Treatise 26: Clans III

¶The Oshinumibe clan. Registered in Kawachi. They are descendants of Hikoyusumi-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Kaika. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Toyoshina clan, the Kusakabe clan, the Kawamata clan, the Sakahito clan, the Ōwatakushibe clan, the Katai clan, the Moroi clan, the Wake clan, the Kamo clan, the Yosami clan, the Sana clan, the Nagahatabe clan, the Hodaji clan, the Hatta clan, and the Karuga-no-Hiko clan, together with the Mino Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Motosu Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Inaba Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Kai Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Chikatsuafumi-no-Yasu Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, and the Tajima Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, are all descendants of Prince Hikoimasu, a son of Emperor Kaika.

¶The Toyoshina clan. There are houses bearing the surname Mahito, houses bearing the surname Ason, and houses bearing the surname Sukune (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku), and there are also houses bearing the surname Kimi. The houses with the surname Kimi were registered in Kawachi and came from the line of Sahohiko-no-Mikoto, a son of Prince Hikoimasu. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ Sahohiko is written Sawamichihiko in this book. According to the Kojiki, Sahohiko had a younger sister called Sawamichihime. From this, Sawamichihiko is probably another name of Sahohiko.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Kawamata-no-Kimi Mikage, a man of Ōagata District in Kawachi Province, changed his surname to Toyoshina-no-Kimi. In the reign of Emperor Montoku, Toyoshina-no-Kimi Yasuhito, Provisional Governor of Tango, petitioned: "Although Yasuhito is registered in Kawachi, the character for Kimi has not yet been removed. I humbly ask that my registry be transferred to the capital and that my surname be changed and granted as Mahito." This was permitted. In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Osakabe-no-Obito Natsutsugu of Junior Seventh Rank Lower, a man of Ikaruga District in Tanba Province, was granted the surname Toyoshina-no-Sukune. His younger brother of the same kin, Miyako, was granted Toyoshina-no-Ason. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Kusakabe clan. They came from Sahohiko. Those bearing the surname Sukune were registered in Yamashiro and Settsu, and those bearing the surname Muraji in Kawachi. Those bearing the surname Obito, and those without a surname, were all registered in Izumi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The Kojiki was also consulted.) They were probably originally called Kusakabe-no-Kimi. In the reign of Emperor Keikō, Ōyatako, the ancestor of the Kusakabe-no-Kimi, took part in the campaign to the west. (Note: following the Hizen no Kuni Fudoki.) When Emperor Yūryaku killed Prince Ichinobe-no-Oshiha, Kusakabe-no-Muraji Omi, who had been a chamberlain (tonai) to the prince, fled to Tanba together with his son Agatahiko, bearing the two Emperors Kenzō and Ninken. Father and son were both praised for their loyalty and valor. At about the same time, Tsutsukawa-no-Shima-ko, a man of Yosa District in Tanba Province and the ancestor of the Kusakabe-no-Obito, was the person known as Urashima-ko. (Note: from "At about the same time" onward, the Tango no Kuni Fudoki as cited in the Shaku Nihongi was consulted.) In the reign of Emperor Kōtoku, Kusakabe-no-Muraji Shikou, Governor of Anato Province, presented a white pheasant. In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu, the Kusakabe-no-Muraji were granted Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Kusakabe-no-Muraji Yoshijima and Kusakabe-no-Kimi Ōkuni and others became district governor and secretary in Bungo Province. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji.) There was also Kusakabe-no-Omi Arakuma of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, who was perhaps also of the same kin. In the reign of Empress Kōken there were Kusakabe-no-Sukune Kiyokata, Senior District Governor of Muko District in Settsu Province, and Kusakabe-no-Omi Mitsuna, a frontier guard (sakimori) of Kazusa Province. (Note: from "Kazusa" onward, the Man'yōshū is followed.) At about the same time, Kusakabe-no-Oibimaro, a man of Kawachi District in Kawachi Province, was granted Muraji and soon after changed to Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Kusakabe-no-Toshisada, Junior Clerk of Yin-Yang and a man of Shika District in Harima Province, together with his father Toshinao of Senior Sixth Rank Lower, was granted Muraji and registered in Toyoshima District in Settsu, and later transferred his registry to the Right Capital. At about the same time there was Kusakabe-no-Tatsuyoshi, Acting Senior District Governor of Kōshi District in Higo Province. In the reign of Emperor Yōzei, Toshisada was granted a change to Sukune. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. ○ According to the Ruijū Fusenshō, in the reign of Emperor Kōkō there was Kusakabe-no-Miyatsuko Yoshinaga, Provisional Clerk of Noto. It is not known to which kin the surname Miyatsuko belongs, so it is provisionally added here.) Because the Kusakabe clan shares an ancestor with the Tajima Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, many of its kin lived in Tajima Province and were appointed district governors of Asako, Yabu and other districts, and even in later ages there were those who continued to call themselves Kuni-no-Miyatsuko and held posts in the Palace Guards. Their descendants flourished, and there are the clans of Asakura, Isobe, Itoi, Kusaka, Koizumi, Mikata, Takada, Karube, Tsuchida, Yagi, Yamamoto, Takeya, Inatsu, Iwawada, Ōtagaki and others. The Asakura clan later moved to Echizen and served the Shiba clan. (Note: the Kusakabe genealogy and the Asakura genealogy were followed, and the Taiheiki was also consulted. ○ According to the genealogies, their ancestor came from Prince Arima, a son of Emperor Kōtoku, and Arima's son Hyōmai was granted the surname Kusakabe and became the ancestor of the Asakura clan. But according to the Nihon Shoki, Arima was nineteen when he was put to death, and it is not recorded whether he had children. Moreover, that the Kusakabe clan came from Prince Hikoimasu is already clearly stated in the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The genealogies' account is mistaken, and it is therefore corrected here.)

¶The Kawamata clan. (Note: "Kawa" is also written with another character.) Bearing the surname Kimi, they were registered in Yamato and Kawachi. They share an ancestor with the Kusakabe-no-Muraji.

¶The Sakahito clan. (Note: also written Sakabe.) There are houses bearing the surname Muraji and houses bearing the surname Miyatsuko. The houses with the surname Miyatsuko were registered in Kawachi and share an ancestor with the Kusakabe clan. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. For the surname Muraji, the Shoku Nihongi is followed.) In the reign of Empress Genshō there was Sakabe-no-Muraji Aitake. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Sakahito-no-Muraji Toriki-me. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji.) In the reign of Empress Shōtoku there was Sakabe-no-Miyatsuko Ietoji, a nyoju (palace maid-servant). In the reign of Emperor Kōnin there was Sakabe-no-Miyatsuko Kamimaro. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) There is also the surname Kusakabe-no-Sakahito-no-Muraji. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there were Kusakabe-no-Sakahito-no-Muraji Emishi, Supernumerary Clerk of the Sake Office (Miki-no-Tsukasa), and Oashi-me, a woman of the same kin and a native of Atago District in Yamashiro Province. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji. ○ According to the Shoku Nihongi, in the reign of Empress Shōtoku there was Kusaka-no-Sakahito-no-Sukune Mizume. Kusaka (the character-pair "grass-deer") and Kusaka (the character-pair "sun-below" used in Kusakabe) have the same reading. Houses with the surname Sukune may also be of the same kin. They are provisionally added here.)

¶The Ōwatakushibe clan. Registered in the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Ōwatakushibe-no-Mochi-me, a woman of Yamakata District in Mino Province. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji.) In the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Ōwatakushi-no-Bōgen, a shishō (registrar). (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) There are also the surnames Miyatsuko, Atai, Obito and others, which are thought to be of the same kin. In the reign of Emperor Genmei there was Ōwatakushi-no-Miyatsuko Tora of Junior Fourth Rank Lower. In the reign of Empress Genshō there was Watakushibe-no-Obito Ishimura of Senior Eighth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ The Ōwatakushibe and the Watakushibe are probably not different clans.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there were Ōwatakushibe-no-Obito Ashikuni, a centurion (hyakuchō) of the Kumagai garrison in Izumo Province; Ōwatakushi-no-Atai Naotsugu, Senior District Governor of Suki District in Oki Province; and Ōwatakushi-no-Miyatsuko Kamimaro, Chief Administrator of Kaga District in Echizen Province. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Ōwatakushibe-no-Atai Yoshito of the Chiba Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Kōkō, Watakushi-no-Miyatsuko Mansuku, Right Konoe Shōgen (Right Palace Guards, Third-Rank Officer) and a man of Shikinoshimo District in Yamato Province, transferred his registry to the Right Capital. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. ○ According to the Shūgaishō there is a clan called Watakushi-no-Sukune. From this, the present clan must also have been granted Sukune later.) In the reign of Emperor En'yū there was Watakushi-no-Omi Mamura, Assistant Secretary of Kōzuke. (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.) These too were probably of the same kin. Going further back, in the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Kisaichi-no-Hamahito and his son Hironari presented goods to Saidaiji and were both awarded the Junior Fifth Rank. Hironari's grandson in the fourth generation, Ienori, became Provisional Governor of Musashi and in the end settled in Musashi Province. His descendants divided into the clans of Naruki, Kuge, Ichida, Yanai, Kusahara, Kawahara, Ōta and others (Note: following the Asaba text of the Kisaichi genealogy), and called themselves the Shitō (Private Band). Kawahara Tarō Takanao and Jirō Morinao, sixth-generation descendants of Ienori, belonged to Minamoto-no-Noriyori and died in battle at Ichi-no-Tani. (Note: following the Genpei Jōsuiki and the Asaba text of the Kisaichi genealogy. ○ The genealogy gives Takanao and Morinao as Arinao and Takanao.)

¶The Katai clan. Bearing the surname Kimi, registered in Yamashiro. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Katai-no-Kuniashi, a man of Sakata District in Ōmi Province. (Note: following the old documents of Tōdaiji. ○ This book writes "Katai" with a different character for "kata," which is probably an error. It is now corrected following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) He too was probably of the same kin.

¶The Moroi clan. They came from the Katai-no-Kimi. In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, eleven persons including Katai-no-Kimi Mitachi, men of Yamashiro Province, were granted the surname Moroi-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Wake clan. Bearing the surname Kimi, registered in Yamashiro. In the reign of Emperor En'yū there was Wake-no-Kimi Tanekuni, Assistant Governor of Hizen, who was perhaps also of the same kin. (Note: from "En'yū" onward, the Jimoku Taiseishō is followed.) There are also houses among the descendants of Yamato Takeru-no-Mikoto that call themselves Wake-no-Kimi.

¶The Kamo clan. Bearing the surname Kimi, registered in Settsu. There are also houses bearing the surname Agatanushi, registered in the Left Capital. They are a separate line from the Kamo Agatanushi of Yamashiro.

¶The Yosami clan. Bearing the surname Sukune, registered in Settsu. They share an ancestor with the Kusakabe-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ According to the Shoku Nihongi, in the reign of Empress Kōken, Yosami-no-Abiko Oshimaro and others, men of Sumiyoshi District in Settsu Province, were granted the surname Yosami-no-Sukune, and the Kannushi Okina and the Hafuri Nagatsuki and others were granted Yosami-no-Monoimi. These are thought to be the same surname as the present clan. However, the Kojiki lists Yosami-no-Abiko as a descendant of Takeyohabawake. Yosami-no-Abiko (written with different characters) is the same as Yosami-no-Abiko here, and so does not agree with this. It is not known which is correct.)

¶The Ise Sana clan. Bearing the surname Miyatsuko, they came from the line of Prince Ōmata, a son of Prince Hikoimasu. Ōmata's son Prince Akedachi is the ancestor of this clan. (Note: following the Kojiki.) In the reign of Emperor Suinin there was Sana-no-Agata-no-Miyatsuko Miyo-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Daijingū Gishikichō.)

