Treatise 27: Clans IV

¶The Ōta clan. Surname Kimi. They are descendants of Prince Netori, a son of Emperor Ōjin. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Ōtabe-no-Kimi Wakako was granted the Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ This book records that at about the same time there was Ōtabe-no-Muraji Ushikai of Junior Fifth Rank Lower. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Ōta-no-Obito Toyonawa, Taijō (Senior Captain) of the Saeji-fu (Left Gate Guards). According to the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji, in the reign of Emperor Monmu there was Ōta-no-Hito Ōta, a man of Motosu District in Mino Province. According to the Ruijū Kokushi, in the reign of Emperor Heizei there was Ōtabe-no-Atai Moriyakeme of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, a man of Sagami Province. According to the Heikōki, in the reign of Emperor Go-Saga there was Ōta-no-Morisuke of the Right Hyōe (Right Gate Guards). The details of their kin are unclear in every case, so they are provisionally added here.)

¶The Okinaga, Yamamichi, Sakata-no-Sakahito, Hata, Sakata and Shigehara clans, and the Kometa Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, are all descendants of Prince Wakanuke-no-Futamata, a son of Emperor Ōjin. (Note: ○ It seems that the Kojiki, which gives "Okinaga-zaka-no-Kimi" and "Sakahito-no-Kimi," contains omissions or errors. Here, following the Nihon Shoki and the Shōjiroku, they are fixed as the two clans Okinaga-no-Kimi and Sakata-Sakahito-no-Kimi.)

¶The Okinaga clan. The house with the surname Mahito is registered in the Left Capital. The house with the surname Muraji is registered in the Right Capital. There is also the surname Okinaga-Niu-no-Mahito, with the same registration as the house of the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Shōjiroku. ○ It seems that, according to the Sandai Jitsuroku, during the Jōgan era the genealogy of the Anō clan of Sakata District in Ōmi Province was ordered presented to the court, together with those of the two clans Okinaga and Sakata-Sakahito, in the same volume. Also, the Ōjō Gokuraku-ki mentions a certain Okinaga, a man of Sakata District. Okinaga is a place name in Ōmi Province, and this was their home registration.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), Okinaga-no-Kimi was granted the surname Mahito. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of the Deposed Emperor (Emperor Junnin) there were Okinaga-Niu-no-Mahito Ōkuni of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and Hironaga of the same surname. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. For Hironaga, the old documents of Tōdaiji.) In the reign of Emperor Kōken there was Okinaga-Niu-no-Mahito Kunishima, Daisakan (Senior Secretary) of Hitachi Province, who served as Sakimori-be Kotsukai (escort officer for the frontier guards). (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi, with the Man'yōshū also consulted.) In the reign of Emperor Shōtoku, Okinaga-no-Muraji Kiyotsugu, a man of the Right Capital and Shishō (Clerk) of the Kuraryō (Bureau of the Imperial Storehouses), was granted the surname Mahito. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Okinaga-no-Mahito Kiyoshinushi of Junior Eighth Rank Upper and others, men of the Left Capital, who had been struck from the registers during the Saikō era, were at this time restored to their home registration. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Okinaga-no-Mitsuyasu, head of the Chikuma Mikuriya (imperial kitchen estate) in Ōmi Province. In the reign of Emperor Horikawa there was Okinaga-no-Sukune Masazane, Kuraryō Shishō. (Note: following the Geki Nikki; from Emperor Horikawa onward, the Chōya Gunsai.) They probably changed the surname to Sukune later. (Note: ○ According to the Jimoku Taiseishō, in the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Niu-no-Mahito Takanori, Mokkō Sanshi (Calculator of the Carpenters' Office). Perhaps he was of this kin, and there were also those who called themselves simply Niu. It is added here pending later study.) In the reign of Emperor Sutoku there was Okinaga-no-Tsunesada, a man of Muro District in Kii Province, who was appointed Kenkō-shoku (inspector) of the Kinomoto Mikuriya. His descendants at times became shōji (estate stewards), and afterward called themselves the Shōji clan. (Note: following the Kii Shōji-shi documents.) There is also the surname Okinaga-Takehara-no-Kimi, registered in Yamashiro Province, said to have come from the line of Prince Agi, a third-generation descendant of Emperor Ōjin. (Note: ○ Agi was probably a descendant of Prince Futamata, but there is no other clear evidence. For now the doubt is left standing.)

¶The Yamamichi clan. Surname Mahito; registered in the Left and Right Capitals. (Note: following the Shōjiroku.) There are also houses with the surname Kimi. (Note: following the Kojiki.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), Yamamichi-no-Kimi was granted the surname Mahito. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Sakata-Sakahito clan. Surname Mahito; registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shōjiroku. ○ According to the Kojiki, this clan originally had the surname Kimi. The year and month in which they were granted Mahito do not appear in the histories.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Sakata-Sakahito-no-Mahito Araki, Dairyō (Senior District Governor) of Sakata District in Ōmi Province. (Note: following the old documents of Tōdaiji.)

¶The Hata clan. (Note: ○ also written with other characters, with the same reading.) Surname Mahito; registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shōjiroku.) They came from the line of Ōiratsuko, a son of Prince Futamata. (Note: following the Kojiki. ○ "Mata" in Futamata is also written with a different character.) At the time of the Jinshin Disturbance, Hata-no-Kimi Yakuni led his kin and submitted to Emperor Temmu. In the twelfth year (683) they were granted the surname Mahito. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Hata-no-Mahito Kiyoo of Senior Sixth Rank Upper submitted a memorial stating that the account of the first ancestor recorded in the Shōjiroku was mistaken and asking that it be corrected. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Sakata clan. They came out of the Okinaga clan. (Note: from "came out" onward, following the Kugyō Bunin and the Iroha Jirui-shō.) Registered in the Left Capital. Nobumasa, a distant descendant of Prince Futamata, took as his wife the daughter of Tsukimoto-no-Kimi Tenko, a man of Ōmi Province, and she bore Ishimura, who took his mother's surname. Ishimura's grandsons, Natemaro of Junior Fifth Rank Upper and Toyonari and Toyohito of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, were granted the surname Sukune in the reign of Emperor Kanmu. Natemaro set out the aspirations of his forebears and, after the place where his grandfather was born, changed the clan name to Sakata. In the reign of Emperor Saga they were further granted the surname Ason. (Note: following the Shōjiroku.) Among their kin was the Minabuchi clan; in the reign of Emperor Junna, Natemaro's sons Hirosada, Gon-no-Shōshō (Provisional Lesser General) of the Right Konoe, and Nagakawa, Kura-no-Kami (Director of the Treasury Bureau), were both newly granted the surname Minabuchi-no-Ason. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku and the Kugyō Bunin.) Their descendants produced men of renown in successive generations. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki and the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Shigehara clan. Surname Sukune; they are a branch of the Hata-no-Mahito. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Satano-Imiki Michinari, Shōzoku (Junior Clerk) of the Crown Prince's Household, and others were newly granted this surname. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. ○ The Shūgaishō's "Shigehara-no-Ason" is probably of this kin.)

