the Left, Prince Nagaya. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) There are also those who call themselves simply Miyatokoro-no-Ason, registered in Izumi, and whose line is likewise the same. In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Miyatokoro Hitonaga, Chief of the Attendants of the Retired Emperor Yōzei. (Note: the part from "Daigo" onward follows the Tōji documents.) The Nakatomi-Shibi-no-Muraji have a line that descends from Ōnoko-no-Muraji, a grandson in the sixth generation of Ikazuchi's son Deshi. In the reign of Emperor Yūryaku, the eastern barbarians rebelled, and their followers ran riot, relying on their strength. Ōnoko himself put on five layers of armor, charged straight into the enemy lines, and, without wearying the host, destroyed them in a single moment. The Emperor approved this merit and granted him the name Aratashiro-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Note: "shiro" should probably be written "bat".) In the reign of Empress Genmei, Nakatomibe Kahi, Junior District Governor of Shima District in Chikuzen, was granted Nakatomi-Shibi-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. Note: this book says that in the reign of Emperor Shōmu Ayahito Norimaro was also granted this surname, but the Ayahito were probably not of the Nakatomi clan. For now the doubt is left.) There are also those who call themselves simply Shibi-no-Muraji (Note: "Shibi" is also written with other characters), registered in Izumi and of the same kin. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa there was Nakatomi-Shibi-no-Muraji Harutsugu, who was also sometimes called simply Shibi. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) The Nakatomi-Tsuka-no-Muraji have a line descending from Taimi-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the ninth generation of Ame-no-Koyane. (Note: this book in one reading writes Taimi-no-Omi, a grandson in the fourteenth generation of Tsuhayamusubi.) The Nakatomi-Ai-no-Muraji have a line descending from Ōe-no-Omi, a grandson in the twelfth generation of Ame-no-Koyane. The Nakatomi-Ōta-no-Muraji have a line descending from Mimi-no-Sukune, a grandson in the thirteenth generation of Ame-no-Koyane. The Nakatomi-Sakaya-no-Muraji descend from Mahito-no-Muraji, a grandson in the nineteenth generation of Tsuhayamusubi. The Nakatomi-Omote-no-Muraji share an ancestor with the Ōnakatomi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) The Nakatomi-Uekuri-no-Muraji have lost their origin, but in the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Nakatomi-Uekuri-no-Muraji Toyohi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) There are also those who call themselves simply Uekuri-no-Muraji, registered in the Left Capital and sharing an ancestor with the Ōnakatomi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Empress Genmei, Uekuri-Mononobe Nashiro, of Junior Seventh Rank Lower, was granted the surname Uekuri-no-Muraji. In the reign of the Deposed Emperor, Uekuri-Ura-no-Muraji Kuimaro, Great Assistant Secretary of the University, asked that the character "Ura" be removed, and this was granted. In the reign of Emperor Shōtoku, Okimaro, a slave of the Yakushiji temple, was freed and granted the surname Uekuri-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) When the Kasuga Shrine was founded, Uekuri-no-Muraji Tokikaze and Hideyuki accompanied the palanquin of the god of Kashima to this place and in the end became shrine officials. (Note: following the Zoku Nannō Zatsuroku, the Shoshinki, the Ichidai Yōki, and the Teiō Hennenki. Note: the Zoku Nannō Zatsuroku says that the shrine officials originally had two lines, called Ōnakatomi and Nakatomi. Tokikaze and Hideyuki, the ancestors of the Nakatomi, came from Kashima and became divine officers. Their descendants became nine houses, Tatsuichi, Ōhigashi, Higashijii, Atarashi, Imanishi, Tomita, Minami, and others, which were called the Southern District (Nangō), and they in turn filled the post of Chief Steward (Shōyo). The Ōnakatomi were at first provisionally dispatched by the court to serve the main shrine, but later their descendants finally became hereditary houses. Their cadet branches divided into seven houses, Nakahigashi, Shōshin-in, Nishi, Nakanishi, Mukai, Oku, and Okuda, which were called the Northern District (Hokugō), and their office stopped at the rank of Kannushi. Although the post that the Ōnakatomi-no-Ason commanded was of exalted rank, the Nakatomi had performed the rites for the longest time, and so they were handled as an old house. There is also the Wakamiya Kannushi, who are also Nakatomi. Their house names are Shin-Yakushi and also Chishima; one house transmits the post and has no deputy. The Southern District, the Northern District, and the Wakamiya are called the Three Districts, and also the Three Sides. From the clansmen down to the laborers, all were attached to their kin.) In the reign of Emperor Konoe there was Uekuri-no-Muraji Sukemichi, shrine official of Kasuga. (Note: following the Gaiki Nikki.) The Nakatomi-Kotono-no-Muraji, the Nakatomi-Kashima-no-Muraji, and the Nakatomi-Maru-no-Ason are all of unclear line. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Nakatomi-Kotono-no-Muraji Maniwa received Outer Junior Fifth Rank Upper. The twenty houses of Nakatomibe in Kashima District in Hitachi, and the five houses of Urabe, were all granted the surname Nakatomi-Kashima-no-Muraji. In the reign of Emperor Kōnin there was Nakatomi-Kashima-no-Muraji Ōmune, of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, Hafuri of the Kashima Shrine in Hitachi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō there was Nakatomi-Kashima-no-Muraji Kawakami, Hafuri of the Great God of Kashima. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) The Maru-no-Ason were originally Muraji, but in the reign of Emperor Shōtoku, twenty-six persons, including Nakatomi-Maru-no-Muraji Hariyumi, a man of the Left Capital of Senior Fifth Rank Lower, were granted Ason. The Nakatomi-Tonoki-no-Muraji have lost their line. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) There are also those who call themselves simply Tonoki-no-Muraji, registered in Izumi, whose line descends from Ame-no-Koyane (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku), and who were probably also of the same kin. In the reign of Empress Kōken, Nakatomi-Tonoki-no-Muraji Takedame was raised to Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) The Nakatomi-Mino-no-Muraji descend from the line of Tsuhayamusubi. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Kinda-no-Suguri Kiyonaga and others, Junior District Governors of Yamagata District in Mino, were granted a change to Nakatomi-Mino-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. Note: on examination, "Kin" probably has the sense of the character "Jun" (to open fields). The Erya, in its explanations, says that "Jun-jun means fields", and a note says "it means clearing land". The Zhengyun says the sound of "Jun" is "Kin". The Liushu Gu says "it means to level the original fields evenly". "Jun" and "Kin" agree in both sound and meaning, and the reading of "Jun" accords with "Araki". Among this clan there are the Araki-no-Omi, who probably also had merit in clearing land and for that reason took it as their clan name. The Kinda clan probably shared an ancestor with the Araki clan. The Nihon Shoki says that in the reign of Emperor Temmu there was Komada-no-Suguri Oshihito. Komada is not otherwise seen, and it seems to be a corruption of Kinda. He was an ancestor of Kiyonaga and the others. It is appended to await later study.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, by imperial order Shōnin, a monk of Hōryūji and a man of Kagami District in Mino, was returned to lay life, restored to his original name Nakatomi-Mino-no-Muraji Masunaga, and made Junior District Governor of Yamagata District. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) The Nakatomibe share an ancestor with the Ōnakatomi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) There is also the Katori clan, a branch of the Nakatomi clan. (Note: following the Gyokuzui.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Katori-no-Muraji Iojima received Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) Their kin were Kannushi of Katori in Shimōsa through the generations. In the reign of Emperor Konoe their main line had no heir, and a man from the Kannushi kin of Kashima became Kannushi in their place. (Note: following the Gyokuzui.)