¶The Nagahatabe clan. Bearing the surname Muraji, they came from the line of Prince Kamuō, a son of Prince Hikoimasu. (Note: following the Kojiki. ○ According to the Hitachi no Kuni Fudoki, when the grandson of the sovereign descended from heaven, Kamuhatahi-no-Mikoto wove the sacred garments and followed him, reaching Hyūga, and later lived in Mino. In the reign of Emperor Sujin, Tashi-no-Mikoto, the remote ancestor of the Nagahatabe, withdrew from Mino and moved to Kuji. Tashi was probably a descendant of Kamuhatahi and became the ancestor of the Nagahatabe clan. But this is of course a different line from the present clan. I suppose that the descendants of Kamuhatahi lived in Mino for generations, but when Kamuōne became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko and took the Nagahatabe under his rule as well, Tashi's kin avoided this and moved to another land. According to the Ruijū Kokushi, in the reign of Emperor Saga there was Nagahatabe-no-Fukura-me, a chaste wife of Kuji District. She was probably a descendant of Tashi. This is added also as a reference.)

¶The Kibi Hodaji clan. (Note: "Daji" is also written with another character.) There are houses bearing the surname Kimi (Note: following the Kojiki), and there were also Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. The Kuni-no-Miyatsuko share an ancestor with the Tajima-no-Kimi; Ōfunasukune, a third-generation descendant of Wakatsunoki-no-Mikoto, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi. ○ This book writes Hodaji as "Fūji," but "fū" is probably an error for "bon." Bon and "hon" share the same sound. The Wamyōshō has Hodaji District in Bingo Province, and this corresponds to it. It is therefore corrected.) In the reign of Emperor Nintoku there was Kibi-no-Hodajibe Ofuna. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there were Hodajibe-no-Kimi Ōsumi, a shōki (junior military officer) of Tango Province, and Bonjibe-no-Kimi Oshimaro and Ashimaro, men of Kando District in Izumo Province. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji.) In the reign of Empress Shōtoku there were Hodajibe-no-Kimi Shimamaro of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower and Hodajibe-no-Kimi Hirotsumi, Senior District Governor of Sakai District in Echizen Province. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. What follows is from the Tōdaiji Zatsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Hodaji-no-Kimi Miyao, Left Shishō (Registrar) and a man of Hodaji District in Bingo Province, changed his registry to Kadono District in Yamashiro Province. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) There are also houses bearing the surname Obito, probably of the same kin. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Hodajibe-no-Obito Makane, a man of Tatenui District in Izumo Province. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi. ○ The Harima no Kuni Fudoki has "Taima-no-Hodajibe-no-Kimi Sakitama." It is not known to which kin he belongs, so he is provisionally added here.)

¶The Hatta clan. Bearing the surname Muraji, registered in the Left Capital. They came from the line of Hiko-no-Mikoto, a fourth-generation descendant of Prince Hikoimasu. (Note: there seem to be missing characters above and below "Hiko.") Hiko-no-Mikoto once subdued the northern barbarians and distinguished himself, and was granted reclaimed paddy land in Asai District, Ōmi Province. Ōumi, Mamochi and others (Note: Ōumi and Mamochi were probably descendants of Hiko-no-Mikoto; their order of generations is now unclear) cleared this land and made it their dwelling. Kumata, Miyahira and others (Note: Miyahira is also written Kante), descendants of Ōumi, were granted the surname Hatta-no-Muraji for their achievement.

¶The Karuga-no-Abiko clan. There are houses bearing the surname Kimi, registered in Yamashiro, and houses with no surname, registered in the Left Capital. They came from the line of Prince Shiraka, a fourth-generation descendant of Prince Hikoimasu. Originally one of Prince Hikoimasu's descendants was granted the surname Abiko, and in the reign of Emperor Seimu he was further granted thirty thousand chiyo of land at Karu, and from this they took Karuga-no-Abiko as their clan name. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Ichijō there was Karuga-no-Abiko-no-Kimi Michiyuki, Provisional Junior Secretary of Ōmi. (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.)

¶The Mino Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Kojiki. ○ "Mino" is also written with other characters. ○ This book has "the Motosu Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of Mino Province," but the character "no" is probably an error for "miyatsuko"; it should read "Mino Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, Motosu Kuni-no-Miyatsuko." The Kuji Hongi has "former Mino Kuni-no-Miyatsuko," which is said in contrast to the later Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. It is now fixed as Mino Kuni-no-Miyatsuko following the Nihon Shoki and the Yamatohime Seiki.) Prince Kamuōne became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Kaika. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi. ○ According to the Keikō chronicle of the Nihon Shoki, there was Kamuhone, Mino Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Kamuhone and Kamuōne are readings that interchange, and are probably the same person. But the periods are widely separated, which is doubtful. The Yamatohime Seiki says that in the reign of Emperor Suinin there was a Mino Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, but the name is missing. This too is probably Kamuhone. This is added also as a reference.) In the reign of Emperor Genmei there was Kuni-no-Miyatsuko Chiyo, a man of Haji District in Mino Province. In the reign of Empress Shōtoku there were Kuni-no-Miyatsuko Omaro, Junior District Governor of Katagata District in the same province, and, at about the same time, Mino-no-Atai Tamatoru, a Naishi (Palace Sweeper), who was appointed Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of the same province. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō there was Kuni-no-Miyatsuko Maoji, a man of Mushiro District in the same province. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) All of them were probably descendants. There were also the Mino Agatanushi, probably of the same kin. In the reign of Emperor Suinin, when Yamatohime-no-Mikoto bore the Grand Shrine and came to the Ikuragawa Palace in Mino, the Agatanushi Tsunokabura presented goods such as uneme (palace serving women) and rice-field boats. (Note: following the Yamatohime Seiki.)

¶The Motosu Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. They share an ancestor with the Mino Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Kojiki.)

¶The Inaba Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: this is Inaba, that is, Inaba in the other spelling.) Prince Hikotatsuhiko-no-Mikoto, a son of Prince Hikoimasu, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi.) Between the reigns of Empress Jitō and Emperor Mommu there was Inaba-no-Kuni-no-Miyatsuko Kezu, a man of Yakami District in Inaba Province. (Note: following the Kugyō Bunin.) In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Kuni-no-Miyatsuko Kiyonari, an uneme of Takakusa in Inaba Province, and Kuni-no-Miyatsuko Hōzu, Junior District Governor of Yakami District, and others were granted the surname Inaba Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Murakami, Inaba-no-Fujiyasu, Saemon-no-Jō (Third-Rank Officer of the Left Gate Guards), served the Northern Court. (Note: following the Enta Ryaku.)

¶The Kai Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Shioumi-no-Sukune, son of Omichitsuhiko, a third-generation descendant of Sahohiko, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Keikō.

¶The Chikatsuafumi-no-Yasu Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Ōtamusaka-no-Tama, a great-great-grandson of Prince Hikoimasu, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Kojiki. That it was the reign of Emperor Seimu is from the Kuji Hongi. ○ Ōtamusaka is also written Ōtamuwake, and the Kuji Hongi has Ōtamuyawake; they are probably not different persons.) There were also the Chikatsuafumi-no-Yasu-no-Atai, who came from the line of Prince Mizuho-no-Mawaka, a son of Prince Hikoimasu. (Note: following the Kojiki.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Yasu-no-Shigetada, Right Junior Secretary (Ushō-shi). (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) He was probably a descendant. (Note: the Shūgaishō has Yasu-no-Sukune, who too was probably of the same kin.)

¶The Tajima Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: that is, Tajima.) Funaho-no-Sukune, a fifth-generation descendant of Prince Hikoimasu, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi. ○ This book gives the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko as sharing an ancestor with the Take-no-Kimi, but the Kojiki does not list a Takeno-no-Kimi. The "Takeno-wake" in the passage below is a different one.) In the reign of Emperor Ōjin there was the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko Akoni-no-Mikoto. In the reign of Emperor Ankan, Tajima-no-Kimi Ozu served the Emperor and gained his favor, and was granted the surname Miko-shiro-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Harima no Kuni Fudoki. ○ According to the Shoku Nihongi, in the reign of Empress Shōtoku there was Koshiro-no-Muraji Tamatari of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. Might he be of the same kin? Added as a reference.) In the reign of Emperor Yōzei, Tajima-no-Kimi Tokutsugu was raised to Senior Sixth Rank Upper (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku), and he was therefore of the kin of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Among the descendants of Prince Hikoimasu there are also the several clans of the Ise Hodajibe-no-Kimi, the Himeta-no-Kimi, the Taima-no-Kugi-no-Kimi, the Sasa-no-Kimi, the Kadono-wake, the Chikatsuafumi Kano-wake, the Wakasa Mimi-wake, the Mikawa Ho-wake, and the Harima Aso-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Kojiki.) In the reign of Emperor Saga there was Kano-no-Kimi Nariyama, a man of Kano Village in Echi District in Ōmi Province, and Otoashi, a Junior District Governor of the same kin. (Note: following the documents of the second year of Kōnin.) In the reign of Emperor En'yū there was Kadono-no-Kimi Koreyuki, Provisional Junior Clerk of Owari. (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.) These were probably descendants of the Kano-wake and the Kadono-wake.

¶The Michimori clan, the Imaki clan, the Oshinumibe clan, the Minabe clan, the Takeno-wake clan, and the Yosami clan are all descendants of Takeyohabazuraiwake-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Kaika. (Note: ○ Takeyohabazuraiwake is written Takeyohabawake and also Takeyorawake in the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Here the Kojiki is followed.)

¶The Michimori clan. There are houses bearing the surname Ason, registered in the Left Capital. There are also houses bearing the surname Omi, registered in the Right Capital and in Yamashiro and Settsu.

¶The Imaki clan. Registered in Yamashiro. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) Between the reigns of Emperors Genmei and Shōmu there was Imaki-no-Atai Uruchi, and his kin Animaro and Otomaro. (Note: following the old documents of Tōdaiji.) They too were perhaps of the same kin. (Note: according to the Shinsen Shōjiroku, the Imaki clan has three lines, but the others all bear the surname Muraji, and there is no house with the surname Atai. It is therefore provisionally listed here.)

¶The Oshinumibe clan. (Note: "Oshi" is also written with another character.) There are houses bearing the surname Miyatsuko (Note: following the Kojiki), and there are also houses bearing the surname Muraji. In the reign of Emperor Seinei, Oshinumibe-no-Miyatsuko Hosome became the chief (obito) of the Chijimi Miyake in Akashi District, Harima Province. In the ninth year of Emperor Temmu, Oshinumi-no-Miyatsuko Kagami, Arata, Noro and others were granted Muraji. In the eleventh year, the Oshinumi-no-Miyatsuko were granted the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) There were also the Inaba Oshinumibe, of the same origin. (Note: following the Kojiki.) In the reign of the Deposed Emperor there was Oshinumi-no-Muraji Norimaro, Acting Senior District Governor of Tōchi District in Yamato Province. (Note: following the Tōdaiji Zatsuroku.)

¶The Minabe clan. Bearing the surname Miyatsuko.

¶The Takeno-wake clan. Registered in Tanba.

¶The Yosami clan. Bearing the surname Abiko. (Note: following the Kojiki.) In the reign of Emperor Chūai there was Yosami-no-Agohiko Otarumi, who by the command of the Empress became the chief priest (kannushi) of the Sumiyoshi shrine rites. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Kamitsukeno clan, the Shimotsukeno clan, the Muraage clan, the Ibaraki clan, the Tajihibe clan, the Karube clan, the Ōno clan, the Shimokai clan, the Hirokitsu clan, the Tanabe clan, the Mukogi clan, the Ikehara clan, the Sumiyoshi clan, the Sami clan, the Kuwahara clan, the Miyako clan, the Kawai clan, the Akinaga clan, the Tomi clan, the Sayo clan, the Uzu clan, the Kuzuharabe clan, the Karayatabe clan, the Tarumi clan, the Ōami clan, the Kishikobe clan, the Kurumamochi clan, the Ikeda clan, and the Naka-no-Omi clan, together with the Kamo Kuni-no-Miyatsuko and the Ukita Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, are all descendants of Toyokiirihiko-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Sujin.