¶The Tsukushi Kometa Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Tsukimeka, a grandson of Prince Futamata, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi. ○ It seems that since Emperor Seimu stands in the generation of ancestors with respect to Emperor Ōjin, the account in this book is probably mistaken.) Among their kin are also houses with the surname Kimi. (Note: following the Kojiki.) In the reign of Emperor Monmu there was Kometa-no-Kimi Kitasuke of Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Hioki, Haibara and Hijikata clans are all descendants of Ōyamamori-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Ōjin.

¶The Hioki clan. There are houses with the surname Ason, registered in the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shōjiroku.) There are also houses with the surname Kimi. (Note: following the Kojiki. ○ The Kojiki writes Hioki as Hegi.) In the reign of Emperor Yōzei there was Hiokibe-no-Kimi Edao of the Left Konoe. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku, many of this kin were appointed gunrō (district elders), kenkō and gi-shōryō (acting junior district governors) of Tamba District in Tamba Province. (Note: following the old documents of Tōji.)

¶The Haibara clan. (Note: ○ "Hai" is also written with a different character.) Surname Kimi; registered in Settsu Province. There are also houses with no surname, registered in Kawachi Province, with the same origin. (Note: following the Shōjiroku. ○ The Shōjiroku gives the house with the surname Kimi as of the same ancestry as the Okinaga-no-Mahito, but this is probably a mistake.)

¶The Hijikata clan. Surname Kimi. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Kojiki.)

¶The Fukakawa-wake clan. They are descendants of Prince Izamawaka, a son of Emperor Ōjin. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Mikuni clan. Surname Mahito; registered in the Left and Right Capitals and in Yamashiro Province. They are descendants of Prince Maroko, a son of Emperor Keitai. (Note: following the Shōjiroku. ○ The Kojiki makes this clan descend from Prince Futamata, a son of Emperor Ōjin, but this is probably an error. Here this book (the Nihon Shoki) is followed.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), Mikuni-no-Kimi was granted the surname Mahito. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Mikuni-no-Mahito Koretaka, Daishi (Senior Secretary). (Note: following the Seiji Yōryaku.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there were Mikuni-no-Masanori (Note: following the Nihon Kiryaku) and Mikuni-no-Munetaka, Gon-no-Shōgeki (Provisional Junior Secretary). (Note: following the Geki Nikki.)

¶The Sakahito clan. Surname Mahito; registered in Yamato Province. They are descendants of Prince Usagi, a son of Emperor Keitai. (Note: following the Shōjiroku.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), Sakahito-no-Kimi was granted the surname Mahito. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Sakahito-no-Mahito Hirokimi, a man of Yamato Province, transferred his registration to the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Ichijō there was Sakahito-no-Mahito Akiyoshi, Sashōshi (Junior Secretary of the Left). (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.)

¶The Sakata clan. Surname Mahito; registered in the Right Capital. They are descendants of Prince Naka, a son of Emperor Keitai. (Note: following the Shōjiroku.) Among the meritorious retainers of the Jinshin Disturbance was Sakata-no-Kimi Ikazuchi, who was newly granted Mahito in the twelfth year (683). (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Sakata-no-Kanehira, Daisakan (Senior Clerk) of the Right Konoe. (Note: following the Geki Nikki.) He was probably their descendant.

¶The Taji clan. (Note: ○ also written with other characters, as Tajihi.) Surname Mahito; registered in the Right Capital. They are descendants of Prince Kamiueba, a son of Emperor Senka. (Note: following the Shōjiroku. ○ Kamiueba is written Kamiewa in this book, but here the Nihon Shoki is followed.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), Tajihi-no-Kimi was granted the surname Mahito. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Tajihi was changed to Tanji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Tanji-no-Mahito Sadamine, Udaiben (Middle Controller of the Right), and others submitted the following statement. "When we privately examined the old records, we found that Prince Kamiueba begot Prince Tōichi, and Prince Tōichi begot Prince Tajihiko. On the day he was born, a flower of the tajihi (a plant) flew and fell into his bath water, and through this mysterious sympathy he was named Tajihiko. When he grew up he was modest, firmly declined, and asked to be granted a surname, and so in the end his name became the clan name. In the reign of Emperor Temmu, Shima, the Minister of the Left and a son of Tajihiko, (Note: for Shima, following the Nihon Shoki) was granted the surname Mahito. He was in truth the great-great-grandfather of us who submit this. (Note: ○ The Iroha Jirui-shō says that the surname Mahito was granted in the reign of Empress Jitō, but this is probably an error.) Shima's son Hironari became an envoy to Tang, (Note: for Hironari, following the Shoku Nihongi) and in that country changed Tajihi to Tanji. On the day of his return to court he restored the original name. In the Tenchō era, Sadanari, Mokunokami (Director of the Carpenters' Office), petitioned and changed it again to Tanji. At that time our persons were not heads of the clan, and so we could not take part in the private discussions. We were uneasy in our hearts, yet were not able to raise any objection. Now, what matters most is to follow the facts, and principle requires a return to the source. How could we gladly accept a new rendering from Tang and discard the old name received at birth? Moreover, the meaning of the characters of Tanji touches upon things that ought to be avoided. We beg to be permitted to restore the old surname and simply remove the character hi. Then the pronunciation will not change, and the traces of our ancestors will be handed down for ever." By imperial edict, Sadamine and the others were granted Taji-no-Mahito. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. ○ It would seem that the change from Tajihi to Taji began at this time. Yet the Shōjiroku already writes Taji. Perhaps it was rewritten later.) In the reign of Emperor Sutoku there was Tajihi-no-Mahito Hisanaga, Gon-no-Daijō (Provisional Senior Secretary) of Kawachi. (Note: following the Chōshūki.) Takenobu, an eighth-generation descendant of Hironari, was exiled to Musashi Province in the reign of Emperor Yōzei, and in the time of his grandson Minetoki finally settled there. His branches flourished and were called the Tan Band (Tantō). This is one of the Seven Bands of Musashi (Musashi Shichitō). (Note: following the Musashi Shichitō Keizu and the Genpei Seisuiki.) Among their kin are the clans Kuwana, Nakamura, Furugōri (Note: ○ gōri is also written with another character), Ōkawara, Shioya, Osada, Okada, Sakata, Ōkubo, Kurige, Susuki, Yokosune, Yabe, Oribara (Note: ○ ori is also written with another character), Yokose, Chichibu, Teshigawara, Niisato, Abo, Takise, Nagahama, Aoki, Hanzawa, Kojima, Shimizu, Kashiwabara, Koma, Kaji, Aihara, Koizuka, Hanno, Shiratori, Iwata, Tsumita, Nirayama, Yamada, Takebuchi, Oganō, Kuroya, Horita (Note: ○ ta is also written with another character), Minami-Arai, Yurafuji, Yabuchi, Nogami, Ido and Haguri. (Note: following the Musashi Shichitō Keizu. ○ Ha is also written with another character.) In the Engen era there was a man named Teshigawara Naoshige, who died upholding his loyalty in the cause of the Emperor. A man named Abo Tadazane followed the Ashikaga. (Note: following the Taiheiki. For Naoshige, following the Tanji Keizu.) Among his descendants is the Ōtawara clan. (Note: following the Ōtawara Keizu.)

