Treatise 16: Deities of Heaven and Earth XVI: Shrines XI

¶Wakasa

¶Onyū District (Onyū-gun) (16 shrines)

¶Wakasahiko Shrine (2 shrines). Also called the Hiko Deity (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi and the Genkō Shakusho. One of the two stands at present in Ryūzen village and is called the Upper Shrine; the other stands in Onyū village and is called the Lower Shrine. Together they are called Onyū Myōjin, and are the sole tutelary shrine of Wakasa Province.) It enshrines the two deities Wakasahiko and Wakasahime (Sandai Jitsuroku). Wakasahiko is none other than Hikohohodemi-no-Mikoto, and is called the Upper Shrine or the First Shrine of the Province. Wakasahime is none other than Toyotamahime-no-Mikoto, and is called the Lower Shrine or the Second Shrine of the Province (Wakasa Ichi-Ni-no-Miya Engi, Shoshinki, Jinmyōchō Tōchū). In the first year of Hōki (770), Ise-no-Asomi Morohito, a Sakan (provincial secretary) of Wakasa, and others were sent to dedicate one sacred horse (Shoku Nihongi). In the first year of Daidō (806), ten households of fief were assigned within Wakasa Province (Shinshō Kyakuchokufu). In the first year of Jōgan (859), the Hiko deity, who had held Junior Second Rank and the Eighth Class of Merit, was advanced to Senior Second Rank, and the Hime deity, who had held Senior Third Rank, was advanced to Junior Second Rank (Sandai Jitsuroku). Under the Engi regulations both shrines were ranked as major shrines of renowned deities (Engishiki. Note: the register of deities within the province records both as holding Senior First Rank and the Third Class of Merit). Later it was called the First Shrine of Wakasa Province (Ichi-Ni-no-Miya Engi, Ichinomiya Ki). In the Bun'ei era (1264-1275) it held six tan and 150 bu of sacred rice land (Wakasa Ōtabumi). In the first year of Shōō (1288), the Kamakura shogunate ordered repairs to the shrine buildings, and in the fifth year it was again ordered to pray for protection against the foreign invaders (the Mongols) (Tōji Monjo). In the twelfth year of Ōei (1405), a great wind destroyed the tower gate of the Lower Shrine, and Isshiki Akinori, the military governor, held an extraordinary festival and had horseback archery performed (Wakasa Shugoshoku Shidai). By local custom, each year on the tenth day of the Ninth Month the Upper Shrine is honored, and fishermen present food offerings; its extraordinary festival is held on a day of the U (Hare) sign. On the tenth day of the Second Month the Lower Shrine is honored, and fishermen offer fresh fish; its extraordinary festival is held on a day of the Tori (Rooster) sign (Wakasa Kokushi, Wakasa Kansha Shikō).

¶Tada Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Tada village.) It probably enshrines Ōtataneko-no-Mikoto (Nihon Shoki, Kuji Hongi, Engishiki. Note: the shrine records say it enshrines Ōnamuchi-no-Mikoto, but probably a progenitor deity of his was enshrined alongside, and was later mistakenly taken as the principal deity; therefore this is not adopted. The register within the province gives Junior Second Rank.)

¶Obi Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as Obi Myōjin, Senior Fifth Rank. The character "tani" there is an error for "yoku." It now stands in Kanaya village and is called Sōja Myōjin. Its former name was Obinami Myōjin.)

¶Ishikura-hiko Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as Ishikura-hiko Myōjin, Junior Fourth Rank. It now stands in Ōtoba village and is called the Jinushi Deity. This is probably it.)

¶Ishikura-hime Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as Ishikura-hime Myōjin, Senior Fifth Rank. It now stands in Obara village and is called Iwakura Myōjin. This is probably it.)

¶Shiimura Shrine. (Note: it now stands at Shiinomori in Wakasa-ura and is called Shii-no-Miya. The register within the province gives Junior Third Rank.) In the Bun'ei era it held two tan of sacred rice land (Wakasa Ōtabumi).

¶Hako Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as Hako Myōjin, Junior Third Rank. It now stands below Hakodake in Tsutsumi village and is called Hako Shrine.)

