Treatise 24: Clans I

¶The system of clans and surnames exists to make clear the distinction between the exalted and the humble and to set right the order of human relationships, and its origins are truly deep and distant. The Heavenly Ancestor (Amatsumioya) ruled the world, his majesty reached to the farthest corners of the eight directions, and holy sons and divine grandsons succeeded one another through the generations. The bloodline of Amaterasu-Ōmikami is as everlasting as heaven and earth, and the radiant, sacred virtue of that lineage has remained unchanged, as if it were a single day, through a thousand and ten thousand years. The deities who assisted and guarded the Heavenly Ancestor in those days were all entered in the records of the rites, and, passing between heaven and earth, they governed the fortunes and misfortunes of every spiritual power. Although the fortunes of their descendants have not been uniform in rise and decline, at times they flourished greatly. By inheriting and cultivating the achievements of their forebears, their spirit flowed on without cease, a single breath that never stagnated. Their role in supporting and nurturing the bright mandate of Heaven and the moral norms of the people truly never changed. For this reason, from the time of Emperor Suinin and Emperor Ingyō onward, every successive sovereign gave careful attention to the order of human relations. In the reigns of Enryaku and Kōnin, all clan names and surnames were collated and examined and arranged in three divisions, the Imperial branches (Kōbetsu), the Divine branches (Shinbetsu), and the Foreign branches (Banbetsu), and recorded. Thus the bloodline of the imperial house and the bloodlines of the deities were here greatly clarified. Since remote antiquity, from the houses of the court nobles and generals down to the provincial governors and district magistrates, is there anyone who is not a descendant of these three divisions? For this reason the people of the realm clearly understood that the Emperor is a being different from those born on earth, knew that the solemn weight of the Divine Regalia is not something human strength can aspire to, and recognized that the exalted and the humble have a fixed order whose ranks and authority cannot be violated; the hearts of high and low were united, and customs became simple and sincere. Is it not precisely for such reasons that the imperial throne has continued to flourish without end, together with heaven and earth? Yet now, when we examine its roots and branches in detail, much time has passed, and its institutions have not been without change. Since the opening of heaven and earth, the Son of Heaven has had no surname, and the line has been unbroken for ten thousand generations. The imperial family and the descendants of the deities, on the other hand, either governed provinces and agata (districts) or were put in charge of the shinabe (occupational groups). The Son of Heaven each time bestowed clan names and surnames according to merit, and the descendants inherited them and established hereditary duties; thus surname and office were not different things. With the Taika Reform, the old offices and duties were all abolished and the hundred officials were newly established, and it was then that office and surname were first separated. In the reign of Emperor Temmu the eight-fold system of kabane (Yakusa-no-Kabane) was newly established, and the standing of the clans was fixed. The system of clan names and surnames changed for the first time then. After the Kōnin and Tenchō eras, when the imperial family was granted a surname, it was limited to the two clans of Minamoto (Genji) and Taira (Heishi), and the old practice of granting each branch a separate clan name to distinguish its line ceased. The system changed a little again at this point. Once the maternal relatives monopolized power, the Fujiwara and Tachibana clans wielded influence at court generation after generation, and once warriors gained strength, the Minamoto and Taira grew more powerful in the provinces with each passing day. These four clans eventually spread their prosperity across the realm. The powerful families of that age vied to occupy districts and villages, stationed their sons and younger brothers in various places, and took house names from their respective lands, which no longer had any connection with the institutions of the court. The system of clan names and surnames was at last thrown into great disorder. With the rebellion of the Ashikaga clan, the realm fell into great turmoil, the warriors left their native places, and families lost their genealogies. Those who mistakenly took the surnames of others, wrongly claimed the bloodlines of famous houses, or falsified their ancestry by forced connections were beyond counting. Moreover, succeeding to a house under a different surname became the fashion of the moment, and the prohibitions of the ritsuryō codes were scarcely enforced. This contravened the order of human relations and severed the way of Heaven-given nature; the causes of the shallowing of popular customs and the decline of the age all derive from this, and it is truly lamentable. To clarify human relations and examine things, and to return to the root and classify kindred, is something to be valued in the governance of a true sovereign. Those who aspire to return to the ancient ways cannot but discuss it. The Shinsen Shōjiroku that survives today is not in complete form, yet it is still sufficient for investigating the origins of the clans. Therefore, relying on this book and consulting various other writings, we have fixed what can be verified, summarized the essentials and cut away the cumbersome parts, and, narrating from the beginning of the founding of the state down to the Meitoku era, we compose this "Treatise on Clans."

¶The Heavenly Ancestor (Amatsumioya) installed the Imperial Grandchild Ninigi-no-Mikoto as lord of the Central Land of Reed Plains (Ashihara-no-Nakatsukuni). At that time he had Ame-no-Koyane-no-Mikoto, Ame-no-Futodama-no-Mikoto, Ame-no-Uzume-no-Mikoto, Ame-no-Akarutama-no-Mikoto, and Ishikoridome-no-Mikoto attend and guard him, and these were called the Five Companion Deities (Itsutomo-no-Ogami). He also had Ame-no-Oshihi-no-Mikoto and Amatsukume-no-Mikoto lead the soldiers and put the armaments in order. In the past, at the incident of the Heavenly Rock Cave, Ishikoridome made the mirror that reflected the image of the sun, Ame-no-Akarutama made the jewels of the Misumaru, Ame-no-Uzume performed the dance and music, Ame-no-Futodama prepared the various offerings, and Ame-no-Koyane offered the prayers. They all assisted and supported the Heavenly Ancestor and established the heavenly undertaking, and in the age of the descent as well, each led his kin and carried out his duties. Ame-no-Koyane became the ancestor of the Nakatomi-no-Muraji, Ame-no-Futodama the ancestor of the Inbe-no-Obito, Ame-no-Uzume the ancestor of the Sarume-no-Kimi, Ame-no-Akarutama the ancestor of the Tamatsukuri-no-Muraji, and Ishikoridome the ancestor of the Kagamitsukuri-no-Miyatsuko. The descendants of Ame-no-Oshihi became the Ōtomo-no-Muraji, and the descendants of Amatsukume became the Kume-no-Atai. The origins of the shinabe, of offices, and of surnames first appear here. (Note: Nihon Shoki, Kojiki, Kogo Shūi, and Shinsen Shōjiroku were consulted.) When the Great Ancestor (Emperor Jinmu) pacified the realm, he enfeoffed meritorious retainers with generous lands, and the titles Kuni-no-Miyatsuko (provincial governor) and Agatanushi (lord of an agata) were first established. In the reign of Emperor Suinin the Agata-no-Miyatsuko were further established, and at this time the surname Muraji was granted to the Mononobe and the Ishitsukuribe, the surname Omi to the Hajibe, and the surname Miyatsuko to the Tottoribe. The system of clan names and surnames was fixed from this time on. (Note: Nihon Shoki, Kojiki, Sendai Kuji Hongi, and Shinsen Shōjiroku and its preface were consulted. For the Agata-no-Miyatsuko, the Ise Daijingū Gishikichō and the Yamatohime-no-Mikoto Seiki are followed.) The princes of Emperor Keikō who received lands numbered more than seventy. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) At this time the titles Wake-no-Kimi (Note: Wake is also written with a different character) and Inaki were also newly established, standing alongside the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko and the Agatanushi. (Note: following the Kojiki.) Emperor Seimu further divided the provinces and agata, and those granted the title Kuni-no-Miyatsuko increased to more than one hundred and forty clans. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Sendai Kuji Hongi.) As for the shinabe, very many were established under successive reigns, and they were called the "one hundred and eighty groups." The surname Miyatsuko was conferred on the head of each group, and these were called the Tomo-no-Miyatsuko. For this reason the subjects of the court, within and without, were collectively called in that age the Omi, Muraji, Tomo-no-Miyatsuko, and Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Surnames had exalted and humble grades, and by them the ranks of status were fixed. The surname Omi belonged to those who came from the imperial bloodline, and the surname Muraji to those descended from the deities; those of the most exalted families among them were entrusted with the affairs of state and were called Ōomi and Ōmuraji, as is set out in detail in the "Treatise on Offices." In general, the clans great and small were each bound together within their own kindred, divided and governed their kakibe (private hereditary groups), and served the court, inheriting generation after generation their surnames and the order of their clan ranks. If the head of a group had committed an offense, his surname might be demoted or his kakibe confiscated and given to someone of merit. This system of conferring clan names and granting surnames was, in effect, equivalent to the office system of later ages. (Note: the general contents of the Nihon Shoki, Kojiki, Sendai Kuji Hongi, and Shinsen Shōjiroku were consulted.)

¶In the reign of Emperor Ingyō the clans gradually increased, and among the various clans there frequently appeared those who falsified their status, which troubled the Emperor. In the fourth year an edict was issued, saying: "In the governance of high antiquity, the people each obtained a fitting position, and there were no errors in the clans. But recently, among the people of the various clans, there are those who mistakenly lose their own surnames and those who deliberately claim exalted clans. For this reason high and low contend with one another, and the people are not at peace. Though I am without insight, how could I fail to correct this error? Let the court nobles deliberate well, decide, and report." The assembled ministers all replied: "Your Majesty corrects errors and wrongs, clarifies clan names and surnames, and seeks good government. How could we, your subjects, fail to exert ourselves?" A further edict was issued, saying: "The court nobles and the hundred officials and the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of the various provinces all say, 'We are of the imperial bloodline, descendants of the deities who descended from heaven.' But many years have passed since the three powers of heaven, earth, and man were divided, and since a single clan has flourished and branched out into several surnames, it is difficult to discern what is true and what is false. Let the people of the various clans purify themselves, bathe, and perform the kukatachi (trial by boiling water)." Accordingly, kukabe (pots for the trial) were set up on the hill of Umakashi, and it was proclaimed: "Those who speak truly will be unharmed, and those who speak falsely will surely be harmed." The people each approached a pot and put their hands into the hot water; some were unharmed and some were scalded, and it came about just as had been proclaimed. Those who had been lying were startled and afraid and would not come forward, and thus the clan names and surnames were settled of themselves and the disputes gradually subsided. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) Before this, Emperor Suinin, because his son Prince Itoshiwake had no child, established the Itobe as his koshiro (substitute group). (Note: following the Kojiki. The name Itoshi is written as Itake in the Nihon Shoki, and the readings are close. Also, Itobe may be an error for Itoshibe. The Nihon Shoki has "Itoshi-no-Tobe," which is probably the same.) Emperor Keikō fixed the Takerube in commemoration of the achievements of Yamatotakeru-no-Mikoto. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) Emperor Nintoku, because Empress Yata had no imperial child, established the Yatabe. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.) For Prince Tajihi-no-Mizuhawake he established the Tajihibe as his minashiro (name-substitute group). (Note: following the Kojiki.) Emperor Ingyō likewise fixed the Osakabe for Empress Oshisaka-no-Ōnakatsuhime and the Karube for Prince Kinashi-no-Karu. From this time on, koshiro and minashiro were established in great number through the generations. As for the groups of people commemorating the deeds of sovereigns, in the case of Emperors Yūryaku and Ninken the Hatsusebe and Isonokamibe were fixed after the names of their palaces, while Emperors Seinei and Buretsu, having no heirs, fixed the Shirakabe and Ohatsusebe after their personal names. Emperor Ankan established the miyake (imperial granaries) and the tabe (rice-field groups) of Ohari-da, Sakurai, and other places for his three consorts. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) The rest are as seen in the Annals of each sovereign. For these groups, high-ranking famous clans were mostly made the Tomo-no-Miyatsuko, since in the custom of the time it was considered an honor to have one's name handed down to later ages. For this reason the Tomo-no-Miyatsuko took the name of their group as their own clan name, and moreover divided the people of the group and settled them in provinces and agata, giving the lands, too, the name of the group. Thus the lands and the people of the groups gradually became the private property of the Tomo-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: the general contents of the Nihon Shoki and the Sendai Kuji Hongi were consulted.) Through such long years, the old famous clans and great surnames, though differing in rise and decline, for the most part inherited offices and stipends generation after generation and did not lose the family occupations of their ancestors. In the eleventh year of Empress Suiko, the twelve cap ranks were first established. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) But these were established specifically to distinguish the exalted from the humble, and there was no system of promoting people in rank. After this, however, office and surname gradually became separated, and cases arose in which clan names and surnames were bestowed without regard to the office system. (Note: the general contents of the Nihon Shoki and the Shinsen Shōjiroku were consulted.) In the twenty-eighth year, Crown Prince Umayado-no-Miko consulted with the Ōomi Soga-no-Umako and compiled the Tennō-ki and the Kokki, together with the basic records of the Omi, Muraji, Tomo-no-Miyatsuko, Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, and the commoners of the one hundred and eighty groups. When the Soga clan fell, this book met with disaster and was lost. In the first year of Taika under Emperor Kōtoku, an edict was issued, saying: "Whenever the people have a grievance or complaint, their Tomo-no-Miyatsuko or elders shall first investigate it and only then report it. If the Tomo-no-Miyatsuko and the others do not examine the substance of the complaint, they shall be held guilty." Another edict said: "The people of the shirushiro (commemorative groups) established by successive sovereigns are meant to hand down their names to later ages. Yet the Omi, Muraji, Tomo-no-Miyatsuko, and the rest each privately hold people and use them at will. Some seize lands and covet wealth, strife never ceases, and this greatly harms the people. Such conduct is hereafter wholly prohibited." In the second year an edict said: "The koshiro people established by successive sovereigns, and the kakibe people held by the miyake of various places and by the Wake, Omi, Muraji, Tomo-no-Miyatsuko, Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, and Mura-no-Obito, are abolished." (Note: Wake is the same as Wake written with another character.) Next an edict said: "The Omi, Muraji, Tomo-no-Miyatsuko, and Kuni-no-Miyatsuko have each divided their shinabe and made them minashibe. Moreover they have had the people of those groups live mixed together in the various provinces and agata, so that father and son have different surnames, brothers belong to different clans, and even husband and wife call each other by different names. Households are divided, litigation arises without end, and the state is not well ordered because of this. Hereafter the shinabe shall be abolished and all shall become public people. However, those who do not understand My true intent may think that those who took the name of a prince and became Tomo-no-Miyatsuko, or who inherited the name of an ancestor and became Omi or Muraji, will have their names disappear because of this. But the title of a sovereign is handed down as long as the sun and moon, and the names of ancestors endure as long as heaven and earth. Moreover, it is contrary to reason that the name of a prince should be attached to land and carelessly used. I now declare to you: all you Omi, Muraji, and Tomo-no-Miyatsuko have served the court from your ancestors' time, so hereafter your old posts shall all be changed, and new offices and ranks shall be conferred." From this time, office and surname were clearly separated and became two distinct things. In the third year an edict said: "Among the Omi, Muraji, Tomo-no-Miyatsuko, and Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, there are those who use the names of deities or of princes as their clan names and surnames. The people of the whole land cling to their own positions and will not yield to one another, so the hearts of the people are not united. Among them, the weak lightly give the name of their own surname to others and make it a mere nominal thing. As a result it has even happened that the slaves of other persons defile a pure name. Reform this abuse hereafter." (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) Since the Kokki was lost in the fire, some clans lost the basis of their origins, and the cunning heaped falsehood upon falsehood. Thereupon Fune-no-Fubito Esaka obtained a surviving book rescued from the fire and presented it. In the third year of the accession of Emperor Tenji, an edict was issued, "Compile household registers on the basis of that book," and the clan names and surnames of the people were each properly fixed. (Note: following the preface to the Shinsen Shōjiroku and the Nihon Shoki.) This was called the Kōgo Nenjaku (Register of the Kōgo year), and it was handed down through the generations as the standard. (Note: following the Ryō no Gige.) It served as the foundation of clan names and surnames and was meant to prevent wrongdoing among the people. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) Before this, in the Kinoe-Ne year, an imperial command was issued fixing the Uji-no-Kami (clan chiefs) of the various clans. To the Uji-no-Kami of great clans a long sword was granted, to those of small clans a short sword, and to those of the Tomo-no-Miyatsuko and others shields, bows, and arrows.