¶The Inami, Kawara and Shiita clans are all descendants of Prince Hoe, a son of Emperor Senka.

¶The Inami clan. (Note: ○ also written with various other characters, with the same reading.) Surname Mahito; registered in the Right Capital and in Settsu Province. (Note: following the Shōjiroku. ○ Both the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki make this clan descend from Prince Kamiueba, which does not agree with this book. It is not known which is correct.) In the reign of Emperor Ōtomo (Emperor Kōbun) there was Ina-no-Kimi Iwakuwa. Among those who followed Emperor Temmu was Ina-no-Kimi Takami. In the twelfth year (683) they were newly granted Mahito. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Monmu there was Ina-no-Mahito Ōmura. He was the son of Kagami, who held the Purple Cap, and he served as Shōnagon (Lesser Counselor) and as castle governor of Echigo, among other offices. (Note: following the epitaph of Ōmura.)

¶The Kawara clan. Surname Kimi; registered in Settsu Province. They are distant descendants of Prince Hoe. In the reign of Emperor Tenji they were granted the surname Kawara-no-Kimi after the place where they lived. (Note: following the Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Yōzei, Kawara-no-Kimi Fukusada of Junior Seventh Rank Lower, of the ninth generation, and Kawara-no-Kimi Natsuyoshi of Junior Eighth Rank Lower, of the tenth generation, men of Kawabe District in Settsu Province, and others, submitted a statement. "We came, like the Ina-no-Mahito, from Prince Hoe. In the Jōgan era, Ina-no-Mahito Sugao, Kawara-no-Kimi Kiyonaga and others were all exempted from taxes and corvée in accordance with the relief regulation of the ninth year of Tenchō. We have not yet received this favor. We pray that we may likewise be granted exemption by proclamation." This was granted. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Kawara-no-Kimi Sadatsune, Mokushōzoku (Junior Clerk of the Carpenters' Office). (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.)

¶The Shiita clan. (Note: ○ also written Shihida.) Surname Kimi. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Kojiki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Shiita-no-Muraji Shimamaro, a man of Izumi District in Izumi Province. (Note: following the Shōsōin documents of Tōdaiji.) Perhaps he too was of the same kin.

¶The Michi, Moriyama, Kannabi, Hita, Hanabuta, Ōyake, Tachibana, Hirooka, Mikasa and Arara clans are all descendants of Prince Naniwa, a son of Emperor Bidatsu.

¶The Michi clan. Surname Mahito; registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shōjiroku.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), Michi-no-Kimi was granted the surname Mahito. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōtoku, Michi-no-Mahito Toyonaga was renowned for loyalty and uprightness. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Michi-no-Mahito Kiyoko of Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Geki Nikki.)

¶The Moriyama clan. Surname Mahito; registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shōjiroku.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), Moriyama-no-Kimi was granted the surname Mahito. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of the Deposed Emperor there was Moriyama-no-Mahito Watamaro of Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Kannabi clan. Surname Mahito; registered in the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Prince Takaki and Prince Ikegami, sons of Prince Ika of Junior Fifth Rank Upper, were also granted this surname. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ It seems that this book records that in the reign of Empress Kōken, Prince Mikari, son of Prince Shimizu of no rank, was granted the surname Unakami-no-Mahito, Prince Tabe was granted Kasuga-no-Mahito, and Prince Bunjō was granted Kannabi-no-Mahito. By this, the three surnames would all seem to have come from Prince Shimizu, but it is not recorded of which prince Prince Shimizu was a descendant. According to the Shōjiroku, the Unakami-no-Mahito came from Prince Kudara, a grandson of Emperor Bidatsu, the Kasuga-no-Mahito from Prince Kasuga, a son of Emperor Bidatsu, and the Kannabi-no-Mahito from Prince Naniwa; the lines differ in each case and do not agree with this account. For now the doubt is left standing.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Kannabi-no-Yasusuke, Saemon-no-Shōi (Junior Lieutenant of the Left Gate Guards). (Note: following the Saikyūki.)

¶The Hita and Hanabuta clans both have the surname Mahito and are registered in the Left Capital.

¶The Ōyake clan. Surname Mahito; registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Kunimi-no-Mahito Makite was newly granted Ōyake-no-Mahito. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Ichijō there was Ōyake-no-Mahito Tsunenori, Sashōshi. (Note: following the Onomiya Nenjū Gyōji.) The Kunimi clan was probably of the same kin. In the reign of Emperor Shōtoku there was Ken-no-Mahito Azumi, Etchū-no-Suke (Assistant Governor of Etchū). (Note: following the Tōdaiji Zatsuroku.)

¶The Tachibana clan. There are houses with the surname Ason and houses with the surname Sukune, registered in the Left Capital. Prince Mino, a grandson of Prince Naniwa, took as his wife Michiyo, a daughter of Agatainukai-no-Sukune Azumahito, and she bore Prince Katsuraki and Prince Sai. In the first year of Wadō under Empress Genmei (708), at the banquet of the Daijōsai, Michiyo was granted the surname Tachibana-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Katsuraki and his brother submitted a memorial stating: "In former times Emperor Kōgen, who ruled the realm from the great palace at Karu-no-Sakaihara, had a great-grandson, Takeuchi-no-Sukune, who first became the ancestor of eight clans and left lasting counsel for ten thousand generations. Since then, in the bestowal of surnames and the naming of clans, both Mahito and Ason have had their sources. My real mother, Agatainukai-no-Tachibana-no-Sukune, attended the Daijōsai in the first year of Wadō, and the Emperor, approving her loyalty, bestowed upon her a tachibana (mandarin orange) floated in a cup, and by imperial command she was therefore granted the surname Tachibana-no-Sukune. If I, Katsuraki, do not now inherit it, I fear that a clear edict will be lost. I humbly beg to be granted my mother's surname, so that the edict of the former Emperor may be recorded and the name of the house of Tachibana handed down." This was granted. Katsuraki changed his name to Moroe. (Note: for the change of name, following the Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Empress Kōken he was further granted the surname Ason. Moroe's son Naramaro plotted to purge the sovereign's side but failed and died. The house of Tachibana declined somewhat. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) Naramaro begot Kiyotomo, a Toneri (attendant), (Note: following the Sonpi Bunmyaku and the Tachibana Keizu) and Kiyotomo's daughter became Empress of Emperor Saga and bore Emperor Ninmyō. With this the main line was revived. The Empress and her younger brother Ujikimi, Minister of the Right, discussed founding the Gakkan-in to educate the young men of the clan. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) After this, the Tachibana produced eminent officials in generation after generation. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku, the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Honchō Monzui.) Kimikado, a sixth-generation descendant of Moroe, begot Koremichi, Kawachi-no-Kami (Governor of Kawachi), and Koremichi took as his wife Princess Shōshi, a daughter of Emperor Daigo. (Note: following the Ichidai Yōki, the Kōin Jōunroku, the Saiin-ki and the Tachibana Keizu.) When the Fujiwara grew powerful, this house greatly declined. (Note: following the Gyokukai.) Yet the branch families were truly numerous, and those who spread through the provinces and districts cannot be counted. (Note: following the Jōkyūki, the Tachibana Keizu, the Kusunoki Keizu, the Kajikawa Keizu, the Kaishō Keizu, the Kenmon Shokamon and the Yamada Keifu.)

