Treatise 25: Clans II

¶The Abe clan (Abe-shi), Fuse clan (Fuse-shi), Kosobe clan (Kosobe-shi), Aika clan (Aika-shi), Uda clan (Uda-shi), Matsubara clan (Matsubara-shi), Sakaibe clan (Sakaibe-shi), Sasakiyama clan (Sasakiyama-shi), Hasetsukabe clan (Hasetsukabe-shi), Nabari clan (Nabari-shi), Kukuchi clan (Kukuchi-shi), Takeda clan (Takeda-shi), Kiyomine clan (Kiyomine-shi), Nasu clan (Nasu-shi), Ahe clan (Ahe-shi), Shishihito clan (Shishihito-shi), Kusaka clan (Kusaka-shi), Naniwa clan (Naniwa-shi), Kishi clan (Kishi-shi), Ōbe clan (Ōbe-shi), Miyake clan (Miyake-shi), Kashiwade clan (Kashiwade-shi), Takahashi clan (Takahashi-shi), Wakasakurabe clan (Wakasakurabe-shi), Osada clan (Osada-shi), Iga clan (Iga-shi), Michi clan (Michi-shi), Otodabe clan (Otodabe-shi), the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of Wakasa, the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of Koshi, the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of Fukae, and the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of Tsukushi were all descendants of Ōhiko-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Kōgen.

¶The Abe clan (Abe-shi). (Note: also written with other characters, "Anbe" or "Abe.") It bore the kabane of Ason (following the Shōjiroku), and there were also branches bearing the kabane of Sukune. In addition there were the Hikeda-no-Ason, the Osada-no-Ason (Note: other books write this with a different character for "Ike," which is probably an error; "Osada" and "Nagata" are read alike, and some members of this family were called simply "Osada," so the reading is corrected here), the Odono-no-Ason, the Shii-no-Muraji, the Michinoku-no-Omi, the Asaka-no-Omi, the Shinobu-no-Omi, the Shibata-no-Omi, the Aizu-no-Omi, the Sashima-no-Omi, and the Iwaki-no-Omi, all of whom prefixed "Abe" to their names (following the Shoku Nihongi; the Shii-no-Muraji following the Shōjiroku, the Iwaki-no-Omi following the Shoku Nihon Kōki). The Ason and the Shii-no-Muraji both had their registered domicile in the Left Capital (following the Shōjiroku). In the reign of Emperor Sujin, Ōhiko-no-Mikoto, together with his son Takenunakawawake (Note: the Kuji Hongi writes his name with different characters), received an imperial command to pacify the Hokuriku and the Tōkai, and his meritorious service was conspicuous. Among his descendants the Abe clan flourished most. In the reign of Empress Saimei, Abe-no-Hikeda-no-Omi Hirafu, the governor of Koshi Province, repeatedly campaigned against the Emishi and the Mishihase and won merit, and as a result his kin spread further toward the northeast (following the Nihon Shoki and the Kojiki, with the Shoku Nihongi also consulted). In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the kabane of Ason was granted to the Abe-no-Omi (following the Nihon Shoki). In the reign of Emperor Monmu, Hikeda-no-Ason Sukunamaro, a son of Hirafu, was newly granted the name Abe-no-Ason. In the reign of Empress Genmei, Koma-no-Ason Akimaro, of the Junior Fifth Rank Lower, petitioned: "My original surname was Abe. My grandfather Hitoko was sent as an envoy to Koryŏ in the reign at Iware-no-Ikebe (Emperor Yōmei), and for that reason became the Koma clan. I wish to return to my original surname." The petition was granted. Sukunamaro also petitioned: "Hikeda-no-Ason Nihe, of the Junior Fifth Rank Upper; of the same surname, Azumahito, of the Senior Seventh Rank Lower, and Funahito, of the Junior Seventh Rank Upper; Kuno-no-Ason Mitasuki, of the Junior Seventh Rank Lower; Nagata-no-Ason Ōmaro, of the Lesser Initial Rank Lower; and of the same surname Take, who holds no rank — the original surname of all these was Abe, and they are of the same kin as myself. It was only because of their places of residence that they came to bear different clan names. In reason this is truly regrettable. I have received special imperial favor and have already returned to my original surname, but these persons have not yet shared in that benevolence. I beg that they all be made to revert to the original surname together." This too was granted. In the reign of Empress Genshō, Sukunamaro petitioned once more: "Osada-no-Omi Maro, of the Senior Seventh Rank Upper, is originally of the same kin and is in fact not of a different surname. I request that he be granted the name Abe-Osada-no-Ason." This was granted. In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Hata-no-Hito Jōsoku, a man of Iyo of the Junior Seventh Rank Upper, petitioned: "My ancestor Abe-no-Odono-no-Okama went as an envoy to Iyo in the reign at Naniwa-no-Nagara (Emperor Kōtoku), took a daughter of the Hata-no-Obito clan to wife and fathered Iyomaro, and thereafter, as it happened, he came to bear his mother's clan name. I wish to return to the original surname." By imperial order the name Abe-no-Odono-no-Ason was therefore granted to Jōsoku and his kin (following the Shoku Nihongi). In the reign of Emperor Heizei, Abe-no-Odono-no-Ason Manao, a man of the Left Capital of the Senior Seventh Rank Upper, and his kin were newly granted the name Abe-no-Ason. In the reign of Emperor Saga, Abe-no-Nagata-no-Ason Fushimaro, a man of the Left Capital of the Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and of the same surname Takatsugu, of the Junior Seventh Rank Upper, and their kin were granted the name Abe-no-Ason; and Abe-no-Odono-no-Ason Ōie, a man of the Right Capital of the Junior Seventh Rank Upper, was likewise granted Abe-no-Ason (following the Nihon Kōki). As for the Sukune branch, its line of descent is not clear, but it was probably of the same kin. A branch of it was the Misuke clan. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō there was Abe-no-Sukune Mao, a man of the Left Capital of the Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, who was later newly granted the name Misuke-no-Ason (following the Shoku Nihon Kōki). In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Abe-no-Sukune Tadayuki, the Senior Scribe of the Left (following the Ruijū Fusenshō). The Abe-no-Shii-no-Muraji descended from Wakugo-no-Omi, an eighth-generation descendant of Ōhiko-no-Mikoto. Nashiro, an eighth-generation descendant of Wakugo, in the reign of Emperor Temmu presented willow blossoms, calling them blossoms of the kobushi magnolia; though all the ministers declared this an error, Nashiro persisted in his memorial and would not desist, and for that reason he was granted the name Shii-no-Muraji (following the Shōjiroku. Note: the words for "persistent" and "Shii" share a connection in sound and reading). The seven surnames from Abe-no-Michinoku-no-Omi onward are all of unrecorded origin. In the reign of Empress Shōtoku the name Abe-no-Michinoku-no-Omi was granted to Hasetsukabe-no-Koōyu, of the Outer Senior Seventh Rank Upper, a man of Shirakawa District in Mutsu Province; to Kunimasu of the same surname, a man of Kami District; and to Kareno, of the Senior Sixth Rank Upper, a man of Shineha District. Abe-no-Shibata-no-Omi was granted to Hasetsukabe-no-Shimatari, of the Outer Senior Sixth Rank Upper, a man of Asaka District, and Abe-no-Aizu-no-Omi to Hasetsukabe-no-Niwatōru, of the Outer Senior Eighth Rank Lower, a man of Aizu District, and his kin (Note: according to this book, in the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was a person named Aizu-no-Sōmaro; this was probably because there were members of this family who were called simply "Aizu"). In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, the name Abe-no-Sashima-no-Omi was granted to Kusakabe-no-Kiyohito, of the Junior Eighth Rank Upper, a man of Sashima District in Shimōsa Province (following the Shoku Nihongi). In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, the name Abe-no-Iwaki-no-Omi was granted to Iwaki-no-Omi Okimi, the Tairyō (District Governor) of Iwaki District in Mutsu, of the Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and to his kin Sadamichi, Ototari, and Akio (Note: according to the Ruijū Kokushi, in the reign of Emperor Junna there was a person named Iwaki-no-Omi Fujinari, and according to the Geki Nikki, in the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was a person named Iwaki-no-Fuminobu; both are thought to belong to this family). Abe-no-Michinoku-no-Omi was granted to Nasu-no-Atai Matatatsu, Tairyō of Shirakawa District; Hasetsukabe-no-Munenari, Tairyō of Iwase District; Michinoku-no-Hasetsukabe-no-Omi Tsugishima, Acting Shōki (Assistant Commander) of the Iwaki Regiment; Hasetsukabe-no-Motonari, Provisional Shushō (Registrar); Ōtabe-no-Tsukimaro, Acting Shuchō (Clerk) of Shinobu District; Michinoku-no-Shineha-no-Omi Takao, Acting Shōryō (Assistant District Governor) of Shineha District; Michinoku-no-Omi Zenpuku, Acting Shuchō of the Iwaki Regiment; Michinoku-no-Omi Chitsugu, Shōryō of Shikama District; and Michinoku-no-Manari, Acting Taiki (Senior Commander) of Igu District (following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. Note: all the surnames from Michinoku-no-Omi onward prefix "Abe," and many of these kin came from the three clans Hasetsukabe, Kusakabe, and Nasu; since all three clans are descendants of Ōhiko-no-Mikoto, there is some ground for regarding them as of the same kin, and they are therefore listed together here). Among the descendants of the Abe-no-Ason there was a man called Seimei, who was versed in astronomy and yin-yang studies and was appointed a Hakase (Master), and his descendants held that post hereditarily through the generations (following the Sonpi Bunmyaku. Note: according to the Shōyūki, in the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Abe-no-Muraji Tamekane, of the Senior Sixth Rank Upper, but it is not known to which family the Muraji surname belonged; it is merely added here for the time being). In the reign of Emperor Go-Reizei there were Abe-no-Yoritoki and his son Sadatō, who lived in Mutsu generation after generation and were chieftains of the six districts; but because their house had grown too prosperous, they rose repeatedly in rebellion and were put to death (following the Mutsu Waki and the Andō Keizu). Sadatō's son Takaaki fled and hid at Fujisaki in Tsugaru, and later, having taken possession of that land, called himself of the Fujisaki clan (following the Fujisaki Keizu). A branch of this family was the Andō clan (following the Andō Keizu. Note: "Fuji" is also written with another character as "Tō"). Sadatō's younger brother Munetō surrendered and presented himself, was pardoned, and lived in Tsukushi (following the Mutsu Waki and the Konjaku Monogatari). Afterwards his line became the Matsura band (following the Heiankō Monogatari Tsurugi no Maki).

¶The Fuse clan (Fuse-shi). (Note: also written with other characters, "Fusei" or "Fuse.") It bore the kabane of Ason, with its registered domicile in the Left Capital (following the Shōjiroku). In the reign of Empress Jitō, Fuse-no-Ason Miushi was made Uji-no-Kami (clan head). Miushi was later called Abe-no-Ason (following the Nihon Shoki). He was also called Abe-no-Fuse-no-Omi (following the Shoku Nihongi).

¶The Kosobe clan (Kosobe-shi). (Note: also written "Kosobe" with other characters, and the character for "Ko" is also written differently.) There were those with the kabane of Ason and those with the kabane of Omi. The Ason had their registered domicile in the Left Capital (following the Shōjiroku; the Omi kabane following the Nihon Shoki). In the reign of Emperor Temmu there was Kosobe-no-Omi Ōkuchi (following the Nihon Shoki). In the reign of Emperor Monmu there was Kosobe-no-Ason Harumaro, who served as Director of the Gakushi-ji (Music Teachers' Temple Office) (following the Shoku Nihongi). In the Tenpyō era of Emperor Shōmu there were the Kosobe-no-Omi, Tairyō of Shimane District in Izumo Province, and the Kosobe-no-Iwa-no-Omi, Shōryō of the same district (Note: neither of their personal names has been transmitted). Both took part in compiling the Izumo no Kuni Fudoki (following the Izumo Fudoki). The Kosobe-no-Iwa-no-Omi was probably also of the same kin.