¶The Kamitsukeno clan. There are houses bearing the surname Ason, registered in the Left and Right Capitals. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) There are also houses bearing the surname Kimi (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi), and there were Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi.) There are also the surnames Sakamoto-no-Ason, Sai-no-Ason, Natori-no-Ason, Mutsu-no-Kimi, Kuwayama-no-Kimi and Nakamura-no-Kimi, all bearing "Kamitsukeno" before them. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. For Sakamoto-no-Ason, the Shinsen Shōjiroku is followed.) Toyokiirihiko had already governed the eastern lands; his son Yatsunata (Note: that he was his son is from the Shinsen Shōjiroku), his great-grandson Mimorowake (Note: ○ Mimorowake is also written Yamoroowake), and his fourth-generation descendant Aratawake (Note: that he was a fourth-generation descendant is from the Shinsen Shōjiroku) all possessed the abilities of commanders. Mimoroike took up his ancestors' work well and governed and pacified the eastern land. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) He was established as Kamitsukeno Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi. ○ According to this book, regarding the Kamitsukeno Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, in the reign of Emperor Sujin Hikosashima was first enfeoffed over the twelve eastern provinces, but Hikosashima was Mimoroike's father and died before going to his post, so it was Mimoroike who was actually established as Kuni-no-Miyatsuko.) Very many of his descendants took clan names and were granted surnames according to where they lived. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) Aratawake begot Takehase and Tamichi. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) Tamichi attacked the Emishi and died in the line of duty. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) Takehase is the ancestor of the Kamitsukeno-no-Kimi and others. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu, the Kamitsukeno-no-Kimi were granted Ason. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Kamitsukeno-no-Ason Tarihito, Junior District Governor of Seta District in Kōzuke Province, was awarded Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. He was a descendant of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko who became a district governor. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Empress Kōken, Tanabe-no-Fuhito Naniwa and others, Supernumerary Junior General of the Middle Guards, were granted anew Kamitsukeno-no-Kimi. In the reign of Emperor Saga they were further granted Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi, and the Shinsen Shōjiroku was also consulted. ○ According to the Shinsen Shōjiroku, in the reign of Emperor Yūryaku, Momotake, son of Nuga-no-Kimi, was riding a horse at night past the tomb of Emperor Ōjin when he met a rider on horseback, talked with him, exchanged horses and parted. When he looked the next morning, it was a clay horse. For this reason he was called Misasagibe-no-Kimi. Momotake's son was Tokutake, and his grandson was Shira. In the reign of Empress Kōgyoku he was granted rice fields at Yamashita in Kawachi Province, and because he was versed in documents he became Tanabe-no-Fuhito. In the second year of Shōhō of Empress Kōken he changed his surname and was granted Kamitsukeno-no-Kimi. In the first year of Kōnin of Emperor Saga he was further granted Ason. According to the preface of the Nihongi Shiki, the two ancestors of the Tanabe-no-Fuhito, Shisumi and Watoku, returned from Paekche in the reign of Emperor Nintoku, and stated that their ancestor was Kamitsukeno-no-Kimi Takeai, a general of the Honorable Land (Kiki). The Emperor then issued an edict attaching them to that kin. Takeai was probably Takehase. But according to the Nihon Shoki, Takehase's mission as envoy to Silla was in the fifty-third year of Nintoku, and the Emperor died thirty-five years later, so it is unnatural that his descendants returned in the Emperor's reign. In the Shinsen Shōjiroku, Tanabe-no-Fuhito Atai is linked to Aratawake. Aratawake repeatedly went as envoy to Paekche in the reign of Emperor Ōjin, and it is not impossible that his descendants remained and settled there. Shisumi and Watoku may have been descendants of Aratawake who returned at this time, and the preface of the Shiki may have mistakenly made them descendants of Takehase. Nuga-no-Kimi Momotake and others in the Shinsen Shōjiroku are probably descendants of Shisumi and Watoku, but in the present text the preceding passage has been lost, and it cannot be examined in detail. However, the Shoku Nihongi says that Tanabe-no-Fuhito Naniwa and others were granted a change to Kamitsukeno-no-Kimi in the second year of Shōhō, which agrees with the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Naniwa and others were thus probably descendants of Momotake, and because they shared an ancestor with the Kamitsukeno-no-Ason, they were granted a change to this surname. It is provisionally added as a reference.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Kamitsukeno-no-Kimi Michinobu, a man of the Left Capital, and his kin Moroe, a naiju (inner page), were both granted Ason, and Hinokuma-no-Kimi Tsunanushi, a man of Naha District in Kōzuke Province, was granted a change to Kamitsukeno-no-Ason and registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Kamitsukeno-no-Kimi Fujino, Hangan (Judge) of the Saiin and a man of the Left Capital, and his kin Akako, Head of the Naikyōbō (Inner Dance Academy), and others were granted Ason. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) As for the surname Kimi, in the reign of Emperor Kōnin, fifty-four persons including Tanabe-no-Fuhito Hiromoto of Junior Seventh Rank Upper, men of the Left Capital, were granted the surname Kamitsukeno-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Sakamoto-no-Ason. Registered in the Left Capital, they came from the line of Satagimi, a tenth-generation descendant of Toyokiirihiko. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Empress Kōken, Isonokamibe-no-Kimi Oshima of Senior Eighth Rank Upper and more than forty others, men of the Left Capital, petitioned: "Oshima's father Toyo was granted the surname Kamitsukeno-Sakamoto-no-Kimi in the Taihō era. But his descendants still bear the old surname, which is not proper in principle. We humbly ask that they be made to follow their father's surname." This was permitted. In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Oshima and Kamitsukeno-Sakamoto-no-Kimi Kuromasu of Outer Junior Eighth Rank Lower, a man of Usui District in Kōzuke Province, were granted a change to Ason.

¶The Sai-no-Ason. In the Jingo Keiun era, Hinokuma-no-Kimi Oitoji of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Upper, a man of Sai District in Kōzuke Province, was granted the surname Kamitsukeno-Sai-no-Ason.

¶The Natori-no-Ason, the Mutsu-no-Kimi, the Kuwayama-no-Kimi and the Nakamura-no-Kimi all came from the line of Nara-no-Kimi, a sixth-generation descendant of Toyokiirihiko. (Note: the line of descent is from the Kishikobe entry of the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the Keiun era, Kishikobe-no-Oyuto of Outer Senior Seventh Rank Lower, a man of Natori District in Mutsu Province, and his kin Ōnari of Outer Senior Seventh Rank Lower, a man of Kami District, and others were granted the surname Kamitsukeno-Natori-no-Ason. (Note: ○ There are also those who are called simply the Natori clan. According to this book, in the Jingo era Natori-no-Kimi Tatsumaro of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, a man of Mutsu, was granted Ason; he was probably of the same kin.) Kishikobe-no-Ishimaro of Outer Senior Sixth Rank Upper, a man of Uda District, and his kin Mon-chi of Outer Senior Sixth Rank Lower and others were granted Kamitsukeno-Mutsu-no-Kimi. Kishikobe-no-Tariyama of Outer Junior Eighth Rank Lower, a man of Shinobu District, and others were granted Kamitsukeno-Kuwayama-no-Kimi. Kishikobe-no-Toyoniwa of Outer Greater Initial Rank Upper, a man of Nitta District, was granted Kamitsukeno-Nakamura-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Kishikobe-no-Yoshimaro of Outer Lesser Initial Rank Lower and others, men of Mutsu, were granted Kamitsukeno-Mutsu-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Hasetsukabe-no-Hitomaro, Senior District Governor of Yama District in Mutsu Province, was granted the surname Kamitsukeno-Mutsu-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶There are also the surnames Kamitsukeno-Kami-no-Kimi (Note: ○ "Kami" is also written Kamo) and Kamitsukeno-Isawa-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi and the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Saga, Kamitsukeno-Kami-no-Kimi Munetsugu was awarded Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Kamitsukeno-Isawa-no-Kimi Emishi, Acting Senior District Governor of Esashi District in Mutsu Province, was provisionally awarded Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) All are thought to be of the same kin.

¶The Shimotsukeno clan. There are houses bearing the surname Ason, registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) There are also houses bearing the surname Kimi (Note: following the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki), and there were Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi.) There are also the surnames Kawachi-no-Ason, Fushimi-no-Kimi, Shizuto-no-Kimi and Mutsu-no-Kimi, all bearing "Shimotsukeno" before them. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. For Mutsu-no-Kimi, the Shoku Nihon Kōki is followed.) In the reign of Emperor Nintoku, Kenu was divided in two, and Narawake, a fourth-generation descendant of Toyokiirihiko, was made Shimotsukeno Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi. ○ Narawake is probably the same person as the Nara-no-Kimi of the Shinsen Shōjiroku. But the number of generations does not agree, so one of the two books must be mistaken.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu, the Shimotsukeno-no-Kimi were granted Ason. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Shimotsukeno-no-Kimi Tanushi of Outer Senior Seventh Rank Lower, a man of Namekata District in Mutsu Province, and others were granted Ason. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Kishikobe-no-Yokotachi of Junior Fifth Rank Lower and his kin Yasumaro of Senior Eighth Rank Lower and others were granted Shimotsukeno-no-Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Shiga-no-Imiki Inakamaro of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, a man of Ōmi, and others were granted anew Shimotsukeno-no-Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) As for the surname Kimi, in the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was the monk Kōtatsu, who bore the surname Shimotsukeno-no-Kimi and was a man of Mushiya District in Kazusa Province. (Note: following the Konjaku Monogatari. ○ The Nihon Ryōiki has "Ason" in place of "Kimi.") In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Kishikobe-no-Mahito and Fusamaro of Outer Senior Eighth Rank Upper were granted Shimotsukeno-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Ōoyobe-no-Fusamochi, a man of Haga District in Shimotsuke Province, and his son Tsugiyoshi were both granted Shimotsukeno-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Kawachi-no-Ason. In the reign of Emperor Mommu, Shimotsukeno-no-Ason Komaro of Junior Fourth Rank Lower petitioned that the surname of his kinsman Iwashiro be changed to Shimotsukeno-Kawachi-no-Ason, and this was permitted. As for the Fushimi-no-Kimi and the Shizuto-no-Kimi, in the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Kishikobe-no-Nenmaro of Outer Senior Seventh Rank Upper and others, men of Tamatsukuri District in Mutsu Province, were granted Shimotsukeno-Fushimi-no-Kimi, and Kishikobe-no-Hirokuni, a man of Shinobu District, was granted Shimotsukeno-Shizuto-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ This book writes Shizuto-no-Kimi as "Shizukutsu," but "kutsu" is probably an error for "to-no-kimi." According to the Wamyōshō there is a Shizuto Village in Adachi District in Mutsu Province. The clan name was probably taken from the place name, so it is corrected here.) As for the Mutsu-no-Kimi, in the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Ōbe-no-Tsugunari and others of Mutsu (Note: ○ "Ō" is also written with another character) were granted Shimotsukeno-Mutsu-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶Of the two clans Kamitsukeno and Shimotsukeno, in later ages many served in the Palace Guards. (Note: following the Shōyūki and the Chūyūki.)

¶The Muraage clan. Bearing the surname Obito, registered in Kawachi.

¶The Ibaraki clan. Bearing the surname Miyatsuko, registered in Izumi.

¶The Tajihibe clan. Registered in Izumi. In the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Tajihibe-no-Kimi Tadaomi, Provisional Junior Clerk of Kōzuke. (Note: from "Murakami" onward, the Jimoku Taiseishō is followed.) He too was perhaps of the same kin.

¶The Karube clan. Bearing the surname Kimi, registered in Izumi. They came from the line of Yatsunata. In the reign of Emperor Yūryaku, one of his descendants presented the village of Kari, and for this was granted the surname Karube-no-Kimi. (Note: ○ Kari and Karu have readings that interchange. According to the Hitachi no Kuni Fudoki, in the reign of Emperor Tenji there was Karu-no-Atai Satomaro. Houses bearing the surname Atai may also be of the same kin. It is provisionally added here.)