¶Those who lived in Kawachi Province became the Kusunoki clan. (Note: following the Taiheiki. For Kusunoki, following various works including the documents preserved on Mount Kōya and the documents of Seion-ji in Hitachi. ○ According to the Azuma Kagami, in the first year of Kenkyū there was a man named Kusunoki Shirō, probably of this kin. It appears that the Taiheiki merely makes Masashige a descendant of Moroe and does not record the names of his father and grandfather. According to the Kusunoki genealogy current in the world, a tenth-generation descendant of Moroe was named Tōyasu, and Masayasu, a fourteenth-generation descendant of Tōyasu, begot Masashige. According to the Tachibana Keizu, Hirotsune was a great-great-grandson of Naramaro, and Morinaka, a seventh-generation descendant of Hirotsune, begot Masatō, who was Masashige's father. According to the Kajikawa Keizu, Morinaka begot Masagen, and Masagen begot Toshichika and Masashige. According to the Kusunoki Fu, Masatō begot Toshichika, and Toshichika begot Masashige. The various accounts do not agree. Moreover, the entry for the third year of Kyūan in the Taiki records that Tachibana Masatō became head of the clan, so it is doubtful that Masashige's father had this same name. This biography provisionally follows the Kusunoki genealogy, and here sets out a rough outline of the differences, to await later study.) With Masashige, posthumously Chūjō (Middle General) of the Left Konoe, he became the foremost meritorious retainer of the Restoration. The intensity of his loyalty contended for brilliance with the sun and moon. His descendants all kept his dying instructions, exerted themselves to restore the cause, and shared the fate of the Southern Court. (Note: the general sense of the Taiheiki has been weighed. For the posthumous office, following the spirit tablet of the Kusunoki at Kōgon-ji.) Among their descendants are the Ōae, Kajikawa, Kaishō and other clans. (Note: following the Kajikawa Keizu and the documents of Kanshin-ji.) There is also the Iyo Tachibana clan, which came from Tōyasu, Tōtōmi-no-Jō (Third-Rank Official of Tōtōmi). At the time of the Tenkei disturbance, Tōyasu attacked Fujiwara no Sumitomo and killed him, and for this merit was granted Uwa District in Iyo Province, where his descendants finally settled. Among their descendants are the kin of Nii, Kojikama and others. (Note: for Kojikama, following the Azuma Kagami.) Nii Chikakiyo called himself Tachibana Shirō, belonged to the Taira, and was known for his skill with the bow. (Note: following the Genpei Seisuiki. For Tachibana Shirō, following the Jōhaku-bon Heike Monogatari. ○ In the various texts of the Heike Monogatari, Nii is also written with other characters. Chikakiyo is also written Chikaie.) Kojikama Kinnari served Minamoto no Yoritomo, was favored by him, and became Saemon-no-Jō (Lieutenant of the Left Gate Guards). (Note: following the Fusō Ryakki and the Azuma Kagami.) At about the same time there was Tachibana Tōmochi, Suruga Mokudai (Deputy Governor of Suruga), who called himself Osada Nyūdō. (Note: following the Azuma Kagami and the Genpei Seisuiki.) Besides these, the Wada of Izumi, the Shibata of Mutsu, the Yakushiji of Shimotsuke, the Ochi of Yamato, the Yano and other clans were all kin of the Tachibana. (Note: following the Kajikawa Keizu, the Jōkyūki, the Sakusha Burui, the Kenmon Shokamon and the Kōfuku-ji Tōin Nikki.)

¶The Hirooka, Mikasa and Arara clans, with the surname Ason, all came from the Tachibana. In the reign of Empress Kōken, Tachibana-no-Ason Konakachi, Lady of Emperor Shōmu, of Senior Second Rank, Miyako and Matsuka of no rank, and Watamo and Mameoi of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, were all newly granted Hirooka-no-Ason. In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Watamo was further granted Mikasa-no-Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Yasumine and Harumine, both of no rank, petitioned: "We are grandsons of the late Tachibana-no-Ason Kiyono of Junior Fourth Rank Upper. Our father Yasuo became a monk, and so we were entered in the register of our uncle Hiroo. In the Jōwa era the clansmen suspected us, and we were struck from the register and not counted among the members of the clan. We pray that we be granted a surname and a fixed residence, and be enrolled as commoners for ever." They were therefore granted Arara-no-Ason. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Kaguyama, Kasuga and Takanuka clans are all descendants of Prince Kasuga, a son of Emperor Bidatsu.

¶The Kaguyama clan has the surname Mahito. The Kasuga clan also has the surname Mahito. Both are registered in the Right Capital.

¶The Takanuka clan. Surname Mahito; registered in the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Empress Kōken, Prince Tameno, Sadaitoneri (Senior Attendant of the Left), was granted Takanuka-no-Mahito. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Ōhara, Shimane, Toyokuni, Yamano, Yoshino, Kuwata, Ikegami, Unakami and Kiyohara clans are all descendants of Prince Kudara, a grandson of Emperor Bidatsu. (Note: ○ The Shōjiroku does not record the father of Prince Kudara, but it seems he was probably Prince Oshisaka-no-Hikohito-no-Ōe. A detailed discussion appears in the Biographies of Imperial Princes.)

¶The Ōhara clan. Surname Mahito; registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Prince Takayasu of Junior Fourth Rank Upper and others were granted Ōhara-no-Mahito. In the reign of the Deposed Emperor, Ōhara-no-Mahito Tsuramaro, Nakatsukasa-no-Shōjō (Junior Secretary of the Ministry of Central Affairs), was newly granted the surname Kiyohara-no-Mahito and the name Kiyosada. In the reign of Empress Shōtoku, Ōhara-no-Mahito Mafuku and others, men of the Left Capital, were newly granted Hatori-no-Mahito. (Note: ○ Hatori is also written Hattori, the readings being interchangeable.) In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Kiyosada and Mafuku both reverted to Ōhara-no-Mahito. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ This book records that in the first year of Ten'ō, Prince Oshisaka was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower. The Man'yōshū says that Prince Oshisaka was granted the name Ōhara-no-Mahito Akamaro. This is probably the same man. But his lineage is not clear, so he is provisionally added here.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Ōhara-no-Ason Hirotane, Suō-no-Jō (Third-Rank Official of Suō), (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō) and he was perhaps their descendant.