¶When Emperor Temmu ascended the throne, an edict was issued stating, "Those whose clan standing is unclear shall not be considered in the selection for appointment as officials, even if they have talent or achievements." There was also an edict: "Among the various clans, those whose Uji-no-Kami have not yet been fixed shall promptly fix them and report to the Daijōkan (Council of State). Where a clan's numbers are especially great, divide it, fix an Uji-no-Kami for each part, and report, awaiting the court's ruling." In the twelfth year the following edict was issued: "The eight-fold kabane (Yakusa-no-Kabane) are newly established and shall be conferred on the various clans. First, Mahito; second, Ason (Asomi); third, Sukune; fourth, Imiki (Note: also written with other characters); fifth, Michi-no-Shi (Note: probably the likes of physicians and painters); sixth, Omi; seventh, Muraji; eighth, Inaki." (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) Mahito was regarded as the highest clan rank within the Imperial branches (Note: following the preface to the Shinsen Shōjiroku); a long sword was ordered for those granted Ason, and a short sword for Sukune. Imiki was granted to clans of immigrant origin such as the Hata and the Aya. (Note: following the Kogo Shūi. According to the Nihon Shoki, all the clans were granted new surnames at this time, but afterwards there were still clans that kept their old surnames. Probably what was granted then was limited to the Uji-no-Kami, or to those branches registered in the capital. The details, however, can no longer be made clear.) At first the Emperor intended to change the surnames of all the clans of the realm by means of these eight kabane, but in some respects it did not reach everywhere, and surnames such as Kimi (Note: changed to Kimi written with another character in the first year of the Deposed Emperor), Obito, Miyatsuko, Agatanushi, Atai, Suguri, Fubito, Koniki-shi (Note: Koniki-shi is read "Konikishi"; the Kudara-no-Konikishi and the Koma-no-Konikishi are examples. It is different from the imperial family members who call themselves the Ō clan), Suguri written with another character, Hafuri, Waza, Omi written with another character, Abiko, and Kishi remained among the clans. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki, the Shoku Nihongi, and the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) Moreover, the order of exaltedness and humbleness was generally decided by merit in that year, and since it did not go back to take into account the original merit of having descended from heaven, some of the old families who were descendants of the deities were not ranked among the higher ones. (Note: following the Kogo Shūi.) Yet once this system was greatly established, the distinction between the noble and the base became clear. Thereafter, subjects and commoners who had merit had their kabane raised, to the honor of their kin, and those who had committed offenses had their kabane lowered or taken away. There were those of the same clan with different kabane, and those of the same kin who had no kabane at all. Those without a kabane were treated as zakko (miscellaneous households) or lowly servants, and zakko who were granted a kabane became commoners. Further, institutions such as the Uji-no-Kami (Note: also called Uji-no-Chōja), the Ujisuke, and the Koshu (household head) were established to regulate the clan. Those whose kinship was doubtful were reported to the office and removed from the household registers. (Note: the general contents of the official histories from the Nihon Shoki onward were taken into consideration.) The clans of the realm were made to submit, once in each generation, a honkei-chō (genealogical register) recording their own lineage, which was kept at court. (Note: following the preface to the Nihongi Kōnin Shiki.) Thus the clans of the realm remained free of disorder for a long time. In the fifth year of Empress Jitō, an edict was issued: "The eighteen clans, Ōmiwa, Sasakibe, Isonokami, Kashiwadebe, Kasuga, Shimotsukenu, Ōtomo, Ki, Abe, Hozumi, Azumi, and the others, shall each compile and submit the genealogy of their ancestors." (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶Since high antiquity the various famous clans each built a shrine and worshipped their ancestral deity, calling it the Ujigami (clan deity), and the kindred together were called Ujibito (clan members). Their reverence for their ancestors was truly deep. When Buddhism arose, they further built temples and pagodas for their ancestors, calling them Ujidera (clan temples). Here the old customs began to change. (Note: the Sendai Kuji Hongi, Shinsen Shōjiroku, Shoku Nihon Kōki, Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku, Tendai Zasu-ki, and Kōfukuji Engi were consulted.) With the establishment of the Taihō Code under Emperor Monmu, the Jibushō (Ministry of Civil Affairs) was set up and charged with matters concerning the origins of clan names and surnames, succession, marriage, and the like. Its subordinate officials, the Ōge-be and the Shōge-be, investigated lawsuits concerning genealogies and fixed the order of the clans. In general, among the clans, those who had no son were permitted to adopt as heir someone within the fourth degree of kinship who fit the shōboku (the generational order of the ancestors). The Minbushō (Ministry of Popular Affairs) had charge of the household registers and the records of personal names of the realm; the registers were always kept going back five generations of registers, and older ones were discarded in turn, but the Kōgo Nenjaku alone was not discarded. (Note: following the Ryō no Gige.) Slaves who appealed on their own behalf and became free commoners could return to their original surnames, and for those who were emancipated and became free commoners, provisions were made case by case. (Note: following the Ryō no Shūge.) In the second year an edict was issued fixing the surnames of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of the various provinces. There was also an edict: "Where clans were granted surnames after the Kinoe-Ne year but their Uji-no-Kami have not yet been fixed, all those of Imiki rank or above shall report to the court." (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the seventh year of Wadō under Empress Genmei, because the name Wakatarashihiko conflicted with the personal name (imina) of Emperor Seimu, the surnames of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko were changed. In the seventeenth year of Tenpyō under Emperor Shōmu, among the people without surnames in seven provinces including Chikuzen, Buzen, Hizen, and Hyūga, all those who wished to be granted a surname were permitted it. In the first year of Tenpyō-Hōji under Empress Kōken, an edict was issued: "Recently the people, not knowing propriety, include some whose surnames and personal names conflict with the august names of the Emperor and Empress. This must not happen hereafter. If the officials in charge do not correct it, they shall be punished according to the law." (Note: from "recently" onward, the Seiji Yōryaku is followed.) There was also an order that "the people of the realm shall avoid the names of the Naidaijin (Inner Minister) and the Daijō-daijin (Chancellor)," and as a result the two surnames Obito and Fubito of the various clans were all changed to Hito (written with other characters) or else other surnames were granted. (Note: Hito is also written with the character for "person." In general, the clans whose surname is Hito were all originally of the two surnames Obito and Fubito, and the change avoided the personal names of Emperor Shōmu and of Fujiwara-no-Fuhito. According to such books as the Kōin Jōunroku, the Kōnendai Ryakki, and the Nyoze-in Nendaiki, the personal name of Emperor Shōmu was "Obito," and this theory agrees with the Seiji Yōryaku. The commentary on the Nihon Shoki does not touch on this point, so it is added here. From these various books, there is no doubt that the Emperor's personal name was "Obito.") Next an edict was issued: "If immigrants from Koryŏ, Paekche, and Silla who have long been naturalized wish to be granted surnames, grant all of them. Also, those recorded in the registers with no surname but only the character 'zoku' (kin) are improper in principle, so correct them." (Note: in old books there are frequent examples recorded as 'so-and-so, a generation-zoku of so-and-so'; probably these were members of branch lines who had not yet been granted surnames, and the character 'zoku' was added as a note to the main register. Added for reference.) In the second year of Jingo-Keiun, after the Empress resumed the throne, an edict was issued: "The use of Mahito and Ason in personal names is prohibited." When Emperor Kōnin ascended the throne, an edict was issued: "Obito and Fubito were changed to Hito, but it is hard to distinguish one from the other and the clans are confused, which is inconvenient; so restore the original characters." (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶In the fourth year of Enryaku under Emperor Kanmu, a regulation was established: "Clans whose names conflict with the posthumous or personal names of the preceding Emperor shall all change them." From then on, successive courts all followed this regulation and further ordered that the surnames and names of maternal relatives and ministers also be avoided. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi and the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the eleventh year an edict was issued: "Recently the Kyōshiki (Capital Office) has been arbitrarily changing the surnames of princes and entering them in the registers. On careful examination this is unreasonable. Hereafter, first report the surname, and change it only with the permission of the Daijōkan." (Note: following the Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) In the eighteenth year: Previously, from the time of Empress Kōken, clans of immigrant origin had been permitted to receive surnames, and applications had simply been approved, so that people of different origins came one after another to bear the same surname, the sources of genealogies became unclear, and the humble clans sought to cling carelessly to exalted bloodlines. In the time of the Deposed Emperor (Emperor Junnin) these disputes became more and more bitter. An edict was issued to gather Confucian scholars and have them compile a treatise on the clans, but the realm happened to meet with national trouble, and the work was interrupted and not completed. (Note: following the preface to the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In this eighteenth year of Enryaku the following edict was issued: "The clans of the subjects and people of the realm have already branched into many divisions; some have divided from the same source into different streams, and some bear the same surname though of different lineages. Genealogies have been altered, and the distinction between main and branch lines can no longer be made. Proclaim it throughout the realm and have each submit a honkei-chō. The various clans of immigrant origin, such as the Han and Korean clans, are to be treated in the same way. However, record only the founding ancestor and the separate ancestors, and do not list the successors of branch lines. If the clan's origin is that of an exalted clan, have the eldest of that lineage be appointed to sign and submit the report. In general, the reports of the clans contain much falsehood and exaggeration, so strive to record the true state of affairs, and false reports shall not be permitted." From this the compilation of the Shinsen Shōjiroku began, the Kankeijo (Genealogy Examination Office) was established, and Kan-honkeishi (Examiners of Genealogical Registers) were appointed to take charge of the work. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) Eventually a catalog of the clans was compiled. But the officials in charge could not tell true from false, passed reports according to their own whims, and moreover ranked the descendants of deities above the descendants of the imperial line, so that the order of exalted and humble was disturbed and could not be relied upon, and men of discernment grieved over it. (Note: following the preface to the Nihongi Kōnin Shiki.) In the fourth year of Daidō under Emperor Heizei, an edict was issued: "The 'Wakan Sōreki Teifu-zu' circulating among the people takes Ame-no-Minakanushi-no-Mikoto as the founding ancestor and lists after him the King of Lu, the King of Wu, the King of Koryŏ, the Emperor Gaozu of Han, and others. This confuses Wa with Han and deliberately defiles the genealogy of the imperial line. Ignorant people do not notice this and believe it to be a factual record. All copies held by the various offices are to be submitted to the court. Anyone who disobeys the order will be heavily punished." (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) At that time there were also other books recording clans, such as the Shomin Zassei-ki and the Shoban Zassei-ki, but in general their collection was imprecise and full of errors, and it is said that men of discernment adopted none of them. (Note: following the preface to the Nihongi Kōnin Shiki.) When Emperor Saga ascended the throne, he commanded Prince Manda, the Nakatsukasa-kyō (Minister of the Central Affairs Ministry), Fujiwara-no-Ason Sonohito, the Udaijin (Minister of the Right), Fujiwara-no-Ason Otsugu, the Sangi (Counselor), and Abe-no-Ason Makatsu, the On'yō-no-kami (Head of the Bureau of Yin-Yang), and others to complete the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Prince Manda and his colleagues searched widely through old records and histories, examined the genealogies in detail, cut away the cumbersome and corrected errors, and devoted their efforts for ten years. Dealing with the period from the reign of Emperor Jinmu down to the Kōnin era, they selected 1,182 clans and divided them into three divisions. Those who inherited the imperial bloodline were called "Kōbetsu," those who were descendants of the deities "Shinbetsu," and clans of immigrant origin such as the Han and Korean clans "Banbetsu." Those whose genealogies were unclear were appended at the end as "Miteizassei" (unsettled miscellaneous surnames). The whole was compiled in thirty volumes. For the provinces outside the capital region, no honkei-chō had been submitted, so they are not recorded and are missing. In the sixth year of Kōnin the book was completed and presented to the throne. The origins of the clans were thus first made clear. (Note: following the preface to the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) Previously, when Prince Toneri presented the Nihon Shoki, he attached one volume of imperial genealogy, but that book is now lost. Later genealogical works included the Ōji Shibetsu-ki, the Shinbetsu-ki, the Shinbetsu Zasshi-ki, and the Shizoku Ryakki. (Note: following the Shaku Nihongi and the Honchō Shojaku Mokuroku.) But all of these are now scattered and lost and cannot be verified. As for the compilation by Prince Manda and his colleagues, it gathered various views widely, removed baseless popular theories, and made selections with impartial judgment; it was praised as the essential work on human relations and a norm for the state. (Note: following the preface to the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) Thereafter, whenever successive courts granted surnames or fixed clan names, they always verified them against this book, and even when there were people who made false reports and falsified their status, this book could be used to correct them. At that time the household register system was also taken seriously, and a change of registered domicile could not be made arbitrarily except by a Daijōkan order. For the registered places and clans of the people, ledgers were all made and kept at court. Thus none of the clans of the realm was without a surname, and no wrongdoing arose among the people. (Note: the general contents of the Shoku Nihon Kōki and the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku were consulted.)