¶The Ōno clan. Bearing the surname Ason, registered in the Right Capital. They came from the line of Aratawake. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Temmu there was Ōno-no-Kimi Hatayasu, who was granted a change to Ason in the twelfth year. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) His descendants flourished greatly at court. (Note: based on the general sense of the accounts in the Nihon Shoki, Shoku Nihongi and others.)

¶The Shimokai clan. Bearing the surname Kimi, registered in Yamato. They share an ancestor with the Kamitsukeno-no-Ason.

¶The Hirokitsu clan. (Note: ○ "Hiro" is also written with another character.) Bearing the surname Kimi, registered in Yamato and Kawachi. They came from Aratawake, and because his distant descendants lived at the place Hirokitsu, they took this as their clan name. (Note: ○ In this book's entry for the Yamato Hirokitsu-no-Kimi, they are given as descendants of Aratawake, a fourth-generation descendant of Toyokiirihiko. In the Kawachi entry, Akamaro, a third-generation descendant, became the Hirokitsu clan from his place of residence. Akamaro was probably a third-generation descendant of Aratawake.)

¶The Tanabe clan. Bearing the surname Fuhito, registered in the Right Capital. They came from Aratawake. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Tanabe-no-Fuhito Matachi, a man of Tanabe Village in Sumiyoshi District in Settsu Province (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji), who was of this kin. There is also a clan called Tanabe-no-Fuhito among the Foreign branches.

¶The Mukogi clan. Registered in Izumi, and came from Aratawake.

¶The Ikehara clan. There are houses bearing the surname Ason and houses bearing the surname Kimi. The houses with the surname Ason were registered in the Left Capital. They came from the line of Takehase. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. For the surname Kimi, the Shoku Nihongi is followed.) In the reign of the Deposed Emperor there was Ikehara-no-Kimi Kamori, Assistant Governor of Sanuki, who was of this kin. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Kōkō there was Ikehara-no-Awa. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.)

¶The Sumiyoshi clan. Bearing the surname Ason, registered in the Left Capital. They came from Takehase. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Ikehara-no-Kimi Tsunanushi, Konoe Shōgen (Third-Rank Officer of the Palace Guards), petitioned: "The two clans of Ikehara and Kamitsukeno came from Toyokiirihiko, and the Ason of the six eastern branches, their descendants, were all granted surnames and took clan names according to where they lived. I humbly request that I be granted the surname Sumiyoshi-no-Ason, after the place where I live." This was permitted. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Sami clan. (Note: ○ also written Sami with other characters.) Bearing the surname Ason, registered in the Right Capital. They share an ancestor with the Kamitsukeno-no-Ason. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) There are also houses bearing the surname Kimi. When Emperor Temmu raised his army, Sami-no-Kimi Sukunamaro followed him and distinguished himself. In the twelfth year, the Sami-no-Kimi were granted Ason. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Sami-no-Kimi Namimaro, Senior District Governor of Niu District in Echizen Province. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji.)

¶The Kuwahara clan. Bearing the surname Kimi (Note: ○ "Kimi" is also written Omi), registered in the Left Capital. They came from Takehase. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Miyako clan. They came from the Kuwahara-no-Kimi. In the reign of Emperor Saga, Sadatsugu, Head of the Kazoe Office (Kazue-no-kami) and son of Kuwahara-no-Kimi Akinari, petitioned together with his elder brother Harakake, Doctor of Letters, to change their surname to Miyako-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Yōzei, Miyako-no-Sukune Mitori of Junior Fifth Rank Upper, a man of the Left Capital, and his kin Yoshika of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, Inao of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and Okimichi of Senior Seventh Rank Lower and others were granted a change to Ason. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Kawai clan. Bearing the surname Kimi, registered in the Left Capital. They came from Takehase. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Empress Genshō, Asazuma-no-Kanasaku Ōkura, Junior Clerk of the Crown Prince's Household, was granted the surname Ikegami-no-Kimi, and his kin Kawamaro was granted Kawai-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) They were probably both descendants of Takehase. In the reign of Emperor Toba there was Kawai-no-Sukune Yoshitane, Provisional Junior Clerk of Tōtōmi. (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.) He too was perhaps of the same kin. (Note: ○ The Shūgaishō has Kawai-no-Obito, but nothing is known in detail of its kin.)

¶The Akinaga clan. Bearing the surname Obito, registered in the Left Capital. They came from Takehase. Kuhi, a third-generation descendant of Takehase, was sent as envoy to Wu in the reign of Emperor Sushun, obtained a Wu balance, returned, presented it, and said: "This is called a 'hakari'; in that country it is used to determine the weight of goods and to trade." The Emperor then had Kuhi take charge of it. Kuhi's son Munemaro was granted the surname Akinaga-no-Obito in the reign of Emperor Jomei. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Akinaga-no-Chimaro, a proofreader at the sutra-copying office of Tōdaiji. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji.) In the reign of Empress Kōken there was Akinaga-no-Obito Maro, a frontier guard of Suruga Province. (Note: following the Man'yōshū. ○ The Shūgaishō has Akinaga-no-Sukune.)

¶The Tomi clan. (Note: ○ also written Tomi with other characters, and also Tomi again with others.) There are houses bearing the surname Muraji, registered in Kawachi. There are also houses bearing the surname Obito, registered in Izumi, who came from the line of Tamichi. (Note: ○ This book's entry for the Tomi-no-Obito gives them as descendants of Yatsunata. Yatsunata was probably the great-great-grandfather of Tamichi.) When Tamichi went as envoy to Paekche, he took a woman of Wu from Tomi Village as wife and begot Tokukimi. Tokukimi's third-generation descendant Kuma, and his son Shiragi, returned to Japan in the reign of Emperor Kinmei. Shiragi begot Yoshio, who was granted the surname Tomi-no-Muraji from his place of residence. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Sushun there was Tomi-no-Obito Itchi. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Sayo clan. (Note: ○ This book also has the Sajino-no-Kimi, but it is probably the same surname. It is now combined and recorded here.) Bearing the surname Kimi, registered in the Right Capital and in Izumi. In the reign of Emperor Bidatsu, among the descendants of Toyokiirihiko there was one famed for his courage and strength. The Emperor approved of him and granted him the surname Sayo-no-Kimi. (Note: ○ In this book's entry for the Right Capital Sajino-no-Kimi, they are given as descendants of Aratawake.)

¶The Chinu clan. (Note: ○ also written Chinu with other characters, and Chinunu.) Bearing the surname Agatanushi, registered in Izumi. They came from the line of Mimorowake. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Chinu-no-Agatanushi Yamatomaro, Senior District Governor of Chinu District in Izumi Province. (Note: following the Nihon Ryōiki.) In the reign of Emperor Kōnin there was Chinu-no-Agatanushi Moroue. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Yōzei there was Chinu-no-Agatanushi Mitsuo of Greater Initial Rank Lower. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In later ages they probably changed the surname to Sukune. In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there were Chinu-no-Sukune Ishimatsu, a physician of the Medicine Bureau, and Chinu-no-Sukune Tamesuke, a uchi-toneri (inner attendant). (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.)

¶The Kuzuharabe clan. Registered in Izumi, and came from Mimorowake. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) They were originally called Fujiwarabe. (Note: ○ "Fuji" is also written with another character.) In the reign of Emperor Ingyō, the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of the provinces were commanded to establish the Fujiwarabe for the consort Sotoori-no-Iratsume. In the eleventh year of Emperor Temmu, the Fujiwarabe-no-Miyatsuko were granted Muraji (Note: following the Nihon Shoki), and they too were probably of the same kin. In the first year of Tenpyō-hōji of Empress Kōken, the Fujiwarabe were renamed Kusuwarabe. (Note: ○ that is, Kuzuharabe.) In the reign of Empress Shōtoku there was Kusuharabe-no-Muraji Kiyohi of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Yōzei there was Kuzuharabe-no-Hiroo, a shishō (registrar). (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) In the reign of Emperor Toba there was Kuzuhara-no-Sukune Suetada, Clerk of the East Market. (Note: following the Chōya Gunsai.) Houses bearing the surname Sukune were probably also of the same kin.

¶The Karayatabe clan. (Note: ○ "Kara" is also written with another character.) Bearing the surname Miyatsuko, registered in Settsu. They came from Mimorowake. His grandson Utsutsukimi accompanied Empress Jingū and was at the Kasuhi Palace in Tsukushi. As there happened to be something in the sea, the Empress sent Utsutsu to look at it. He then came leading Karaso-no-Omi and others, and for this Utsutsu was granted the surname Karayatabe-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Karayatabe-no-Miyatsuko Komemaro, a man of Ibo District in Harima Province, who later became a monk and took the name Tokudō. (Note: following the Hasedera Engi.) At about the same time there was also Karayatabe-no-Kimi Yumihari, a man of Shimakami District in Settsu Province. (Note: following the Tōdaiji Nuhi Sekichō.) Houses bearing the surname Kimi were perhaps also of the same kin.

¶The Tarumi clan. Bearing the surname Kimi, registered in the Right Capital. They came from the line of Prince Kahyō-Mawaka, a fourth-generation descendant of Toyokiirihiko. In the reign of Emperor Kōtoku there was a great drought and the waters dried up. Arima-no-Miyatsuko Takahashi, a sixth-generation descendant of Mawaka, channeled the water of Tarumi Oka-moto into the palace and offered it for the imperial table. The Emperor praised his service, granted him the surname Tarumi-no-Kimi, and had him take charge of the rites of the deity of Tarumi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Mommu, Ōtsu-no-Miyatsuko Hirohito, Chief Interpreter on the mission to Tang, was granted Tarumi-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) There are also houses bearing the surname Fuhito, registered in the Left Capital. They came from the line of Hikosashima. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Ōtsu clan too was probably of the same kin. In the reign of Emperor Genmei, Ōtsu-no-Miyatsuko Motoyasu of Junior Seventh Rank Lower and others were granted Muraji. The shamon (Buddhist monk) Gihō, being versed in divination, was by imperial command returned to lay life, granted the name Ōtsu-no-Muraji Oibito, and awarded Junior Fifth Rank Lower. In the reign of the Deposed Emperor, Ōtsu-no-Muraji Ōura, Head of the Yin-Yang Bureau, was raised to Junior Fourth Rank Upper and granted Sukune. Later, because he sided with Prince Wake, the Sukune was removed and he reverted to his former surname. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Ōami clan. Bearing the surname Kimi (Note: ○ also written with the surname Omi), registered in the Left Capital. They came from the line of Mawaka-no-Kimi, younger brother of Nara-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ Mawaka is thought to be the same person as Kahyō-Mawaka. This book makes Kahyō-Mawaka a fourth-generation descendant of Toyokiirihiko, and according to the Kuji Hongi Narawake was also a fourth-generation descendant of Toyokiirihiko, so the number of generations agrees.) In the reign of Emperor Kōnin there was Ōami-no-Kimi Hiromichi of Senior Sixth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Saga there was Ōami-no-Kimi Shimatoji of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Kishikobe clan. Registered in the Left Capital, and came from Nara-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) They were originally written Kimiko-be, but the characters were changed to the present ones in the reign of Empress Kōken, and in the middle period very many of the kin lived in Mutsu. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) When Minamoto-no-Yoriyoshi campaigned against Ōshū, there were men of Dewa named Kikuhiko-no-Hidetake and Kikimi-no-Taketada. Hidetake was called Arakawa Tarō and Taketada was called Madarame Shirō. They too were perhaps of the same kin. (Note: following the Mutsu Waki and the Ōshū Gosannen Gunki. ○ Kikuhiko and Kishikobe have readings that interchange. According to the Ruijū Kokushi, in the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Kishikobe-no-Shinari and fifteen other captive-submitted people (fushū) of Settsu, holders of the Sixth Order of Merit, were granted the surname Oya. According to the Nihon Kōki, in the reign of Emperor Saga, Kishikobe-no-Katsumaro and others, men of Iyo, were granted the surname Nohara. According to the Shoku Nihon Kōki, in the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Kishiko-no-Tatsumaro, a man of Bungo, was granted the surname Manichi-no-Muraji. Might they be of the same kin? Added as a reference.)