¶The Koredake clan was probably a distant branch of the Nakatomi clan. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Nakatomi Honkeichō.) In the reign of Emperor Montoku, Nakatomi-no-Ason Itsushi, Senior Vice-Director of the Department of Deities, said: "My distant ancestor Nakatomi-no-Muraji Katako begot three sons, called Mikeko, Kuniko, and Nukateko. All their descendants were granted Nakatomi-no-Ason. In the Enryaku era, the descendants of Mikeko and Kuniko were all granted the addition of the character 'Ō'. Itsushi and his kin are of the line of Nukateko. At that time my grandfather Michinari and his brothers did not petition for the character 'Ō' and all kept the old surname. For that reason the Nakatomi-no-Ason are only this one line, and there can be no different branch. Yet now twenty-five households, including Nakatomi-no-Ason Mamaro of the Left Capital register and Nakatomi-no-Ason Fukunari of the Right Capital register, bear the name without the substance, have not submitted their gate documents, and have wrongly been attached to the registers of Itsushi and his kin. I secretly fear that these men will surely cause lawsuits in later generations. I beg that, in accordance with the facts, they be removed from the register to cut off such fraud and abuse." This was granted. (Note: following the Nakatomi Honkeichō.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Fukunari submitted a statement saying: "Fukunari originally called himself Nakatomi and has long been in the ranks of officialdom. But the men of the main clan declared that we are not of the same kin, petitioned the office, and had our names struck from the register, and we suddenly lost our clan and surname; no sorrow could be greater. I beg that special grace be shown, that I be granted the surname Koredake-no-Sukune, and that I be registered once more in the Right Capital as before." This was granted. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Nakatomi Honkeichō.)