¶The Aika clan (Aika-shi). It bore the kabane of Omi, with its registered domicile in the Right Capital (following the Shōjiroku). In the reign of Empress Shōtoku the name Aika-no-Omi was granted to Kisaki-no-Matsunakawa, a man of the Right Capital of the Junior Sixth Rank Lower, and to Kisaki-no-Kibihito, an uchihito (inner attendant) of the Lesser Initial Rank Upper, and their kin (following the Shoku Nihongi).

¶The Uda clan (Uda-shi). It bore the kabane of Omi.

¶The Matsubara clan (Matsubara-shi). It bore the kabane of Omi.

¶The Sakaibe clan (Sakaibe-shi). (Note: also written "Sakaibe" with other characters.) There were those bearing the kabane of Muraji, with their registered domicile in Settsu, and those bearing the kabane of Obito, with their registered domicile in Yamato. In the reign of Emperor Ingyō, one among the descendants of Ōhiko-no-Mikoto set up markers and fixed the boundaries of provinces, and for that reason was granted the name Sakaibe-no-Muraji.

¶The Sasakiyama clan (Sasakiyama-shi). (Note: also written "Sasaki" with other characters.) It bore the kabane of Kimi, with its registered domicile in the Left Capital and in Settsu (following the Shōjiroku). When Emperor Yūryaku killed Prince Oshiha, Sasakiyama-no-Kimi Karafukuro of Ōmi was deeply implicated in the plot. When Emperor Kenzō ascended the throne, he ordered by edict a search for the prince's remains. A woman named Okime, a younger sister of Sasakiyama-no-Kimi Yamatofukuro, knew the place well, and thanks to her the remains could be reburied. The Emperor wished to put Karafukuro to death, but Karafukuro bowed his head to the ground and begged for pity, and by imperial order his death sentence was commuted: he was struck from the registers and assigned only to guard the prince's tomb. Yamatofukuro was spared punishment by reason of Okime's merit and was granted his original surname (following the Nihon Shoki). In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there were Sasakiyama-no-Kimi Chikahito, Tairyō of Gamō District in Ōmi Province, and of the same surname Taruhito, Tairyō of Kanzaki District (following the Shoku Nihongi). In the reign of Emperor Yōzei there was Sasakiyama-no-Kimi Koreno, who became Tairyō of Gamō District (following the Sandai Jitsuroku). In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there were Sasaki-no-Haruki, Junior Secretary of the Left Bureau of Horses (following the Geki Nikki), and Sasakiyama-no-Kimi Fusao, Gunrō (District Elder) of Gamō District (following the Tōji Monjo). In the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Sasakiyama-no-Kimi Okitsune, a Tsuibushi (Pursuit Envoy) (following the Chōya Gunsai).

¶The Hasetsukabe clan (Hasetsukabe-shi). (Note: the character "Hase" is also written differently.) It bore the kabane of Miyatsuko, with its registered domicile in the Right Capital (following the Shōjiroku). In the reign of Emperor Monmu there was Hasetsukabe-no-Miyatsuko Chishaku, a filial son of Ashigami District in Sagami Province (following the Shoku Nihongi). In the reign of Emperor Kōkō there was Ōbe-no-Miyatsuko Ujiyoshi, Assistant Governor of Tōtōmi (following the Sandai Jitsuroku). There was also a branch bearing the kabane of Atai, probably of the same kin (following the Shoku Nihongi. Note: according to this book, in the reign of Empress Shōtoku there was a man who changed his surname from Hasetsukabe-no-Atai to Abe-no-Asaka-no-Omi, probably because he was of the same kin as the Abe clan; he is therefore listed here). In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Hasetsukabe-no-Atai Hironari, an uneme (palace woman attendant) of Inba District in Shimōsa Province (following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin Monjo. Note: according to this book, in the reign of Emperor Shōmu there were Hasetsukabe-no-Omi Fukatari and Oshimaro, men of Izumo; and according to the Shoku Nihon Kōki, in the reign of Emperor Ninmyō the surname Hasetsukabe-no-Omi was granted to Inukai, a man of Nitta District in Kōzuke Province, his son Hitsuji, his younger brother Matora, and their kin. In the Shōjiroku the Hasetsukabe have two surnames, Miyatsuko and Obito, and the surname Omi does not appear. The Shūgaishō also lists a Hasetsukabe-no-Sukune. None can be determined as to which line it belongs; they are added here for reference).

¶The Nabari clan (Nabari-shi). It bore the kabane of Omi, with its registered domicile in the Left Capital (Note: the Iroha Jirui-shō lists a Nabari-no-Ason, who was probably of this family).

¶The Kukuchi clan (Kukuchi-shi). Its registered domicile was in Settsu (following the Shōjiroku). In the reign of Empress Kōken there was Kukuchi-no-Taruhito, a man of the Right Capital (following the Tōdaiji Nuhi Sekichō). He was probably of this family.

¶The Takeda clan (Takeda-shi). It bore the kabane of Omi, with its registered domicile in the Left Capital. They were descendants of Takenunakawawake (following the Shōjiroku). In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there were Takeda-no-Sukune Shigemasa, Junior Secretary of the Empress's Household (following the Jimoku Taisei-shō), and of the same surname Nobumasa, Senior Scribe of the Right; they may have been his descendants (Note: in the Divine branches of the Shōjiroku there is also a Takeda-no-Muraji among the descendants of Kamimusubi, and to which line these Sukune belonged is in fact not clear. It is recorded here for the time being, awaiting later investigation).

¶The Kiyomine clan (Kiyomine-shi). It branched from the Takeda clan. There were those with the kabane of Ason (following the Shoku Nihon Kōki) and those with the kabane of Sukune. In the reign of Emperor Saga, Takeda-no-Omi Kadotsugu, a man of the Left Capital of the Junior Eighth Rank Lower, and his kin were newly granted the name Kiyomine-no-Sukune (following the Nihon Kōki). In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Kadotsugu was further granted the kabane of Ason (following the Shoku Nihon Kōki). In the reign of Emperor Montoku, Takeda-no-Omi Tatsugu, of the Senior Sixth Rank Upper, was granted the name Kiyomine-no-Ason (following the Montoku Jitsuroku).

¶The Nasu clan (Nasu-shi). It bore the kabane of Atai (following the Shoku Nihon Kōki). There was also a line of Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Ōomi-no-Mikoto, a grandson of Takenunakawawake, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of Nasu in the reign of Emperor Keikō (following the Kuji Hongi. Note: one book writes "Nasu" as "Suwa," which is an error). In the reign of Emperor Temmu, Nasu-no-Atai Ide, a Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of the rank of Tsuidaiichi, became Kōri-no-Kami (District Overseer), and his son was named Oshimaro (following the Nasu Kuni-no-Miyatsuko Monument).

¶The Ahe clan (Ahe-shi). (Note: also written with another character, "Ae.") There were those bearing the kabane of Ason with their registered domicile in Kawachi, and those bearing the kabane of Omi with their registered domicile in the Left and Right Capitals and in Yamashiro and Kawachi; the latter were descendants of Hikosetachi-Ōinaoshi-no-Mikoto, a son of Ōhiko-no-Mikoto. There was also the surname Ahe-no-Hashihito-no-Omi, with its registered domicile in the Right Capital, descended from Hikoyanushi-Tagokoro-no-Mikoto, a son of Ōinaoshi-no-Mikoto (following the Shōjiroku. Note: the Shūgaishō contains a surname Ahe-no-Kadohito-yama-no-Kimi, which does not appear in other books; "Kado" is probably an error for "Hashi." This family may also have had a surname Hashihito-yama-no-Kimi. It is added here, awaiting later investigation). There was also the Ae-no-Isobe clan, but its line of descent is unclear (following the Shoku Nihongi and the Tōdaiji Shōsōin Monjo. Note: "Iso" is also written with a different character as "Ishi"). In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the kabane of Ason was granted to the Ahe-no-Omi (following the Nihon Shoki). In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there were Ae-no-Ishibe-no-Momomaro, a man of Hamana District in Tōtōmi Province, and Ochi of the same surname (following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin Monjo). In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, the name Ae-no-Omi was granted to Ae-no-Isobe-no-Oshikuni, of the Outer Senior Fifth Rank Lower, a man of Taki District in Ise Province. Mokui-no-Omi Funanushi, of the Outer Junior Eighth Rank Upper, a man of Nakajima District in Owari Province, petitioned: "We are originally of the same ancestry as the Ae-no-Ason of Iga, and until my great-grandfather Una we all called ourselves Ae-no-Omi. In the time of my grandfather Tokumaro, at the compilation of the Kōgo household registers, we mistakenly followed the maternal surname and became the Mokui clan. We beg that this be corrected." Ae-no-Omi was granted to Funanushi and his kin (following the Shoku Nihongi). In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Ae-no-Ishibe-no-Hirokimi, an inner attendant and sacred smith (imikanuchi) of the Toyuke Shrine (following the Toyukegū Gishikichō). In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, the kabane of Ason was granted to Ahe-no-Omi Tsugiko, of the Junior Fifth Rank Lower, a man of Taki District, and to Otsugu, of the same surname, of the Junior Seventh Rank Lower, and their kin (following the Sandai Jitsuroku. Note: the Ahe clan descends from Ōhiko-no-Mikoto, but this book says they were descendants of "Hinaru," which is an error). In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Ahe-no-Okitoki, Calculator of the Tax Bureau (following the Kyūki quoted in the Saikyūki). In the reign of Emperor Rokujō there was Ae-no-Sadamoto, Chief of Vessels (Mikenoosa) of the Grand Shrine of Ise. It is said that at every ceremony of the shrine's relocation, the Ae clan generation after generation had charge of presenting the "heavenly flat vessels" (ame-no-hiraka) (following the Jingū Zatsureishū). A branch of the Ae-no-Omi was the Kishi clan. It bore the kabane of Omi, and in the reign of Emperor Monmu there were Kishi-no-Omi Meda and Omaro, men of Kamo District in Mino Province, and their kin (following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin Monjo).

¶The Shishihito clan (Shishihito-shi). In addition to the kabane of Ason (following the Shōjiroku), there were also the kabane of Omi, of Muraji (following the Nihon Shoki), and of Obito (following the Shoku Nihon Kōki). The Ason had their registered domicile in the Left Capital and were descendants of Ōinaoshi-no-Mikoto (following the Shōjiroku). The origin of the clan is said to lie in the reign of Emperor Yūryaku, when the Empress Dowager asked that Kashiwade-no-Omi Nagano be made a Shishihitobe (meat-provisioning corporation). In the ninth year of Emperor Temmu (680), the kabane of Muraji was granted to Shishihito-no-Miyatsuko Oyu, and in the twelfth year (683) the kabane of Ason was granted to the Shishihito-no-Omi (following the Nihon Shoki). In the reign of Empress Kōken there was Shishihito-no-Omi Kuromaro, a Hyakuchō (Captain of a Hundred) of the Nyū Regiment in Echizen Province (following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin Monjo). In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Shishihito-no-Ason Tsunemaro, a man of Wakasa of the Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and Tsugunari, of the same surname, of the Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and their kin had their registered domicile transferred to the Left Capital (following the Shoku Nihon Kōki). In the reign of Emperor Go-Saga there was Shishihito-no-Tokitaka, Assistant Secretary of the Bureau of Books and Documents (following the Heikōki). There was also the Shun'on clan, which branched from the Shishihito-no-Obito. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Shishihito-no-Obito Tamanari, a man of Hōki and a yin-yang diviner, was newly granted the name Shun'on-no-Sukune (following the Shoku Nihon Kōki).