¶In the first year of Tenchō under Emperor Junna, the Shikibushō (Ministry of Ceremonial) submitted a memorial: "When the district magistrates of the provinces submit their genealogical registers, the interval is sometimes several decades and sometimes only five or six years. When the generational interval is short, descendants worry about omissions; when revisions are frequent, the offices struggle with the labor of collation. We humbly request that the provinces be ordered to submit them once every ki (twelve years), so that accuracy is preserved and falsehood does not arise." The memorial was accepted. (Note: following the Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) In the thirteenth year of Jōwa under Emperor Ninmyō, the Kan-ōse (examiner of the genealogies of princely lines) reported: "Members of the imperial family who live scattered in the provinces are not readily recognized by people. In investigations, those who can speak skillfully of their lineage are taken as genuine, and those who cannot are taken as false. There are no witnesses, and in fact only documents are relied upon. We fear that dishonest persons may mingle among the branches of the imperial line, and conversely that foolish persons who truly belong to the imperial bloodline may be overlooked. We humbly request that the offices in charge be ordered to report such cases promptly and that further investigation be added to make clear what is true and what is false." This memorial too was accepted. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) Before this, very few princes of the fourth generation or beyond were granted surnames. (Note: following the Kōin Jōunroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, imperial sons whose mothers were of low standing were for the first time granted surnames and placed among the ranks of subjects. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku and the Kōin Jōunroku.) Emperor Saga further granted the surname Minamoto-no-Ason to imperial sons who did not become Shinnō (imperial princes), and had them all enter service at the Sixth Rank. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) By employing them according to their talents, the expense of fief households was saved. (Note: following the Jinnō Shōtōki.) At that time Prince Asuka petitioned, "I request that the title of Shinnō be removed and that I be placed on a level with the other subjects," but this was not granted. When he further petitioned, "I wish my children to be granted a surname," this was permitted. This was probably because the imperial family had gradually grown in numbers and the expense could no longer be met. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) After this, the descendants of princes vied to follow the example, and those who asked to be granted a surname increased all the more. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) Emperor Junna granted the surname Taira-no-Ason to the royal grandson Takamune. (Note: following the Kanmu-Heishi Keizu and the Kōin Jōunroku.) This was the beginning of the Taira clan. Emperor Ninmyō further followed the Kōnin-era regulation of Emperor Saga and granted the surname Minamoto-no-Ason to imperial sons, and granting the Minamoto surname to imperial sons at last became established practice. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki, the Jinnō Shōtōki, and the Kōin Jōunroku.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, owing to the state's financial distress, Toyosaki-no-Ō of Junior Fourth Rank Upper and others submitted a proposal: "The stipends of the princes should be suspended as a measure to relieve the financial distress." The court nobles deliberated on this, reduced the seasonal stipends (kiroku) of the princes, and newly fixed the rules for paying stipends. They set the number of those then receiving stipends, 429 persons, as the fixed quota, with vacancies to be filled when they arose. Those who requested the granting of a surname were not to be counted within this quota. As the power of the maternal relatives grew ever greater, treatment of the imperial family correspondingly became neglected. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) After Emperor Shirakawa, it is said that many imperial sons took the tonsure and became monks, the imperial family gradually decreased, and the system of granting surnames also fell into disuse. (Note: following the Chūyūki.)

¶Since the Taika Reform, the hereditary system of offices and surnames had been reformed, and when the Taihō Code was established, the old arrangements gradually fell into disuse. Yet some clans still retained their old duties: the Nakatomi-no-Ason and the Inbe-no-Sukune governed the deities of heaven and earth (Jingi), the Ōtomo-no-Sukune and the Saeki-no-Sukune governed the Emon (Gate Guards), the Takahashi-no-Ason and the Azumi-no-Sukune governed the Naizen (Palace Kitchen), the Uneme-no-Ason governed the uneme (palace attendants), and the Moitori-no-Muraji governed the Mondo (Water Office). (Note: the general contents of the Nihon Shoki, Kojiki, Ryō no Gige, Shinsen Shōjiroku, Shoku Nihongi, and Engishiki were consulted.) Other old clans, such as the Sarume, Kagamitsukuri, Tatetsukuri, Kamuhatori, and Omi, which were descendants of the deities and belonged to the Jingikan (Department of Deities), were afterwards excluded from selection for official appointment. By the time of Emperor Heizei, these clans had almost entirely declined and perished. (Note: following the Kogo Shūi.) Clans that were hereditarily attached to particular offices, as in the relations of the Mononobe with the Osakabe office, the Hajibe with the Jibu (Ministry of Civil Affairs), the Abiko-no-Ehito with the Daizen (Great Kitchen), the Umakai-no-Miyatsuko with the Left and Right Bureaus of Horses, the Sakabe with the Miki-no-Tsukasa (Sake Office), and the Tsumetakumibe with the Zōhyōshi (Arms Manufacturing Office), were called Shinabe-no-Tomo-no-Miyatsuko or else Natsukasabito; but in some cases the members of the clan scattered and died out, and in the end the posts came to be filled by mingling in persons of other surnames. (Note: following the Ryō no Shūge and the Montoku Jitsuroku.) From the Tenchō and Jōwa eras onward, with regard to the law of succession to a house as well, adopting persons of a different surname as heirs was often practiced contrary to the provisions of the ritsuryō codes. (Note: following the Chōyō Gunsai, the Kiyohara Keizu, the Ōe Keizu, and the Takashina Keizu.) After the Fujiwara clan monopolized, generation after generation, the posts of Sesshō (Regent), Kanpaku (Chief Advisor), and ministers, the court valued genealogy and lineage above all and fixed the order of status by the height of one's surname. Down to officials below the court nobles, hereditary houses were for the most part fixed, and selection for official appointments came always to be made on the basis of the precedent of each house, so that persons of other surnames could no longer newly take up those posts. (Note: following the Kugyō Bunin, the Shokugenshō, and the Shoke Keizu-san.) Previously, when members of the imperial family were granted a surname, they were always granted Ason. For this reason Ason at last became the highest surname, with Mahito next. Clans such as the Koma clan were regarded as having a low surname. (Note: following the Kōin Jōunroku and the Shūgaishō. From the Koma clan onward, the Gōke Shidai is followed.) Among branch members of various clans who were appointed to office, there were very many who disliked their own low surnames and petitioned to change them to the high surname of the main line. In the Engi era an edict was once issued prohibiting this. However, only those appointed as Geki (Secretary), Shi (Scribe), Hakase (Professor), Kazue (Accountant), Chikara-no-Suke (Assistant of the Tax Bureau), and Konoe-no-Shōgen (Konoe Lieutenant) were specially permitted to change their surnames and be ranked among the exalted clans. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) In general, officials of the court belonging to the clans of Minamoto, Taira, Fujiwara, Sugawara, Ōnakatomi, Takashina, Ariwara, Miyaji, and others, and those with the surnames Mahito, Sukune, Muraji, Kimi, Agatanushi, Imiki, Obito, and the like, were always conferred rank in the Inner Ranks (Naikai). There were also the designations "Chōgai" and "Inai." Cases like the Kurumamochi clan, who were Ason but were conferred rank in the Outer Ranks, were called "Chōgai," and cases like the Kiyohara-no-Mahito, who were not Ason but were conferred rank in the Inner Ranks, were called "Inai." (Note: following the Gōke Shidai.) Yet because of the exalted power of maternal kinship, the Fujiwara clan became extremely prosperous. (Note: following the Eiga Monogatari and the Fujiwara Keizu.) The Tachibana clan declined early, but its branches still flourished widely in the provinces. (Note: following the Fusō Ryakki, the Azuma Kagami, the Jōkyūki, the Sakusha Burui, the Yoshino Shōkōin Monjo, the Taiheiki, and the Kajikawa Keizu.) The two clans of Minamoto and Taira gained the authority of military expeditions and each raised its main house to prosperity. For this reason the four clans of Fujiwara, Tachibana, Minamoto, and Taira all became great clans, and later ages called them the "Four Surnames" (Note: following the Gekagaku-shū, the Umpo Iroha-shū, and the Sakkaiki), and no other clan could match them. As for the Uji-no-Kami system, in later times there were no more cases of newly establishing it. Only the Minamoto, Tachibana, Fujiwara, and Sugawara clans still appointed an Uji-no-Chōja (clan head) to take charge of conferring peerage ranks and submitting petitions for the clan. For the Minamoto clan, the person appointed Bettō (Director) of the Kangakuin (Note: the first character of Kangaku is written in a variant form in the source) concurrently served as Uji-no-Chōja, and for the Tachibana clan the Bettō of the Gakkan-in held the post concurrently as the "Koresada." For the Fujiwara clan, whoever became Sesshō or Kanpaku necessarily obtained the seal of the Uji-no-Chōja even without waiting for an imperial rescript (senji). (Note: following the Saigūki, the Chōyō Gunsai, the Geki Nikki, and the Zankōki.) When the Tachibana clan declined, the Koresada office also passed to the Fujiwara clan. (Note: following the Gyokukai and the Shokugenshō.) Previously, in the Enryaku era, children born to Buddhist monks had been prohibited from entering service by borrowing their father's on'i (rank privilege). (Note: following the Ruijū Sandaikyaku.) Even afterwards, however, there were sons of monks who entered service under false claim to other surnames. (Note: following the Utsunomiya Keizu.) Once the hereditary system of offices was fixed, sons and younger brothers of ordinary commoners who wished to serve at court had to be taken in by a hereditary house, borrow its surname, and make use of its rank privilege before they could first enter service. After this, those who falsely used other surnames became very many, this became the ordinary practice regardless of high or low standing, and the order of the clans gradually fell into disarray. (Note: following the Geki Nikki, the Nakahara Keizu, the Fujiwara Keizu, the Takashina Keizu, and the Isobe Nobusada Sojō.) When the government of the court eventually became lax, provincial governors and district magistrates privately occupied rice fields and residential lands and divided lands among their sons and younger brothers to give them roots there. Powerful kindred and local magnates entrenched themselves in districts and villages and each took a house name from their place of residence. The proliferation of warrior house names and clan names began from this. Yet warriors of that time still valued lineage, preserved genealogies in their houses, and each house always clearly recorded its original clan in order to distinguish its kin. They also called the main line "Sōryō" and had it lead the kindred. This was the old Uji-no-Kami and Koshu system surviving in altered form. For this reason, although branch houses branched out in great numbers, the distinction between main and cadet lines and between head houses and branch houses was kept fairly correct. The clan system still survived in this respect. (Note: the general contents of the Genpei Seisuiki, the Taiheiki, the Azuma Kagami, and the Sonpi Bunmyaku were taken into consideration.)

¶After the disturbances of the Kenmu era, the world fell into ever greater disorder, the court nobles were ruined and scattered in all directions, the fortunes of the warriors were unsettled, and genealogical books were therefore largely lost. In addition, among impoverished warriors there were some who sold their own genealogies, and villainous commoners bought them and used them to falsely claim clans and call themselves warriors. Thus the order of the clans became more and more disturbed. (Note: following the Taiheiki, the Hōreki Kanki, the Kamakura Ōzōshi, the Shoke Keizu-san, and the Bunshōki.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Komatsu, Fujiwara-no-Kinsada, the Sadaijin (Minister of the Left), was thoroughly versed in genealogy and compiled the Kōin Jōunroku and several volumes of the Sonpi Bunmyaku-zu. Its collection of the so-called "Four Surnames" was very broad, and later persons discussing genealogy came always to consult it. But as for the old clan names and old families, in the end he could not clarify them in detail. For this reason, it is said, much concerning the three divisions of antiquity (Kōbetsu, Shinbetsu, and Banbetsu) and the descendants of the eight-fold kabane can no longer be verified today. (Note: the general contents of the Kōin Jōunroku and the Sonpi Bunmyaku were taken into consideration.)

¶Imperial Branches (Kōbetsu)

¶The Ō clan, the Shiki clan, the Niwa clan, the Sasakibe clan, the Konku clan, the Sonobe clan, the Miyake clan, the Ohatsuse clan, the Tsuge clan, the Funaki clan, the Nagasa Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Iwaki Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Aso clan, the Hi clan, the Ōkita clan, the Shimada clan, the Chiisakobe clan, the Agata clan, the Shinano Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Inaba Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, the Iyo Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, and the Naka Kuni-no-Miyatsuko are all descendants of Kamuyaimimi-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Jinmu.