¶Kusuya Shrine. (Note: it now stands at the foot of Mount Kusuya in Katsumi-ura. The register within the province gives Junior Second Rank.)

¶Miwa Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as Miwa Myōjin, Junior Third Rank. It now stands at Ōto in Kamo village. No shrine building has been built, and only the sacred enclosure (himorogi) remains. It is called Miwa Ōtoshihiko Myōjin.)

¶Nibu Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Tarashō village and is called Ichinomiya, "the First Shrine." This village was formerly the Nibu district. The register within the province gives Junior Fourth Rank.)

¶Anashi Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Nago village and is called Anashi Sannō.) Tradition says that it enshrines Ōnamuchi-no-Mikoto (Shake Densetsu. Note: the register within the province gives Senior Fifth Rank.)

¶Sao Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as Somi Myōjin, Junior Third Rank.)

¶Kohaki Shrine. (Note: it now lies in the Kohaki valley on Mount Kawakami in Kawakami village, Ōi district, where there is a place called Yamagami-dani. At the southern ridge, where it meets Tanba, stands a shrine of Tōki Gongen, and this is probably it.)

¶Karita-hiko Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Ogura village. The register within the province gives Junior Third Rank.)

¶Karita-hime Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Shimo village. The register within the province gives Junior Third Rank.)

¶The fourteen shrines above were all ranked as minor shrines under the Engi regulations (Engishiki).

¶Ōi District (Ōi-gun) (7 shrines)

¶Aomi Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Ao village in Aogō and is called Aomi Myōjin or Ao Myōjin.) It probably enshrines Ōwatatsumi-no-Kami (Kojiki, Engishiki. Note: the register within the province gives Senior Fifth Rank.)

¶Izanaki Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as Izanaki Myōjin, Senior Fifth Rank. In the present Araki of Imori village there is a place called Izanomori, and this is probably its old site.) It enshrines Izanagi-no-Mikoto (Nihon Shoki, Engishiki).

¶Kōyama Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as Kagoyama Myōjin, Senior Fifth Rank. It now stands at Takamori, at the foot of Mount Takamori in Shimo-Kuramochi village, and is called Takamori Myōjin, or Kōyama Enbisu.) It enshrines Ame-no-Kagoyama-no-Mikoto. The Wakainukai clan, his divine descendants, lived in Wakasa Province, and it was probably that clan that maintained the worship (see Shōjiroku, Kuji Hongi, Nihon Kōki, Shūgaishō).

¶Shizushi Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as Shizushi Myōjin, Senior Fifth Rank. It now stands in Chichiko village and is called Sannō, also Shishi-no-Miya; this is probably it.)

¶Hioki Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Hioki village and is called Sugitani Kōjin, regarded as the local tutelary deity. The register within the province gives Senior Fifth Rank.)

¶Ōi Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Hongō Yamada village and is called Ōi Sukitate Myōjin.) Tradition says that in remote antiquity the Ōi deity cleared this land for cultivation, and so a plow and a hoe are enshrined as the sacred body (Wakasa Kansha Shikō. Note: the register within the province gives Senior Fifth Rank.)

¶Sakiji Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as Saidō Myōjin, Junior Third Rank. It now stands in Takahama town in Kizushō, and is worshipped jointly within the estate.) Tradition says that it enshrines three deities: Susanoo-no-Mikoto, Kushinadahime, and Ōnamuchi (Shake Densetsu).

¶Under the Engi regulations all seven shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Engishiki).

¶Mikata District (Mikata-gun) (19 shrines)

¶Uhase Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as Ose Daimyōjin, Junior Second Rank, Third Class of Merit. It originally stood at Hyūga-ura Idegami, but now has been moved to Kamisegawa in Keyama village and is called Use Shrine.) Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities and took part in the four seasonal offerings from the state (Engishiki).