¶The Shimane clan. Surname Mahito; registered in the Left Capital.

¶The Toyokuni clan. Surname Mahito; registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Empress Kōken, Prince Akishino of Junior Fifth Rank Lower and his sons and nephews were granted the surname Okamoto-no-Mahito, and soon afterward it was changed to Toyokuni-no-Mahito. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Toyokuni-no-Mahito Harutake, Tsushima-no-Sakan (Clerk of Tsushima). (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Ichijō there was Toyokuni-no-Sukune Kintomo, Dazai-no-Daiten (Senior Clerk of the Dazaifu). (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) He was probably of this kin.

¶The Yamano, Yoshino and Kuwata clans all have the surname Mahito and are registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Kuwata-no-Mahito Kannabi of Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō there was Kuwata-no-Mahito Torakichi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Ikegami clan. Surname Mahito; registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Empress Kōken, Prince Hirono, Sadaitoneri, was granted this surname. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Unakami clan. Surname Mahito; registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Empress Kōken, Prince Mikari, son of Prince Shimizu of no rank, was granted this surname. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Kiyohara clan. Surname Mahito; registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shōjiroku.) Among the descendants of Prince Toneri, a son of Emperor Temmu, there are also houses called Kiyohara-no-Mahito.

¶The Taima clan. Surname Mahito; registered in the Right Capital. They are descendants of Prince Marokō, a son of Emperor Yōmei. (Note: following the Shōjiroku.) In the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683), Taima-no-Kimi was granted the surname Mahito. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Tomi clan. Surname Mahito; registered in the Left Capital. They are descendants of Prince Kume, a son of Emperor Yōmei. (Note: following the Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Prince Fujitsu, son of the late Shōnagon Prince Shōgatsu, and others, saying that their source was already distant, set out the aspirations of their forebears and asked to be granted this surname. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Ninabuchi clan. Surname Mahito; registered in the Left Capital. They are descendants of Prince Ekuri, a son of Emperor Yōmei. (Note: following the Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Ninabuchi-no-Mahito Okada of Junior Fifth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Mishima clan. Surname Mahito; registered in the Left Capital. They are descendants of Prince Kaya, a son of Emperor Jomei. (Note: following the Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Empress Kōken, Prince Mimuro, son of Prince Tarumi of no rank, his nephews Prince Mikage, Prince Hine and Prince Nabe, Prince Azumi, Prince Mikasa, Prince Tsushima, Prince Mononobe and Prince Makino, sons of Prince Ihara, their grandsons Prince Nara and Prince Ogura, Prince Ōyuka, Prince Tsutsumi, Prince Ubara, Prince Mikami and Prince Nohara, sons of Prince Inabe, and Prince Tonami, and others, were all granted Mishima-no-Mahito. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ The "Mishima-no-Ason" in the Shūgaishō is probably this clan after a later change of surname.)

¶The Ōmi and Haruhara clans are both descendants of Prince Kawashima, a son of Emperor Tenji.

¶The Ōmi clan. There are houses with the surname Mahito and houses with the surname Ason. The houses with the surname Ason are registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shōjiroku. For the surname Mahito, following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Prince Misaka, a fifth-generation descendant of Prince Kawashima, was granted Ōmi-no-Mahito. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) There is also an Ōmi clan among the descendants of Prince Kadono, a son of Emperor Ōtomo, which appears below. (Note: ○ According to the Shoku Nihon Kōki, in the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, six persons, including Hirono, son of Prince Miari, a head of household of the Left Capital, and Fukuo, son of Prince Musashi, were granted Ōmi-no-Mahito. According to the Sandai Jitsuroku, in the reign of Emperor Seiwa, seven persons, including Prince Fuji, a sixth-generation male prince of the Left Capital, were all granted Ōmi-no-Mahito. In the reign of Emperor Yōzei, Prince Motono of Senior Sixth Rank Upper was granted Ōmi-no-Mahito. Their ancestors all came from Emperor Tenji. According to the Nihon Kōki, in the reign of Emperor Saga, Mimasaka-no-Mahito Toyoniwa and others, men of the Left Capital, were granted Ōmi-no-Ason. In every case the lineage is not clear, so they are provisionally added here.)

¶The Haruhara clan. Surname Ason; registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shōjiroku.) In the first year of Daidō under Emperor Heizei (806), Prince Iohe of Junior Fourth Rank Upper, a grandson of Prince Aki of Junior Fifth Rank Upper, submitted a memorial stating: "In years past, through ill fortune, I met with hardship and was suddenly cast out to the southern sea. I grieved over the changes in my person and was long sunk in the remote provinces. Yet now I have unworthily received an amnesty and have been able once more to appear before the Emperor's august presence. Having had one life out of ten thousand deaths, I am more than content. And yet my name is still disgracefully entered among the royal family. If I do not change it myself, I fear I shall defile the royal house. I humbly beg to be removed from the register of imperial kin, and to be granted the surname Haruhara-no-Ason in place of my clan name." This was granted. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki. For the grandson of Prince Aki, following the Kugyō Bunin.) Among the descendants of the Haruhara there are such clans as Oguruse and Kurusuno. The Kurusuno are also called Nishikibe, and for generations served in the affairs of the Goryō Shrine. (Note: following the Haruhara Keizu. ○ The genealogy makes Prince Iohe a descendant of Prince Shiki, which differs somewhat from the line in the Shōjiroku. It is added here to await later study.)

¶The Koreara clan. Surname Mahito. They are descendants of Prince Shiki, a son of Emperor Tenji. In the reign of Emperor Kōkō, nineteen persons in all, men of the Left Capital, namely Mineye and Minetsura, sons of Prince Ujimune, Ōtoneri-no-Suke (Assistant of the Senior Attendants), Toshizane, son of Prince Sanyo of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, Aritsura, son of Prince Hamanami, Yoshimasu and Akizane, sons of Prince Yanami, and Tsunenami and Tsuneyo, sons of Prince Tomisada, were all granted Koreara-no-Mahito. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Ōmi clan. Surname Mahito; registered in the Left Capital. They are descendants of Prince Kadono, a son of Emperor Ōtomo. (Note: following the Shōjiroku. For the descendants of Prince Kadono, following the Shoku Nihongi.) Mifune, a grandson of Prince Kadono, was granted Ōmi-no-Mahito in the reign of Empress Kōken. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) There are also houses with the surname Ason. In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Ōmi-no-Mahito Hamanari, Kawachi-no-Daijō (Senior Third-Rank Official of Kawachi), a man of the Left Capital, Takanushi, Akino, Saitei and Yasue of the same surname, Nagayo-no-Mahito Shiga of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and Nagayo-no-Ason Arimori of Senior Eighth Rank Upper, a man of the Right Capital, were all granted Ōmi-no-Ason. All were descendants of Prince Kadono. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. ○ According to the Ruijū Fusenshō, in the reign of Emperor Saga there was Naga-no-Sukune Kimitari, Daigeki (Senior Secretary), probably also of the kin of the Nagayo-no-Mahito. He is provisionally added here.)