¶The Kurumamochi clan. There are houses bearing the surname Ason, and houses bearing the surname Kimi. The houses with the surname Kimi were registered in the Left Capital and in Settsu, and came from the line of Isa-no-Kimi, an eighth-generation descendant of Toyokiirihiko. In the reign of Emperor Yūryaku, for serving at the imperial carriage, they were granted the surname Kurumamochi-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. For Ason, the Nihon Shoki is followed.) They took charge of the Kurumamochibe. In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu, the Kurumamochi-no-Kimi were granted Ason. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. ○ According to this book, in the fifth year of Emperor Richū, Kurumamochi-no-Kimi went to Tsukushi, examined all the Kurumamochibe and also took up those assigned to the gods; the Emperor questioned him on his guilt and had him cease to oversee the Kurumamochibe of Tsukushi. By this there was already a Kurumamochi-no-Kimi before Emperor Yūryaku, but it is not known to which kin. It is added here pending later examination.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Kurumamochi-no-Kimi Hatsuse of Senior Eighth Rank Lower was granted Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the Tenpyō-hōji era there were Kurumamochi-no-Ason Wakatari of Senior Eighth Rank Upper, a man of the Right Capital, and his kin Nakatomo of Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the old documents of Tōdaiji.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Hatabito-be-no-Takeshimaro of Outer Senior Seventh Rank Upper, a man of Echizen, petitioned to be restored to his original surname of Kurumamochi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Kurumamochi-no-Tōyō, Banchō (Watch Captain) of the Left Gate Guards. (Note: following the Geki Nikki.) In later ages their kin were granted a change to Sukune. In the reign of Emperor En'yū there was Kurumamochi-no-Sukune Masaari, Provisional Senior Secretary of Musashi. In the reign of Emperor Takakura there was Kurumamochi-no-Sukune Ushisada, Senior Clerk of Sagami. (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.)

¶The Ikeda clan. Bearing the surname Ason, registered in the Left Capital. They came from the line of Satagimi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu, the Ikeda-no-Kimi were granted Ason. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Naka-no-Omi clan. Bearing the surname Kimi. In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Ōmibe-no-Orumaro, a commoner of Taki District in Ise Province, petitioned: "My original surname was Naka-no-Omi-no-Kimi, and my ancestor came from Toyokiirihiko. I ask that I be restored to my original surname." This was permitted. His kin Hironaga and others were all restored to their original surname. In the reign of Emperor Yōzei there was Ōmi-no-Muraji-no-Kimi Toyoyo, Acting Senior District Governor of Taki District in Ise Province. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) There were also the Waka-Omibe, who were probably of the same kin. In the reign of Empress Kōken there were Waka-Omibe-no-Moroto, a chōchō (attendant) of Kazusa Province, and Waka-Omibe-no-Hitsuji, a jōchō (corvée laborer) of Nagara District. (Note: following the Man'yōshū.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Waka-Omibe-no-Ushikai, Secretary of Aso District in Shimotsuke Province. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor En'yū there was Waka-Omi-no-Atai Motomichi, Provisional Assistant Governor of Nagato. (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.)

¶The Harima Kamo Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. They share an ancestor with the Kamitsukeno clan. Ichiirewake-no-Mikoto, a son of Mihowake-no-Mikoto, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu.

¶The Ukita Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Prince Kagawake, a fifth-generation descendant of Emperor Sujin, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi. ○ According to the Jingū chronicle of the Nihon Shoki, Aratawake and Shikagawake were both appointed generals together. Shikagawake is none other than Kamogawake, and was probably a brother of Aratawake. Aratawake was a fourth-generation descendant of Toyokiirihiko, and so a fifth-generation descendant counted from the Emperor, so the number of generations agrees. But as there is no other clear evidence, the old text is provisionally followed and no definite conclusion is drawn.)

¶The Noto clan and the Kagi Kuni-no-Miyatsuko are both descendants of Ōiriki-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Sujin.

¶The Noto clan. (Note: ○ "To" is also written with another character.) There are houses bearing the surname Omi (Note: following the Kojiki), and there were also Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. A distant descendant of Ōiriki (Note: ○ "Ki" is also written with another character) became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi. ○ This book has "Hikosashima-no-Mikoto, grandson of Ōiriki-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Ikume," but this is a mistake. Following the Kojiki, Ōiriki is now fixed as a son of Emperor Sujin. As for Hikosashima, that doubt is set aside for the time being and he is recorded only as a distant descendant.) In the reign of Empress Saimei there was Noto-no-Omi Mamitatsu. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Noto-no-Omi Otomi, Acting Chief Secretary of Hakui District in Noto Province. (Note: following the Man'yōshū.) In the Kōnin and Tenchō eras there was Noto-no-Omi Hironari. (Note: following the Shōryōshū.) In the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Noto-no-Kimi Fuji, a Kebiishi (Police Commissioner). (Note: following the Saigūki.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Noto-no-Muraji Moritada, Assistant Governor of Izumo. (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.) In the reign of Emperor Konoe there was Noto-no-Sukune Noritsune. (Note: following the Geki Nikki.) Houses bearing the surnames Muraji and Sukune were probably all of the same kin.

¶The Kagi Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Sotonamiru-no-Mikoto, who shares an ancestor with the Noto Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Nintoku. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi. ○ In this book's entry for the Koshi Fukae Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, Sotonamiru-no-Mikoto is given as sharing an ancestor with the Michi-no-Kimi. It has already been seen above that the Michi-no-Kimi came from Ōhiko-no-Mikoto, and they are a different kin from the Noto Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. One of the two must surely be mistaken. For now the original text is followed, awaiting later examination.)

¶The nine clans Yamabe-wake, Saigusa-wake, Inaki-wake, Ata-wake, Owari Mino-wake, Koromo-wake, Takasuka-wake (Note: ○ some texts have the character "sho" above "ka"), Asuka-no-Kimi (Note: ○ according to the Shoku Nihongi, in the reign of Emperor Kōnin there was Asuka-no-Mahito Mii of Junior Fifth Rank Upper. This is probably this clan having later been granted Mahito. Added pending later examination), and Mure-wake are all descendants of Ōnakatsuhiko-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Suinin. (Note: following the Kojiki. ○ This book separately has the Kibi Ishinashi-wake, but they probably share an ancestor with the Ishinari-no-Sukune below, and so are not taken up here. The argument appears in the entry for the Inaki Mibu clan, and the two should be considered together.)

¶The Wake clan, the Inaki Mibu clan and the Yamabe clan are all descendants of Suzuishiwake-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Suinin.

¶The Wake clan. Bearing the surname Ason, registered in the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) They were originally called Fujino-wake-no-Mahito. Among their kin there are also the surnames Ifu-no-Sukune, Hoshino-no-Sukune and Iwanashi-wake-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) Suzuishiwake begot Wakasuzuishiwake, Wakasuzuishiwake begot Prince Tamori-wake, and Tamori-wake begot Prince Ototohiko. (Note: following the Wake genealogy.) At the time of the rebellion of Prince Oshikuma, Empress Jingū sent Ototohiko to set up a barrier on the border between Kibi and Harima to hold it off. This is called the Wake Barrier. When the rebellion was put down, merits were recorded, and he was granted the Kibi Iwanashi District, and his descendants accordingly established their houses in that land. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The Nihon Shoki was also consulted.) In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Fujino-wake-no-Mahito Hiromushi of Senior Sixth Rank Lower, a man of Fujino District in Bizen Province, and Kiyomaro of Junior Sixth Rank Upper and others were granted the surname Kibi-Fujino-Wake-no-Mahito. Fujino-wake-no-Kimi Komaro, Senior District Governor of Fujino District, and eleven others were granted Kibi-Fujino-wake-no-Sukune, and Wake-no-Kimi Sonomori of the Konoe (Note: ○ "Sono" is also written with another character) and others were granted Kibi-Ishinari-wake-no-Sukune. Sonomori and the others were soon granted a change to Ishinari-no-Sukune. Komaro and the others were granted Hojino-no-Sukune. At about the same time, Wakebe-no-Ōhara, Oshinumibe-no-Okishi and Takarabe-no-Kuroshi, and Wakebe-no-Hiji, a man of Oku District, and Mononobe-no-Maro, a man of Mino District, sixty-odd persons in all, were granted Ifu-wake-no-Kimi.

¶Kiyomaro's original surname was Kibi-Iwanashi-wake-no-Kimi, and later he was granted a change to Hojino-no-Mahito. When the monk Dōkyō eyed the sacred regalia, Kiyomaro foiled his treacherous scheme with righteous words, and was in the end demoted and driven to a remote place. With the accession of Emperor Kōnin he was at last able to return to the capital, and was later granted the surname Wake-no-Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. From "Emperor Kōnin" onward the Shinsen Shōjiroku was consulted. ○ The Shoku Nihongi says that Wake-no-Sukune was granted Ason. By this, Kiyomaro had once been granted Sukune, but this cannot be found in the histories.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Ifu-wake-no-Kimi Moroue and others, men of Bizen, changed their registry to the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Montoku there was Ifu-wake-no-Kimi Nagasada, Junior District Governor of Iwanashi District. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) Kiyomaro had already made his name known throughout the realm for his loyalty and great integrity, and his descendants produced men of renown through the generations. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi and the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the time of his great-grandson Shigure, he excelled in the medical arts and became Head of the Medicine Bureau (Tenyaku-no-kami); the work was transmitted through the generations, and his later descendants became the Nakarai clan. (Note: following the Wake genealogy and the Nakarai genealogy.)

¶The Inaki Mibu clan. Bearing the surname Kimi, registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō there were Inaki-Mibu-no-Kimi Kujira of Junior Sixth Rank Upper, a man of the Left Capital, his kin Mononushi, and the naiju Amiyori. (Note: following the old documents of Tōdaiji.) In the reign of Emperor Kōkō there was Inaki-Nibu-no-Kimi Masahide of Senior Seventh Rank Lower. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. ○ The Kojiki makes Ōnakatsuhiko the ancestor of the Inaki-wake and others, as seen above. But the Nihon Shoki does not list Ōnakatsuhiko. Moreover, the Kojiki writes Suzuishiwake as Nunatarashiwake and does not say that he had descendants. Yet the Shinsen Shōjiroku makes the Inaki Mibu-no-Kimi descendants of Suzuishiwake. The various accounts all fail to agree, and there are probably errors or omissions. For now this book is followed, awaiting later examination.)