¶Sukama Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as Sugakama Myōjin, Senior Fifth Rank. It now stands in Sugahama village and is called Makise-naga Myōjin.) It probably enshrines Sugakama Yuradomi, a descendant of Ame-no-Hiboko. She was in fact the grandmother of Empress Jingū. When Emperor Ōjin was still crown prince, Takeuchi-no-Sukune accompanied him to worship the Great Deity of Kehi; that the road passed through Wakasa Province to Tsunuga was probably because of this deity (taking the general sense of the Nihon Shoki, Kojiki and Engishiki. Note: according to the Nihon Shoki and the Kojiki, when Emperor Suinin issued an edict to Ame-no-Hiboko to settle on a place of residence, he went from Ōmi through Wakasa and westward to Tajima, where he finally stayed and settled. At that time he probably stayed only briefly in Wakasa; Sukama was originally a place name in Wakasa Province, and perhaps this land was granted to Hiboko. Hiboko's great-grandson was called Kiyohiko, Kiyohiko's son was called Suka-no-Morooto, and his child was Sugakama Yuradomi. The characters in "Kiyosu" and "Shikasuga" are all read "suka," and probably all of them bore a place name as prefix. Since Emperor Ōjin's going to Tsunuga was by way of Wakasa along Hiboko's former route, there was probably a reason for it. The above is added for reference.)

¶Mikata Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as Mikata Myōjin, Senior Fifth Rank. It now stands in Mikata village in the Mikata district centre and is called Gunjin Myōjin, "the District Deity.") It probably enshrines Ame-no-Hiboko-no-Mikoto (taking into account the Harima no Kuni Fudoki and the Engishiki).

¶Imui Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Iyayama in Gōichi village and is called Iya-no-Miya Myōjin; this is probably it.)

¶Tayui Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as Tayui Myōjin, Senior Fifth Rank. It now stands in Tai village and is called Tai Hachiman.)

¶Nibu Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Nibu-ura and is called Kamo Myōjin. The register within the province gives Senior Fifth Rank.)

¶Oda Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Kitada village in Tōgō at Odayama and is called Oda Myōjin. The register within the province gives Senior Fifth Rank.)

¶Wani-be Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as Wani-be Myōjin, Senior Fifth Rank.) It probably enshrines Hiko-kuni-oketsu-no-Mikoto, the ancestor of the Wani-no-Omi. This deity was the maternal uncle (father of the wife) of Prince Hikoimasu, a son of Emperor Kaika (Kojiki, Shōjiroku, Engishiki).

¶Saki Shrine and Takanami Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as Takenami Myōjin, Senior Fifth Rank. It now stands in Takenami village and is called Sannō Gosho Myōjin, also Isonokami Myōjin.)

¶Nifu Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as Nibe Myōjin, Senior Fifth Rank.)

¶Sube Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as Sakabe Myōjin, Senior Fifth Rank. It now stands in Sueno village in Onyū district and is called Nishi-no-Kami, also Nishi-no-Miya.)

¶Kino Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Kino village and is called Ninomiya Myōjin. The register within the province gives Senior Fifth Rank.)

¶Mimi Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as Mimi Myōjin, Senior Fifth Rank. It now stands in Miyashiro village in Mimishō and is called Mimi Myōjin. Fifteen villages within the estate jointly worship this deity.) It probably enshrines Murohiko-no-Miko, a son of Prince Hikoimasu. He was the ancestor of the Mimiwake of Wakasa (Kojiki, Engishiki).

¶Ose Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as Ose Myōjin, Senior Fifth Rank.)