¶The Kiyohara, Nakahara, Oka, Minaga and Shima clans are all descendants of Prince Toneri, a son of Emperor Temmu.

¶The Kiyohara clan. Surname Mahito. Prince Toneri begot Prince Mihara and Prince Sadayo. (Note: following the Kōin Jōunroku and the Kasa-shi Keizu. ○ Mi in Mihara is also written with another character.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Prince Ogura of Senior Fifth Rank Lower, son of Prince Mihara, submitted a memorial stating: "I request that my son Shigeno, a Toneri, and Yamakawa and others, grandsons of my elder brother Prince Wake, be granted the surname Kiyohara-no-Mahito, following the precedent of Prince Tomoue, who was granted a surname in the seventeenth year of Enryaku. Moreover, since the name Shigeno offends against the personal name of the Crown Prince, I shall change it to Natsuno." Both requests were granted. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki. ○ As to Prince Tomoue's being granted a surname, there is nothing in the histories that can be verified.) At about the same time, Prince Hase, son of Prince Ishiura of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, a grandson of Prince Mihara, was also granted the surname Kiyohara-no-Mahito. (Note: following the Kugyō Bunin and the Iroha Jirui-shō. ○ The Jirui-shō writes ura with another character.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Prince Ario, a grandson of Prince Sadayo, (Note: for the grandson of Prince Sadayo, following the Kasa-shi Keizu) also petitioned that his royal title be changed and that he be granted Kiyohara-no-Mahito, and this was granted. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) At about the same time, 27 persons including the sixth-generation princes Nagaoka and Okanoe, 7 persons including the sixth-generation princes Toyomune and Toyokata, men of the Left Capital, 9 persons including Okimine, sons of Prince Masuyoshi of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, 5 persons including Toyosuke, sons of Prince Fujisaka of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, 3 persons including Fujinushi, sons of Prince Mifuji of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, 47 persons including the head of household Prince Hirota, 39 sons of Prince Minenari and Prince Osada of Senior Fifth Rank Lower and of Prince Nagamune of Senior Sixth Rank Upper and others, and more than ten persons including the sixth-generation prince Yoshibuchi, were granted Kiyohara-no-Mahito one after another. Afterward Prince Minenari and Prince Osada were also granted this surname. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. ○ It seems that this book records that in the tenth year of Tenchō (833) Toyomune, Toyokata and others had already been granted a surname, and yet records again that in the thirteenth year of Jōwa twelve persons including Toyomune and Toyokata were granted Kiyohara-no-Mahito. It also records that in that year Prince Okimine was granted the surname; yet the Montoku Jitsuroku says that in the second year of Saikō Prince Okimine was again granted Kiyohara-no-Mahito. This appears to be duplication and is doubtful. The Kugyō Bunin says that Prince Yoshino, son of Prince Otomura, a great-great-grandson of Prince Toneri, changed his name to Minenari and was granted Kiyohara-no-Mahito, that in the Jōwa era he was dismissed from office for an offense, and that in the second year of Kashō he was granted Kiyohara-no-Mahito. Minenari is the same person as Minenari written with other characters (Note: the two names are homophones), and by this it would seem that, having once been granted the surname, he had it struck for an offense and was granted it again. But the histories do not record the details of this affair. For now, reasoning from the account in the Bunin, it may be that the various princes beginning with Toyomune likewise were granted their original surname again for such reasons and that the histories omitted the circumstances. This is added to await later study.) In the reign of Emperor Montoku, Prince Masuyoshi, Settsu-no-Kami (Governor of Settsu), Prince Masada, former Nagato-no-Kami, and his younger brother Prince Kiyosada of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and others, were all granted Kiyohara-no-Mahito. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, 12 persons including Prince Akio of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, a sixth-generation descendant of Prince Toneri, the sons and nephews of Prince Arimichi, a man of the Left Capital, and Prince Arii, Prince Yoshitsune, Prince Naomichi and Prince Imamichi, were all granted Kiyohara-no-Mahito. Nakahara-no-Mahito Masamoto, a man of the Left Capital, was newly granted Kiyohara-no-Mahito. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. ○ It seems that Prince Arimichi, Prince Yoshibuchi and more than ten others had already been granted the surname in the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, and it is doubtful that their sons and nephews should be granted it again now. For the time being the original text is followed.) In later ages the Kiyohara flourished greatly, both the main house and the branches. Yoriyo, Daigeki, a ninth-generation descendant of Natsuno, was famed for his wide learning, and his descendants continued his work and became, generation after generation, a family of court officials. (Note: following the Kiyohara Keizu.)

¶Masataka, son of Prince Ario, became Tajima-no-Suke (Assistant Governor of Tajima) and moved to Kusu District in Bungo Province. His descendants flourished, and among them are such kin as the Nagano, Yamada, Kurino, Oda, Ogaeri, Kogo, Hirai, Sudate, Shitsunashi, Haraguchi, Ayagaki, Iida, Hoashi, Matsuki, Mitsu, Era, Takemiya, Ōkubo, Mori, Iwamuro and Katahirata. (Note: following the Asaba-bon Kiyohara Keizu.) The one who lived in Dewa Province was called Takenori, and for his merit in following Minamoto no Yoriyoshi in suppressing the rebels he became Chinjufu Shōgun (Commander-in-Chief of the Defense of the North). Those in Shimotsuke Province belonged to the Utsunomiya clan, the so-called Kiyo Band (Seitō). (Note: the general sense of the Mutsu Waki, the Taiheiki and the Kiyohara Keizu has been weighed.) Yorimoto, Daigeki, a fifth-generation descendant of Yoriyo, in the Engen era went to Chinzei (Kyushu) in the train of Prince Kaneyoshi. (Note: following the Kiyohara Keizu, the Ishijima Keizu, the Aso documents and the Gojō documents.) He assisted Prince Kaneyoshi and was entrusted with affairs both within and without, (Note: following the Aso documents and the Gojō documents) and held lands such as the Minaki estate in Chikuzen Province. (Note: following the Gojō documents.) He once built a castle at Yabe in Chikugo Province and held it. This is the present Gojōyama. (Note: following the Ishijima Keizu.) Later he died at Minaki. (Note: following the Kiyohara Keizu.) He had two sons, Yoshiuji and Yoshitō. (Note: following the Gojō documents and the Ishijima Keizu.) Yoshiuji served as tutor to Prince Kaneyoshi. (Note: following the Gojō documents.) Yoritsugu, son of Yoshitō, was appointed Sama-no-Gon-no-Kami (Provisional Director of the Left Equestrian Bureau) in the Tenju era, (Note: following the Kiyohara Keizu and the Ishijima Keizu; from Tenju onward, the Gojō documents) followed Prince Yoshinari, Seisei Shōgun (Commander-in-Chief for Subduing the West), (Note: following the Gojō documents. For Prince Yoshinari, following the Kohon Teiō Keizu) held the two castles of Yabe and Tsue, fought the rebels, and won merit. (Note: following Yoritsugu's petition.) When peace was made between North and South, he welcomed Prince Yoshinari to Yabe and served him, and his descendants finally stayed and settled there, taking the house name Gojō. (Note: following the Gojō documents and the Ishijima Keizu.)