¶The Soe clan has the surname Agatanushi and was registered in Yamato. It descends from Takechichi-no-Mikoto, a son of Tsuhayamusubi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Shōtoku, Agatanushi Iwasaki, a man of Soenoshimo District in Yamato, was granted the surname Soe-no-Agatanushi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Murayama clan has the surname Muraji and was registered in Kawachi. It descends from Ame-no-Koyane. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Mommu there was Murayama-no-Muraji Nukamaro. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Murayama-no-Muraji Toyoie, and both became Great Chief Priest of the Great Shrine. (Note: following the Nisho Daijingū Reibun.)

¶The Nakamura clan has the surname Muraji and was registered in the Left Capital. It descends from Ame-no-Koyane. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Tsushima clan has the surname Ason and was registered in Settsu. It descends from Ame-no-Koyane. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Empress Genmei, Tsushima-no-Ason Katashi was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. Note: this book says that in the reign of Emperor Mommu there was Tsushima-no-Muraji Katashi, who is precisely this man. But his being granted Ason is not seen in the histories.)

¶The Mukugaki clan has the surname Ason and was registered in Settsu. It descends from Ame-no-Koyane. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Araki clan has the surname Ason and was registered in Settsu. It descends from Ame-no-Koyane. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Saga, Araki-no-Ason Hirono was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) There is also the surname Ōaraki-no-Omi, probably of the same kin. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Araki-no-Omi Inemé, a woman of Shimagami District in Settsu. (Note: the part from "Shōmu" onward follows the register of slaves of Tōdaiji.) In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Araki-no-Omi Oshikuni, Assistant of the Left Armory, petitioned that the character "Ō" be restored, since in the household registers before the fifth year of Yōrō he had been entered as Ōaraki. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa there was Ōaraki-no-Omi Tamatoji, a chaste wife of Tagawa District in Dewa. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Ichijō there was Araki Takeharu, Watch Captain of the Palace Guards. (Note: following the Shōyūki.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Sanjō there was Ōaraki Tsunemasa, a man of Taki District in Ise. (Note: following the Jingū Zatsureishū.)

¶The Sugō clan has the surname Ason and was registered in Kawachi. It descends from Ame-no-Koyane. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) Its descendants were considerably prominent at court. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi and the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Sayama clan and the Wada clan both have the surname Muraji and were both registered in Izumi. They descend from Ame-no-Koyane. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Hachida clan has the surname Muraji and was registered in Izumi. It descends from Ame-no-Koyane. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Hachida-no-Muraji Takio, a man of Ōtori District in Izumi and Junior Clerk of the Ministry of Popular Affairs, changed his registration to the Left Capital. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Ōtori clan has the surname Muraji and was registered in Izumi. It descends from Ame-no-Koyane. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Ōtori-no-Muraji Ōmaro was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Ōtori Tamenori, Clerk of the Right. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.)

¶The Hyō clan and the Uneo clan both have the surname Muraji. The Tami clan has the surname Atai. All were registered in Izumi and descend from Ame-no-Koyane. (Note: the Jimoku Taiseishō says that in the reign of Emperor En'yū there was Tami-no-Muraji Masanari, Junior Secretary of Owari. In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Tami-no-Muraji Yoshikage, Junior Secretary of Tosa. Since the line of the Muraji surname is not clear, it is appended here for the time being.)

¶The Ōie clan has the surname Omi and was registered in Yamato. It shares an ancestor with the Ōnakatomi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Hiraoka clan has the surname Muraji and was registered in Kawachi. It descends from Taimi-no-Omi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Kawamata clan (Note: "mata" is also written with another character) has the surname Muraji and was registered in Kawachi. It descends from Nashitomi-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the ninth generation of Tsuhayamusubi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Kawamata-no-Muraji Hitomaro, a man of Kawachi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Ika clan has the surname Muraji and was registered in the Left Capital. It descends from Kochito-no-Mikoto, a grandson in the tenth generation of Ame-no-Koyane. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Note: on examination, the Teiō Hennenki says that Nashitomi-no-Mikoto, a son of Ikatsu-no-Omi, was the ancestor of the Ika-no-Muraji, and the account in the Fujiwara genealogy agrees with this. By this, Kochito was probably a descendant of Nashitomi.) Their descendants were Kannushi of the Ika Shrine in Ōmi through the generations. (Note: following the Ika genealogy. Note: the Iroha Jirui Shō has Ika-no-Sukune.)