¶Tsunekami Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Tsunekami-ura and is called Tsunekami Myōjin. Tradition says that in the Kanna era (985-987) it was moved from Tsunekami-ura to the island of Mikami, and in the Tennin era (1108-1110) was restored to its former place.) Tradition says that it enshrines Empress Jingū (see Unpo Iroha Shū, Wakasa Kokushi. Note: the register within the province gives Junior Second Rank). When Emperor Chūai personally led a campaign against the Kumaso, the Empress separately led a naval force and set out from the harbor of Tsunuga. She set up cotton streamers (yū) and branches of the sakaki tree at the prow of the ship as offering cloths (nigite), played the koto herself, and, with her younger sister Tamahime-no-Mikoto as priestess, performed kagura music and honored the sea deity (the details from the cotton streamers onward follow the Kehi shrine records. Note: the shrine records call Tamahime-no-Mikoto the Empress's younger sister, which is probably an error; it is added here to await later study). When she arrived at Nuta-no-minato, she brewed rice wine in the sea, and many of the crucian carp of the sea became drunk and floated to the surface. The fisherfolk caught them and rejoiced, saying they were a gift from the holy Empress. It is said that to this day, when that season comes, the fish always float and swim about as though drunk (Nihon Shoki). Tradition says that in the medieval period the main shrine was once moved to the island of Mikami. At each festival day, the shrine priest of Tsunemiya in Echizen always comes and joins the rites (Wakasa Kokushi, Wakasa Kansha Shikō). Tsunemiya too is a branch enshrinement of this deity (Unpo Iroha Shū, Kehi Shaden).

¶Noto Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Notono village and is called Hachiman.) It probably enshrines Ōiriki-no-Mikoto, the ancestor of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of Noto Province. This deity was in fact a paternal cousin of Murohiko-no-Miko (Kojiki, Kuji Hongi, Engishiki. Note: the register within the province gives Senior Fifth Rank).

¶Kurami Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Jōganji village in Kuramishō and is called Kurami Tenjin. The whole estate provides for its worship.) It probably enshrines Saho-no-Ōkuramitohime-no-Mikoto, the mother of Murohiko-no-Miko (Kojiki, Engishiki. Note: the register within the province gives Senior Fifth Rank).

¶Yamatsuda Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as Yamatsu Myōjin, Senior Fifth Rank. It now stands in Sako village and is called Tenjin. Among the small place names in the village is one called "Yamachita," which is probably a corruption of "Yamatsuda.")

¶The eighteen shrines above were all ranked as minor shrines under the Engi regulations (Engishiki).

¶Shrines Not Recorded in the Official Registers

¶Hachiman Shrine (Hachiman Jingū). It lies in Onyū district (Note: the district name follows the register within the province. The register lists it as the Three Great Deities of Hachiman, Senior First Rank. It was originally in Yatabe village, but later was moved to the foot of Mount Osedo in Obama, Imaiya estate). In the first year of Hōki, a messenger was sent to dedicate one bay horse (Shoku Nihongi).

¶Echizen

¶Tsuruga District (Tsuruga-gun) (43 shrines)

¶Kehi Shrine (7 shrines). Also called the Great Shrine of Kehi (Kehi Daijingū). (Note: also written Izasawake-no-Ōkami.) In ancient times it was called the Great Deity of Kehi (Kojiki, Nihon Shoki), and is also called the Great Kunitama of Etsu Province. Tradition says that when Emperor Chūai once visited Tsunuga with the Empress and himself presented offering cloths to the Great Deity, he said to the Empress: "Looking at this land, I see that it has the advantages of sea and land, and its strength is sufficient to restrain foreign peoples. In the reign of Emperor Ikume (Emperor Suinin), Silla showed discourtesy to our country. I intend to punish it. For now I shall first tour the southern provinces; you shall remain here, observe the conditions of the sea routes, and pray to the gods for victory." So saying, he set out for Kii Province. But the Kumaso happened to rebel (these four characters follow the Nihon Shoki), and he went to Anato, from where he sent a messenger and commanded the Empress: "Come by sea and meet me here." The Empress then presented offering cloths to the Great Deity, received the deity's instruction, and set out; she met the Emperor at Toyura. When the Emperor was about to attack the Kumaso, he sent the Empress back to Tsunuga by the land route to honor the Great Deity. The deity spoke through a person, saying: "The Emperor need not worry about the Kumaso. They will submit of themselves, without a blade being stained with blood." The Empress then returned and reported this (Kehi Shaki). But the Emperor happened to die at the temporary palace, and the Empress finally crossed the sea and subdued the Three Han; this was probably through the deity's protection.