¶The Kusaka clan (Kusaka-shi). (Note: also written "Kusakabe" with either of two different sets of characters, or "Ōkusakabe.") There were the kabane of Sukune and the kabane of Muraji. The Muraji had their registered domicile in Kawachi and were descendants of Himoyui-no-Mikoto, a son of Ōhiko-no-Mikoto (following the Shōjiroku; the Sukune following the Nihon Kōki). They were originally called Naniwa-no-Kishi (Note: "Kishi" is also written with other characters). In the reign of Emperor Ōjin, Isachi-no-Sukune, the ancestor of the Naniwa-no-Kishi, followed Prince Oshikuma, was defeated in battle, and died together with him. In the reign of Emperor Ankō, Naniwa-no-Kishi Hikaka served Prince Ōkusaka; when the Emperor believed the slander of Ne-no-Omi and killed Ōkusaka, Hikaka, in indignation, died as a follower in death together with his two sons. In the reign of Emperor Yūryaku the wickedness of Ne-no-Omi came to light and he was put to death; the Emperor sought out the descendants of Hikaka and granted them the name Ōkusakabe-no-Kishi. In the eleventh year of Emperor Temmu (682), the kabane of Muraji was granted to the Kusakabe-no-Kishi (following the Nihon Shoki). In the reign of Emperor Saga, the kabane of Sukune was granted to Kusakabe-no-Imiki Arataka, a man of Settsu of the Senior Sixth Rank Upper (following the Nihon Kōki). In addition, among the descendants of Prince Hikoimasu, a son of Emperor Kaika, there are also the Kusakabe-no-Sukune and Muraji (following the Shōjiroku).

¶The Naniwa clan (Naniwa-shi). It branched from the Kusakabe-no-Kishi (following the Nihon Shoki). In addition to the kabane of Imiki (following the Shōjiroku) and Sukune (following the Nihon Kōki), there were also those without a kabane. Those with the Imiki kabane and those without a kabane all had their registered domicile in Kawachi (following the Shōjiroku). In the ninth year of Emperor Temmu (680), Kusakabe-no-Kishi Ōkata, of the Lower Shōkin Rank, was newly granted the name Naniwa-no-Muraji, and in the thirteenth year (684) was granted Imiki (following the Nihon Shoki). In the reign of Emperor Saga, Naniwa-no-Imiki Ujinushi, a man of Kawachi of the Junior Eighth Rank Upper, and Funahito, of the same surname, a man of Settsu of the Senior Sixth Rank Upper, were both granted Sukune (following the Nihon Kōki). It is also said that when Ōhiko-no-Mikoto once campaigned against the Emishi, he found an infant on the way, raised him as his own child, and named him Ehiko-no-Sukune, and that the Naniwa-no-Imiki are his descendants. Those without a kabane are descendants of Hatatakehiko-no-Mikoto, a son of Ōhiko-no-Mikoto (Note: some books write "grandson" for "son." According to the Ruijū Kokushi, in the reign of Emperor Junna there was a chaste wife of Buzen, Naniwabe-no-Obito Kotojime, but the origin of the Obito surname is not transmitted, so it is added here for the time being).

¶The Kishi clan (Kishi-shi). Its registered domicile was in Settsu, and it shared a common ancestor with the Naniwa-no-Imiki (following the Shōjiroku. Note: in the Nihon Shoki very many persons called "Kishi" appear. In the reign of Emperor Ōjin there was Kumanokori, who followed Prince Oshikuma together with Isachi; a note says he was "the ancestor of the Tako-no-Kishi." In the reign of Emperor Bidatsu there was Oguro-no-Kishi, who served as a governor in Paekche. In the reign of Empress Kōgyoku there was Kunikatsu-no-Kishi Kuina, who was sent as an envoy to Paekche. In the reign of Emperor Tenji there was Kimi-no-Kishi Harima. The lines of all these are unclear, and they are added here awaiting later investigation). In the reign of Emperor Yūryaku there was Hitaka-no-Kishi Katawa, who was also called Naniwa-no-Hitaka-no-Kishi (following the Nihon Shoki). He was probably of this family. In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Kishi-no-Sukune Kintada, Governor of Chikugo (following the Geki Nikki). In the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Kishi-no-Sukune Kintane, Senior Scribe of the Right (following the Ruijū Fusenshō). He too may have been a descendant (Note: the Shūgaishō lists a Kishi-no-Sukune, which probably represents the original clan having later been granted Sukune, but the circumstances cannot be established).

¶The Ōbe clan (Ōbe-shi). It bore the kabane of Obito, with its registered domicile in Kawachi. They were descendants of Himoyui-no-Mikoto; when, in the reign of Emperor Ankan, a miyake (royal granary) was established at Ōbe Village in Kusaka in Kawachi Province, a descendant of Himoyui became the Obito in charge of its administration, and for that reason was granted the name Ōbe-no-Obito (following the Shōjiroku. Note: according to the Nihon Shoki, Emperor Ankan established miyake in the provinces and ordered the Naniwa-no-Kishi to administer their revenue; accordingly this clan probably came from the Naniwa-no-Kishi). In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Ōbe-no-Obito, Senior Clerk of the Ōi Office (Palace Rice Office) (following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin Monjo. Note: his personal name is not transmitted). A branch of this family was the Yoshie clan; in the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Ōbe-no-Obito Kiyokami, a man of Kawachi of the Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and Shōshi and Asao, of the same surname, and their kin were newly granted the name Yoshie-no-Sukune (following the Shoku Nihon Kōki). In the reign of Emperor Go-Reizei there was Yoshie-no-Sukune Morikuni, Junior Clerk of Settsu (following the Jimoku Taisei-shō. Note: "Yoshie" in the two different spellings share the same reading).

¶The Miyake clan (Miyake-shi). It bore the kabane of Hito, with its registered domicile in Settsu. They were descendants of Hatatakehiko-no-Mikoto (following the Shōjiroku). In the reign of Emperor Temmu there was Miyake-no-Kishi Irishi, of the Lower Shōkin Rank. In the eleventh year (682) the kabane of Muraji was granted to the Miyake-no-Kishi, and in the following year Sukune was newly granted (following the Nihon Shoki). When Emperor Monmu made a progress to Naniwa, Miyake-no-Imiki Ōme, of the Junior Seventh Rank Lower, together with Naniwa-no-Imiki Hamatari, was advanced one rank (following the Shoku Nihongi). All of these were probably of this family (Note: the Shoku Nihongi lists Miyake-no-Omi Fujimaro, who in the reign of Empress Genmei took part in the compilation of the national history. The origin of the Omi surname is unclear, but it is added here for the time being).

¶The Kashiwade clan (Kashiwade-shi). (Note: also written "Kashiwabe" with other characters.) It came from Iwakamutsukari-no-Mikoto, a grandson of Ōhiko-no-Mikoto (following the Shōjiroku. Note: Mutsukari was probably a son of Ōinaoshi). In addition to the kabane of Ason (following the Nihon Shoki), there were the kabane of Omi and the surname Kashiwade-no-Ōtomobe. The Omi were registered in Izumi, and the Ōtomobe in the Left Capital (following the Shōjiroku). When Emperor Keikō made a progress through the eastern lands and arrived at Awa-no-Minato, Mutsukari accompanied him, caught white clams, made namasu (a dish of sliced raw food) and presented it. The Emperor was greatly pleased and by imperial order granted Mutsukari the surname Kashiwade-no-Omi (the words from "by imperial order" onward following the Shōjiroku as quoted in the Taishi-den Gyokurinshō). He also established and granted the Kashiwade-no-Ōtomobe, whose descendants served generation after generation as chiefs of the Kashiwade-shoku (Kitchen Office) (following the Nihon Shoki, with the Takahashi Ujibumi as quoted in the Honchō Gatsuryō also consulted). In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the kabane of Ason was granted to the Kashiwade-no-Omi (following the Nihon Shoki). In the reign of Emperor Monmu there was Kashiwade-no-Omi Hirokado, Shōryō of Miyako District in Buzen Province (following the Nihon Ryōiki and the Konjaku Monogatari). In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Kashiwade-no-Omi Tatsuoka, a man of Wakasa, was raised to the Senior Seventh Rank Lower, and at the same period there was Kashiwade-no-Tomo-no-Kimi Ieyoshi, Acting Shōryō of Ōita District in Bungo Province (following the Shoku Nihon Kōki). In the reign of Emperor Go-Reizei there was Kashiwade-no-Tomo Mitsutsune, Provisional Assistant Governor of Buzen (following the Usa Ōkagami). In the reign of Emperor Horikawa there was Kashiwade-no-Tomo-no-Sukune Norinobu, of the Senior Sixth Rank Upper (following the Chōya Gunsai). All of these were probably descendants of the Kashiwade-no-Ōtomobe. A branch of the Kashiwade clan also has the surname Ōtori-no-Kashiwade-no-Omi.

¶The Takahashi clan (Takahashi-shi). It branched from the Kashiwade-no-Omi. There were those bearing the kabane of Ason with their registered domicile in the Left Capital, and those bearing the kabane of Omi with their registered domicile in Settsu (Note: one book writes "Ason" for "Omi"). In the eleventh year of Emperor Temmu (682), Kashiwade-no-Omi Kunimasu, of the Upper Shōkin Rank, a tenth-generation descendant of Mutsukari, was newly granted the name Takahashi-no-Ason (following the Shōjiroku, with the Shōjiroku as quoted in the Taishi-den Gyokurinshō also consulted). In the Jingo-keiun era of Empress Shōtoku, an imperial order declared: "In accordance with the provisions of the code, those of the Takahashi and Azumi clans who are appointed to the Naizenshi (Palace Table Office) shall be called 'Buzen,' and those of other clans shall be named 'Kami'" (following the Shoku Nihongi). Since the age of the gods the province of Shima had always presented hayanie (fresh food offerings) (following the Kojiki) and was called the "Land of Provisions" (Mikenokuni) (following the Man'yōshū). For that reason, those of the Takahashi clan appointed to the Naizen office were by custom invariably given concurrent appointment as Governor of Shima (following the Shokugenshō). In the reign of Emperor Junna, Nishigori-no-Hikokimi, a man of Shinano who was a Jō (Third Official) of Bizen, was granted the name Takahashi-no-Ason and had his registered domicile attached to the Left Capital. Hikokimi had originally borne the surname Kashiwade-no-Omi, but in his father's time he had mistakenly taken his mother's surname, and so he petitioned to correct it on the ground that the Kashiwade-no-Omi and the Takahashi shared a common ancestor. In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Takahashi-no-Ason Fujino, a man of Kawabe District in Settsu Province who was a Tenzen (Secretary) of the Naizen office, and his kin had their registered domicile changed to the Left Capital (following the Sandai Jitsuroku). In the reign of Emperor Shirakawa there was Takahashi-no-Nobusue, a Buzen (following the Hyakurenshō). In the reign of Emperor Sutoku there was Takahashi-no-Kiyoyasu, a Buzen, who served the later Enyū-in (following the Eiwa Daijōe-ki. Note: the Kōin Shōunroku states that Prince Kawachi, a son of Prince Naga, a son of Emperor Temmu, was the ancestor of the Takahashi Buzen line, but this theory is doubtful. The edict of Emperor Keikō recorded in the Takahashi Ujibumi says: "If the succession of the Kashiwade-no-Omi should fail, let a son of mine take it up, and do not let other clans disturb that main house." In view of this, perhaps the descendants of the Takahashi died out at this time, and a line of the imperial bloodline was made to succeed in accordance with Emperor Keikō's wishes? It is added for reference).