¶The Nakahara clan. Surname Mahito. In the reign of Emperor Montoku, Prince Hiromune, a distant descendant of Prince Toneri, petitioned: "May I be granted the surname Nakahara-no-Mahito," and this was granted. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.)

¶The Oka clan. Surname Mahito; registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Empress Kōken, Prince Wake and Prince Hosokawa, sons of Prince Mihara, were granted Oka-no-Mahito. (Note: for the sons of Prince Mihara, following the Kugyō Bunin.)

¶The Minaga clan. Surname Mahito. In the reign of the Deposed Emperor, Prince Ikeda, a son of Prince Toneri and Governor of the Danjōdai (Board of Censors), submitted a memorial stating: "My five sons and daughters have not been entered in the royal register because their mother came from a faction of evildoers. Now the months and days have gradually passed, and your sacred favor flows ever more freely. I humbly beg that they be granted the surname Minaga-no-Mahito and be made kin for ever. May no one in this age of sacred transformation be left without his place." This was granted. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor En'yū there was Minaga-no-Mahito Yoshichika, who became Awa-no-Gon-no-Jō (Provisional Third-Rank Official of Awa). (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Ichijō there was Minaga-no-Tadayori. (Note: following the Shōyūki.) There are also the surnames Minaga-no-Mahito and Yamabe-no-Mahito. In the eighth year of Tenpyō-hōji under the Deposed Emperor (764), Prince Yamaguchi and Prince Nagatsu, sons of Prince Mihara, Prince Ashida, son of Prince Funa, younger brother of Prince Mihara, and his grandsons Prince Osada and Prince Toyura, and Prince Kasa, Prince Ika and Prince Ina, sons of Prince Moribe, younger brother of Prince Funa, were implicated in an incident and exiled to Tango Province, and were given the surname Minaga-no-Mahito. In the second year of Hōki under Emperor Kōnin (771), all were restored to their original registration. Prince Kasa, Prince Ika and Prince Ina were all newly granted Yamabe-no-Mahito. Prince Hayashi, son of Prince Mishima, elder brother of Prince Moribe, and Prince Minao and Prince Yōshu, sons of Prince Tsukai, the third son of Prince Mishima, were also granted Yamabe-no-Mahito. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Shima clan. Surname Mahito. Prince Ōyuka, son of Prince Ina, a great-grandson of Prince Toneri, was the first to be granted this surname. (Note: following the Kōin Jōunroku. ○ It seems that among the descendants of Prince Kaya, a son of Emperor Jomei, there is a Mishima-no-Mahito, and it appears above that Prince Ōyuka, son of Prince Inabe, was granted that surname. That the names of father and son of this Shima clan are exactly the same as those is doubtful. Shima and Mishima are probably an error for one another. For now the original text is followed, to await later study.)

¶The Funya clan. (Note: ○ ya is also written with another character.) There are houses with the surname Mahito and houses with the surname Ason. The house with the surname Mahito is registered in the Right Capital and descends from Prince Naga, a son of Emperor Temmu. (Note: following the Shōjiroku. For the surname Ason, following the Nihon Kōki. ○ The Shōjiroku also writes Prince Naga as Prince Nagaya, but here it is corrected according to the Nihon Shoki.) Jōsan and Ōichi, two sons of Prince Naga, were granted Funya-no-Mahito in the reign of Empress Kōken. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi and the Kugyō Bunin.) Prince Chinu of Junior Third Rank and others were also granted Funya-no-Mahito. In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Hase-no-Mahito Obo of Junior Fifth Rank Lower was newly granted Funya-no-Mahito. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Ōhara, son of Jōsan, was further granted Mimoro-no-Ason. (Note: ○ Moro is also written with another character, but this is probably a mistake. According to the Ruijū Kokushi, in the reign of Emperor Saga there was Mimuro-no-Ason Imatsugu. According to the Sandai Jitsuroku, in the reign of Emperor Seiwa there was Mimuro-no-Ason Yasutsune. Mimuro and Mimoro have the same reading, and they were probably of this kin.) In the reign of Emperor Heizei, Watamaro of Junior Fourth Rank Lower and others, sons of Ōhara, were newly granted Miyama-no-Ason, and afterward were further granted Funya-no-Ason. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki and the Sandai Jitsuroku. ○ The Kugyō Bunin has Funya-no-Mahito.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Isohara-no-Ason Moromune of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, a man of the Right Capital, and others were newly granted Funya-no-Mahito. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. ○ This book also records that the fifth-generation prince Harutsune of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and the sixth-generation princes Tanokami and Haruyo of Senior Sixth Rank Lower, were all granted Funya-no-Ason. The Montoku Jitsuroku also records this. One of the two must be mistaken, but for now the doubt is left standing.) In the reign of Emperor Montoku, Prince Awata of Junior Fifth Rank Lower was granted Funya-no-Mahito. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, 19 persons including Prince Fujiyama, Prince Mihara, Prince Nagasu and Prince Naganomine of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, men of the Right Capital, were all granted Funya-no-Mahito. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) There is also the surname Arisawa-no-Mahito, which came from the line of Prince Otoo of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, a fifth-generation descendant of Prince Naga. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, 16 men and women, namely Prince Mitsui, Prince Koreo and Prince Mao, sons of Prince Otoo, men of the Right Capital, and their grandchildren Prince Niio and Prince Haruo, were granted the surname Arisawa-no-Mahito. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, nine persons including Arisawa-no-Mahito Harunori, men of the Right Capital, were newly granted Funya-no-Mahito. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Hikami and Mihara clans are both descendants of Prince Niitabe, a son of Emperor Temmu.

¶The Hikami clan. Surname Mahito; registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shōjiroku.) Prince Shioyaki, a son of Prince Niitabe, was granted Hikami-no-Mahito in the reign of Empress Kōken. (Note: following the Kugyō Bunin.)

¶The Mihara clan. Surname Ason; registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Mihara-no-Ason Otohira. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Prince Takahara of Junior Fifth Rank Upper, a man of the Left Capital, was granted Mihara-no-Ason. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Takashina, Toyono, Nagahara and Toyomine clans are all descendants of Prince Takechi, a son of Emperor Temmu.