¶When Emperor Ōjin was still crown prince, the Dowager Empress (Empress Jingū) ordered Takeuchi-no-Sukune to escort the crown prince to Tsunuga to worship the Great Deity (Nihon Shoki). The deity appeared in the crown prince's dream and said: "I wish to exchange names with the crown prince. Wait on the seashore tomorrow morning. At that time I shall give you an offering for the exchange of names." The crown prince went as promised and indeed took a great many dolphins. The crown prince said: "This is food that the deity has given me." For this reason the deity was also given the name Mikestu-no-Ōkami, the Great Deity of Food (Kojiki). Later six deities were enshrined together with it (Engishiki, Kehi Shaki. Note: according to the shrine records, in the second year of Taihō (702) Emperor Chūai and Empress Jingū were enshrined together with it, and this was made the main shrine. It is also said that Yamato-takeru-no-Mikoto was enshrined in the East Hall, Emperor Homuda (Emperor Ōjin) in the Sōja, Takeuchi-no-Sukune in the West Hall, and Tamahime-no-Mikoto in the Hira Hall. But because the names of the deities contain doubtful points, they are not set down here.) In the sixth year of Empress Jitō (692), a white moth was obtained in Tsuruga district and presented. For this the fief of the deity was increased, bringing it with the earlier total to twenty households (Nihon Shoki). In the third year of Tenpyō (731), 200 households of fief in Echizen Province were dedicated and assigned as the rank stipend for Junior Third Rank (Note: the Nihon Shoki speaks of an increase in the fief of the deity, while the main text of these shrine records speaks of assignment as the rank stipend for Junior Third Rank. This means that fief had already been dedicated before Empress Jitō, and divine rank had already been bestowed before Tenpyō. Yet neither is recorded in the standard histories, and probably there is a missing passage). In the first year of Tenpyō-jingo (765), 44 further households of fief in Echizen Province were added (Shinshō Kyakuchokufu). In the first year of Hōki (770), Nakatomi-no-Kadono-no-Muraji Iimaro, a supernumerary Shōshi (junior secretary) of the Department of Deities, was sent to present offering cloths (Shoku Nihongi); later Senior Third Rank was added and the First Class of Merit was conferred. In the sixth year of Jōwa (839), provincial governors were forbidden to meddle in the miscellaneous affairs of the shrine, which was placed directly under the Department of Deities. In that year Ōnakatomi-no-Asomi Isomori, a junior vice-minister of the Department, and others were sent to present offering cloths and pray for the safe return of the ship of the embassy to Tang. Soon afterwards it was advanced to Junior Second Rank (Shoku Nihon Kōki. Note: in this text Junior Second Rank is written as Junior Third Rank, but it is now corrected on the basis of the surrounding text).

¶On the accession of Emperor Montoku, Senior Second Rank was added, and in the second year of Ninju (852) a messenger was sent to present offering cloths (Montoku Jitsuroku). In the first year of Jōgan, it was advanced to Junior First Rank, and soon afterwards a messenger was sent to present sacred treasures and offering cloths. In the second year of Gangyō (878), a strange light appeared at the shrine. Divination said, "This portent occurs because the sacred hall is defiled," and so the provincial governor was commanded to purify and sweep it (Sandai Jitsuroku). In the eighth year, whereas formerly the regulation of the Enryaku era had been that "the grain tax from the fief of the deity is not to be collected into the government storehouse, but is wholly to be placed in the storehouse of the deity to meet the expenses of worship," in the Kōnin era the provincial governor had privately argued that "putting it in the government storehouse causes no inconvenience in disbursement," and from then on it had been placed in the government storehouse. In this year the old regulation was restored, and the provincial governor and the shrine superintendent were made to manage its receipt and issue (Sandai Jitsuroku, Ruijū Sandai Kyaku). It was also forbidden to use the commoners of the fief households for other labor (Sandai Jitsuroku). In the fifth year of Kanpyō (893), Nakatomi-no-Kiyosada, the shrine superintendent, submitted this statement: "Under the regulation of the Saiko era, 'the receipt and issue of fief goods is to be confirmed jointly by the shrine superintendent and the head of the shrine-temple; it is first to be placed in the storehouse of the deity, and afterwards divided to the temple.' This is the duty of the shrine superintendent and not a matter for the provincial governor. Recently the provincial governor, at the request of the temple monks, has set aside part of the deity's fief in Asuwa district of Echizen Province and assigned it to the temple as its provision. This turns people who serve the deity into temple households. We beg that, as of old, it be collected for the deity and then distributed." This was granted (Ruijū Sandai Kyaku). In the ninth year, a regulation was issued: "The palace buildings and sacred fence (mizugaki) of this shrine shall, as under the former regulation, be repaired by the shrine superintendent, the hafuribe, the negi and others. According to the estimate of the Bureau of Carpentry, the regular tax and grain tax of Echizen Province, and of Wakasa and Echigo, are to be applied to it" (Kehi Shaki. Note: this text lacks the two characters for "ninth year," but they are now supplied on the basis of the surrounding text). Later it was raised to Senior First Rank (Ruijū Sandai Kyaku, Echizen Kuninai Jinmyōchō). Under the Engi regulations all seven shrines were ranked as major shrines of renowned deities (Engishiki). Later it was called the First Shrine of Echizen Province (Ichinomiya Ki, Kehi Shaki. Note: according to the Hakusan Ki, in Echizen Province the Hakusan shrine had long been the first shrine and this shrine the second. In the fourteenth year of Kōnin (823) Kaga Province was separated off and the Hakusan shrine belonged to it, and for that reason this shrine was fixed as the first. But names such as "first shrine" and "second shrine" do not appear at all in the standard histories. That such a system existed at that time is doubtful. Therefore it is not adopted.)