¶The Ōnuki clan has the surname Muraji. Its line descends from Ame-no-Mimichi-no-Mikoto, a son of Omi-Sayama. Ame-no-Mimichi begot Ame-no-Futayuki-no-Mikoto, and Ame-no-Futayuki begot Ikoroi-no-Mikoto. Ikoroi is also called Yasakakitobe. (Note: following the Arakida genealogy. Note: "Omi" is written "Ō" in this book.) In the reign of Emperor Keikō, from his place of residence he was granted the surname Ōnuki-no-Muraji and became a Negi of the Great Shrine. He begot Ō-Are-no-Mikoto, who also became a Negi, and his descendants inherited that post through the generations. (Note: following the Daijingū Negi Zuchō.)

¶The Arakida Kannushi descend from Ikoroi. In the reign of Emperor Seimu, Ikoroi's grandson Mogami newly opened up three thousand yo of sacred rice fields and for this was granted the surname Arakida. His descendants were Kannushi of the Great Shrine through the generations. (Note: following the Arakida genealogy and the Daijingū Negi Zuchō.) Mogami's descendant in the ninth generation, Shinkō-dai Obitomaro, was granted the surname Kannushi in the reign of Empress Saimei and removed the three characters "Arakida". (Note: following the Nisho Daijingū Reibun and the Arakida genealogy.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was the Negi Kannushi Kinnari. (Note: following the Daijingū Gishikichō.) In the reign of Emperor Yōzei, a distant descendant, So-and-so, made a petition, saying: "Among the inner attendants of the Great Shrine there are three Kannushi, Arakida, Neki, and Watarai, and since the descendants of Obitomaro the characters 'Arakida' have been cut away. I beg that they be added as before." The petition was granted. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. Refer to the Arakida genealogy.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Ichijō, the Negi Arakida-no-Kannushi Toshikata and others petitioned that the clansmen of the Great Shrine be granted the surname Ason, but received no reply. (Note: following the Daijingū Zōjiki.) In later ages, branches of the Arakida clan included such kin as Iomote, Sonoda, Yamahata, Nagamine, Funae, Nobe, Awano, Nakagawa, Yano, Urata, Ieda, Funabashi, and Fujinami. (Note: following the Arakida genealogy.)