¶The Yamabe clan. Bearing the surname Kimi, registered in the Right Capital and in Settsu. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) At the time of the Jinshin disturbance there was Yamabe-no-Kimi Yasumaro, who followed Emperor Temmu. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa there was Yamabe-no-Kimi Masao, Assistant of the Bureau of Taxation. In the reign of Emperor Yōzei there was Yamabe-no-Kimi Yoshinao, Lecturer (Chokukō). (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Abo clan. (Note: ○ "A" is also written with another character.) Registered in the Right Capital; there are houses bearing the surname Ason and houses bearing the surname Kimi. They are descendants of Ikehayawake-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Suinin. Ikehayawake once lived in Abo Village in Iga Province, and his descendants accordingly established their houses in that land. His fourth-generation descendant Prince Sumutsuto was granted the surname Abo-no-Kimi in the reign of Emperor Ingyō. His son Ohogashi was peerless in the martial arts, so Emperor Yūryaku changed the surname and granted him Takebe-no-Kimi. In the reign of the Deposed Emperor, Takebe-no-Kimi Hitokami, Assistant Governor of Inaba, and fourteen others were granted Ason. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Hitokami petitioned: "That my ancestor Ohogashi was granted the surname Takebe was a special grace in praise of his merit, and not by the usual rule of surnames taken from a place. I ask that it be returned to the original, correct name and that I be granted Abo-no-Ason." This was permitted. His kin Takebe-no-Kimi Kuromaro and others were granted Abo-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. The Shinsen Shōjiroku was also consulted.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Ozukiyama-no-Kimi Imao, Senior Clerk of the Left (Sadaishi) and a man of the Left Capital, his kin Ario, Computing Master of the Bureau of Taxation, and Yoshizane, former Provisional Clerk of Izu and a man of Kurita District in Ōmi Province, and others were all granted Abo-no-Ason. Imao and Ario were also originally men of Kurita District, and all belong to this kin. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. ○ According to the Kojiki, the Ozukiyama-no-Kimi came from Ochiwake-no-Mikoto. To make them descendants of Ikehayawake here is probably a mistake arising from their being brothers. For now this book is followed and recorded here.) In the reign of Emperor Uda there was Abo-no-Muraji Tasuku, Junior Registrar of the Ministry of Ceremonial. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Abo-no-Yoshinari. (Note: following the Chōya Gunsai.) Among the descendants of Ikehayawake there is also the surname Saho-Anabe-no-Wake. (Note: following the Kojiki. ○ "Saho" is probably a mistake for "Abo," and the character for "kimi" has probably dropped out below "hon.") Emperor Yūryaku once established the Anahobe. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) The descendants of Ikehayawake probably took charge of this be and made it their clan name. (Note: ○ Looking at the Shinsen Shōjiroku, the Anabe clan is not listed. Only among the unclassified miscellaneous surnames is there Anaobe-no-Obito, and to make it descendants of Emperor Ankō is doubtful. According to the Nihon Shoki, in the reign of Emperor Temmu there was Anahobe-no-Miyatsuko, who was granted the surname Muraji. According to the Shoku Nihongi, in the reign of Empress Kōken there was Anabe-no-Ako-me, a woman of Shimōsa. It is not known in detail whether any of them is of the same kin as this clan, so they are provisionally added here.)

¶The Otsukiyama clan, the Mikawai clan and the Iga Kuni-no-Miyatsuko are all descendants of Ochiwake-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Suinin.

¶The Otsukiyama clan. Bearing the surname Kimi. (Note: following the Kojiki. ○ This book writes "tsuki" with a different character.) There is also the surname Otsuki-no-Omi, registered in the Left Capital and of the same origin. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Otsuki-no-Muraji Hamana of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: following the Nihon Kōki), who was probably also of the same stock. In the reign of Emperor En'yū there was one called Otsuki-no-Sukune Tomochika, who became Senior Clerk of the Left. His descendants have continued one after another to this day and are called the Nei house. (Note: following the Otsuki genealogy, the Shokugenshō and the Ruijū Fusenshō.) There is also the Okitō clan, who came from the Otsukiyama clan. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Otsukiyama-no-Kimi Ieshima, a man of Kurita District in Ōmi Province, was granted a change to Okitō-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Mikawai clan. Bearing the surname Kimi. (Note: following the Kojiki.)

¶The Iga Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Takeigatsuwake-no-Mikoto, a third-generation descendant of Ochiwake (Note: ○ the first character of "Ochi" is also written with other characters, and "O" in turn is also written with another character), became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi.)

¶The Kasugayama clan, the Kasukabe clan, the Koshi-no-Ike clan and the Ishida clan are all descendants of Ikatarashihiko-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Suinin.

¶The Kasugayama clan. Bearing the surname Kimi. (Note: following the Kojiki.) There is also the Yama clan, bearing the surname Kimi and registered in Izumi. There is also the Yamamori clan, registered in Settsu. All are of the same origin. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Yamamori-no-Muraji Itoshi, a man of Kume District in Hōki Province. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji.)

¶The Kasukabe clan. Bearing the surname Kimi. The Koshi-no-Ike clan and the Ishida clan also both bear the surname Kimi. (Note: following the Kojiki. For Ishida-no-Kimi, the Nihon Shoki is followed.)

¶The Hakui clan, the Mio clan and the Kaga Kuni-no-Miyatsuko are all descendants of Iwatsukuwake-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Suinin.

¶The Hakui clan. There are houses bearing the surname Kimi, registered in the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) There were also Kuni-no-Miyatsuko: Prince Ishikiwake, son of Iwatsukuwake (Note: ○ Iwatsukuwake is written Iwatsukiwake in this book), became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Yūryaku. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi. ○ From the death of Emperor Suinin to Emperor Yūryaku is more than three hundred and eighty years, and Ishikiwake was probably not a son of Iwatsukuwake. There is probably an error in this book.) In the reign of Emperor Junna, Hakui-no-Kimi Yoshitari was awarded Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.)

¶The Mio clan. Bearing the surname Kimi. (Note: following the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Keitai there were Mio-no-Kimi Kataehi and Mio-no-Tsunoori-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Mio-no-Kimi Makuma, a man of Kuse District in Yamashiro Province. (Note: following the Tōdaiji Nuhi Sekichō.)

¶The Kaga Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Ōeshiko-no-Kimi, a fourth-generation descendant of Iwatsukuwake, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Yūryaku. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi.)

¶The Asobi clan. Bearing the surname Kimi. They are descendants of Prince Tsuburame, a son of Emperor Suinin. (Note: ○ This book makes Tsuburame an illegitimate son of Emperor Suinin. Probably because his mother's rank was low, he is not recorded in the Kojiki, the Nihon Shoki or the Kōin Jōunroku.) Tsuburame took as wife a daughter of the Hijikiwake clan of Iga. The Hijikiwake were a house who took charge, generation after generation, of the matters of the sovereign's mourning palace (mogari-no-miya). At the funeral of Emperor Keikō, the kin almost all died out, and there was no one to attend. Emperor Seimu then summoned Tsuburame's wife and commanded her, and the wife petitioned to be allowed to serve in her husband's place. When the matter was finished, by imperial command her corvée was remitted so that she would not serve for the rest of her life, and the house was called Asobi-no-Kimi. Their descendants lived for generations in Takechi District in Yamato Province. (Note: following the Ryō no Shūge.)

¶The Mugi clan, the Mori clan, the Are clan, the Ikeda clan, the Ōta clan and the Shimada clan are all descendants of Ōusu-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Keikō.

¶The Mugi clan. (Note: ○ also written Mige, Mugetsu, and Migetsu.) Bearing the surname Kimi, registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ The Kuji Hongi makes Prince Ototowake, a son of Emperor Keikō, the ancestor of the Mugetsu-no-Kimi. This does not agree with this book.) In the reign of Emperor Yūryaku there was Mige-no-Kimi Masurao. In the reign of Emperor Temmu there was Mige-no-Kimi Hiro. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. ○ The Shoku Nihongi writes Mugetsu-no-Kimi Hiro, and this is the same person.) In the reign of Emperor Mommu there was Teniji-me, a woman of the Mugi-no-Kimi kin and a native of Motosu District in Mino Province. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji.) In the reign of Empress Kōken there was Mugi-no-Miyatsuko Miyaro, a man of Mugi District, Ika Village in Mino Province (Note: following the Tōdaiji Nuhi Sekichō), who was probably of the same kin. In the reign of Emperor Kōnin there was Mugitsu-no-Kimi Mayori (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi), and there were also Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Between the reigns of Emperors Ōjin and Nintoku there was Mugitsu Kuni-no-Miyatsuko Ijimura-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Jōgūki as cited in the Shaku Nihongi.) Under the Engi regulations, the Mugitsu-no-Obito clan took charge of the rites of the Well (Mii). (Note: following the Engishiki.) Houses bearing the surname Obito were probably also of the same kin. (Note: ○ The Shūgaishō has Mugei-no-Sukune. It is thought also to be of the same origin.)

¶The Mori clan. Bearing the surname Kimi, registered in the Left Capital and in Kawachi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Empress Saimei there was Mori-no-Kimi Ōishi. In the reign of Empress Jitō there was Mori-no-Kimi Karita, Tsuidai-ni (Second Rank of the Commemorative Order). (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Mori-no-Kimi Oyume, a woman of Atago District in Yamashiro Province. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji. ○ The Shūgaishō has Mori-no-Sukune, but it is not known to which kin. It is added here.)

¶The Are clan. Bearing the surname Obito, registered in Kawachi.

¶The Ikeda clan. Bearing the surname Obito, registered in Izumi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Ōta clan. Bearing the surname Kimi. (Note: following the Kojiki.) There are also houses bearing the surname Sukune, registered in Kawachi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ "Ta" is also written with another character.)

¶The Shimada clan. Bearing the surname Kimi. There are also the surnames Mino-no-Unesu-wake, of the same origin. (Note: following the Kojiki.)

¶The Inukami clan, the Takeru-be clan, the Nagatō clan, the Aya clan, the Wake clan, the Agatanushi clan and the Miyaji clan are all descendants of Yamato Takeru-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Keikō.

¶The Inukami clan. There are houses bearing the surname Ason and houses bearing the surname Kimi. The houses with the surname Ason were registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. For the surname Kimi, the Nihon Shoki is followed.) They came from Prince Inayori-wake, the eldest son of Yamato Takeru-no-Mikoto. In the reign of Empress Saimei there was Inukami-no-Kimi Shiramaro. In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu, the Inukami-no-Kimi were granted Ason. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) Between the reigns of Emperors Shōmu and Kōken there was Inukami-no-Ason Mahito, a man of the Left Capital. (Note: following the old documents of Tōdaiji.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Inukami-no-Ason Mochinari, who was awarded Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Kōkō there was Inukami-no-Harukichi, Provisional Junior Secretary of the Ōmi Kebiishi and former Senior District Governor of Inukami District. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Takeru-be clan. (Note: ○ "Take" is also written with another character.) There are houses bearing the surname Ason and houses bearing the surname Kimi. The houses with the surname Kimi were registered in the Right Capital and came from the line of Inayori-wake. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. For Ason, the Nihon Shoki is followed.) At the accession of Emperor Kōtoku, Inukami-Takerube-no-Kimi stood to the left of the platform bearing a golden quiver. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Takerube-no-Kimi Igamaro, Senior Captain of the Shiga Corps in Ōmi, was granted Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Saga there was Takeruōbe-no-Kimi Toyomasu of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, who was probably of the same kin. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki. ○ According to the Kuji Hongi, Prince Wakatake, a son of Yamato Takeru-no-Mikoto, was the ancestor of the Ōmi Takerube-no-Kimi, and Prince Takeda was the ancestor of the Owari and Tanba Takerube-no-Kimi. Emperor Keikō probably recorded the achievements of Yamato Takeru, established Takerube in the various provinces, and made his descendants chiefs of the be. Their surname would thus not be confined to a single line, but it can no longer be examined in detail.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Takerube-no-Harunori, Right Konoe Shōgen. (Note: following the Geki Nikki.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Reizei there was Takerube-no-Sukune Hisatake, Senior Clerk of Settsu (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō), who probably was granted a change to Sukune in later ages. The branch of the Takerube clan that lived in Ōsumi is called the Nejime clan. In the reign of Emperor Konoe there was Takerube-no-Sukune Chikasuke, a man of the province, who was their ancestor. (Note: following the Nejime documents and the Shimazu documents. ○ The Nejime genealogy says they were descendants of Taira-no-Shigemori, but this is probably a mistake.) In the Mongol invasion of the Kōan era, Nejime Kiyochika struck the enemy and distinguished himself. (Note: following the Shimazu documents.)

¶The Nagatō clan. They came from the Takerube-no-Kimi. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Takerube-no-Kimi Otomasu of Senior Seventh Rank Upper, a man of Akita District in Higo Province, was granted the surname Nagatō-no-Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Yōzei, Nagatō-no-Ason Kawamune, a man of Shikinoshimo District in Yamato Province, transferred his registry to the Left Capital. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Nagatō-no-Tadaomi, Junior Registrar of the Ministry of Ceremonial. (Note: following the Geki Nikki and the Ruijū Fusenshō.)