¶The Wakasakurabe clan (Wakasakurabe-shi). (Note: the character "Waka" is also written with a different character.) It bore the kabane of Ason, with its registered domicile in the Right Capital. They were descendants of Mutsukari-no-Mikoto. Kashiwade-no-Omi Arehi, a son of Sashirage-no-Mikoto, a descendant of Mutsukari, served Emperor Richū. In the winter of the third year of Richū, when the Emperor floated a boat on the Iware Ichishi Pond, Arehi presented sake, and a cherry blossom suddenly fell into the Emperor's cup. The Emperor found this marvelous and sent Mononobe-no-Muraji Nagamai to search for it; he came to Muroyama in Wakigami, found the tree, and presented a branch. The Emperor was pleased and granted Arehi the surname Wakasakurabe-no-Omi and Nagamai the surname Wakasakurabe-no-Miyatsuko (following the Nihon Shoki and the Shōjiroku; that he was a son of Sashirage-no-Mikoto follows the Kuji Hongi. Note: the main text of the Nihon Shoki gives Arehi's name as "Arato"). In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the kabane of Ason was granted to the Wakasakurabe-no-Omi (following the Nihon Shoki).

¶The Osada clan (Osada-shi). Its registered domicile was in Izumi, and it shared a common ancestor with the Kashiwade-no-Omi (following the Shōjiroku). In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō there was Osada-no-Tsugumichi, of the Outer Junior Eighth Rank Upper (following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. Note: according to the Sandai Jitsuroku, in the reign of Emperor Seiwa Nagata-no-Atai Toshiyo, a man of the Right Capital, was granted the kabane of Ason; "Naga" and "Osa" share a reading, so it is thought that he may belong to this family). In the reign of Emperor Go-Ichijō there was Osada-no-Sadatada, a Fushō (Clerk) of the Left Gate Guards (following the Shōyūki). There was also the surname Osada-Hirose-no-Ason, with its registered domicile in the Right Capital, descended from Hikoyanushi-Tagokoro-no-Mikoto (following the Shōjiroku. Note: according to the Tōdaiji Komonjo, in the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Hirose-no-Omi Hikaru, a Shishō (Provincial Clerk) of Izu Province. The Shūgaishō lists a Hirose-no-Omi. Which family those called simply "Hirose" belong to is not known, but it is added here for the time being).

¶The Iga clan (Iga-shi). There were the kabane of Ason and the kabane of Omi. The Omi had their registered domicile in the Right Capital and were descendants of Hikoyanushi-Tagokoro-no-Mikoto (following the Shōjiroku; the Ason following the Nihon Shoki). In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the kabane of Ason was granted to the Iga-no-Omi (following the Nihon Shoki). In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Iga-no-Ason Hatayasu, a district official in Iga Province (following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin Monjo. Note: the name of the district is not transmitted). In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Iga-no-Ason Haruno, a man of Nabari District in Iga Province who was a Clerk of the Left, had his registered domicile moved to Kadono District in Yamashiro Province (following the Sandai Jitsuroku). In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Iga-no-Tamenori (following the Gonki). There was also the Iga-no-Moitori clan, descended from Ōhiko-no-Mikoto, with its registered domicile in Settsu.

¶The Michi clan (Michi-shi). There were the kabane of Ason and the kabane of Kimi. The Kimi had their registered domicile in the Right Capital and were descendants of Hikoyanushi-Tagokoro-no-Mikoto (following the Shōjiroku; the Ason following the Nihon Shoki). In the reign of Emperor Jomei there was Michi-no-Kimi, a district official of Koshi Province. In the reign of Emperor Tenji, Iratsume, a daughter of Koshi-no-Michi-no-Kimi, became a court attendant (following the Nihon Shoki; that he was a district official of Koshi follows the "Shiki" quoted in the Shaku Nihongi). In the reign of Emperor Monmu there was Michi-no-Kimi Obitona, who was versed in law. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu he was granted the kabane of Ason because his great-grandmother had come from the Michi clan (following the Shoku Nihongi). In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Hiromochi, a grandson of Obitona, and Michi-no-Kimi Yasuno, a man of the Left Capital, were newly granted the name Tōdō-no-Ason (following the Shoku Nihon Kōki). In the reign of Emperor Yōzei there was Michi-no-Kimi Muneo, Provisional Kōi (Lieutenant) of the Sawada Regiment in Sado Province. In the reign of Emperor Kōkō there was Michi-no-Imako, a chaste wife of Kaga District in Kaga Province (following the Sandai Jitsuroku). In the reign of Emperor Murakami there were Michi-no-Kimi Fuyuki, Provisional Jō (Third Official) of Chikuzen, and Michi-no-Kimi Katayuki, of the Senior Sixth Rank Upper (following the Jimoku Taisei-shō, and from "Katayuki" onward the Chōya Gunsai).

¶The Otodabe clan (Otodabe-shi). Its registered domicile was in Yamato. It came from Hikoyanushi-Tagokoro-no-Mikoto (following the Shōjiroku. Note: the Shūgaishō lists an Otodabe-no-Omi, who may be of this family).

¶The Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of Wakasa. Emperor Keikō once granted the land of Wakasa to Iwakamutsukari-no-Mikoto and had it handed down to his descendants forever (following the Takahashi Ujibumi as quoted in the Honchō Gatsuryō). Only in the time of his descendant Arehi, in the reign of Emperor Ingyō, did they first become Kuni-no-Miyatsuko.

¶The Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of Koshi. (Note: "Koshi" is also written with another character.) Ichiiri-no-Mikoto, a third-generation descendant of Hikoyanushi-Tagokoro-no-Mikoto, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu (following the Kuji Hongi). In the reign of Empress Shōtoku there was Koshi-no-Kimi Funashiro, Tairyō of Kubiki District in Echigo Province (following the Saidaiji Shizaichō). In the reign of Emperor Seiwa there was Koshi-no-Kimi Imako, a chaste wife of the same district (following the Sandai Jitsuroku). In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Koshi-no-Hideyoshi, Junior Lieutenant of the Right Gate Guards (following the Geki Nikki). All of these were probably descendants of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko.

¶The Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of Koshi-Fukae. It shared a common ancestor with the Michi-no-Kimi. Sotsunamiru-no-Mikoto became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Sujin (Note: according to the Sandai Jitsuroku, in the reign of Emperor Yōzei there was Fukae-no-Mikado, a captive (fushū) of Dewa of the Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. The Shūgaishō lists a Fukae-no-Ason. Perhaps both were of this family. They are added here to await later investigation).

¶The Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of Tsukushi. Taji-no-Mikoto, a fifth-generation descendant of Ōhiko-no-Mikoto, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu (following the Kuji Hongi). In the reign of Emperor Keitai the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko Iwai rebelled and was put to death. His son Tsukushi-no-Kimi Kuzuko offered the miyake of Kasuya to atone for the capital sentence. In the reign of Emperor Kinmei there was a Kuni-no-Miyatsuko who was a master archer (Note: his name is not transmitted); when he once led troops to support Yŏch'ang, a prince of Paekche, he shot through the saddle of an enemy horse, piercing both the front and rear bridges (the parts of the saddle). Yŏch'ang was astonished and full of admiration and called him "Lord of the Saddle Bridge" (Kurajinokimi). In the reign of Emperor Tenji there was Tsukushi-no-Kimi Satsuyama (following the Nihon Shoki). There was also the Chūsei clan, probably descendants of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, the surname Chūsei-no-Sukune was granted to Tsukushi-no-Kimi Fumikimi and Sadanao, men of Yabu District in Hizen Province, of whom Fumikimi was a Shōsakan (Junior Secretary) of the Dazaifu, and to their elder brother Sadao, a Senior Secretary of Bungo, and their registered domicile was attached to the Left Capital (following the Shoku Nihon Kōki).

¶The Ki clan (Ki-shi), Tsuno clan (Tsuno-shi), Sakamoto clan (Sakamoto-shi), Ōyake clan (Ōyake-shi), Kanimorita clan (Kanimorita-shi), Hasetsukabe clan (Hasetsukabe-shi), Osa clan (Osa-shi), Kino clan (Kino-shi), Okada clan (Okada-shi), Hata clan (Hata-shi), Hayashi clan (Hayashi-shi), Dōdō clan (Dōdō-shi), Yamaguchi clan (Yamaguchi-shi), Hoshikawa clan (Hoshikawa-shi), Hasebe clan (Hasebe-shi), Hami clan (Hami-shi), Ōmi clan (Ōmi-shi), Okaya clan (Okaya-shi), Heguri clan (Heguri-shi), Tsuho clan (Tsuho-shi), Sawara clan (Sawara-shi), Umakui clan (Umakui-shi), Nukata clan (Nukata-shi), Soga clan (Soga-shi), Ishikawa clan (Ishikawa-shi), Takamuko clan (Takamuko-shi), Kawabe clan (Kawabe-shi), Sakurai clan (Sakurai-shi), Kume clan (Kume-shi), Yaguchi clan (Yaguchi-shi), Tanaka clan (Tanaka-shi), Owarida clan (Owarida-shi), Kishida clan (Kishida-shi), Mikashiki clan (Mikashiki-shi), Kose clan (Kose-shi), Sasakibe clan (Sasakibe-shi), Karube clan (Karube-shi), Katsuragi clan (Katsuragi-shi), Tamate clan (Tamate-shi), Ikuha clan (Ikuha-shi), Nunoshi clan (Nunoshi-shi), Ikue clan (Ikue-shi), Shioya clan (Shioya-shi), Oyake clan (Oyake-shi), Harai clan (Harai-shi), Yodo clan (Yodo-shi), Akina clan (Akina-shi), Asano clan (Asano-shi), Enuma clan (Enuma-shi), Imizu clan (Imizu-shi), Ikejiri clan (Ikejiri-shi), Taguchi clan (Taguchi-shi), the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of Mikuni, the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of Ho, the Deba clan (Deba-shi), the Uchi clan (Uchi-shi), and the Yama clan (Yama-shi) were all descendants of Hikofutsuoshinomakoto-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Kōgen.