¶The Ō clan (written with the character "Ō" for "many"). (Note: the character Ō is written in some books with a different character, and also as Ōi, Obo, or Oho; the readings, on and kun alike, all agree. Here all are listed just as in the original sources for convenience of reference. Wherever the readings agree, the same practice is followed below.) There are those with the surname Ason, those with the surname Sukune, and those with the surname Omi. The Ason were registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Sukune is from the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku, and Omi from the Nihon Shoki. ○ The word "uji" is read uji (written with phonetic characters) and "sei" is read kabane (written with phonetic characters). What was called "uji" in high antiquity was generally an occupational name which a house inherited generation after generation as a title. "Kabane" is what distinguishes the exalted from the humble. In the old histories the two characters for "uji" and "sei" are assigned to these. But at that time "uji" and "kabane" together were mostly called simply "uji," and there was no great distinction between uji and kabane. Moreover the word "kabane" differs somewhat from the original meaning of the character "sei." For this reason old books sometimes use characters such as those meaning "corpse" or "bone," but the meaning is hard to follow. Only the Nihon Shoki, when the various clans were granted Mahito, Ason, and so on, always writes "granted a kabane (sei)." The Kogo Shūi treats the Nakatomi, Inbe, and the like as "uji" and Ason, Sukune, and the like as "sei"; this way of writing is the clearest, so it is followed here. Where the old histories write "ujikabane" or "ujisei" together, these are left as in the original text. In later ages, the court nobles all came to have house names to distinguish their kin, and the warriors of the provinces followed suit. Each took a title from the place where he lived, and these were commonly called "myōji." Since descendants inherited and used them as names generation after generation, they became in substance no different from "uji," and the world at last came to call them "shizoku" (clans). For that reason that term is also used here as appropriate. However, whereas the clan names and surnames of antiquity were always conferred by the Son of Heaven, the so-called "myōji" were all privately assumed, and they must not be confused with the clans of antiquity. Readers should keep this distinction in mind.) In the reign of Emperor Keikō, Take-Moroki, the ancestor of the Ō-no-Omi, took part in the western expedition and achieved merit. In the reign of Emperor Tenji there was Ō-no-Omi Komoshiki, whose younger sister married the Paekche prince Hōshō (Pungjang). In the Jinshin disturbance, Ō-no-Omi Honji, the Yunōnagashi (Bath-Fief Commissioner) of Ahachima District in Mino Province, followed Emperor Temmu and achieved merit. In the twelfth year, the Ō-no-Omi were granted Ason. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Empress Genshō, Ō-no-Ason Yasumaro of Junior Fourth Rank Lower became Uji-no-Kami (clan head). This is the person who compiled the Kojiki. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi and the preface to the Kojiki.) In the reign of Emperor Heizei there was Ō-no-Ason Iruka, who served as Sanyōdō Kansatsushi (Inspector of the San'yō Circuit). (Note: following the Nihon Kōki. The office is from the Kugyō Bunin.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Kudara-no-Muraji Kiyotsugu, a person of the Right Capital and Kura-no-Daisakan (Senior Clerk of the Treasury), petitioned that, having mistakenly borne another surname, he be restored to his original Ō clan. By imperial edict he was granted Ō-no-Ason (written with another character for Ō). (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Ō-no-Omi Jinenmaro of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, a person of the Right Capital, was granted Sukune, and Kanasashi-no-Toneri Sadanaga, a person of Suwa District in Shinano Province and Ukonoe-no-Shōgen (Lieutenant of the Right Konoe), had his surname changed and was granted Ō-no-Ason. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Ichijō there was Obo-no-Sukune Kimichika, Mutsu Gon-no-Shōjō (Provisional Third-Rank Official of Mutsu). (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.) Jinenmaro was a fourth-generation descendant of Iruka, and his descendants became, generation after generation, reikan (court musicians) making the performance of gagaku their family occupation, and were granted Ason anew. (Note: following the Ō-shi Keizu and the Gakunin Bunin. ○ Iruka was originally Ō-no-Ason, but the statement that his descendants became Sukune and were then granted Ason is unclear.) In the reign of Emperor Horikawa there was Ō-no-Sukétada, whom the Emperor took as his teacher and from whom he received instruction in gagaku pieces. Sukétada's son Chikakata and grandson Yoshikata were both known as masters. (Note: following the Genpei Seisuiki and the Azuma Kagami. ○ The Hitachi no Kuni Fudoki says that Kurosaka-no-Mikoto, of the family of the Ōomi, subdued the Emishi and achieved merit. The Izumo no Kuni Fudoki also says that there was a man who called himself Ōomi and served as Shōryō (Assistant District Magistrate) of Izumo District in his home province, but the dates of both are unclear. They are therefore added here.)

¶The Shiki clan. (Note: the Nihon Shoki gives Shiki-no-Agatanushi. The Sendai Kuji Hongi writes Shiki with a different character, and the readings agree with Shiki. However, the Yamato place name meant in those two books differs from the one meant here.) There are those with the surname Sukune and those with the surname Obito. Those with the surname Obito were registered in the Right Capital and in Kawachi. Those with the surname Agatanushi were registered in Kawachi and Izumi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Sukune is from the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō there was Shiki-no-Sukune Naganari, who served as Hōki-no-Suke (Assistant Governor of Hōki). At the same time there was Shiki-no-Matsutori, a person of Shiki District in Kawachi Province, who was probably also of the same kin. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Shiki-no-Agatanushi Sadanari, Moku-no-Suke (Assistant of the Bureau of Carpentry), a person of Shiki District, together with Fukunushi of the same surname, Kusui-no-Suke (Assistant of the Drum-and-Fife Office), and Fukuyori of Greater Initial Rank Upper, were all granted Sukune and assigned to the Left Capital Office. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Owari Niwa clan. Surname Omi. (Note: following the Kojiki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Niwa-no-Omi Makuhi, who was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Sasakibe clan. There are those with the surname Miyatsuko (Note: following the Kojiki) and those with the surname Omi. Those with the surname Omi were registered in Izumi. (Note: according to the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji, in the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Sasakibe-no-Kimi Chinushi, a man of Izumo. The line of the surname Kimi is unclear, so it is provisionally added here.)

¶The Konku clan. Surname Agatanushi; registered in Kawachi.

¶The Sonobe clan. Registered in the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kōkō there was Sonobe-no-Zenjimaro, a Monbu (gate guard) of the Saemon (Left Gate Guards). (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) He was probably of the same kin.

¶The Tsukushi Futaya clan. (Note: "ya" is also written with a different character, as in Miyake.) Surname Muraji. (Note: following the Kojiki.) In the reign of Emperor Temmu there was Tsukushi-no-Miyake-no-Muraji Tokuko. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Miyake-no-Muraji Matsugu, a man of Naga District in Chikuzen Province. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.)

¶The Ohatsuse clan. (Note: also written with other characters, as Ohatsuse.) Emperor Buretsu once established the Ohatsuse Toneri (Note: following the Nihon Shoki), and this clan probably derives from that. There are those with the surname Muraji and those with the surname Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Kojiki. Muraji is from the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Nintoku there was Sukune-no-Omi, the ancestor of the Ohatsuse-no-Miyatsuko, who was granted the name Katabuki-no-Omi. In the eleventh year of Emperor Temmu, the Ohatsuse-no-Miyatsuko were granted Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. The character for "se" follows the Shaku Nihongi.) There were also those with the surname Atai; in the reign of Emperor Junna there were Ohatsuse-no-Atai Kiyotari, and Ohatsuse-no-Atai Katsura, an uneme of Tōtōmi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) They were probably also of the same kin. (Note: according to the Jimoku Taiseishō, in the reign of Emperor Horikawa there was Onaga-no-Sukune Nagamune, Tōtōmi-no-Shōjō (Third-Rank Official of Tōtōmi), who must also have been of the same kin and later granted Sukune.)

¶The Tsuge clan. (Note: also written as Tsuge with other characters.) Surname Atai. (Note: following the Kojiki.) In the reign of Emperor Nintoku there was Tsuge-no-Inaki Ōyamanushi. In the reign of Emperor Ingyō, the Tsuge-no-Kuni-no-Miyatsuko offended the Empress and had his surname reduced to Inaki. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) All were probably of the same kin. (Note: according to the Engishiki, for the Ikasuri-no-Mikannagi a girl of seven years or more is chosen from the kin of the Tsuge Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. According to the documents of the Ikasuri Shrine, in the reigns of Emperors Takakura and Antoku there was Tsuge-no-Kuni-no-Miyatsuko Kimiyoshi, head of shrine affairs, and Tsunechika of the same surname. Tsuge here is the same as Tsuge written with another character. According to this, the descendants of the Tsuge-no-Inaki were later granted the surname Kuni-no-Miyatsuko again. It is said that their descendants served generation after generation as the priests of the Ikasuri Shrine. However, the original genealogy makes them descendants of Amatsuhikone-no-Mikoto; this theory is doubtful and its full course is unclear. It is therefore provisionally added here.)

¶The Ise Funaki clan. Surname Atai. (Note: following the Kojiki.) There are also those who are called simply Funaki-no-Atai, who were probably of the same kin. In the reign of Empress Shōtoku there was Funaki-no-Atai Umakai, Echizen-Ingai-no-Jō (Supernumerary Third-Rank Official of Echizen). (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Funaki-no-Atai Yasumaro, a man of Echizen, who was a son of Umakai. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Funaki-no-Ujiari, Uta-no-Shōjō (Junior Assistant of the Music Bureau). (Note: following the Riboku-ōki.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Funaki-no-Toshimochi, Ukonoe-no-Shōsō (Clerk of the Right Konoe). (Note: following the Ononomiya Nenjū Gyōji.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Funaki-no-Sukune Tanemori, Sanuki-no-Jō (Third-Rank Official of Sanuki). (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.) He was probably later granted Sukune.

¶The Nagasa Kuni-no-Miyatsuko.

¶The Mutsu Iwaki Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Kojiki.) Among its kin are the Ō-no-Iwaki-no-Omi. In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Hasetsukabe-no-Yamagiwa of Outer Senior Sixth Rank Upper, a man of Iwaki District in Mutsu Province, was granted the surname Ō-no-Iwaki-no-Omi. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Ō-no-Iwaki-no-Omi Mikashiki of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, a nyoju (palace maid-servant). (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ The Ō-no-Iwaki-no-Omi were probably descendants of the Iwaki Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Since their head clan was the Ō clan, they appear to have been granted this surname. It is therefore added here.) Among the Divine branches, there is also an Iwaki Kuni-no-Miyatsuko descended from Amatsuhikone-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi), but this is a different kin.

¶The Aso clan. They came from Takeiwatatsu-no-Mikoto, a son of Kamuyaimimi. (Note: following the Aso Keizu.) There are those with the surname Kimi (Note: following the Kojiki) and those who were Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Hayamikatama-no-Mikoto, a descendant of Takeiwatatsu, became Aso Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Sujin. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi. The Aso Keizu was also consulted. ○ This book makes Hayamikatama a grandson of Kamuyaimimi, but Kamuyaimimi died in the fourth year of Emperor Suizei, and some five hundred years passed until the reign of Emperor Sujin. Hayamikatama must therefore have been a descendant of Kamuyaimimi several generations removed.) In the reign of Emperor Senka there was Aso-no-Yo-no-Kimi (Note: the character "yo" appears to be a superfluous insertion), who administered the miyake of Mamuta District in Kawachi Province. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Aso-no-Kimi Hirotō, Shōhanji (Junior Judge), who later changed his surname to Sukune. (Note: Sukune follows the Seiji Yōryaku. ○ According to the Shūgaishō, the Aso clan appears under the Ason section; accordingly, he must later have been granted Ason as well.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Aso-no-Aritika, Ushōshi (Junior Scribe of the Right), (Note: following the Geki Nikki) and all were their descendants. Takeiwatatsu was already entered in the records of the rites as a Myōjin (famous deity) (Note: following the Engishiki), and his descendants prospered and their branches spread greatly. Their head house, the Uji clan, served generation after generation as Daigūji (Chief Priest) of the Aso Shrine and called themselves Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Aso Kobunsho and the Aso Keizu.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Daigo, Uji-no-Koreanao and Koresumi achieved merit in support of the Emperor and won fame for their valor. (Note: following the Taiheiki and the Chinzei Kobunsho Hennenroku.) Among their kin are such clans as the Ueshima, Era, Tsuchida, Sakanashi, Mitsunaga, Takezaki, and Komori. (Note: following the Chinzei Kobunsho Hennenroku and the Aso Kaden.)

¶The Hi clan. (Note: also written as Hi with another character.) They came from Shikitanahiko-no-Mikoto, a descendant of Kamuyaimimi. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.) There are those with the surname Kimi (Note: following the Kojiki), those with the surname Atai, those with no surname (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku), and those who were Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.) Those with the surname Atai were registered in Yamato, and those without a surname in the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Sujin, a tsuchigumo (earth spider) named Uchisaru in Hi-no-Kuni did not obey orders, so the Emperor sent Takeogumi, a son of Shikitanahiko, to subdue him; because of his merit he was granted the surname Hi-no-Kimi and appointed Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi. The Higo no Kuni Fudoki cited in the Shaku Nihongi was also consulted. ○ In the Annals, Shikitanahiko is also written as Shikihikohiko with other characters, but the readings agree. Writing Takeogumi as Ochio-e is an error; the Shaku Nihongi is followed here.) In the reign of Emperor Kinmei, Hi-no-Kimi was sent to lead one thousand soldiers and guard a strategic point in Paekche, and he was also of the same kin. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Hi-no-Kimi Hirotatsu, Shuchō (Chief Registrar) of Satsuma. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji. ○ This book lacks the district name.)

¶The Ōkita clan. (Note: also written as Ōkita with other characters.) There are those with the surname Kimi (Note: following the Kojiki) and those who were Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi. ○ This book states that "the Hi Kuni-no-Miyatsuko and the Ōkita Kuni-no-Miyatsuko share a common ancestor," but on examining the surrounding text no description of the Ōkita Kuni-no-Miyatsuko is found. However, the Kojiki makes both Hi-no-Kimi and Ōkita-no-Kimi descendants of Kamuyaimimi, and accordingly there is no doubt that the Ōkita Kuni-no-Miyatsuko were also of the same kin. In this book it has probably dropped out. It is therefore given here.) Among the meritorious retainers of Emperor Temmu's Jinshin war were Ōkita-no-Kimi Esaka and Wakami. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Shimada clan. Registered in the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) There are those with the surname Ason (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku) and those with the surname Omi. Nakatomi-no-Kogami, a fifth-generation descendant of Kamuyaimimi, was granted the title Shimada-no-Omi in the reign of Emperor Seimu for subduing and pacifying the evil deity of Shimada Agata in Owari Province. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Saga, Shimada-no-Omi Kiyota was granted Ason. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) He later became Shōgeki (Junior Secretary). (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Shimada-no-Ason Tadaomi, Shōgeki, was known for his literary talent. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reigns of Emperors Uda and Daigo, Shimada-no-Fusatoshi and Yoshiyuki successively served in the office of Geki. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.)