¶The Aya clan. There are houses bearing the surname Ason and houses bearing the surname Kimi. They came from the line of Prince Takegai, a son of Yamato Takeru-no-Mikoto. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. ○ This book also writes "gai" as "ko," which is a mistake. In the text below it is also written "ran" (egg). "Ran" and "gai" have the same reading, and the Kojiki writes it with the two characters for "shell-child," which is also the same thing.) Takegai begot Nimima-no-Mikoto, Nimima begot Naki-nima-no-Mikoto, Naki-nima begot Prince Kamado, and Kamado begot Tafuri-ōwake-no-Mikoto, who was first appointed Aya Senior District Governor. (Note: following the Aya genealogy. ○ The description "Senior District Governor" is doubtful, but genealogies often contain such things. The old text is followed.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu, the Aya-no-Kimi were granted Ason. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Aya-no-Kimi Sugamaro of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, a man of Ano District in Sanuki Province, petitioned: "In the year Kanoe-Uma, my ancestors had not yet been granted a surname. It was not until the year Tsuchinoto-I that they were first granted Ason. For this reason, in all three household registers after Wadō, it is annotated as Ason. Only on the day the register was compiled in the fifth year of Yōrō, the Kōgo-nen register of the distant past was re-examined and the entry of Ason was struck out. For the kin there is no greater grief than this. I humbly ask that, on the basis of the three registers and the rank certificates, Ason be granted to all." This was permitted. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Aya-no-Kimi Mototsugu, Kashiwade-no-Shō (Cook, Imperial Table Office) of Ano District, and Aya-no-Kimi Takenushi, Junior Clerk of the Bureau of Taxation, and others moved to the Left Capital and registered there. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Toba there was Aya-no-Sadahisa, a man of Sanuki, who served at the sumai (wrestling) festival. (Note: following the Chūyūki.) Sadahisa's kinsman Sadanobu, in the reign of Emperor Sutoku, married his daughter to Ienari, Governor of Sanuki, and their son Akitaka was born, but Akitaka took the name of the Aya clan, and from then on the bloodline was Fujiwara. The clans of Hatoko, Hirao, Arai, Kōzai and others are all descendants of Akitaka. (Note: following the Aya genealogy. That it was the reign of Emperor Sutoku is from the Kugyō Bunin.) The Kōzai clan later served the Hosokawa clan. (Note: following the Nobutane Ki and the Funaoka Ki.)

¶The Wake clan. There are houses bearing the surname Kimi and houses bearing the surname Sukune. The houses with the surname Kimi were registered in Izumi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. For Sukune, the Shoku Nihon Kōki is followed.) In the reign of Emperor Mommu, Wake-no-Sakamoto of Junior Seventh Rank Lower was granted the surname Kimi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Agatanushi-no-Masuo and Fumisada, men of Izumi, were granted Wake-no-Sukune and registered in the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. ○ As for the surname Sukune, this book does not state its origin. But the Agatanushi house that came from Yamato Takeru is indeed registered in Izumi Province, and Masuo and the others were also men of Izumi, so it is clear they are of the same kin. It is therefore recorded here. Also, according to the Nihon Kōki, in the reign of Emperor Saga, Wake-no-Kimi Kiyona of Senior Seventh Rank Upper, a man of Settsu, was granted the surname Mibayashi-no-Sukune. He too may be of the same kin. Added pending later examination.)

¶The Agatanushi clan. Registered in Izumi, and sharing an ancestor with the Inukami-no-Ason. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor En'yū there was Agatanushi-no-Obito Chikamori, Dazaifu Cook Master (Shuchū). In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Agatanushi-no-Obito Tomishige, Junior Clerk of Mino (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō), who was probably also of the same kin. (Note: ○ The Shūgaishō has Agatanushi-no-Sukune. It too may be of the same kin.)

¶The Miyaji clan. Bearing the surname Kimi, they came from Prince Wakatake, a son of Yamato Takeru. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi.) There is also the surname Ason. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Miyaji-no-Sukune Kibimaro and others were granted Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. ○ This clan also has the surname Sukune, but it is not seen elsewhere.) In the reign of Emperor Kōkō there was Miyaji-no-Ason Iyamasu (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku), who became Senior District Governor of Uji District in Yamashiro Province. His daughter married the Naidaijin Fujiwara-no-Takafuji and bore an Empress of Emperor Uda, becoming the maternal grandmother of Emperor Daigo. Iyamasu rose in turn to Head of the Repair Office, and it was only then that the Miyaji clan first became famous. (Note: following the Konjaku Monogatari.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Reizei there was Miyaji-no-Yukimoto of Junior Fifth Rank Lower. In the reign of Emperor Konoe there was Miyaji-no-Ason Shigekiyo, a uchi-toneri. (Note: following the Geki Nikki.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Murakami there was Miyaji-no-Ason Kyōko of the Naikyōbō, who served the Retired Emperor Gokōgon. (Note: following the Enta Ryaku.) A later descendant of the Miyaji clan is the Ninagawa clan. (Note: following the Ninagawa genealogy. ○ The genealogy makes them descendants of Mononobe-no-Moriya, but this is probably a mistake. The Ninagawa clan used the character "shiki" in their names generation after generation. According to the Heikōki, in the third year of Kangen there was Miyaji-no-Noritaka, Junior Lieutenant of the Left Gate Guards. He was probably the ancestor of the Ninagawa clan. There was an origin in their using the character "shiki" as well.) Besides these, among the descendants of Yamato Takeru there are the clans of Iyo-wake-no-Kimi, Otsu-no-Kimi, Kita-no-Kimi (Note: ○ the Kojiki has Isarita-wake; "isari" is probably a mistake for "kita"), Hata-no-Omi, Kamakura-wake, Awa-no-Kimi, Toō-wake, Masa-no-Obito, Ishishiro-wake and others. (Note: the Kojiki and the Kuji Hongi were consulted. ○ The Kojiki also has the Miyatsuko-wake, but the Kuji Hongi does not list it and lists Miyaji-no-Kimi instead. By this, Kanshu is probably a mistake for Miyaji. Also, although the Kuji Hongi already lists the Sanuki Aya-no-Kimi, there is also a Sanuki-no-Kimi, which the Kojiki does not list. There is also the Mikawa Mitsukai-no-Muraji, but the same surname is found among the descendants of Ikishiirihiko below. It is doubtful. None is adopted here.)

¶The Mitsukai clan, the Mitachi clan and the Takashino clan are all descendants of Ikishiirihiko-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Keikō.

¶The Mitsukai clan. There are houses bearing the surname Ason and houses bearing the surname Muraji, registered in the Left Capital. In the reign of Emperor Ōjin, Ōmibu and others, miscellaneous servants of the Mimuro, fled and did not serve. The Emperor sent envoys to search for them, but they never obeyed the command. Ikishiirihiko received an edict, pursued them and reached Mikawa (Note: ○ This book has Kiirihiko; since the readings are close, they are probably the same person. Here Ikishiirihiko is fixed following the Kuji Hongi), seized them, and returned and reported. The Emperor praised him and granted the surname Mitsukai-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Mitsukai-no-Muraji Kiyotari, Kiyonari and Tako of Senior Seventh Rank Upper, men of the Left Capital, were granted Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Mitachi clan. Bearing the surname Fuhito, registered in the Right Capital. A descendant of Ikishiirihiko lived in Mitachi Village in Aomi District in Mikawa Province. In the reign of Empress Jitō they were accordingly granted the surname Mitachi-no-Fuhito. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Mitachi-no-Sukune Koremune, Right Senior Clerk. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō and the Hokuzanshō.) He probably was granted a change to Sukune in later ages. (Note: ○ According to the Shoku Nihongi, in the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Go-no-Shukuko-mei of Junior Fifth Rank Lower was granted the surname Mitachi-no-Muraji, but this is a different kin. It is not known which kin the house that was later granted Sukune actually belonged to. But as Mitachi-no-Muraji is not seen elsewhere, it is added here.)

¶The Takashino clan. Bearing the surname Muraji, registered in the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Ekino-no-Obito Hironami, Senior Clerk of the Left, was granted the surname Takashino-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Takashino-no-Kiyokage. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.)

¶The Sanuki clan and the Sakabe clan are both descendants of Kamukushiwake-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Keikō.

¶The Sanuki clan. There are houses bearing the surname Ason and houses bearing the surname Kimi. The houses with the surname Kimi were registered in the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. For Ason, the Shoku Nihon Kōki is followed. ○ Concerning this clan, one text of the Shinsen Shōjiroku makes them descendants of Ikatarashihiko-no-Mikoto. The commentary of the Imperial Princes' Biographies follows this and makes Ikatarashihiko another name of Kamukushiwake. But on examination, Ikatarashihiko is none other than Ikatarashihiko ("Ikahi-tarashihiko"), who was in fact a son of Emperor Suinin and the ancestor of the Yama-no-Kimi and others, as already seen above. The account of that text is probably mistaken.) They were originally called Ōshi-no-Atai. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ "Ōshi" is also written with another character.) There were also Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Sumehore-no-Mikoto, a third-generation descendant of Kamukushiwake, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Ōjin. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Ōshi-no-Atai Kamatari of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, a man of Uwa District in Iyo Province. In the reign of Empress Shōtoku there were Ōshi-no-Atai Igamaro of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Upper, Junior District Governor of Aki District in Tosa Province, and Ōshi-no-Atai Inazumi of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, a man of Uma District in Iyo Province. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Ōshi-no-Atai Chitsugu of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, a man of Samukawa District in Sanuki Province, petitioned: "My ancestor Hoshi-no-Atai took up the work of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Bidatsu and governed the lands under his charge. He took his clan name from his office and was granted the surname Sanuki-no-Atai. (Note: ○ Sanuki and Sanuki (written with other characters), and Ōshi and Ōshi, have readings that interchange.) But in the Kōgo-nen register it was changed and annotated as Ōshi-no-Atai. For this reason the descendants of Hoshi-no-Atai are called by some Sanuki-no-Atai and by others Ōshi-no-Atai. Now that the grace of the sacred court extends to all kinds and in this bright reign, I wish that even the overturned basin might be lit by the light. I humbly ask that, in view of the origin of my ancestors' work, the surname Sanuki be restored to me." By imperial command Chitsugu and others were then granted the surname Sanuki-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Sanuki-no-Kimi Nagamasa, Chief Judge, and his kin Nagashige, Right Junior Clerk, and others were granted Ason. Nagamasa was originally a man of Samukawa District, and together with Masao, a man of Yamada District of the same kin, changed his registry to the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Kōkō, Ōshi-no-Atai Harumune, Right Junior Clerk and a man of Ōuchi District in Sanuki Province, and others transferred their registry to the Right Capital. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Among the descendants of the Sanuki-no-Kimi there are the clans of Ueda, Kōnouchi, Sogō and others (Note: following the Sanshū Fushi), and the Wake clan is also a branch of the Sanuki clan. In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Sanuki-no-Ason Takasaku of Junior Fifth Rank Upper, a man of the Right Capital, his kin Tokio, Right Senior Clerk, Tokihito, Junior Secretary of the Right Gate Guards, and others were granted the surname Wake-no-Ason. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) There is also the Awa Ashikui-wake, who came from the line of Prince Washizumi, a descendant of Kamukushiwake. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. ○ According to this book and the Shinsen Shōjiroku, there is no doubt that Washizumi was a descendant of Kamukushiwake. But the order of the generations cannot now be examined.)

¶The Sakabe clan. Bearing the surname Kimi, registered in the Right Capital and in Izumi. They came from the line of Prince Ashihiko-ōe, a third-generation descendant of Kamukushiwake. A descendant of Ōe was called Maro, and in the reign of Emperor Nintoku the Korean brothers Soisohori (elder) and Soisohori (younger) came to Japan. (Note: ○ In various books Soisohori is also written Susukori and Susokori.) The two excelled at brewing sake, and by imperial command were made to brew the sacred sake, and for this Maro was granted the title Sakamitsuko (Sake-Overseer). (Note: ○ "Ro" is also written with another character.) In the end Sakamitsuro became their clan name. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ This book seems to have omissions or errors; it probably means that Maro led Soisohori and the others in serving the brewing of sake, was therefore called Sakamitsuko, and was later granted the surname Sakabe-no-Kimi. But as the sense is hard to follow, only its general drift is taken here for now.) In the reign of Emperor Montoku there was Sakabe-no-Kimi Mikazu of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor En'yū there was Sakabe-no-Kimi Toshinaga, Provisional Senior Clerk of Mimasaka. (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.)