¶The Ki clan (Ki-shi). (Note: also written with another character, "Ki.") In addition to the kabane of Ason and Omi, there were the surname Ki-no-Karakaji-no-Omi, the Kibe, and the Ki-no-Hafuri (following the Shōjiroku; the Omi kabane following the Shoku Nihongi). Hikofutsuoshinomakoto-no-Mikoto fathered Yanushioshiotakeogokoro-no-Mikoto; in the reign of Emperor Keikō, Takeogokoro, while in Kii, took to wife a daughter of Ujihiko, the ancestor of the Ki-no-Atai, and fathered Takeuchi-no-Sukune. Takeuchi-no-Sukune served five successive sovereigns from Emperor Keikō to Emperor Nintoku and became an elder statesman of the realm. His descendants divided into many lines, and many of the Ministers (Ōomi) of successive reigns came from his kin, among whom the Ki clan was the most renowned (following the Nihon Shoki and the Shōjiroku). In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the kabane of Ason was granted to the Ki-no-Omi (following the Nihon Shoki). The Ason had their registered domicile in the Left and Right Capitals and were descendants of Tsuno-no-Sukune, a son of Takeuchi-no-Sukune (following the Shōjiroku). In the reign of Empress Genshō, Ki-no-Omi Tatsumaro and Hirosaki and their kin were granted Ason. In the fourth year of Hōki under Emperor Kōnin (773), by imperial order Ki-no-Masuhito, of the Junior Fourth Rank Lower (Note: one book writes "Masumaro"), was reduced to commoner status and granted the surname Tajiribe. Earlier, in the Tenpyō-hōji era, Masuhito, who had been a slave of the Kidera (Ki Temple), had petitioned: "My ancestors were the Ki-no-Omi and lived in the temple household, but at the Kōin household registers we were made slaves of the temple. I beg to be restored to the status of good commoners." By imperial order the surname Ki-no-Ason was therefore granted to Masuhito and eleven others, they were entered in the capital registers, and Masuhito was made the head of household. At this point Ki-no-Ason Io and others objected, and so they were left as slaves of the temple (following the Shoku Nihongi). About the same time there was Ki-no-Omi Umakai, a man of Atai District in Kii Province (following the Konjaku Monogatari). In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Ki-no-Omi Nasu, a man of Kii of the Junior Seventh Rank Lower; Ki-no-Omi Kunimori, a man of the Right Capital who was a court physician, and his younger brother Kanemori; and Ki-no-Omi Hirohito and Hironari, men of Nagusa District in Kii Province, were granted Ason one after another. Ki-no-Tsutsumi-no-Omi Kiyotsugu, a man of Nagusa District of the Junior Sixth Rank Lower, was newly granted Ki-no-Ason, and Ki-no-Ason Kakutsugu, a man of Soe District in Yamato Province of the Junior Seventh Rank Lower, and his kin had their registered domicile changed to the Left Capital (following the Shoku Nihon Kōki). In the reign of Emperor Montoku, Sasakibe-no-Ason Harue, Junior Lieutenant of the Left Gate Guards, and Hayashi-no-Ason Namihito, of the Senior Sixth Rank Upper, were both newly granted Ki-no-Ason (following the Montoku Jitsuroku). In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Yamamura-no-Imiki Yasuno, Natsuno, and Matako, men of the Left Capital, and Karita-no-Obito Yasuo, of the Junior Fifth Rank Lower, were all granted Ki-no-Ason. Yasuo was originally a man of Karita District in Sanuki Province and claimed himself a descendant of Takeuchi-no-Sukune. In the reign of Emperor Yōzei, Ki-no-Omi Sekio, a man of the Right Capital who was Director of the Weaving Office, was granted Ason (following the Sandai Jitsuroku). The Omi kabane also came from the descendants of Takeuchi-no-Sukune. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Ochi-no-Atai Hirokawa, of the Senior Sixth Rank Upper, a man of Ochi District in Iyo Province, petitioned: "My seventh-generation ancestor Ki-no-Hiroyo received a command in the reign of Empress Suiko and went as an envoy to Iyo. Hiroyo's grandson Oshihito took to wife a daughter of the Ochi-no-Atai and fathered Arite, but at the Kōgo household registers Arite did not examine his true origin and mistakenly took his mother's surname. Now Hirokawa has met with the sacred reign and been able to state the case. I beg that I be restored to the original surname of Ki-no-Omi." The petition was granted (following the Shoku Nihongi). The Ki-no-Karakaji-no-Omi had their registered domicile in Izumi, and the Kibe and Ki-no-Hafuri both had their registered domicile in Kawachi; all came from Tsuno-no-Sukune (following the Shōjiroku). In the reign of Emperor Seiwa there was the monk Gyōkyō, a descendant of Takeuchi-no-Sukune, who founded the Iwashimizu Shrine. From then on the Ki clan served generation after generation as its Kannushi (chief priests) and Zoku-bettō (lay administrators). The family prospered, and there are the Tanaka, Take, Takenishi, Nishitake, Higashitake, Dan, Takahashi, Shindan, Hirayama, Ieda, Zenpōji, and other clans (following the Ki-shi Keizu and the Iwashimizu Bettō Keizu). Between the reigns of Emperors Uda and Daigo, Ki-no-Ason Haseo was famed for his literary learning. His sixth-generation descendant Yorihide became Assistant Governor of Yamashiro, and his descendants remained and lived in that province. There are the Shinagawa, Kasukabe, Shiota, Tsutsumi, Ōida and other clans (following the Sano-bon Ki-shi Keizu). Hisatō, an elder brother of Yorihide, became Director of the Ōi Office. In the reign of Emperor Shirakawa he was appointed to the Mizushidokoro (Palace Table Office), and his descendants held that post generation after generation (following the Ki-shi Keizu). Among the descendants of Haseo there were also those who lived in Shimotsuke and, together with the Kiyohara clan, served at the Utsunomiya shrine rites, and the two families both prospered. Later they submitted to the Utsunomiya clan and were called the "Two Bands of Ki and Kiyohara" (Kisei Ryōtō). In the time of Minamoto no Yoritomo, when the heir of the Kiyohara failed, Ki-no-Takatoshi, a Hyōe-no-jō (Lieutenant of the Military Guards), by his military merit became the leader of the two bands and called himself of the Haga clan, and his descendants flourished most (following the Ki-shi Keizu, the Azuma Kagami, and the Taiheiki).

¶The Tsuno clan (Tsuno-shi). (Note: also written with other characters, "Tsunu.") It bore the kabane of Ason, with its registered domicile in the Left Capital, and were descendants of Tsuno-no-Sukune (following the Shōjiroku). There were also the kabane of Omi (following the Kojiki) and a line of Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Tatori-no-Sukune, a son of Tsuno-no-Sukune, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of Tsuno in the reign of Emperor Nintoku (following the Kuji Hongi). In the reign of Emperor Yūryaku, Ki-no-Oyumi and Okahi both led troops to campaign against Silla, but Oyumi died in camp, and his son Ōiwa wilfully seized the soldiers, horses, and warships that Okahi had commanded. Okahi resented this, and on returning home he reported to the court: "I cannot serve the court together with the Lord Ki (the Ki clan)." By order of an imperial envoy he was therefore kept in the province of Tsuno. From then on all his kin called themselves Tsuno-no-Omi. In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the kabane of Ason was granted to the Tsuno-no-Omi (following the Nihon Shoki). In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Tsuno-no-Okiyasu, Provisional Junior Secretary of the Tax Bureau (following the Geki Nikki). In the reign of Emperor Go-Ichijō there was Tsuno-no-Sukune Kunitake, Junior Jō (Third Official) of Echizen (following the Jimoku Taisei-shō). The Sukune kabane was probably changed in later times.

¶The Sakamoto clan (Sakamoto-shi). There were those bearing the kabane of Ason with their registered domicile in the Left Capital and Izumi, and those bearing the kabane of Omi with their registered domicile in Settsu. They were descendants of Shiraki-no-Sukune, a son of Tsuno-no-Sukune; Takehi-no-Omi, a third-generation descendant of Shiraki, was granted the surname Sakamoto-no-Omi from his place of residence (following the Shōjiroku. Note: according to the Nihon Shoki, when in the reign of Emperor Yūryaku Ne-no-Omi committed a crime and was put to death, the Emperor divided his descendants into two, making one branch the people of the Ōkusakabe and granting the other the surname Chinu-no-Agatanushi. One-no-Omi, a son of Ne-no-Omi, was also executed, and his descendants are said to have become the Sakamoto-no-Omi; these too were probably of the same kin). In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the kabane of Ason was newly granted (following the Nihon Shoki). In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Sakamoto-no-Omi Itomaro, a man of Izumi, and sixty-three others were granted Ason (following the Shoku Nihongi). In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Sakamoto-no-Omi Takano, a man of Sanuki who was Senior Scribe of the Left, and twelve others were also granted Ason (following the Shoku Nihon Kōki). In the reign of Emperor En'yū there was Sakamoto-no-Sukenao, Junior Scribe of the Right (following the Ruijū Fusenshō); he may have been of this family.

¶The Ōyake clan (Ōyake-shi). (Note: the character "Yake" is also written differently.) It bore the kabane of Omi, with its registered domicile in Izumi. It came from Tsuno-no-Sukune. In the Kanoe-uma year of Emperor Tenji (670), because its residence was at Ōyake, it was granted the surname Ōyake-no-Omi (following the Shōjiroku). In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Ōyake-no-Omi Yasunao, of the Junior Seventh Rank Lower (following the Ruijū Fusenshō). In the reign of Emperor Horikawa, Ōyake-no-Mitsutō served Minamoto no Yoshiie and was known for his martial valor. He was the so-called "Dai-san Daibu." His son Mitsufusa was called "Dai-ni Daibu" and likewise served Yoshiie with merit. His grandson Mitsunobu served Minamoto no Yoritomo, lived in Suruga, and took the land of Nishiyama in Yui in Takahashi as his fief, adopting it as the name of his family (following the Azuma Kagami, the Taiheiki, and the Ōyake Keizu). The Takahashi clan later moved to Iwami (following the Nankō Zatsuroku. Note: that many of this family from Mitsutō onward use the character "Dai" in their names is because their original surname was Ōyake). In the reign of Emperor Go-Fukakusa there was Ōyake-no-Tokimitsu, who called himself Takahashi Shin-Zaemon-no-jō (following the Yōkōki).

¶The Kanimorita clan (Kanimorita-shi). It bore the kabane of Obito, with its registered domicile in the Right Capital and Izumi. It came from Tsuno-no-Sukune (following the Shōjiroku). In the reign of Empress Kōken there was Kanimorita-no-Hito Umakai, Junior Jō (Third Official) of Yamato (following the Tōdaiji Zatsuroku).

¶The Hasetsukabe clan (Hasetsukabe-shi). It bore the kabane of Obito, with its registered domicile in Izumi. They were descendants of Tsuno-no-Sukune.

¶The Osa clan (Osa-shi). Its registered domicile was in Yamashiro and Yamato, and it shared a common ancestor with the Ki-no-Ason. In the reign of Emperor Kinmei, a descendant of Takeuchi-no-Sukune who was abroad led four of his kin and over thirty local people back to the court. The Emperor was pleased and, calling him "Uzu-no-Isao-no-Omi" (Minister of Rare Merit), appointed him to the office of interpreter, and people of the time called them the "Osa clan" (Note: the words "Osa" in the two written forms share a reading). The descendants of his sons Moroishi-no-Omi and Mana-no-Omi dispersed and settled in the provinces. The Osa of Yasu District in Ōmi Province, the Osa of Sagara District in Yamashiro Province, and the Osa of Yamamura in Soe District in Yamato Province were all their descendants (following the Shōjiroku. Note: this book probably has omitted or erroneous characters, so the general sense is taken here). In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Yamamura-no-Osa Komakai, of the Right Military Guards (following the Nihon Kōki). In the reign of Emperor Yōzei there was Yamamura-no-Osa Tokudō, Master of Yin-Yang (following the Sandai Jitsuroku). In the reign of Emperor Kazan there was Osa-no-Masafumi, Junior Scribe of the Left (following the Geki Nikki. Note: the Saikyūki lists Osa-no-Sukune Yoshifumi, Provisional Master of Ōmi, but his period is not known. He was probably granted Sukune in later times).

¶The Kino clan (Kino-shi). It bore the kabane of Ason and branched from the Osa clan. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Osa-no-Katamaro, a man of Yamato of the Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and Osa-no-Hitokami, a man of Ōmi of the Senior Sixth Rank Upper, were granted the name Kino-no-Ason (following the Nihon Kōki).

¶The Okada clan (Okada-shi). It bore the kabane of Omi. It was originally called Sabebe-no-Obito and came from Tatori-no-Sukune. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Sabebe-no-Obito Ushikai, of the Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, a man of Sagawa District in Sanuki Province, petitioned: "My ancestors came from Meta-no-Omi, a grandson of Ki-no-Tatori-no-Sukune. In the reign of Emperor Nintoku they moved from Suō to Sanuki and became the Sabebe-no-Obito. Now Ushikai has fortunately met with an enlightened age and has been freed from heavy burdens. I have heard that 'to bestow clan names and grant surnames is a rule of past and present.' The place where we now live is called Okada. I beg that, in accordance with this place name, the surname Okada-no-Omi be newly granted to us." The surname was therefore granted as requested to Ushikai and twenty households (en), and Ushikai was made a Professor at the University (following the Shoku Nihongi).

¶The Hata clan (Hata-shi). (Note: also written with other characters, "Yata" or "Hata.") It bore the kabane of Ason, with its registered domicile in the Right Capital. They were descendants of Hata-no-Yashiro-no-Sukune, a son of Takeuchi-no-Sukune (following the Shōjiroku and the Kojiki. Note: "Yashiro" is also written with other characters). In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the kabane of Ason was granted to the Hata-no-Omi (following the Nihon Shoki). In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Okaya-no-Kimi Oyashiro, a man of the Right Capital of the Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and Sadasuke and Sadamoto were all granted the name Yata-no-Ason (following the Sandai Jitsuroku. Note: according to the Jimoku Taisei-shō, in the reign of Emperor Go-Sanjō there was Hatta-no-Sukune Yorihiro, Senior Jō (Third Official) of Inaba. According to the Shōjiroku, the Hatta clan has Mahito and Ason in the Imperial branches, and Miyatsuko in both the Divine and Foreign branches, but only the Sukune surname is of unknown origin. It is added here for the time being).