¶The Chiisakobe clan. Those with the surname Sukune were registered in the Left Capital and those with the surname Muraji in Izumi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) Sugaru, a descendant of Kamuyaimimi, served Emperor Yūryaku. Once, when the Emperor wished to have his consorts raise silkworms themselves and had Sugaru gather the silkworm young, Sugaru mistakenly gathered infants and presented them. The Emperor laughed greatly and said, "Raise them yourself," and thus he was granted the surname Chiisakobe-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) When Emperor Temmu raised his army, Chiisakobe-no-Muraji Saibichi, then Governor of Owari, came over with twenty thousand soldiers but afterwards took his own life in the mountains. In the twelfth year, the Chiisakobe-no-Muraji were granted Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Saga, Chiisako-no-Sukune Minari of Senior Sixth Rank Lower, a man of Musashi, transferred his registration to the Left Capital. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Chiisakobe-no-Muraji Moronushi of Junior Fifth Rank Lower became Tenpō (Chief of the Sewing Office). (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Chiisako-no-Momoo, Uta-no-Suke (Assistant of the Music Bureau). (Note: following the Riboku-ōki.)

¶The Agata clan. They share a common ancestor with the Ō-no-Ason. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Agatanushi-no-Sakitoshi-no-Muraji Ujimasu, a man of the Right Capital and Kageyu-no-Sakan (Clerk of the Kageyu Office), was granted the surname Agata-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Horikawa there were Agata-no-Nobuhisa and Morisada (Note: following the Chōyō Gunsai), who were probably of the same kin.

¶The Shinano Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Takeiotatsu-no-Mikoto, a descendant of Kamuyaimimi, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Sujin. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi. ○ This book makes Takeiotatsu a grandson of Kamuyaimimi, but he was in fact probably a descendant several generations removed, as stated above.) Among his descendants are the two clans of the Kanasashi-no-Toneri and the Osada-no-Toneri. (Note: for the Osada-no-Toneri, the Man'yōshū is followed. ○ These two clans probably took their clan names from serving as toneri (attendants) at the courts of Emperors Kinmei and Bidatsu as kin of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. For that reason these two clans still called themselves Kuni-no-Miyatsuko even after the Taika Reform. Noted here together.) In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, eight persons including Kanasashi-no-Toneri Wakashima, an Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower nyoju (palace maid-servant) of Minochi District in Shinano Province, were granted the surname Muraji. (Note: ○ The Shūgaishō has Kanasashi-no-Sukune, and probably members of the same kin were later granted Sukune.) Among their kin there were also some who lived in Suruga Province. In the reign of Empress Kōken there was Kanasashi-no-Toneri Maji, a man of Mashizu District. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) At the same time Osada-no-Toneri Ōshima, a Kuni-no-Miyatsuko and a man of Chiisagata District in Shinano Province, was assigned to service as a sakimori (frontier guard). (Note: following the Man'yōshū. ○ According to the Shoku Nihongi, in the reign of Empress Genmei there was Osada-no-Toneri-no-Atai Tojime of Senior Fifth Rank Upper, and the surname Atai was probably also of the same kin.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Kanasashi-no-Toneri Hirona, Dairyō (Senior District Magistrate) of Suruga District in Suruga Province, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa there was Osada-no-Toneri Fujio, who served as Gon-no-Shōryō (Provisional Assistant District Magistrate) of Chiisagata District. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) Descendants of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko who remained in their home province were called "Miyatsuko-Hafuri," and took the clan name Uehara. (Note: at first they called themselves Kanbara.) They served generation after generation as priests of the Lower Shrine of Suwa. (Note: following the Miyatsuko-Hafuri Keizu.) The descendants of the Kanasashi clan likewise became Ōhōri (Great Priest) of the Lower Shrine. (Note: following the Azuma Kagami and the Ōhōri Keizu.) Kanasashi-no-Morihisa, a Hafuribe, was known as a waka poet. (Note: following the Sakusha Burui.) Among their kin are such clans as the Suwa, Kamiizumi, and Tezuka. (Note: following the Sakusha Burui, the Azuma Kagami, the Genpei Seisuiki, the Kinshōin-bon Taiheiki, and the Kantō Kosenroku.) Kanasashi-no-Mitsumori, a man of Suwa District, called himself Tezuka Tarō, served Minamoto-no-Yoshinaka, and was known for his martial valor. (Note: following the Genpei Seisuiki.)

¶The Inaba Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: Ba is also written with another character.) Itsukori-no-Mikoto, an eighth-generation descendant of Kamuyaimimi, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Ōjin.

¶The Iyo Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Hayanochinobori-no-Mikoto, a son of Shikitanahiko, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.)

¶The Naka Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Takekashima-no-Mikoto, a distant descendant of Kamuyaimimi. (Note: "ma" is also written with another character.) In the reign of Emperor Sujin, he received an edict, campaigned in the eastern lands, and subdued the rebel chieftain Yasakashi and others. He became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi. The Hitachi no Kuni Fudoki was also consulted. ○ The "Nakatomi-no-Kogami" in the entry for the Shimada-no-Omi in the Shinsen Shōjiroku is as seen above. According to this, among the kin of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko there was also the surname Nakatomi.)

¶The Manda clan, the Owaribe clan, the Teshima clan, the Shimotsuyake clan, the Matsura clan, and the E clan are all descendants of Hikoyaimimi-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Jinmu. (Note: the Shinsen Shōjiroku makes Hikoyaimimi a son of Kamuyaimimi, and so includes the clans from the Manda clan onward all in Kamuyaimimi's line. But here we follow the Kojiki and make Hikoyaimimi a son of Emperor Jinmu. The clans that the Shinsen Shōjiroku makes descendants of Hikoyaimimi are all listed here.)

¶The Manda clan. Those with the surname Sukune were registered in Kawachi, and those with the surname Muraji in the Right Capital and Yamashiro. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) Koromonoko, a distant descendant of Hikoyaimimi (Note: Koromonoko is written with other characters in the Shinsen Shōjiroku; one text has "Nogen-no-Sukune," which is an error), took the name as his clan in the reign of Emperor Nintoku for his achievement in building the Manda Embankment. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. The Shinsen Shōjiroku was also consulted.) Manda-no-Muraji Omochi, one of his descendants, had a daughter who became a consort of Emperor Keitai. In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu, the Manda-no-Muraji were granted Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Monmu, Manda-no-Tarishima was granted Muraji. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Manda-no-Yuzuka of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower and Makino of the same surname, of Junior Eighth Rank Upper, were granted Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa there was Manda-no-Muraji Manuka, Ukonoe-no-Shōsō. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Sanjō there was Manda-no-Shigekata, Sakonoe-no-Shōgen. (Note: following the Shōyūki.) All were their descendants.

¶The Owaribe clan. Registered in Kawachi.

¶The Teshima clan. (Note: "Te" is also written with another character.) Surname Muraji; registered in Settsu.

¶The Shimotsuyake clan. Surname Muraji; registered in Kawachi.

¶The Matsura clan. (Note: in one text "Tsu" is written with another character.) Surname Obito; registered in Settsu.

¶The E clan. Surname Obito. (Note: Obito is also written as Hito.) Registered in Kawachi. They came from Kumetsuhiko, a seventh-generation descendant of Hikoyaimimi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Nittabe clan and the Itsukai clan are both descendants of Shikitsuhiko-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Annei.

¶The Nittabe clan. Surname Sukune; registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Empress Saimei there was Nittabe-no-Muraji Yonemaro, a toneri. In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu, the Nittabe-no-Muraji were granted Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Yōzei there was Nittabe-no-Sukune Yasukawa, Enchi-no-Shō (Director of the Gardens and Ponds Office). (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Itsukai clan. Surname Sukune; registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu, the Itsukai-no-Muraji were granted Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) There were also the Iga-no-Suchi-no-Inaki, the Nabari-no-Inaki, and the Mino-no-Inaki, all descendants of Shikitsuhiko.

¶The three clans of the Ashii-no-Inaki, the Chinu-no-Wake, and the Tajima-Take-no-Wake are all descendants of Takeshihiko-Okinau-se-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Itoku. (Note: following the Kojiki. This book gives him as Takishihiko-no-Mikoto, but here the Nihon Shoki is followed.)

¶The Ōkasuga clan, the Wanibe clan, the Nisō clan, the Ichishi clan, the Awata clan, the Yamanoue clan, the Kakinomoto clan, the Ōyake clan, the Iitaka clan, the Muza clan, the Ne clan, the Mura clan, the Watarimori clan, the Mibu clan, the Ashiura clan, the Ōsaka clan, the Taki clan, the Chita clan, the Tsunoyama clan, the Hatsukashi clan, the Haguri clan, the Fumibe clan, the Yoshida clan, the Mano clan, the Ana clan, the Nukata clan, the Nonaka clan, the Kume clan, the Ono clan, the Ichii clan, the Furu clan, the Mononobe clan, the Kushiro clan, the Ishiro clan, the Tsuto clan, and the Chikatsuōmi Kuni-no-Miyatsuko are all descendants of Ametarashihiko-Kunioshihito-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Kōshō.

¶The Ōkasuga clan. Surname Ason; registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) There are also the surnames Kasuga-no-Ason, Kasuga-no-Omi, Kasuga-no-Kura-no-Obito, and the Kasugabe. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. Kasuga-no-Omi and Kasugabe are from the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) The house of Nakatomi-no-Mikoto, a descendant of Ametarashihiko-Kunioshihito, was so wealthy that it piled up sake lees to make a fence. When Emperor Nintoku visited that house, he granted the title Kasukaki-no-Omi, which was later changed to Kasuga. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ Kasukaki and Kasuga are close in reading.) In the reign of Emperor Bidatsu, the daughter of Kasuga-no-Omi Nakakimi became a consort of the Emperor. In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu, the Ōkasuga-no-Omi were granted Ason. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. ○ According to the Shinsen Shōjiroku, in the twentieth year of Enryaku under Emperor Kanmu the Kasuga-no-Omi were granted the surname Ōkasuga-no-Ason, which would mean that Kasuga was first changed to Ōkasuga at that time. But this book already writes Ōkasuga, so the accounts do not agree. This awaits future investigation.) In the reign of Emperor Monmu, the monk Benki was ordered to return to lay life and was granted the name Kasuga-no-Kura-no-Obito Naoyu. In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, more than twenty persons including Kasuga-no-Kura-no-Hito Tsunemaro of Junior Seventh Rank Lower, a man of the Left Capital, were granted Kasuga-no-Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Kasugabe-no-Otsugu, Daigaku-no-Jokyō (Assistant Instructor of the University), a man of Nyū District in Echizen Province, and others were granted Kasuga-no-Omi, and were removed from the registers of the frontier and had their registration transferred to the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Montoku, Otsugu became Daigaku Hakase (Professor of the University) and was granted Ōkasuga-no-Ason. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Ichishi-no-Sukune Yoshino, Mikawa-no-Suke (Assistant Governor of Mikawa), a man of the Left Capital, had his surname changed and was granted Ōkasuga-no-Ason. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Ōkasuga-no-Ason Hironori, Reki Hakase (Professor of Calendrical Science). In the reign of Emperor Kazan there was Ōkasuga-no-Yoshitoki, Sadaishi (Senior Scribe of the Left). In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Ōkasuga-no-Nakaaki, Shōgeki. (Note: following the Geki Nikki. ○ According to the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku, in the reign of Emperor Seiwa there was Kasuga-no-Atai Kuronushime, a woman of Isumi District in Kazusa Province. The Shūgaishō has Kasuga-no-Muraji. The lines of these two clans are unclear, so they await future investigation.)

¶The Wanibe clan. (Note: also written Marube with other characters. "Ni" is also written with other characters.) There are those with the surname Ason, those with the surname Sukune, and those with the surname Omi, all registered in the Left Capital. There are also those without a surname, registered in the Left and Right Capitals and in Yamashiro and Settsu. The Ason came from Naniwa-no-Sukune, a third-generation descendant of Hikoōkitsu-no-Mikoto, a son of Ametarashihiko-Kunioshihito; the Sukune from Yata-no-Sukune, a fourth-generation descendant of Hikoōkitsu; and the Omi from Takanetsuki-no-Ōomi-no-Mikoto, a fifth-generation descendant of Hikoōkitsu. Among those without a surname, the line in the Left Capital came from Ihotsuku-no-Mikoto, a son of Hikoōkitsu; the line in the Right Capital from Hikokunifuki-no-Mikoto, a third-generation descendant of Ametarashihiko-Kunioshihito; and the line in Yamashiro from Takanetsuki-no-Ōomi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ In one text "Takanetsuki" is given as Naniwa-no-Sukune.) In the reign of Emperor Yūryaku there was Kasuga-no-Wani-no-Omi Fukame, who was also of the same kin. In the Jinshin disturbance, Wanibe-no-Omi Kimite followed Emperor Temmu and achieved merit. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Marube-no-Omi Munehito, Kai-Ingai-no-Sakan (Supernumerary Clerk of Kai), a man of the Left Capital, and others were granted Sukune, and Wanibe-no-Omi Otsuna of Junior Sixth Rank Lower and others were granted Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Wani-no-Omi Tatsuhito, Ukonoe-no-Shōsō, a man of Tanba, transferred his registration to the Left Capital. At the same time there was Marube-no-Omi Akemaro, a man of Mino District in Sanuki Province, who became Dairyō of that district and was known for filial piety. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Wanibe-no-Ōtamaro, Uta-no-Shōjō, a man of the Left Capital, was granted Sukune. In the reign of Emperor Yōzei, Marube-no-Omi Momoyo, Sadaishi, a man of Hafumi District in Inaba Province, transferred his registration to the Right Capital. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Marube-no-Yasusawa, Ōmi-no-Shishō (Recorder of Ōmi). (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Marube-no-Sukune Akitoki, Awa-no-Daisakan (Senior Clerk of Awa). (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Saga there was Wanibe-no-Tadamune, Ukonoe-no-Shōgen. (Note: following the Heikōki. ○ According to the Tendai Zasu-ki, the monk Gishin had the surname Marube-no-Muraji and was a man of Sagami. According to the Jimoku Taiseishō, in the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Marube-no-Obito Naotaka, Tajima-no-Daisakan. The two surnames Muraji and Obito were probably also of the same kin. They are therefore added here.)