¶The Takashina clan. Surname Mahito; registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shōjiroku.) Prince Takechi's son Prince Nagaya begot Prince Kuwata and Prince Asuka. (Note: following the Takashina Keizu.) In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Prince Asuka was granted the surname Takashina-no-Mahito. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) Minoo, Jingi-haku (Director of the Department of Deities) and a great-grandson of Prince Kuwata, was again granted Takashina-no-Mahito in the reign of Emperor Ninmyō. (Note: following the Takashina Keizu.) Minoo's son Shigenori adopted Morohisa, son of Ariwara-no-Ason Narihira, as his son, and from then on the line of that house became the imperial descendants of Emperor Heizei. (Note: following the Kokonshū and the Takashina Keizu.) In the Kashō era, ten persons including Toyono-no-Mahito Sawano of Senior Sixth Rank Lower, a grandson by protection and a man of the Right Capital, were granted Takashina-no-Mahito. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Prince Naruai and Prince Gōai, men of the Left Capital, were also granted Takashina-no-Mahito, and all were descendants of Prince Takechi. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō, Takashina-no-Mahito Naritada, because he was the maternal grandfather of the Chūgū (Empress), was newly granted the surname Ason. (Note: following the Nihon Kiryaku and the Iroha Jirui-shō.)

¶The Toyono clan. Surname Mahito; registered in the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Empress Kōken, Prince Izumo, Prince Shinohara and Prince Owari of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, grandsons of Prince Takechi, and Prince Enchi and Prince Inabe of no rank, were all granted this surname. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Nagahara clan. Surname Ason; registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shōjiroku.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Nagahara-no-Sofu, Umaryō-no-Gon-no-Daijō (Provisional Senior Third-Rank Official of the Right Bureau of Horses). (Note: following the Geki Nikki.) In the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Nagahara-no-Tadafuji, Hangandai (Deputy Judge), (Note: following the Chōya Gunsai) and he was perhaps of this kin. (Note: ○ According to the Nihon Kōki, in the reign of Emperor Heizei, Itahi and Keiko, children of Fujiwara-no-Ason, were granted Nagahara-no-Ason; this is the same surname but a different line.)

¶The Toyomine clan. Surname Mahito. Its branch lines also include the Funya-no-Ason. Prince Okaya, a son of Prince Takechi, took as his wife the daughter of Funya-no-Mahito Jōsan and begot Prince Tsukita of Senior Sixth Rank Upper. Prince Tsukita's son Prince Kawakami again took a wife of the Funya clan and begot Prince Hironaga and Prince Hirotatsu. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Hironaga, Hirotatsu, and Prince Masunaga and others were granted Toyomine-no-Mahito, (Note: following the Nihon Kōki) and settled their registration in the Left Capital. Hirotatsu stated that "the law of granting surnames ought to be based on the connection of birth, and it would be well to be granted the same Funya clan name," but Hironaga and the others did not acknowledge their ancestors and were granted a separate surname. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Hirotatsu himself petitioned and changed to Funya-no-Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Kiyotaki and Mitaka clans are both descendants of Prince Osakabe, a son of Emperor Temmu.

¶The Kiyotaki clan. Surname Mahito. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, 50 persons including Nagamune, sons of Prince Yasuo of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, a man of the Right Capital and sixth-generation descendant of Prince Osakabe, Minemasa, sixth generation, son of Prince Harueda of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, a man of the Left Capital, and 11 men and women including Prince Yoshinaga, fifth generation, son of Prince Nagane of Senior Sixth Rank Upper (Note: ○ This book says seven persons, but that is a mistake. Here it is corrected by the number of persons.) were all granted Kiyotaki-no-Mahito. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. ○ According to the Nihon Kōki, in the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Nō of Junior Sixth Rank Upper was granted Kiyotaki-no-Ason, probably of this kin. It is added for reference.) In the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Kiyotaki-no-Shizuhira, Izumo Ōryōshi (Provincial Constable of Izumo). (Note: following the Chōya Gunsai.)

¶The Mitaka clan. Surname Mahito. Prince Kaga and others, sixth-generation descendants of Prince Osakabe, were granted this surname in the reign of Emperor Ninmyō. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Mizono and Kasahara clans are both descendants of Prince Shiki, a son of Emperor Temmu.

¶The Mizono clan. Surname Mahito; registered in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shōjiroku. ○ Ono is also written Kuni, but this is probably an error.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Prince Ōi and Prince Tomi, men of the Left Capital, were both granted Mizono-no-Mahito. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Mizono-no-Chikatsura, Shōgeki (Junior Secretary), (Note: following the Geki Nikki) and he was perhaps their descendant.

¶The Kasahara clan. Surname Mahito; registered in the Right Capital. (Note: following the Shōjiroku.) There is also the surname Kiyoharu-no-Mahito, of the same ancestry as the Kasahara. In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Prince Sakai of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, a fifth-generation descendant of Prince Shiki, was granted Kiyoharu-no-Mahito. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Kōnō clan. Registered in the Left Capital. (Note: ○ Kō is also written with another character. The "Kōnō-no-Ason" in the Shūgaishō is probably of this kin.) They are descendants of Mikata-no-Ōno of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, a grandson of Emperor Temmu. (Note: following the Shōjiroku. For the grandson of Emperor Temmu, following the Shoku Nihongi.) There is also the surname Mikata-no-Sukune, of the same kin. In the reign of the Deposed Emperor, Mikata-no-Hironabe and two others, Toneri, were granted the surname Mikata-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ It seems that this book records that in the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Mikata-no-Ōno, Shōzoku of the Crown Prince's Household, petitioned to be granted a surname. Ōno's father had in truth been a son of Emperor Temmu, but because of a trifling fault he was deposed. The Emperor had always pitied him and so did not grant the petition. Hironā was probably a descendant of Ōno and was first granted a surname at this time. But as to Ōno, this book does not record his father's name and it cannot now be verified. It is set out here provisionally.)

¶The Hirone clan. Registered in the Left Capital. They came from Moroka, of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, a son of Emperor Kōnin. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Moroka was specially granted the surname Hirone-no-Ason. (Note: following the Shōjiroku.)

¶The Kuga clan. (Note: ○ also written Kōga or Koga.) They came from Prince Asuka, a son of Emperor Kanmu. In the reign of Emperor Saga, Prince Asuka submitted a memorial asking that the men and women he had begotten be granted the surname Ason. By edict, his four sons were granted Kuga-no-Ason. (Note: following the Nihon Kiryaku and the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Nagaoka clan. Registered in the Left Capital. They came from Okanari of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, a son of Emperor Kanmu. In the Enryaku era, Okanari was specially granted the surname Nagaoka-no-Ason.

¶The Yoshimine clan. Registered in the Left Capital. They came from Yasuyo of Junior Fourth Rank Lower, a son of Emperor Kanmu. In the Enryaku era, Yasuyo was specially granted the surname Yoshimine-no-Ason. (Note: following the Shōjiroku.) Yasuyo's son Munesada was favored by Emperor Ninmyō. After the Emperor's death he became a monk. He is the so-called Sōjō Henjō. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku. For the son of Yasuyo, following the Yoshimine Keizu.) Munesada begot Harumichi, and Harumichi moved to Niwa District in Owari Province. Among his descendants are such clans as Maeguchi, Wada, Narumi, Maebe, Enoki-no-Yashiro, Nagashio, Hayashi, Ikegami, Haguro, Iwabe, Hakoba and Maeno. (Note: following the Yoshimine Keizu.)