¶The Hayashi clan (Hayashi-shi). There were the kabane of Ason and the kabane of Omi. The Ason had their registered domicile in the Left Capital and Kawachi (following the Shōjiroku; the Omi kabane following the Kojiki), and were descendants of Hata-no-Yashiro-no-Sukune (following the Kojiki). In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the kabane of Ason was granted to the Hayashi-no-Omi (following the Nihon Shoki). In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Hayashi-no-Omi Umi-nushi and Nomori, men of Shiki District in Kawachi Province, and their kin were granted Ason (following the Shoku Nihongi). Hayashi-no-Ason Shigetsugu, a man of Ōmi of the Senior Sixth Rank Upper, had his registered domicile attached to the Left Capital (following the Nihon Kōki. Note: the Izumo no Kuni Fudoki lists a Hayashi-no-Omi who was a Shushō (Registrar) of Ou District in that province; he was probably of this family as well).

¶The Dōdō clan (Dōdō-shi). There were those bearing the kabane of Ason with their registered domicile in the Left Capital and Izumi, and those bearing the kabane of Omi with their registered domicile in Kawachi. They were descendants of Hata-no-Yashiro-no-Sukune (following the Shōjiroku). In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the kabane of Ason was granted to the Michimori-no-Omi (following the Nihon Shoki). In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Michimori-no-Ason Miyatsugu, a Student of Letters (following the Keikokushū). There is also a Michimori clan among the descendants of Takeyutohazurawake, a son of Emperor Kaika (Note: according to the Tōdaiji Komonjo, in the reign of Emperor Monmu there were Michimoribe-no-Shiome, a woman of Katagata District in Mino Province, and Michimoribe-no-Mura of Kuruse in Mosu District. According to the Jimoku Taisei-shō, in the reign of Emperor Horikawa there was Michimori-no-Sukune Narisue, Jō (Third Official) of Sanuki. To which lines these belong is not known, and they are therefore added here).

¶The Yamaguchi clan (Yamaguchi-shi). It bore the kabane of Ason, with its registered domicile in Kawachi. It shared a common ancestor with the Michimori-no-Ason (following the Shōjiroku). In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Yamaguchi-no-Omi Inukai, a man of Shiki District in Kawachi Province of the Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and his kin were granted Ason (following the Shoku Nihongi). Between the Engi and Tenryaku eras there was Yamaguchi-no-Shigeyuki, a man of Kawachi (following the Jūhachidaishū Sakusha Burui), who was probably of this family. There is also a Yamaguchi-no-Ason among the descendants of Aya-no-Ujihiro of the Foreign branches.

¶The Hoshikawa clan (Hoshikawa-shi). It bore the kabane of Ason, with its registered domicile in Yamato. Among the descendants of Hata-no-Yashiro-no-Sukune there was one who lived at Hoshikawa in Yamato Province, and Emperor Bidatsu therefore granted the surname Hoshikawa-no-Omi (following the Shōjiroku; that they were descendants of Hata-no-Yashiro-no-Sukune follows the Kojiki and the Yamato no Kuni Meichō). Among the meritorious ministers of the Jinshin disturbance of Emperor Temmu was Hoshikawa-no-Omi Maro, of the Middle Shōkin Rank, who was newly granted Ason in the twelfth year (683) (following the Nihon Shoki).

¶The Hasebe clan (Hasebe-shi). It bore the kabane of Kimi and came from Hata-no-Yashiro-no-Sukune (following the Kojiki). There was also an Ason surname, probably of the same kin. In the reign of Emperor Saga there was Hase-no-Ason Okanari (following the Ruijū Kokushi). In the reign of Emperor Toba there was Hasebe-no-Ason Tadatsura, of the Takiguchi (Palace Guards) (following the Jimoku Taisei-shō. Note: some books write "Sukune" for "Ason"). His son Nobutsura served Prince Mochihito, was known for his loyalty and bravery, and is the so-called "Hase no Hyōe-no-jō." His descendants lived in Noto generation after generation and became the Hase clan (following the Azuma Kagami, the Genpei Jōsuiki, and the Taiheiki).

¶The Hami clan (Hami-shi). (Note: also written with other characters, "Hami" or "Hami.") It came from Hata-no-Yashiro-no-Sukune (following the Kojiki). In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the kabane of Ason was granted to the Hami-no-Omi (following the Nihon Shoki). In the reign of Empress Kōken there was Hami-no-Ason Okihito, of the Junior Fifth Rank Upper (following the Shoku Nihongi). The family appears to have been granted Sukune later (following the Shūgaishō). In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Hami-no-Sukune Suketomo, Provisional Assistant Clerk of Musashi (following the Jimoku Taisei-shō).

¶The Ōmi clan (Ōmi-shi). It bore the kabane of Omi and came from Hata-no-Yashiro-no-Sukune (following the Kojiki). In the reign of Emperor Keitai there was Ōmi-no-Kena-no-Omi. In the reign of Emperor Sushun there was Ōmi-no-Omi Mitsu. There was also the surname Ōmi-no-Ashimi-no-Omi, probably of the same kin. In the reign of Empress Suiko, Ōmi-no-Ashimi-no-Omi Iifuta, of the Lesser Virtue Rank, together with Hata-no-Omi Hironiwa and others, led troops to campaign against Silla (following the Nihon Shoki).

¶The Okaya clan (Okaya-shi). It bore the kabane of Kimi and were descendants of Hata-no-Yashiro-no-Sukune (following the Sandai Jitsuroku. Note: the Kuji Hongi states that Takehaniyasuhiko-no-Mikoto was the ancestor of the Okaya-no-Omi, which would mean that there is also a separate Okaya-no-Omi among the Imperial branches of Emperor Kōgen. But it is not seen in other books, so it is added here for the time being, for reference). In the reign of Emperor Go-Reizei there was Okaya-no-Yoshitō, of the Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower (following the Geki Nikki), who may have been of this family. There is also an Okaya-no-Kimi among the descendants of the Kudara-no-Konikishi of the Foreign branches (Note: the Shūgaishō lists an Okaya-no-Sukune written with another character for "Oka"; to which line he belongs is not known, so he is added here for the time being).

¶The Heguri clan (Heguri-shi). In addition to the kabane of Ason and of Omi, there was the surname Heguri-no-Fun'ya-no-Ason. The Ason and the Fun'ya-no-Ason had their registered domicile in the Right Capital, and both came from Tsuku-no-Sukune, a son of Takeuchi-no-Sukune (following the Shōjiroku; the Omi kabane following the Kojiki. Note: "Tsuku" is also written with other characters). In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the kabane of Ason was granted to the Heguri-no-Omi (following the Nihon Shoki). In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Heguri-no-Fun'ya-no-Ason Masuhito (following the Tōdaiji Komonjo). In the reign of Emperor Kōkō, Heguri-no-Omi Haruo, a man of the Right Capital of the Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, himself declared, "Our ancestor came from Heguri-no-Tsuku," and Haruo, his elder brother Akio, and his cousins Akitsune and Harutsune were granted Ason (following the Sandai Jitsuroku. Note: according to the Shoku Nihongi, in the reign of Empress Shōtoku Mibu-no-Miyoso and Hironushi, men of Heguri District in Awa Province, were granted the surname Heguri-no-Mibu-no-Ason. Also, in the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Heguri-no-Toyohara-no-Ason Shizume. All of these may belong to the Heguri-no-Ason family. They are added here to await later investigation).

¶The Tsuho clan (Tsuho-shi). It bore the kabane of Ason, with its registered domicile in the Right Capital. They were descendants of Tsuku-no-Sukune (following the Shōjiroku). In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Tsuho-no-Omi Korohi, Jō (Third Official) of Chikuzen (following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin Monjo). The Omi surname was probably also of this family.

¶The Sawara clan (Sawara-shi). (Note: also written with other characters, "Sawara.") It bore the kabane of Omi, with its registered domicile in Kawachi. They were descendants of Tsuku-no-Sukune (following the Shōjiroku). In the reign of Emperor Kōnin there was Sawara-no-Omi Shizume, who was granted the Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower (following the Shoku Nihongi).

¶The Umakui clan (Umakui-shi). (Note: the Kojiki writes this with other characters.) It bore the kabane of Muraji, with its registered domicile in Yamato. They were descendants of Tsuku-no-Sukune (following the Shōjiroku). In the reign of Emperor Go-Murakami there was Umakui-no-Taruchi, Senior Clerk of Tajima (following the Enta Ryaku).

¶The Nukata clan (Nukata-shi). It bore the kabane of Obito, with its registered domicile in Kawachi. They were descendants of Tsuku-no-Sukune but, following the surname of maternal relatives, became the Nukata clan (following the Shōjiroku). In the reign of Empress Genshō there was Nukata-no-Obito Chitari, Professor of the Classics (following the Shoku Nihongi). In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Nukata-no-Obito Azahito, a man of Kawachi District in Kawachi Province who was a Shikibu Ishi (son of rank of the Ministry of Ceremonial), had his registered domicile changed to the Right Capital (following the Shoku Nihon Kōki).

¶The Soga clan (Soga-shi). (Note: the character "Ga" is also written differently.) In addition to the kabane of Ason (following the Nihon Shoki) and Omi (following the Kojiki), there were also those without a kabane. Those without a kabane had their registered domicile in Kawachi (following the Shōjiroku). They were descendants of Soga-no-Ishikawa-no-Sukune, a son of Takeuchi-no-Sukune (following the Kojiki). Ishikawa was born at a country estate at Ishikawa in Kawachi and took the place name as his own. Because he was granted the great residence (ōyake) at Soga as his dwelling, he took it as his clan name (following the Sandai Jitsuroku). In the reign of Emperor Senka, Soga-no-Inume became Ōomi (Great Minister), his descendants succeeded to the post one after another, generation after generation they held the great governance, and the family was extremely powerful. In the time of Iruka, because of the evil he had piled up, he was put to death. However, a member of the clan, Kurayamada-no-Ishikawamaro, assisted Emperor Tenji and won merit, so his descendants still flourished at court (following the Nihon Shoki). In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the kabane of Ason was granted to the Soga-no-Omi (Note: the Nihon Shoki omits this). In the reign of Emperor Yōzei, Ishikawa-no-Ason Kimura, a man of the Right Capital of the Junior Fifth Rank Lower, petitioned for a change of surname in order to avoid his ancestor's personal name and was granted the surname Kimura, and Yaguchi-no-Ason Minenari, of the Senior Sixth Rank Upper, was granted the surname Muneoka-no-Ason (following the Sandai Jitsuroku. Note: "Muneoka" and "Soga" are close in national pronunciation. In later times the character "Oka" was further changed to another, and at last the kun reading came to be used). In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Muneoka-no-Ōyori, Master of Calculation (following the Kokin Wakashū and the Sakusha Burui). In the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Muneoka-no-Tadayuki (following the Ruijū Fusenshō). In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Muneoka-no-Ason Tamenari, Governor of Buzen (following the Usa Ōkagami). In the reign of Emperor Horikawa there was Muneoka-no-Tamenaga, Junior Secretary of the Ōzen Office (Palace Table Bureau) (following the Geki Nikki). In later times the surname was probably changed to Sukune. In the reign of Emperor Go-Fushimi there was Muneoka-no-Sukune Yukikazu, Junior Assistant of the Nakatsukasa (Ministry of Central Affairs) (following the Man'ichiki. Note: according to the Nihon Shoki, in the Jomei reign there was Sakaibe-no-Omi Marise, of the Soga clan, who is not recorded in the Shōjiroku. Perhaps this is because Marise and his son were killed by the Soga and the line has already been cut off. It is added here for the time being). Among the Soga kin there was one who became Tairyō of Aki District in Tosa Province, and his descendants lived between Awa and Tosa. In the reign of Emperor Antoku there was Aki-no-Tarō Tokiie, a man of Awa, who was their descendant (following the Genpei Jōsuiki, with the Jinzan Shū also consulted).