¶The Nisō clan. They came from the Wanibe-no-Omi. In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Wanibe-no-Omi Yakatsugu, Harima Hakase (Professor of Harima), a man of Shikama District in Harima Province, and Yakasada of the same surname, Harima Gon-no-Ishi (Provisional Physician of Harima), and others had their surname changed and were granted Niso-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Ichishi clan. (Note: also written Ichishi with other characters, or as Ichishi with the character used in the heading above.) There are those with the surname Kimi (Note: following the Kojiki) and those with the surname Sukune. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku and the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Suinin there was Takeshiko-no-Mikoto, the ancestor of the Ichishi-no-Agatanushi of Asaka-no-Kuni (Note: following the Ise Daijingū Gishikichō and the Yamatohime-no-Mikoto Seiki), who was probably their ancestor. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Ichishi-no-Kimi Yakara-no-Komaro, who was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Ichishi-no-Sakunori, Kageyu Hangan (Judge of the Kageyu Office). (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Ichishi-no-Sukune Atsuko, a nyoshi (female scribe). (Note: following the Geki Nikki.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Ichishi-no-Kimi Tomoaki, Kōzuke-no-Daijō (Senior Third-Rank Official of Kōzuke). (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.)

¶The Awata clan. Surname Ason; registered in the Right Capital and Yamashiro. They came from Hikokunifuki. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) They were also called Kasuga-no-Awata-no-Omi. In the reign of Emperor Temmu, Awata-no-Omi Mahito was the most renowned. In the thirteenth year, the Awata-no-Omi were granted Ason. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of the Deposed Emperor (Emperor Junnin), Awata-no-Omi Michimaro, Naiyaku-no-Jō (Third-Rank Official of the Inner Medicine Office), was granted Ason. In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Awata-no-Omi Otose, a man of Sakata District in Ōmi Province, and Awata-no-Omi Otomaro of Junior Eighth Rank Upper, a man of the Left Capital, and others were all granted Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Horikawa there was Awata-no-Hisatomo, Kamon-no-Shōsakan (Junior Clerk of the Bureau of Housekeeping). (Note: following the Geki Nikki.) Later there was Awata-no-Ason Hisamori, who served at the temporary palace at Yoshino. (Note: following the Shin'yō Wakashū.)

¶The Yamanoue clan. (Note: "ue" is also written with another character.) There are those with the surname Ason and those with the surname Omi. The Ason were registered in the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The surname Omi is from the Shoku Nihongi.) In the Jinki and Tenpyō eras there was Yamanoue-no-Omi Okura, Chikuzen-no-Kami (Governor of Chikuzen), known for his waka. (Note: following the Man'yōshū.) In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, ten persons including Yamanoue-no-Omi Funanushi of Junior Fifth Rank Upper, a man of the Right Capital, were granted Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Kakinomoto clan. (Note: "moto" is also written with another character.) Surname Ason; registered in Yamato. In the reign of Emperor Bidatsu, because there was a persimmon tree beside their residence, they took this as their clan name. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu, the Kakimoto-no-Omi were granted Ason. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) Between the reigns of Empress Jitō and Emperor Monmu there was Kakinomoto-no-Ason Hitomaro, known as the saint of poetry. (Note: following the Man'yōshū and the preface to the Kokin Wakashū.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Kakinomoto-no-Ason Toshimi, Higo Gon-no-Shōsakan (Provisional Junior Clerk of Higo). (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō. ○ According to the Tōji Kobunsho, in the reign of Emperor Go-Toba there was a certain Kakinomoto-no-Sukune, but his line is unclear and he is provisionally added here.)

¶The Ōyake clan. (Note: "yake" is also written with another character.) There are those with the surname Ason (Note: following the Nihon Shoki) and those with the surname Omi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) There is also the surname Ōyake-no-Moitori-no-Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) Those with the surname Omi were registered in Yamashiro and Kawachi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Hanzei there was Kogoto, the ancestor of the Ōyake-no-Omi. (Note: according to the Shinsen Shōjiroku, Kogoto-no-Mikoto, a son of Takanetsuki-no-Ōomi, is this person.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu, the Ōyake-no-Omi were granted Ason. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Empress Genmei, Ōyake-no-Ason Toyotoko became Daigūji of the Great Shrine. (Note: following the Nisho Daijingū Reibun.) In the reign of Empress Kōken there was Ōyake-no-Ason Kazemaro, Koshu (household head) of Ōyake Village in Soe-no-Kami District, Ōyamato Province. (Note: following the Tōdaiji Nuhi Sekichō.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Ōyake-no-Omi Fukunushi, a man of Yamashiro and a Kentōshi-shō (student attached to the embassy to Tang), and Ōyake-no-Moitori-no-Omi Tsuginushi, Nai-zō-no-Daijō (Senior Third-Rank Official of the Treasury Office), and others were all granted Ason. Tsuginushi too was a descendant of Kogoto. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. ○ In this book Kogoto is given as Yahara-no-Kogoto-no-Mikoto.) In the reign of Emperor Kōkō there was Ōyake-no-Ason Munenaga, a man of the Left Capital. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Ichijō there was Ōyake-no-Ason Morimitsu of Senior Sixth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Chōyō Gunsai.) In the reign of Emperor Toba there were Ōyake-no-Ason Moritomo, Awaji-no-Daijō, and Ōyake-no-Ason Morihisa of Senior Sixth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.)

¶The Ise Iitaka clan. (Note: following the Kojiki.) There are those with the surname Ason, those with the surname Sukune, and those with the surname Kimi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. Ason is from the Nihon Kōki.) At first they were called Iitaka-no-Agata-no-Miyatsuko. In the reign of Emperor Suinin there was Iitaka-no-Agata-no-Miyatsuko Otokazuchi-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Ise Daijingū Gishikichō and the Yamatohime-no-Mikoto Seiki), who was their ancestor. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Iitaka-no-Kimi Kasame, an uneme of Iitaka District in Ise Province. (Note: also written Morotaka with other characters.) She was praised for her upright and scrupulous character. The court recorded her kin, the Agata-no-Miyatsuko, and all were granted the surname Iitaka-no-Kimi. In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Iitaka-no-Kimi Ietsugu of Senior Eighth Rank Upper, a man of Iitaka District, and others were granted Sukune. In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Iitaka-no-Kimi Wakatoneri of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and Ushito, Uejifu-shō (Clerk of the Right Guards) of the same surname, and Morumaru, Sahyōe-fu-shō (Clerk of the Left Guards), and others were all granted Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Iitaka-no-Sukune Matao of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, a man of the Left Capital, his younger brother Takashi, and five houses in all, together with Iitaka-no-Kimi Tsunehimaro, Tōtōmi-no-Suke, his younger brother Iotsugu, and Iitaka-no-Sukune Hamanaga, Kai-no-Sakan, and others from Ise, more than twenty persons in all, were all granted Ason and had their registration transferred to the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Iitaka-no-Ason Sadamune of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower was newly conferred rank in the Inner Ranks. Ibe-no-Miyatsuko Toyomochi, Udaishi (Senior Scribe of the Right), a man of Tsuruga District in Echizen Province, had his surname changed and was granted Iitaka-no-Ason, and transferred his registration to the Left Capital. The Ibe-no-Miyatsuko were also of the same kin. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Iitaka-no-Koyō, Ōi-no-Shōsakan (Junior Clerk of the Bureau of Rice-Cooking). (Note: following the Geki Nikki.)

¶The Muza clan. (Note: also written Muja with other characters. "Za" is also written with another character.) There are those with the surname Omi (Note: following the Kojiki) and those who were Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. In the reign of Emperor Seimu, Hikoōkitsuhiko (Note: this book writes this name differently, which is an error and is corrected here; Hikoōkitsu is Hikoōkitsu above) became Musa Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.) In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Kasugabe-no-Okimaro of Outer Senior Eighth Rank Lower, a man of Oshika District in Mutsu Province, and others were granted the surname Muza-no-Omi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Yōzei there was Muza-no-Omi Sukemori, Ukonoe-no-Shōgen. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Ne clan. Surname Muraji; registered in Izumi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Temmu there was Ne-no-Muraji Kanemi. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Mura clan. Surname Kimi; registered in Yamashiro. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Empress Genmei there was Mura-no-Kimi Azumahito, a man of Uda District in Ōyamato Province. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ This book says that in the reign of Empress Genshō there was Moro-no-Kimi Kurao, Tsugaru-tsu-no-Tsukasa (Commissioner of the Tsugaru Port) of Watarishima. "Moro" and "Mura" are close in reading, and they were probably of the same kin.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Mura-no-Kimi Masayo, Ise Gon-no-Daisakan (Provisional Senior Clerk of Ise). (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.)

¶The Watarimori clan. Surname Obito; registered in Yamashiro.

¶The Mibu clan. Surname Omi; registered in Kawachi.

¶The Ashiura clan. Surname Omi; registered in Izumi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Ōsaka clan. Surname Omi.

¶The Taki clan. Surname Omi. (Note: following the Kojiki.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there were Taki-no-Ason Motokage, Tanba-no-Mokudai (Deputy of Tanba), and a certain Taki-no-Omi, a kokurō (provincial elder) (Note: following the Tōji Kobunsho), who were probably of the same kin.

¶The Chita clan. Surname Omi.

¶The Tsunoyama clan. (Note: Tsuno is also written with another character.) Surname Omi. (Note: following the Kojiki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Tsunoyama-no-Kimi Uchimaro of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa there was Tsunoyama-no-Kimi Nariko of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku), who was probably of the same kin.

¶The Hatsukashi clan. (Note: "Tsuno is also written with another character," as in the note to the preceding entry.) Surname Obito; registered in Settsu; they came from Takeyasu-no-Mikoto, a third-generation descendant of Hikoōkitsu. There were also those without a surname, registered in Yamashiro, who came from Hikokunifuki. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Temmu there was Haguri-no-Omi Hitomaro of Junior Ninth Rank Lower, a man of Haguri District in Owari Province, who built the Kōmyō-ji temple in his home district. (Note: following the Chirifukuro.) In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Haguri-no-Tsubasa of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, a man of Otokuni District in Yamashiro Province, was granted the surname Omi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Montoku there was Haguri-no-Omi Otosada of Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.)

¶The Hasetsukabe clan. Registered in the Left Capital; they came from Hikoōkitsu.

¶The Yoshida clan. Registered in the Left Capital. There are those with the surname Sukune and those with the surname Muraji. They came from Hikokunifuki. In the reign of Emperor Sujin, Mimana offered its whole country to be attached to Japan and asked that a general be sent to pacify the land. The Emperor therefore sent Shionoritsuhiko, a grandson of Hikokunifuki (Note: in one text "nori" is written with a different character), to pacify it. Since in the custom of that land a "tsukasa" (governor) was called "kichi," his descendants took the clan name Kichi after it. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) The brothers Kichi-no-Daijō and Shōjō, who held the Paekche rank of Dalsol and were eighth-generation descendants of Shionoritsuhiko, cherished admiration for Japan and successively came to the court as naturalized subjects. Daijō made the practice of medicine his hereditary occupation, and was also versed in letters. Emperor Tenji granted him the rank of Shōsanjō (Lesser Mountain Upper). (Note: from "Daijō's hereditary" onward, the Nihon Shoki was consulted.) His descendants lived in Tamura Village in Nara. In the reign of Emperor Monmu, the monk Eshun was ordered to return to lay life, was granted the name Kichi-no-Yoroshi, and was conferred the rank of Mukōshi. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, taking their original surname and the name of their place of residence, the surname Yoshida-no-Muraji was granted to Kichi-no-Yoroshi of Junior Fifth Rank Upper and also to Kichi-no-Chishu of Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. The Shinsen Shōjiroku was also consulted. For Kichi-no-Yoroshi and Kichi-no-Chishu, the Shoku Nihongi is followed. ○ According to the Shinsen Shōjiroku, Chisu of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, a son of Shionoritsuhiko, lived in Tamura Village. Since Chisu and Chishu agree in sound, they were probably not different persons. This book may contain omissions or errors.) In the reign of Emperor Saga, Yoshida-no-Muraji Miyamaro of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, a man of the Right Capital, and others had their surname changed and were granted Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) Among their kin there is the Okiyo clan. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Yoshida-no-Sukune Fumi-nushi, Sakyō-no-Suke (Assistant Director of the Left Capital Office), a man of the Right Capital, and Takayo of the same surname, Ecchū-no-Suke (Assistant Governor of Etchū), and others had their surname changed and were granted Okiyo-no-Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. ○ The Montoku Jitsuroku says that Fumi-nushi's original surname was Yoshida-no-Muraji and that his ancestors came from Paekche, but this is an error.)

¶The Mano clan. Registered in the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) There are those with the surname Sukune (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku) and those with the surname Omi. They came from Hikokunifuki. Hikokunifuki begot Ōkuchiire-no-Mikoto, Ōkuchiire begot Naniwa-no-Sukune, and Naniwa-no-Sukune begot Ōyata-no-Sukune. Ōyata-no-Sukune followed Empress Jingū's expedition against Silla and became garrison general, stayed in that land to guard it, married a woman who was a niece of the king of Silla, and begot two sons, Saku-no-Mikoto and Takeyoshi-no-Mikoto. Wanibe-no-Omi Tori, a ninth-generation descendant of Saku, and Oshikatsu of the rank of Mudaishi, and others lived in Mano Village in Shiga District in Ōmi Province and took that as their clan name. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Mano-no-Omi Naganori, Kazue-no-Shōjō (Junior Assistant of the Bureau of Accounts), a man of the Right Capital, and Michio of the same surname, and others were all granted Sukune. Tami-no-Obito Hirokado, Kōzuke Gon-no-Shōjō (Provisional Junior Third-Rank Official of Kōzuke), a man of Yamabe District in Yamato Province, and Katamune of the same surname, a man of the Right Capital and Dazai-no-Ishi (physician of the Dazaifu), and Katanaga, without rank, and others had their surname changed and were granted Mano-no-Omi. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Ana clan. (Note: also written Ana with another character.) There are those with the surname Omi (Note: following the Kojiki), those with the surname Kimi (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku), and those who were Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Yachi-no-Sukune, a grandson of Hikokunifuki, became Ana Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Keikō. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.) Those with the surname Kimi were registered in the Right Capital and also came from Hikokunifuki. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kōnin there were Ana-no-Kimi Mimuro, an uneme of Senior Seventh Rank Upper, and Ana-no-Kimi Otogimi, a man of Yaanakuni Village in Ashida District in Bingo Province. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi and the Nihon Ryōiki.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa there was Ana-no-Kimi Yoshime, a person of Bingo. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Nukata clan. There are those with the surname Sukune (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi) and those who were Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Ōnaorou-no-Mikoto, a grandson of Hikokunifuki, became Nukata Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi. ○ This book writes Hikokunifuki differently.) In the reign of Emperor Saga there was Nukata-no-Sukune Imatari, Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi), who was probably their descendant.