¶The Harima clan and the Saeki clan are both descendants of Inasehiko-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Keikō.

¶The Harima clan. There are houses bearing the surname Sukune (Note: following the Gonki and the Chōya Gunsai), and there were also Kuni-no-Miyatsuko (Note: following the Kuji Hongi), and there are also houses bearing the surname Atai. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) Inasehiko's son Mimorowake-no-Mikoto was granted a division of the land of Harima in the reign of Emperor Seimu and was called Harima-wake. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) His son Aratsu-no-Mikoto was established as Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku and the Kuji Hongi.) In the reign of Emperor Nintoku there was the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko Hayamachi. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there were Harima-no-Atai Otoe and Otoyasu (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi), and their descendants flourished long and did not decline. In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Harima-no-Tōki, Left Konoe Shōsō (Third-Rank Officer of the Left Palace Guards). (Note: following the Geki Nikki.) In the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Harima-no-Sukune Yukisada, Assistant of the Bureau of Taxation. (Note: following the Chōya Gunsai.) In the reign of Emperor En'yū there was Harima-no-Sukune Toshiaki, Junior Clerk of Harima (Note: following the Jimoku Mōshibumishō; for the surname Sukune, the Gonki is followed), who was appointed Sōkan (Chief Administrator) of the Takino Estate in Harima. In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Harima-no-Toshiyuki, who was also appointed Sōkan. (Note: following the Gonki.) In the reign of Emperor Sanjō there was Harima-no-Yasunobu, Right Konoe Shōgen. (Note: following the Shōyūki.) In the reign of Emperor Horikawa there was Harima-no-Sukune Mitsuchika, Governor of Hyūga (Note: following the Usa Ōkagami), and their kin were appointed Senior Clerk of Harima and Chief Inspector, and some became officers of the Guards, continuing without interruption. (Note: following the Chōya Gunsai and the Chūyūki.) There were also houses bearing the surname Miyatsuko: in the Eikan and Chōtoku eras there were Harima-no-Miyatsuko Toyofusa, Provisional Clerk of Aki, and Harima-no-Miyatsuko Nobuyuki, Junior Clerk of Harima (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō), who were probably of the same origin. (Note: ○ The Shūgaishō has Harima-no-Ason. It too is probably of the same kin.)

¶The Saeki clan. Bearing the surname Atai, registered in the Right Capital and in Kawachi. They were originally called Harima-wake-Saeki-no-Atai. When Emperor Ōjin made a progress to Harima, Aratsu accompanied him, searched out the headwaters in Kanzaki District, and obtained the Saekibe, remnants of the Emishi taken captive by Yamato Takeru. The Emperor then commanded Aratsu to govern them and granted the surname Harima-wake-Saeki-no-Atai. By the time of the Kōgo-nen register, "Harima-wake" was removed and they were called simply Saeki-no-Atai. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Saeki-no-Atai Morinari and others, men of Ibo District in Harima Province, were granted Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) At about the same time there was Saeki-no-Atai Nakame, an uneme of Numata District in Aki Province. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) Among the kin of the Ōtomo-no-Muraji there is also a Saeki-no-Sukune, but it is a different line. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Saeki-no-Atai Yakemori and others, men of Ibo District, changed their registry to the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Yōzei, Saeki-no-Atai Koretsugu, a man of Inami District in Harima Province (Note: ○ "Tsugu" is also written with another character), moved his registry to Kadono District in Yamashiro Province. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) There is also the Saeki-Numata-no-Muraji, probably of the same stock. In the Enryaku era, Saekibe-no-Mikuni of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, a man of the Right Capital, and others were granted the surname Saeki-Numata-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ According to the Nihon Shoki, in the reign of Emperor Nintoku the Saekibe of Ina Agata were moved to Nuta in Aki. By this, the Numata-no-Muraji were probably those who governed that be.) Among the kin of the Saeki clan there is a house that served generation after generation as chief priests of Itsukushima. (Note: following the Genpei Jōsuiki.)

¶The Mimura-wake clan and the Mizuma clan are both descendants of Takekunikoriwake-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Keikō.

¶The Iyo Mimura-wake clan. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) One branch is called Wake-no-Kimi (Note: following the Miidera text of the Wake genealogy), and there is also the surname Wake-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. ○ "Wake-no-Kimi" and "Wake-no-Kimi" differ in characters but have the same reading and should not originally be separated, but as this kin really had two lines, they are set side by side here.) Takekunikoriwake had two sons, called Mizuwake-no-Mikoto and Tsumori-wake-no-Mikoto. Mizuwake's fifth-generation descendants were called Yamatoko-wake-no-Kimi and Kafuko-wake-no-Kimi. Yamatoko begot Miyatego-wake-no-Kimi of Junior Upper Rank, and Miyatego begot Take-roku-wake-no-Kimi, all of whom became hyōzō (district heads). Kafuko's son, Okowake-no-Kimi of Junior Lower Rank, was likewise appointed hyōzō. (Note: ○ Hyōzō is the same as district governor, but this book does not say which district.) Oshio-wake-no-Kimi, a sixth-generation descendant of Tsumori-wake, moved to Sanuki, took as wife a daughter of the Inki-no-Obito clan, and begot the sons Oshiha and Yorozu. The two eventually took their mother's surname and lowered themselves to become commoners (henko no tami). Mi, great-grandson of Oshiha, was awarded the Junior Upper Rank in the reign of Emperor Kōtoku and appointed secretary, and his descendants lived on in succession in Sanuki-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Miidera text of the Wake genealogy.) By the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Inki-no-Obito Akinushi, a man of Naka District, his kin Michimaro and Yakenushi, and Sumio and Kunimasu of Tado District and others were all granted a change to the surname Wake-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Michimaro's grandson Hironari became a monk, and he is the Zasu (Abbot) Enchin. (Note: following the Miidera text of the Wake genealogy.)

¶The Tsukushi Mizuma clan. Bearing the surname Kimi. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi.) In the reign of Emperor Yūryaku there was Tsukushi-no-Mizuma-no-Kimi, but his name is lacking in the histories. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Mizuma-no-Sukune Arisumi, Senior Registrar of the Ministry of Ceremonial (Note: following the Geki Nikki; for the surname Sukune, the Ruijū Fusenshō is followed), who was perhaps also of the same kin. (Note: ○ According to the Kuji Hongi, among the descendants of Prince Kuniseki-wake, a son of Emperor Keikō, there is also a Mizuma-no-Kimi, and among the descendants of Toyotowake there is also a Mizuma-no-Kimi, and among the descendants of Ajiko-no-Muraji, a fourteenth-generation descendant of Nigihayahi, there is also the Mishima-Mizuma-no-Kimi. The name Mizuma-no-Kimi appears many times and is doubtful, so it is added pending later examination.)

¶The Amu clan and the Ōchi clan both bear the surname Kimi, and are descendants of Prince Hyūga-no-Sotsuhiko, a son of Emperor Keikō. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. For Ōchi-no-Kimi, the Kuji Hongi is followed.) In the reign of Emperor Saga, Taisen, a monk of Daianji, had skilled arts, and by imperial command was returned to lay life, restored to his original surname of Amu-no-Kimi, given the name Hitotari, and awarded Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Montoku there was Amu-no-Kimi Kadotsugu of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.)

¶The Mizunuma-wake and the Iyo Uwa-wake are both descendants of Kuninchiwake-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Keikō. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. For the Iyo Uwa-wake, the Kuji Hongi is followed.)

¶The Ōta-wake clan. They are descendants of Toyotoiri-hiko-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Keikō.

¶The Mikawa Hasebe clan. Bearing the surname Atai, they are descendants of Isakiirihiko-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Keikō. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi.)

¶The Hi-no-Kuni-wake clan, also called the Tsukushi Hi-wake-no-Kimi. The Ōchi clan, the Wakako clan and the Awa clan all bear the surname Obito, and are all descendants of Toyotowake-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Keikō. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. From "Ōchi" onward, the Kuji Hongi is followed.)

¶The Hyūga Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Oo, a third-generation descendant of Toyokunowake-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Keikō, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Ōjin. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi.) At about the same time there was Hyūga-no-Morokata-no-Kimi Ushimoroi. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) The Morokata-no-Kimi were also of the same kin. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi. ○ According to the Nihon Shoki, when Emperor Keikō made a progress to Tsukushi, Morokata-no-Kimi Izumi-hime met him and presented food; she was probably of a different kin.)

¶The Iyo Mikiwake and the Soemitsue-no-Kimi (Note: ○ "Soe" is also written with another character) are both descendants of Takekuniwake-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Keikō. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. ○ Among the descendants of Takekunikoriwake in the preceding text there is the Iyo Mimura-wake. "Mura" is probably a mistake for "ki," and "ki" is read "ki," the same as "ki" (castle), so it may be the same surname as this. For now the doubt is kept, awaiting later examination.)

¶The Mekai-be clan. (Note: ○ also written Jisake-be, but which is correct is not known.) Bearing the surname Kimi, they are descendants of Amenotarashine-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Keikō.

¶The Sanuki clan bears the surname Atai. The Ikawa-wake clan. Both are descendants of Ikawahiko-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Keikō.

¶The Mitsue clan. Bearing the surname Kimi, they are descendants of Ōinase-wake-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Keikō. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi.)

¶The Mamuta clan. Bearing the surname Katsu, registered in Yamashiro. They are descendants of Okinagahikohito-no-Ōe Mizuki-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Keikō. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ The Kuji Hongi writes "naga" as "saki.") Among the Foreign branches there is also a Mamuta-no-Katsu, descended from Sun Hao, lord of Wu.

¶The Mikawa Ōtomobe clan. Bearing the surname Atai, they are descendants of Yamato-no-Sukune-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Keikō. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi.) In the reign of Emperor Kōtoku there was Mikawa-no-Ōtomo-no-Atai. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. ○ His name is lacking.)

¶The Hashihito clan, the Isobe clan and the Soginobe clan are all descendants of Homuyawake-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Chūai.

¶The Hashihito clan. There are houses bearing the surname Sukune, registered in the Left Capital, and houses bearing the surname Miyatsuko, registered in Yamashiro. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Empress Kōken there was Hashihito-no-Miyatsuko Azumabito, a man of Otokuni District in Yamashiro Province. (Note: following the Tōdaiji Nuhi Sekichō.) Among the descendants of the Divine branch's Kamimusubi-no-Mikoto there is also a Hashihito-no-Sukune. (Note: ○ According to the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji, in the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Hashihito-no-Omi Oma, a man of Izumo. According to the Shoku Nihongi, in the reign of Empress Shōtoku there was Hashihito-no-Atai Tarihito. It is not known to which kin they belong.)

¶The Isobe clan. Bearing the surname Omi, registered in Kawachi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kazan there was Isobe-no-Omi Yasushige of Junior Eighth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.)

¶The Soginobe clan. Bearing the surname Obito, registered in Kawachi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Ichijō there was Sogabe-no-Yukimitsu, Provisional Assistant Governor of Tosa. (Note: following the Shōyūki. ○ Sogi and Soga have close native pronunciations.) In the reign of Emperor Horikawa there was Sogabe-no-Sukune Sukemochi, Junior Clerk of Sanuki. (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.) All are probably of this kin.

¶The Fuse clan. Bearing the surname Kimi, registered in Yamashiro. They are descendants of Oshiwaka-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Chūai. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Niwamushi-me, a woman of the Fuse-no-Kimi kin. (Note: following the old documents of Tōdaiji.) In the reign of Empress Kōken, Fuse-no-Mamushi was granted the surname Kimi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ According to the Kojiki, among the descendants of Wakanoke-futamata-no-Ō, a son of Emperor Ōjin, there is also a Fuse-no-Kimi. It appears twice and is doubtful, but for now the doubt is held in reserve.)