¶The Ishikawa clan (Ishikawa-shi). It bore the kabane of Ason, with its registered domicile in the Left Capital. They were descendants of Ishikawa-no-Sukune (following the Shōjiroku and the Sandai Jitsuroku together). In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the kabane of Ason was granted to the Ishikawa-no-Omi (following the Nihon Shoki). After this the Soga clan hardly appears in the national histories, and the Ishikawa became the most renowned (following the national histories from the Nihon Shoki onward. Note: according to the Nihon Shoki, in the reign of Emperor Yūryaku there was Ishikawa-no-Matai-no-Obito, who may have been of this family).

¶The Takamuko clan (Takamuko-shi). It bore the kabane of Ason, with its registered domicile in the Right Capital. They were descendants of Ishikawa-no-Sukune (following the Shōjiroku and the Kojiki. Note: the Shōjiroku says they were descendants of Inoko-no-Omi, a sixth-generation descendant of Takeuchi-no-Sukune, but Inoko was probably a descendant of Ishikawa). In the reign of Emperor Kōtoku there was Takamuko-no-Omi, who became Governor-General of Bandō (following the Hitachi no Kuni Fudoki. Note: his name is not transmitted). In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the kabane of Ason was granted to the Takamuko-no-Omi (following the Nihon Shoki).

¶The Kawabe clan (Kawabe-shi). It bore the kabane of Ason, with its registered domicile in the Right Capital (following the Shōjiroku). They were descendants of Ishikawa-no-Sukune (following the Shōjiroku and the Kojiki). In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the kabane of Ason was granted to the Kawabe-no-Omi (following the Nihon Shoki). In the reign of Emperor Monmu there was Kawabe-no-Ason Otomaro, a man of Ishikawa District in Kawachi Province (following the Shoku Nihon Kōki).

¶The Sakurai clan (Sakurai-shi). It bore the kabane of Ason, with its registered domicile in the Left Capital. They were descendants of Iname, a fourth-generation descendant of Ishikawa-no-Sukune (following the Shōjiroku). In the reign of Emperor Jomei there was Sakurai-no-Omi Wajiko. In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the kabane of Ason was granted to the Sakurai-no-Omi (following the Nihon Shoki). In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Sakurai-no-Kanzō, Senior Clerk of the Right Capital Office (following the Tōji Monjo), who was probably his descendant.

¶The Kume clan (Kume-shi). It bore the kabane of Ason, with its registered domicile in the Right Capital. They were descendants of Iname (following the Shōjiroku). In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the kabane of Ason was granted to the Kume-no-Omi (following the Nihon Shoki).

¶The Yaguchi clan (Yaguchi-shi). (Note: also written with other characters, "Yaguchi.") It bore the kabane of Ason, with its registered domicile in the Left Capital. It came from Iname.

¶The Tanaka clan (Tanaka-shi). It bore the kabane of Ason, with its registered domicile in the Right Capital. It came from Iname (following the Shōjiroku). In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the kabane of Ason was granted to the Tanaka-no-Omi (following the Nihon Shoki).

¶The Owarida clan (Owarida-shi). (Note: the character "Ji" is also written differently.) It bore the kabane of Ason, with its registered domicile in the Right Capital. They were descendants of Iname (following the Shōjiroku). In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the kabane of Ason was granted to the Owarida-no-Omi (following the Nihon Shoki. Note: the Kojiki makes the two clans Tanaka and Owarida descendants of Ishikawa-no-Sukune, and that theory too is reasonable).

¶The Kishida clan (Kishida-shi). (Note: the character "Kishi" is also written differently.) It bore the kabane of Ason, with its registered domicile in the Right Capital. It came from Koso-no-Omi, a son of Iname. Because his grandson Mimitaka lived in Kishida Village, they took it as their clan name (following the Shōjiroku). In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the kabane of Ason was granted to the Kishida-no-Omi (following the Nihon Shoki). In the reign of Emperor Montoku there was Kishida-no-Ason Matatsugu, a man of Settsu of the Junior Eighth Rank Lower (following the Montoku Jitsuroku).

¶The Mikashiki clan (Mikashiki-shi). It bore the kabane of Ason, with its registered domicile in the Right Capital. They were descendants of Soga-no-Umase, a sixth-generation descendant of Takeuchi-no-Sukune (following the Shōjiroku). In the reign of Empress Genshō there was Mikashiki-no-Ason Hitomaro, Junior Vice-Minister of Military Affairs (following the Shoku Nihongi).

¶The Kose clan (Kose-shi). (Note: the character "Ko" is also written differently.) There were those bearing the kabane of Ason with their registered domicile in the Right Capital, and those bearing the kabane of Omi; both were descendants of Kose-no-Okara-no-Sukune, a son of Takeuchi-no-Sukune (following the Shōjiroku; the Omi kabane following the Kojiki). There were also the surnames Kose-no-Hita-no-Ason, Kose-no-Hida-no-Omi, and Kose-no-Kansaki-no-Omi (following the Shōjiroku; the Kansaki-no-Omi following the Nihon Shoki). In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the kabane of Ason was granted to the Kose-no-Omi (following the Nihon Shoki). In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Misake-no-Obito Fumio, a man of the Left Capital who was Senior Secretary of the Palace, and his kin petitioned: "Our ancestor came from the Great Minister Takeuchi; Kose-no-Okara (Note: this book writes his name with other characters), the fifth son of the Minister, is the ancestor of the Kose-no-Ason, and the third son, Heguri-no-Tsuku, is the ancestor of Fumio and his kin. His descendants were granted the surname Misake-no-Omi and fell to living in obscurity in Ise. In my grandfather's time the surname was changed to Obito and the registered domicile was moved to the Left Capital. Though descended from one and the same ancestor, we alone have become a declining house. Moreover, the surname Misake is by its nature not an auspicious one. I would like to return to Heguri, but that is a common name. I beg to be granted the surname Kose and to be ranked among a glorious clan." Kose-no-Ason was therefore granted to Fumio and his kin (following the Sandai Jitsuroku). Earlier, in the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Misakebe-no-Inayori, of the Senior Eighth Rank Upper, a man of Misake District in Yu District, Iyo Province, and his kin had been granted the surname Heguri-no-Misake-no-Omi and later moved to Ise (following the Shoku Nihongi; the move to Ise following the Sandai Jitsuroku). These were the ancestors of Fumio and his kin. From then on the Kose clan came to be divided into two lines. In the reign of Emperor Uda, Kose-no-Ason Kanaoka was famed for his excellence in painting (following the Fusō Ryakki). In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Kose-no-Hirotoshi, Junior Clerk of the Left Gate Guards. In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Kose-no-Ason Tametoki, Senior Secretary of the Palace (following the Geki Nikki). In the reign of Emperor Go-Ichijō there was Kose-no-Ason Takahide, Director of the Yin-Yang Bureau (following the Sakeiki). The Kose-no-Hita-no-Ason had their registered domicile in the Right Capital, and the Hida-no-Omi in the Right Capital and Yamato (the Hida in Yamato is also written with the Hita characters). Both were descendants of Inamochi, a fourth-generation descendant of Okara-no-Sukune (Note: "Mochi" is also written with another character). Arahito, a son of Inamochi, was commanded in the reign of Empress Kōgyoku to cultivate Nagata in Katsuragi. The land was elevated and difficult to irrigate, but Arahito, with ingenious contrivance, made a long conduit (hi) and drew river water to irrigate the fields. The Empress was pleased and for that reason granted him the surname Hita-no-Omi (following the Shōjiroku). In the reign of Empress Genshō, Kose-no-Hida-no-Omi Ōo, of the Junior Seventh Rank Upper, and his kin were granted Ason (following the Shoku Nihongi). The line of the Kansaki-no-Omi is unclear. In the reign of Emperor Tenji there was Kose-no-Kansaki-no-Omi Osa, a general in the campaign against Silla (following the Nihon Shoki).

¶The Sasakibe clan (Sasakibe-shi). It bore the kabane of Ason, with its registered domicile in the Left Capital and Settsu. They were descendants of Hoshikawa-no-Takehiko, a son of Okara-no-Sukune. In the reign of Emperor Ōjin, Takehiko, in place of the prince Ōsazaki-no-Mikoto (later Emperor Nintoku), wore the cotton sash and supervised the imperial meals, and for that reason was granted the name Ōsazaki-no-Omi, and his descendants became the Sasakibe clan (following the Shōjiroku). In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the kabane of Ason was granted to the Sasakibe-no-Omi (following the Nihon Shoki). In the reign of Empress Kōken, Kose-no-Ason Mahito and others, who were Tenzen (Palace Table Secretaries), petitioned: "Our ancestor Okara-no-Sukune had three sons: Takehiko-no-Sukune became the ancestor of the Sasakibe-no-Ason, Ito-no-Sukune the ancestor of the Karube-no-Ason, and Ori-no-Sukune the ancestor of the Kose-no-Ason. Sasakibe-no-Omi Ohito served in both the reigns of Emperors Keitai and Ankan, but he was mistakenly recorded as 'Kose,' and this has not been corrected to this day. Kose and Sasakibe are the same in origin, but their branching lines are in fact different. If in this good reign we cannot correct the surname, the name of a house of long standing will in the end be cut off and forever remain a surname of unknown source. We beg to be restored to the original surname, to hand down that name to later generations, and to confer good fortune on our later descendants." Kose-no-Ason Nademaro, the Great Counselor, also bore witness to this, and it was proclaimed to the Ministry of Civil Administration (Jibushō) and the restoration of the surname was permitted (following the Shoku Nihongi).

¶The Karube clan (Karube-shi). It bore the kabane of Ason and were descendants of Ito-no-Sukune (following the Kojiki and the Shoku Nihongi). In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the kabane of Ason was granted to the Karube-no-Omi (following the Nihon Shoki. Note: according to the Tōdaiji Shōsōin Monjo, in the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Karube-no-Obito Mikari, a man of Karube Village in Kuboya District in Bitchū Province. The line of the Obito surname is not clear, but it is added here for the time being).

¶The Katsuragi clan (Katsuragi-shi). It bore the kabane of Ason, with its registered domicile in the Left Capital. They were descendants of Katsuragi-no-Sotsuhiko, a son of Takeuchi-no-Sukune (following the Shōjiroku). When Emperor Nintoku made Iwa-no-Hime his Empress, he established the Katsuragibe. The Empress was a daughter of Sotsuhiko (following the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki). Probably the origin of this clan lies in making kin of the Empress the heads of the corporation. Tamada-no-Sukune, a grandson of Sotsuhiko, was convicted of a crime and put to death in the reign of Emperor Ingyō. His son Tsubura became Ōomi (Great Minister) but was killed by Emperor Yūryaku (following the Nihon Shoki and the Kugyō Bunin).

¶The Tamate clan (Tamate-shi). It bore the kabane of Ason, with its registered domicile in the Right Capital. It came from Sotsuhiko (following the Shōjiroku). In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), the kabane of Ason was granted to the Tamate-no-Omi (following the Sandai Jitsuroku). In the reign of Emperor Sanjō there was Tamate-no-Ason Nobuyori, Deputy Registrar (following the Shōyūki). In the reign of Emperor Go-Reizei there was Tamate-no-Ason Sukeyori, Sergeant of the Right Palace Guards (following the Chōya Gunsai).

¶The Ikuha clan (Ikuha-shi). It bore the kabane of Omi, with its registered domicile in Yamashiro, Kawachi, and Izumi. It came from Sotsuhiko (following the Shōjiroku). In the reign of Emperor Nintoku, Koryŏ presented an iron shield and an iron target. The Emperor had Tatehito-no-Sukune, the ancestor of the Ikuha-no-Omi, shoot at it, and he pierced it with a single arrow. The Emperor praised him and granted him the name "Ikuha-no-Todata" (following the Nihon Shoki). In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Ikuha-no-Tokunori, Captain of the Right Gate Guards (following the Geki Nikki), who was probably his descendant.