¶The Nonaka clan. Registered in the Right Capital; they came from Hikokunifuki.

¶The Kume clan. Surname Omi; registered in Yamato. They came from Ōnaniwa-no-Mikoto, a fifth-generation descendant of Ametarashihiko-Kunioshihito. (Note: Ōnaniwa was probably Naniwa-no-Sukune.)

¶The Ono clan. Those with the surname Ason were registered in the Left Capital and Yamashiro and came from Takanetsuki-no-Ōomi. Those with the surname Omi were registered in Yamashiro and came from Hitohana-no-Mikoto, a seventh-generation descendant of Ametarashihiko-Kunioshihito. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Yūryaku there was Kasuga-no-Ono-no-Omi Ōki, who was also of the same kin. In the reign of Emperor Bidatsu, Ono-no-Omi Imoko, of the rank of Daitoku, lived in Ono Village in Shiga District in Ōmi Province and took that as his clan name. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ According to the Nihon Shoki, as seen above, there was already a Kasuga-no-Ono-no-Omi in the reign of Emperor Yūryaku, so Imoko was not the first to live in Ono Village. However, the use of the name Ono clan may have begun with Imoko. According to the entry of the fourth year of Jōwa in the Shoku Nihon Kōki, this kin appear to have lived in Ono Village generation after generation from their ancestors' time.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu, the Ono-no-Omi were granted Ason. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) Their kin flourished at court generation after generation. (Note: following the national histories from the Nihon Shoki onward.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Ono-no-Ason Takamura was known for his literary talent. The shrine enshrining the ancestral deity of the Ono clan was originally in Shiga District in Ōmi Province, and at the spring and autumn rites the court particularly permitted the Ono clan alone to attend that shrine without requiring a Daijōkan order. At this point an edict was issued: "Those of Fifth Rank or above of the three clans Ōkasuga, Furu, and Awata are likewise permitted this, on the same footing as the Ono clan." (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Yōzei, Ono-no-Ason Masamine, Kageyu Jikan (Deputy Chief of the Kageyu Office), a man of Ono District in Otagi District, Yamashiro Province, transferred his registration to the Left Capital. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) Takayasu, a seventh-generation descendant of Takamura (Note: one text writes his name with other characters, also Takayasu with yet other characters), became Musashi-no-Kami (Governor of Musashi) and begot Yoshitaka. Yoshitaka first lived in Yokoyama Village in Sagami Province and begot Sukétaka and Tokisuke. Tokisuke took the clan name Inomata, and from then on his branches greatly prospered. They were called the "Yokoyama band" and the "Inomata band," and are among the so-called Seven Bands of Musashi. The Yokoyama band includes such families as the Takuda, Ebina, Aihara, Hirako, Nobe, Yamazaki, Naruse, Furugōri, Ogura, Ōnuki, Kuzuu (Note: "Kuzu" is written in one text with another character), Kasuya, Yuki, Murobushi, Ōkushi, Chiyō, Ihei (Note: "I" is written in one text with another character), Kashiō, Furuichi, Taya, Yakokufu, Yamaguchi, Aikō, Kogō, Hirayama, Ishikawa, Furusawa, Ono, Furushō, Nakamura, Tana, Ozawa, and Komata. The Inomata band includes such families as the Ebara, Kawawa, Ōta, Hitomi, Amakasu, Fujita, Yamazaki, Okabe, Uchijima, Hasunuma, Obusuma, Inuma, Yokoze, Nobe, Kisato, Kawarazono (Note: "Kawara" is written in one text with a different character), Mudōji, Tomoshō, Kido, Takise, Sanai, Nōchi, Makudo, and Iizuka. In the Kenmu era, Makudo-no-Sukekuni and Iizuka-no-Yoshihisa both followed Nitta Yoshisada and were among the so-called "Sixteen Horsemen." (Note: following the Ono Keizu, the Sano-bon Ono Keizu, and the Musashi Shichitō Keizu. ○ The Ono Keizu says that their ancestor came from Prince Kasuga, a son of Emperor Bidatsu, but this is an error.)

¶The Ichii clan. (Note: also written Ichihii with other characters.) Registered in the Left Capital. There are those with the surname Ason and those with the surname Omi, who came from Takanetsuki-no-Ōomi. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Ason is from the Nihon Shoki.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu, the Ichii-no-Omi were granted Ason. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa there was the monk Sōō, a man of Asai District in Ōmi Province and of the Ichii clan, who was also of the same kin. (Note: following the Teiō Hennenki and the Meishō Ryakuden.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Ichii-no-Naomoto, Uma-no-Shōsakan (Junior Clerk of the Right Bureau of Horses). (Note: following the Geki Nikki.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Ichii-no-Tsunekiyo, Kazue-no-Suke (Assistant Director of the Bureau of Accounts). (Note: following the Riboku-ōki.)

¶The Furu clan. Surname Sukune; registered in Yamato. They came from Takanetsuki-no-Ōomi. Takanetsuki begot Kogoto-no-Mikoto, and Kogoto begot Ichikawa-no-Omi. When Emperor Nintoku once visited the Futsunushi Shrine, he placed Ichikawa-no-Omi at Isonokami Furu-no-Takaniwa as kannushi (shrine priest). His descendants are the Mushashi-no-Omi. (Note: Mushashi agrees in sound with Musha. The Musha-no-Omi seen above are this kin. However, this book omits the name.) In the reign of Empress Saimei they had been called Mononobe-no-Obito and also Kannushi-no-Obito, but they eventually lost the surname Omi. In the reign of Emperor Temmu, Mononobe-no-Obito Himuka of Senior Fifth Rank Upper changed his surname to Furu-no-Muraji, after the name of the shrine grounds. In the twelfth year, the Muraji were granted Sukune. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. From Emperor Temmu onward the Nihon Shoki was consulted. ○ This entry of the Shinsen Shōjiroku contains errors and in places its meaning is unclear, so only its general sense is recorded here. It awaits future investigation.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa there was Furu-no-Sukune Imamichi, Kura-no-Shōjō (Junior Assistant of the Treasury Office). (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku and the Kokin Wakashū Mokuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Furu-no-Sukune Aritaira, Tosa-no-Kami (Governor of Tosa). (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) In the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Furu-no-Chimichi, Bō-Kamogawashi-no-Hangan (Judge of the Kamo River Embankment Office). (Note: following the Ononomiya Nenjū Gyōji.)

¶The Mononobe clan. There are those with the surname Kimi (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Shoku Nihongi) and those with the surname Obito. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) Those with the surname Kimi came from Takeyasu-no-Mikoto. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. The inscription of the stele at Yamana Village in Kōzuke Province was also consulted. ○ "Yasu" is written in one text with another character.) Those with the surname Obito were registered in Settsu and came from Takanetsuki. There were also those without a surname, registered in Settsu, Kawachi, and Izumi, all sharing a common ancestor with the Obito. The Amibe-no-Mononobe (Note: "Ami" is written in one text with other characters) were registered in Izumi and share a common ancestor with the Furu-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Suinin there was Ichikawa-no-Omi, a kinsman of the Kasuga-no-Omi, who had charge of the sacred treasures of the Isonokami Shrine; he was the ancestor of the Mononobe-no-Obito. (Note: ○ According to the Tōdaiji Kobunsho and the Shōsōin documents, in the reign of Emperor Monmu there was Mononobe-no-Obito Koshime, a woman of Kamitsumike District in Buzen Province. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Mononobe-no-Obito Isotari, a man of Izumo. In the reign of Emperor Murakami there were Mononobe-no-Obito Korenori, Tanba Gi-Dairyō (Provisional Senior District Magistrate of Tanba) and a Konoe of the Right, and a kinsman who served as Kengyō Shuchō (Supervising Chief Registrar); all were probably of this kin. However, the Mononobe-no-Obito of the Shinsen Shōjiroku have two lines, and in fact they are difficult to distinguish, so they are added here.) In the reign of Emperor Keikō there was Natsuhana, the ancestor of the Mononobe-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Isobe-no-Ushimaro of Outer Lesser Initial Rank Lower, a man of Kanra District in Kōzuke Province, and others were granted the surname Mononobe-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ The Jinki stele has Isobe-no-Kimi Ushimaro, a smith, and this is the same person. Also, according to the Razan Bunshū, there is the Nukisaki Shrine in Kanra District, and the Isobe clan served in its rites generation after generation. They were probably of the same kin. Added for reference.)

¶The Kushiro clan. Surname Miyatsuko; registered in Izumi. They share a common ancestor with the Furu-no-Sukune. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Kushiro-no-Atai Morohito (Note: from the reign of Emperor Shōmu onward, the Tōji documents are followed. ○ Kushiro is written with different characters but the readings agree), who was probably of the same kin.

¶The Ishiro clan. Surname Omi; registered in Settsu. Among the descendants of Takanetsuki-no-Ōomi there were those who lived in Ide Village in Soe-no-Kami District in Yamato Province, and they took it as their clan name. (Note: "shiro" and "de" agree in reading.) They were probably of the same kin.

¶The Tsuto clan. Surname Obito; registered in Settsu; they came from Takanetsuki. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.)

¶The Chikatsuōmi Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Kojiki.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Kuni-no-Miyatsuko Tsuneyo, Uemon-no-Fushō (Clerk of the Right Gate Guards), a man of Ōmi (Note: following the Chōyō Gunsai), who was probably their descendant.

¶The Tako clan. They are descendants of Emperor Kōshō. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Shima-no-Ason Masayuki (Note: "Shimachō" is written in one text with other characters), Danjō-no-Daihitsu (Senior Assistant Chief of the Board of Censors), a man of Ōmi, was granted the surname Tako-no-Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. ○ The Tako clan were probably descendants of Ametarashihiko-Kunioshihito. But this book does not record their line, so doubt is left here.)

¶The Koshi-no-Tonami clan. (Note: "Tona" is written in one text with another character.) Surname Omi; descendants of Hikosashikatawake-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Kōrei. (Note: following the Kojiki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Tonami-no-Omi Shiruki, a man of Etchū, who served as Etchū Ingai-no-Suke (Supernumerary Assistant Governor of Etchū). (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Ashikita clan. (Note: "Kita" is also written with another character.) There are those with the surname Kimi. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) There are also Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Miinako-no-Mikoto, a son of Isaserihiko (Note: Isaserihiko is another name of Kibitsuhiko), became Ashikita Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Keikō. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.) In the reign of Emperor Bidatsu there was Nichira, a son of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko Arishito, who had been raised in Paekche. The Emperor summoned him to consult about the affairs of Mimana, but he was killed by men of Paekche. The Emperor had the culprits seized and showed every kindness to the Ashikita-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Toyokunisaki clan. There are those with the surname Omi and those who were Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Kojiki and the Sendai Kuji Hongi.) In the reign of Emperor Seimu, Umasaji-no-Mikoto, a sixth-generation descendant of Isaserihiko, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi. ○ The Kojiki makes the Toyokunisaki-no-Omi descendants of Hikosashikatawake, and which is correct is not known. Here this book is followed.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Kunisaki-no-Omi Tatsumaro, a ryō (head) of Kusu District in Bungo Province. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji.)

¶The Ujika clan and the Ama clan are both descendants of Hikosashima-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Kōrei.

¶The Harima Ujika clan. (Note: the Kojiki has Ushika with other characters.) Surname Omi; registered in the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Harima is from the Kojiki.) In the reign of the Deposed Emperor (Emperor Junnin) there was Ujika-no-Omi Yamamichi, Etakumi-no-Kami (Director of the Painters' Office). (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Ujika-no-Tomooki, Bancho (Guard Captain) of the Left Konoe. (Note: following the Shōmonki.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Ujika-no-Harutoshi, Zōshiki-no-Chō (Chief of Miscellaneous Attendants). In the reign of Emperor Sanjō there was Ujika-no-Yoshitada, Bancho. (Note: following the Shōyūki.) All were their descendants. Among their kin are the Harunia clan and the Kasa clan. (Note: for the Kasa clan, the Montoku Jitsuroku is followed.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Ujika-no-Omi Yoshimune, a man of the Right Capital, was granted the surname Harunia-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Montoku, Ujika-no-Omi Takeo of Senior Seventh Rank Lower changed his surname to Kasa-no-Ason. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Ujika-no-Omi Yoshihito of Senior Sixth Rank Upper was granted the surname Kasa-no-Ason. In the reign of Emperor Yōzei, Ujika-no-Omi Akita of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, a man of the Right Capital, and others were also granted the surname Kasa-no-Ason. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) Among the Kasa-no-Ason there is also a line that came from Wakatakehiko, as will be seen later. (Note: ○ According to the Ruijū Fusenshō, in the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Kasa-no-Sukune Inumaru of the Chūgū Hetsuza (Empress's Household Attendants' Seat), but which kin he belonged to is unknown, so he is added here.)

¶The Ama clan. Surname Atai. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.) In the reign of Emperor Nintoku there was Kibi-no-Amabe-no-Atai Kurome. (Note: following the Kojiki.) In the reign of Emperor Yūryaku there was Kibi-no-Amabe-no-Atai Akao. In the reign of Emperor Bidatsu there were Kibi-no-Amabe-no-Atai Naniwa and Hashima. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) They were probably of the same kin. (Note: ○ As for the Kibi-no-Amabe-no-Atai, their line is in fact unclear. Since they are called "Kibi," they appear to have come from Wakatakehiko. But on examining the various books, no Amabe clan is found among the descendants of Wakatakehiko. Only the Sendai Kuji Hongi says that among the descendants of Hikosashima there is the Ama-no-Atai. Perhaps, because they were brothers, the two became mixed. The Tsunuga Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the text below, too, are made descendants of Wakatakehiko in the Annals, whereas the Kojiki makes the Tsunuga-no-Ama-no-Atai descendants of Hikosashikatawake. For the present the Annals are followed and the entry is given here.)