¶The Iki clan (Note: also written Iki with other characters, and "ki" also with another character) descends from Ikazuchi-no-Ōomi. (Note: the Kujiki says that Ame-no-Tsuki-no-Kami was the ancestor of the Iki-no-Agatanushi and others. The Izumo Fudoki says that the distant ancestor of the Iki is Ame-tsu-hiko-no-Mikoto. The lines of descent are alike unclear.) There are those with the surname Sukune and those with Atai (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku; Sukune follows the Sandai Jitsuroku), the Agatanushi (Note: following the Nihon Shoki), and the Shima-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi. Note: on examination, the Kujiki says that for the Iki Shima-no-Miyatsuko, in the court of Iwarete Tamaho (the reign of Emperor Keitai), Kamikefu-no-Atai-no-Miyatsuko, a descendant of Ame-tsu-Mizukori, "replaced" Iwai (Iwai) and attacked the followers who were people of the Silla seacoast; but the meaning of the passage is not clear. Considering by inference, "replaced" is probably an error for "attacked". It probably means that in the reign of Emperor Keitai, when the men of Silla followed Iwai in rebellion, Kamikefu-no-Atai, a descendant of Ame-tsu-Mizukori, attacked them with merit and for this became Shima-no-Miyatsuko. But since there is nothing else to prove it, it is appended to await later study.) The Atai were registered in the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) Among the descendants of Ikazuchi-no-Ōomi there were men who were prominent through the generations. Iki-no-Atai Manekko gave up his life in staunch loyalty. Oshimi-no-Sukune, ancestor of the Iki-no-Agatanushi, attended the rites of the Moon God and, since the age of the gods, governed divination through the generations, so that his kin were also called Urabe. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki, the Sandai Jitsuroku, and the Iki genealogy.) In the reign of Emperor Junna, Iki-no-Atai Hokomaro, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, became Iki Shima-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Urabe Koreo, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, a man of Ishida District in Iki and Priest of the Palace (Miyaji), and his clansman Narinori, Provisional Junior Secretary of the Department of Deities, and others were granted Iki-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. Note: on examination, the Shoku Nihon Kōki says that in the reign of Emperor Ninmyō there was Iki-no-Kimi Ujinari, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, who was probably also of the same kin.) Among their kin there are also Atai and Sukune. In the Jōgan era, Atai Chiyomaro, Priest of the Palace of the Grand Empress Dowager, and Atai Iseo, Priest of the Saiin, and others were granted Sukune. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Iki genealogy.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Iki-no-Sukune Tomomasa, Priest of the Palace in the Department of Deities. In the reign of Emperor Horikawa there was Iki-no-Sukune Munemasa, Junior Secretary of the Department of Deities. (Note: following the Chōya Gunsai.) In the reign of Emperor Konoe there was Iki Munetaka, Senior Attendant for Turtle-shell Divination. (Note: following the Gaiki Nikki.) The Iki clan were Negi of the two shrines of Tsukuyomi and Matsuo through the generations. Kanemori, Koreo's descendant in the thirteenth generation, became Junior Assistant of the Treasury, and his daughter entered the palace of Emperor Nijō and bore Emperor Rokujō. (Note: the part from "Junior Assistant of the Treasury" onward follows the Jinnō Shōtōki.) Masahide, Kanemori's descendant in the sixth generation, became Magistrate of Rokuhara (Note: following the Iki genealogy), followed Hōjō Nakatoki, and died in battle at Bamba in Ōmi. He is the so-called Iki Magoshirō. (Note: following the Taiheiki.) Among their kin there are such clans as Matsuno and Iki, who all became warriors. (Note: following the Iki genealogy.)

¶The Urabe clan: their kin lived in such provinces as Izu, Iki, and Tsushima through the generations and served in the matter of turtle-shell divination. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji.) In the reign of Emperor Mommu there was Urabe-no-Obito Hitsuji, a man of Shima District in Chikuzen. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji.) In the reign of Emperor Montoku, Urabe Okosada, Priest of the Palace of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and Urabe Narimoto, Junior Assistant of the Department of Deities, and others were granted Sukune. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa there was Urabe-no-Sukune Hiramaro, a man of Izu and Deputy Governor of Tanba. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Ichijō there was Urabe-no-Sukune Yasunobu of the Shirakawa group, of Junior Seventh Rank Upper. (Note: following the Sakeiki. Note: in this book two or three characters below "group" are not clear and are omitted.) Kanenobu, a great-grandson of Hiramaro, became head of the Yoshida Shrine in the reign of Emperor Ichijō. He begot Kanetada, and Kanetada begot Kanekuni and Kanechika. Kanechika's son Kanemasa again became head of the Yoshida Shrine, and his descendants succeeded to that post through the generations. Kanehiro, a descendant in the tenth generation, took Yoshida as the clan name (Note: following the Yoshida genealogy), served Emperor Go-En'yū of the Northern Court, became Provisional Senior Master of the Left Capital Office, and with his elder brother Kaneshige, Provisional Senior Vice-Director of the Department of Deities, and eight others of his clan, including Kanetō, submitted a memorial asking to be granted a change to Ason. Those who deliberated said: "The practice of granting surnames is to honor the person, and it cannot be done without deliberation." The court in the end granted their request. (Note: following the Go-Fukashin-in Kanpaku Ki.) Kanekuni became head of the Hirano Shrine, and his descendants again held that post through the generations. Kanekata, a descendant in the eighth generation, became Provisional Senior Vice-Director of the Department of Deities and wrote the Shaku Nihongi. Kanetō was precisely his descendant in the fourth generation. (Note: following the Yoshida genealogy.)

¶The Kamunu clan has the surname Muraji and was registered in Settsu. It descends from Ikazuchi-no-Ōomi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Kamunu-no-Muraji Sadanobu, Physician of the Bureau of Medicine. (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.) In the reign of Emperor Juntoku there was Kamunu Yoshiaki, Governor of Iga. (Note: following the Jōgen Kenpō Nenkiki.)

¶The Ikuta clan has the surname Obito and was registered in Settsu. It descends from Ikazuchi-no-Ōomi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)