¶The Nunoshi clan (Nunoshi-shi). (Note: also written with other characters, "Nunoshi.") There were those bearing the kabane of Omi with their registered domicile in Izumi, and those bearing the kabane of Obito with their registered domicile in the Left Capital and Kawachi. There was also the Nunoshi-no-Obito, with its registered domicile in Settsu. All came from Sotsuhiko (following the Shōjiroku. Note: the two written forms of "Nunoshi" have close readings, but the Shūgaishō lists the two clans side by side, and so that is followed here). In the reign of Emperor Tenji there was Nunoshi-no-Obito Iwa (following the Nihon Shoki). In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Nunoshi-no-Omi Kinume, a woman of Yamada District in Sanuki Province (following the Nihon Ryōiki and the Konjaku Monogatari). In the reign of Emperor Seiwa there was Nunoshi-no-Sada (following the Sandai Jitsuroku). In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Nunoshi-no-Obito Tsunefuji, of the Junior Seventh Rank Upper (following the Tōji Monjo). In the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Nunoshi-no-Obito Katsujimaru, a Hafuri (priest) of the Noha Shrine in Aki District in Tosa Province (following the Ruijū Fusenshō). In the reign of Emperor En'yū there was Nunoshi-no-Obito Shigesue, Principal Secretary of the Mint (following the Jimoku Taisei-shō).

¶The Ikue clan (Ikue-shi). It bore the kabane of Omi, with its registered domicile in the Left Capital. It came from Sotsuhiko (following the Shōjiroku). In the reign of Empress Kōken, Ikue-no-Omi Azumahito, Tairyō of Asuwa District in Echizen Province, was granted the Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower (following the Shoku Nihongi and the Tōdaiji Zatsuroku). In the reign of Emperor Seiwa there were Ikue-no-Tsuneyama, a man of Asuwa District, and Ikue-no-Omi Ujio, Tairyō of Imadate District (following the Sandai Jitsuroku). In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Ikue-no-Sukune Kanehira, Provisional Senior Clerk of Mikawa (following the Jimoku Taisei-shō). The Sukune surname was probably also of this family. In the reign of Emperor Sanjō there was Ikue-no-Sadazumi, a Kebiishi (Police Commissioner) (following the Shōyūki. Note: some books write another character for "Sada").

¶The Shioya clan (Shioya-shi). It bore the kabane of Muraji, with its registered domicile in Kawachi. It came from Sotsuhiko.

¶The Oyake clan (Oyake-shi) bore the kabane of Muraji, and the Harai clan (Harai-shi) also bore the kabane of Muraji. Both had their registered domicile in Kawachi, and both came from Sotsuhiko.

¶The Yodo clan (Yodo-shi). It bore the kabane of Muraji, with its registered domicile in Yamashiro. It shared a common ancestor with the Shioya clan (Note: according to the Tōdaiji Shōsōin Monjo, in the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Nie-no-Obito Hirosaki, Assistant Officer of the Garden and Pond Office. The Montoku Jitsuroku says that the monk Kōjō was of the Nie clan and a man of Kazahaya District in Iyo Province. The Meishō Ryakuden says that Kōjō's ancestors came from Sotsuhiko. From this it appears that among the descendants of Sotsuhiko there was also a Nie clan, and the Obito surname was probably also of that kin. But because it is not recorded in the Shōjiroku, it is added here for the time being).

¶The Akina clan (Akina-shi). (Note: also written with other characters, "Akina.") It shared a common ancestor with the Tamate clan. There were those bearing the kabane of Omi with their registered domicile in Settsu, and those bearing the kabane of Kimi with their registered domicile in Yamato (following the Shōjiroku). In the reign of Emperor Seiwa there was Akina-no-Omi Yasutsugu, Junior Clerk of Sanuki (following the Sandai Jitsuroku. Note: in the section on the Omi surname in the Shūgaishō there appears Akina, who belongs to this family. On the other hand, in the section on those without surname there are further listed Akina-no-Kimi, such as Ichii-Akina-no-Kimi, Ishiguri-Akina, and Isonokami-Akina-no-Kimi, extending to over a hundred clans. The Shōjiroku-shō is the same as this, and its meaning cannot be understood. Examining the Kōjo Hishō, it says that, in writing the summoned names in the appointment lists, apart from Ason, Mahito, and Sukune, the surnames Omi, Muraji, Obito, Miyatsuko, and others are by custom sometimes written as Sukune. If so, the ones written as Akina-no-Kimi are probably all persons who have a clan name but no surname. Or perhaps in later appointment lists this form of address was specially fixed as custom, and the clans came to regard it as their surname. However, since the origins of these many Akina clans are for the most part not clear, they are not all recorded now. The theory is added to await later investigation).

¶The Asano clan (Asano-shi). There were those bearing the kabane of Ason and those bearing the kabane of Sukune; they were descendants of Kumaji-no-Sukune, a son of Sotsuhiko. They were originally called Oshinumihara-no-Muraji (the Ason following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. Note: the character "Hara" is also written with another character). In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Oshinumihara-no-Muraji Nakai, Director of the Medical Bureau, petitioned: "Having respectfully examined the old records, I find that Kumaji-no-Sukune, the sixth son of Sotsuhiko, is truly the ancestor of Nakai and his kin. His sixth-generation descendant Obitomaro was demoted to the surname Muraji in the reign of Emperor Temmu. We have been petitioning ever since, but have not yet been heard. Now, having met with the sacred reign, I beg that I may be allowed to state the feelings of the lowly. I wish to have the old surname removed and to be newly granted the surname Asano-no-Sukune, from the place of our residence." The petition was granted (following the Shoku Nihongi). In the reign of Emperor Saga, the surname Asano-no-Sukune was posthumously granted to the late Oshinumihara-no-Muraji Takatori, of the Senior Sixth Rank Upper, a man of Yamato. This was on the petition of his son Asano-no-Sukune Katori (following the Nihon Kōki). In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Oshinumihara-no-Muraji Shimayori and Momoyoshi, men of Yamato of the Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and others were granted Asano-no-Sukune. Asano-no-Sukune Katori, the Sangi (Consultant), and others were newly granted Ason (following the Shoku Nihon Kōki). In the reign of Emperor Montoku, Oshinumi-no-Kami-no-Muraji Kiyonaga, of the Junior Sixth Rank Lower, was granted Asano-no-Sukune (following the Montoku Jitsuroku).

¶The Enuma clan (Enuma-shi). (Note: some books write another character for "Numa." In the Kojiki a character for "wealth" appears below "Numa," which is probably a superfluous character.) It came from Wakugo-no-Sukune, a son of Takeuchi-no-Sukune. It bore the kabane of Omi, with its registered domicile in Yamato (following the Shōjiroku). There was also a line of Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Shiha-katsu-no-Sukune, a third-generation descendant of Wakugo-no-Sukune, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of Enuma in the reign of Emperor Hanzei (following the Kuji Hongi). In the reign of Emperor Kinmei there was Enu-no-Omi Mosushiro, a man of Koshi (following the Nihon Shoki). In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Enuma-no-Omi Masohi, a nyoju (junior palace woman attendant), was granted the Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower (following the Shoku Nihongi). In the reign of Emperor Saga there was Enuma-no-Omi Onami, of the Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower (following the Nihon Kiryaku). In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Numa-no-Omi Kawako was raised to the Junior Fifth Rank Lower (following the Sandai Jitsuroku). In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there were Enuma-no-Nobuaki, Junior Secretary of the Ōzen Office (following the Geki Nikki), and Enuma-no-Tomimoto, Provisional Senior Clerk of Yamashiro. Tomimoto's surname was Sukune (following the Jimoku Taisei-shō), which was probably changed in later times. In the reign of Emperor Toba there was Enuma-no-Nariyasu, an official of Kaga (following the Chōya Gunsai).

¶The Imizu clan (Imizu-shi). (Note: also written with other characters, "Imizu.") There were the kabane of Omi and a line of Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Ōkawato-no-Sukune, a grandson of Takeuchi-no-Sukune, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of Imizu in the reign of Emperor Seimu (following the Kuji Hongi; the Omi kabane following the Sandai Jitsuroku). In the reign of Emperor Kōkō there was Imizu-no-Omi Sadamasu, Acting Tairyō of Niikawa District in Etchū Province (following the Sandai Jitsuroku), who was probably a descendant of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. In later times the surname was changed to Sukune. In the reign of Emperor Go-Reizei there was Imizu-no-Sukune Yoshitō, Senior Jō (Third Official) of Etchū (following the Jimoku Taisei-shō). In the reign of Emperor Tsuchimikado there was Imizu-no-Sukenari, Provisional Assistant Governor of Hizen (following the Meigetsuki).

¶The Ikejiri clan (Ikejiri-shi). It bore the kabane of Omi, with its registered domicile in Yamato. It came from descendants of Takeuchi-no-Sukune (following the Shōjiroku).

¶The Taguchi clan (Taguchi-shi). There were the kabane of Ason and the kabane of Omi. The Ason had their registered domicile in the Left Capital and came from Kawahori-no-Omi, a descendant of Takeuchi-no-Sukune. In the reign of Empress Suiko, Kawahori lived at Taguchi Village in Takechi District in Yamato Province and therefore took it as his clan name (following the Shōjiroku; the Omi kabane following the Nihon Shoki). In the reign of Emperor Shirakawa there was Taguchi-no-Tametomo, Envoy for the Cotton Tribute at Dazaifu. In the reign of Emperor Toba there was Taguchi-no-Ason Shigekuni, Senior Jō (Third Official) of Inaba (following the Chōya Gunsai). Among their kin was Awa-no-Minbu-no-Taifu Nariyoshi, a man of Sanuki. His son Naritada called himself Tanai Zaemon and surrendered to Minamoto no Yoshitsune at the battle of Yashima (following the Genpei Jōsuiki. Note: the Azuma Kagami writes "Tanai" with a different character for "Den"; "Den" and "Ta" share the same sound, and since the original surname was Taguchi, they took it as their appellation). His descendants moved to Mikawa and became the Makino clan (following the Makino Keizu).

¶The Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of Mikuni. Wakanaga-no-Sukune, a fourth-generation descendant of Hikofutsuoshinomakoto-no-Mikoto, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu (following the Kuji Hongi). In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Mikuni-no-Sukune Munetaka, Provisional Junior Gekki (Outer Secretary), who may have been of this family.

¶The Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of Ho. Unakami-no-Sukune, a fourth-generation descendant of Katsuragi-no-Sotsuhiko, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Yūryaku (following the Kuji Hongi).

¶The Deba clan (Deba-shi). It bore the kabane of Omi, with its registered domicile in Yamashiro (following the Shōjiroku). In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there were Deba-no-Omi Otomaro, a man of Sumiyoshi District in Settsu Province who was a clerk (shishō) of the Nakatsukasa (Ministry of Central Affairs), and Deba-no-Tokumaro, a man of the Left Capital (following the Tōdaiji Shōsōin Monjo).

¶The Uchi clan (Uchi-shi). It bore the kabane of Omi, with its registered domicile in Yamato. They were descendants of Umashiuchi-no-Sukune, a son of Takeogokoro-no-Mikoto (following the Shōjiroku; that he was a son of Takeogokoro follows the Nihon Shoki. Note: "Umashiuchi" is the same as "Umashi-uchi" in another written form). In the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Uchi-no-Noritada, Clerk of the Right Bureau of Horses (following the Ruijū Fusenshō), who was probably of this family.

¶The Yama clan (Yama-shi). It bore the kabane of Kimi, with its registered domicile in Yamato. It came from Umashiuchi-no-Sukune (following the Shōjiroku).