¶The Kasa clan, the Mio clan, the Iohara clan, the Inamino clan, the Makamibe clan, the Tsunuga clan, the Kibi clan, the Shimotsumichi clan, the Kamitsumichi clan, the Kaya clan, the Mino clan, and the Sono clan are all descendants of Wakatakehiko-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Kōrei.

¶The Kasa clan. They came from Kamowake-no-Mikoto, a grandson of Wakatakehiko. There are those with the surname Ason and those with the surname Omi, both registered in the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. ○ According to the Nihon Shoki, Kamowake was a younger brother of Mitomowake, so the word "grandson" probably contains an omission. Details are given in the entry on the Kibi clan.) There were also Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.) Kamowake served Emperor Ōjin; when the Emperor visited Kibi and climbed Mount Kasame, a whirlwind arose and blew off the Emperor's sedge hat, which struck him as strange. Kamowake said, "This is probably the mountain deity wishing to present the produce of the land," and when a hunt was then held, a great catch was taken. The Emperor was pleased and granted the name "Kasa." (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) He was enfeoffed with Hakugi Agata of Kibi, and this became the ancestor of the Kasa-no-Omi. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) Kasa-no-Mihira-no-Omi, an eighth-generation descendant of Kamowake, became Kasa Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu, the Kasa-no-Omi were granted Ason. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Empress Genmei, Kasa-no-Ason Maro, Mino-no-Kami (Governor of Mino), was granted seventy fief households and six chō of fields for his merit in opening the Kiso mountain road. In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Kasa-no-Omi Ketamaro, Shōryō of Uji District in Yamashiro Province, was granted Ason, and Mitakarabe-no-Hito Katamaro of Outer Lesser Initial Rank Lower, a man of Bizen, and others had their surname changed to Kasa-no-Omi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Mio-no-Omi Naganushi, a man of Hida, and Mio-no-Omi Okinaga, Ukyō Shishō (Recorder of the Right Capital Office), and others were granted Kasa-no-Ason and had their registration transferred to the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Ōshi-no-Atai Outoji, an uneme from Aki, was granted the name Kasa-no-Ason Miyako and assigned to the Left Capital Office. Miyako was a daughter of Kasa-no-Ason Toyonushi, Nakatsukasa-no-Shōjō (Junior Assistant of the Ministry of Central Affairs), but she had fallen into hardship as a child, lost the clan of her real father, was entered in the register of the Ōshi-no-Atai, and had been presented as an uneme. Because her kinsman Kasa-no-Ason Kazumichi and others testified to the circumstances, she was restored to her original register. The Kannon-ji temple petitioned: "Kiyosada and others, slaves of this temple, are fifth-generation descendants of Kasa-no-Ason Maro of Junior Fifth Rank Lower. Maro served as Zōji-shi (Temple-Construction Commissioner) in the Tenpyō era, and because the child was born privately of a woman of the temple household, it was made a slave following its mother's house. We request that, in accordance with regulations, they be restored as free commoners and have their registration transferred to Take District in Chikugo Province." This was granted. In the reign of Emperor Yōzei, Inamino-no-Omi Muneo, Sadaishi, a man of the Left Capital, petitioned: "My ancestors came from Mitomowake, the second son, and Kamowake, the third son, of Kibi-no-Takehiko, and I am truly a descendant of the brothers who were the ancestors of the Kasa clan. I ask to be granted the same surname." An edict was therefore issued granting the surname Kasa-no-Ason to Muneo and four others. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there were Kasa-no-Yoshinaka, Shōnaiki (Junior Secretary), and Kasa-no-Tamemasa, Sama-no-Sakan (Clerk of the Left Bureau of Horses). In the reign of Emperor Go-Reizei there was Kasa-no-Noriyoshi, Chikara Gon-no-Jō (Provisional Assistant of the Tax Bureau). In the reign of Emperor Konoe there was Kasa-no-Kunimasa, Kazue-no-Shōsakan. (Note: following the Geki Nikki.) All were probably of the same kin. (Note: according to the Ruijū Fusenshō, in the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Kasa-no-Sukune Inumaru of the Chūgūshiki Hetsuza; was the surname Sukune also of the same kin? Added here.) The branch that lived in Wakasa served as officials of the Wakasahiko Shrine generation after generation from the reign of Empress Genshō, and in later ages called themselves the Muku clan. (Note: following the Hitachi Masui Shōmune-ji documents and the Kasa-shi Keizu.) In the reign of Emperor En'yū there was Muku-no-Tadanobu, Udaishi (Senior Scribe of the Right) (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō), who was probably of this kin.

¶The Mio clan. Surname Omi; registered in Hida. They share a common ancestor with the Kasa-no-Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Iohara clan. (Note: also written Iohara with other characters.) They came from Kibi-no-Takehiko, a grandson of Wakatakehiko. There are those with the surname Ason, those with the surname Kimi, and those who were Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Those with the surname Kimi were registered in the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. Ason is from the Shoku Nihon Kōki, and Kuni-no-Miyatsuko from the Sendai Kuji Hongi.) In the reign of Emperor Keikō, Kibi-no-Takehiko followed Yamatotakeru-no-Mikoto's eastern campaign (Note: following the Nihon Shoki) and reached Abe-no-Iohara. On the day of his report to the throne he was granted the land of Iohara by edict. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) His son Okabehiko-no-Mikoto became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Iohara-no-Kimi Ariko, a Ken-Tō-Iyakugo (interpreter attached to the embassy to Tang) and a man of the Right Capital, and his elder brother Kashiwamori and others were granted Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. ○ The Kojiki makes the Iohara-no-Kimi descendants of Hikosashikatawake, which does not agree with the account here. For the present the Shinsen Shōjiroku and the Sendai Kuji Hongi are followed.)

¶The Inamino clan. Surname Omi. They came from Kibi-no-Takehiko. In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Kusakabe-no-Sukune Komaro, Harima-no-Kami (Governor of Harima), reported to the throne: "Umakai-no-Miyatsuko Hitokami of Outer Junior Seventh Rank Lower, a man of Kako District under my jurisdiction, has stated: 'Hitokami's ancestors came from Kibi-no-Takehiko, and the original surname is Kamitsumichi-no-Omi. In the reign of Emperor Nintoku, Kamitsumichi-no-Omi Okinaga-no-Karikama first settled at Inamino in Kako District. Musashi, a sixth-generation descendant, was skilled in raising horses, served Crown Prince Jōgū (Shōtoku Taishi), and served as Uma-no-Tsukasa (Master of Horses). For this reason the Kōgo Nenjaku records him as Umakai-no-Miyatsuko. I ask to be granted the surname Inamino-no-Omi, after our place of residence.' When the provincial governor re-examined the matter, the statement was true." The request was therefore granted. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. This book writes Kibi-no-Takehiko as Kibitsuhiko. The Kojiki also makes the Kamitsumichi-no-Omi descendants of Kibitsuhiko, which is the same theory, but Muneo himself states that he is a descendant of Kibi-no-Takehiko. According to this, the account in this book is probably in error. It is therefore corrected.)

¶The Makamibe clan. Originally called Shirakabe. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) Registered in the Right Capital; they came from Kibi-no-Takehiko. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, in order to avoid the personal name of Emperor Kōnin, they changed it to Makamibe. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Yōzei there was Makamibe-no-Narimichi, a man of Kuboya District in Bitchū Province (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku), who was probably of the same kin.

¶The Tsunuga clan. (Note: also written Tsuruga with other characters.) There are those with the surname Atai (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi) and those who were Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Takeisahi-no-Mikoto, a grandson of Wakatakehiko, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.) In the reign of Empress Shōtoku there was Tsunuga-no-Atai Shimamaro, who was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Junna there was Tsunuga-no-Atai Fukiko, who was granted five hundred bundles of tax rice of Echizen. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa there was Tsunuga-no-Atai Mafukuko, who was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) All were probably descendants of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: ○ The Kojiki has Tsunuga-no-Ama-no-Atai, probably of the same surname as this. But there they are made descendants of Hikosashikatawake, which does not agree with this account. Perhaps, because they were brothers, confusion arose. This awaits future investigation.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Saga there was Tsunuga-no-Sanenao, Minbu-no-Jō (Third-Rank Official of the Ministry of Popular Affairs). (Note: following the Heikōki.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Murakami there was Tsunuga-no-Tatsuuji, Tajima Gon-no-Kami (Provisional Governor of Tajima). (Note: following the Enta Ryaku.)

¶The Kibi clan. They came from Mitomowake-no-Mikoto, a son of Kibi-no-Takehiko. Those with the surname Ason were registered in the Left Capital, and those with the surname Omi in the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku. That he was a son of Kibi-no-Takehiko is from the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku. ○ The Shinsen Shōjiroku makes Mitomowake a grandson of Wakatakehiko, but the entry on the Shimotsumichi-no-Ason says "the grandson of Wakatakehiko is Kibi-no-Takehiko." According to the Nihon Shoki, Kibi-no-Takehiko followed Yamatotakeru-no-Mikoto's eastern campaign, which was in fact in the reign of Emperor Keikō, whereas Mitomowake served Emperor Ōjin. Four generations had already passed between Emperor Keikō and Emperor Ōjin, so Mitomowake was probably a son or grandson of Kibi-no-Takehiko and not a grandson of Wakatakehiko. The account of the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku appears more correct, so it is followed for the present.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Shimotsumichi-no-Ason Makibi and Shimotsumichi-no-Omi Otokibi, Makoto, Hiroshi, and others were all granted the surname Kibi-no-Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) Makibi later became Udaijin and concurrently served as Dairyō of Shimotsumichi District in Bitchū Province. (Note: following the Honchō Monzui.) At the same time there was Kibibe-no-Omi Kohito, a man of Kando District in Izumo Province. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji.) In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Okada-no-Hito Inaki, a man of Shiki District in Kawachi Province, had his surname changed to Kibi-no-Omi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Shimotsumichi clan. They came from Mitomowake. There are those with the surname Ason, those with the surname Omi, and those who were Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) The Ason were registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shinsen Shōjiroku.) When Emperor Ōjin visited Kibi, Mitomowake served him with great reverence, so the Emperor was pleased and divided the land of Kibi and enfeoffed his sons and younger brothers with it. The eldest son Inahayawake became Shimotsumichi Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, and this is the ancestor of the Shimotsumichi-no-Omi. The middle son Nakatsuhiko became Kaya Kuni-no-Miyatsuko and was the ancestor of the Kamitsumichi-no-Omi. The youngest son Otohiko became Mino Kuni-no-Miyatsuko and was the ancestor of the Mino-no-Omi. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. The Sendai Kuji Hongi was also consulted. ○ The Annals give Inahayawake as another name of "Anehiko-no-Mikoto.") Wakatakehiko had followed his elder brother Isaserihiko to pacify Kibi, and since many of his descendants lived in that land, by this time his kin had grown ever more prosperous. (Note: following the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Yūryaku, Shimotsumichi-no-Omi Sakitsuya was found guilty and executed, and seventy of his kin were executed along with him. In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu, the Shimotsumichi-no-Omi were granted Ason. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Shimotsumichi-no-Ason Hitonushi, who served as Dairyō of Kaya District. (Note: following the Bitchū no Kuni Fudoki cited in the Senkaku Man'yōshō.) In the reign of Empress Kōken, Shimotsumichi-no-Omi Shikobuta was granted Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Kamitsumichi clan. Tasa-no-Omi, a son of Nakatsuhiko, became Kamitsumichi Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Sendai Kuji Hongi.) He is the ancestor of the Kamitsumichi-no-Omi. In the reign of Emperor Yūryaku, Kamitsumichi-no-Omi Tasa became governor of Mimana, and his wife entered the palace and bore Prince Hoshikawa. When the Emperor died, Prince Hoshikawa rebelled, and the Kamitsumichi-no-Omi clan led forty warships to aid him. Soon the Prince's enterprise was defeated and he died in the fire, and Emperor Seinei rebuked the Kamitsumichi-no-Omi and others and seized the Yamabe (mountain groups) that they had governed. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Empress Kōken, Kamitsumichi-no-Masamichi, Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of Bizen, and Kamitsumichi-no-Omi Hidatsu were both granted Ason. Hidatsu soon became Kibi Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Kamitsumichi-no-Moriyo, Sakonoe-no-Shōgen. (Note: following the Geki Nikki.) In later ages, among their kin there were those who became kannushi of the Hakusan Shrine in Kaga. (Note: following the Hakusan-ki and the Rekimei Dodai.)

¶The Kaya clan. (Note: Kaya is also written with other characters.) They are the descendants of the Kaya Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. There are those with the surname Ason and those with the surname Omi. In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, ten or more persons, including Kaya-no-Omi Kotamame of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, a woman of Kaya District in Bitchū Province, were granted Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Kaya-no-Ason Munenari, Sadaishi, a man of Kaya District, and Masamune of the same surname, Bitchū Gon-no-Hakase (Provisional Professor of Bitchū), and others had their registration transferred to the Left Capital Office. (Note: following the Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Uda there were Kaya-no-Toyonaka, Dairyō of Kaya District, his younger brother Toyokage, Tōryō (Chief), and Toyotsune, Negi (junior priest) of the Kibitsu Shrine. (Note: following the Fusō Ryakki.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Toba there were Kaya-no-Sukune Shigetoshi and Hirokata, Suō Zaichōkan (local officials of Suō) (Note: following the Azuma Kagami), who were probably members of the same kin who later changed their surname.

¶The Mino clan. Surname Omi. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there were Mino-no-Omi Hironushi and Kiyohime. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Sono clan. Surname Atai. In the reign of Emperor Ōjin, Urakoriwake, the elder brother of Mitomowake, was enfeoffed with Kibi Sono Agata, and this became the ancestor of the Sono-no-Atai. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) There were also those with the surname Omi, who were probably of the same kin. In the reign of Empress Jitō there was Sono-no-Omi Ikuhame. (Note: following the Man'yōshū.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Sono-no-Omi Iokuni served as Shōryō of Kaya District in Bitchū Province. (Note: following the Bizen no Kuni Fudoki.) In the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Sono-no-Omi Itsutane, Kunai-no-Shōroku (Junior Recorder of the Imperial Household Ministry) (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō; Omi is from the Jimoku Taiseishō), who was probably their descendant.