¶In the Juei era (1182-1184), Minamoto-no-Yoshinaka dedicated the Iibara estate in thanks for victory (Heike Monogatari). In the second year of Shōō (1289), the shrine officials brought suit over irregularities in the building of the shrine, the killing and wounding of shrine servants and other matters, and demanded the replacement of the provincial governor. They accused the deputy governor and others, saying, "If our petition is not granted, we shall carry the portable shrine into the capital" (Kikki). In later ages the shrine's lands lay in Echizen and in the provinces of Kaga, Noto, Etchū, Echigo and Sado, in all more than 250 chō, and the tribute of rice, grain and marine products was applied to worship, repairs, and miscellaneous allowances for the shrine officials. Among the officials who served there were such posts as Ōhafuri, Gon-no-Hafuri, Soe-no-Hafuri, Shō-Negi, Gon-Negi and Soe-Negi, and generation after generation the Ōnakatomi, Sugawara and Tsunuga clans were appointed to them (Kehi Shaki).

¶Kahiru Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Kahiru Great Shrine Deity, Senior Fifth Rank, and this is probably it. There is a Hachiman shrine in present Kaeri village in Nanjō district; one view takes this as the main shrine, and another takes it as the Kahiru shrine recorded later. It is not known which of the two views is correct, and this is added to await later study.) Tradition says that it enshrines the spirit of the silkworm deity, that is, Toyoukehime-no-Mikoto (Jinmyōchō Kōshō).

¶Tsurugi Shrine. Also called the Tsurugi Child Deity (Tsurugi-no-Miko-no-Kami). (See Shoku Nihongi, Shinshō Kyakuchokufu, and the bell inscription of the fourth year of Jingo-keiun at the Tsurugi Miko temple handed down at the Oda shrine. Note: it now stands in Asōno village and is called Tsurugi Myōjin; this is probably it. The old bell of the Keiun era was later transmitted to the Oda shrine in Oda village, Niu district, and so the world sometimes takes that shrine as the main one. According to the Echizen Koma Kō, that shrine originally stood in Asōno village together with the main shrine; probably in later ages the two came to be confused as Oda Tsurugi Myōjin, and when the shrine was moved to its present site the old bell was moved with it, which gave rise to this doubt. This is added for reference.) This is none other than the child deity of Kehi (Kehi Shaki). In the second year of Hōki (771), having earlier been granted Junior Fourth Rank Lower and the Sixth Class of Merit, it was in this year assigned twenty households of fief and two chō of rice land in Echizen Province (Shoku Nihongi. See Shinshō Kyakuchokufu. Note: the Kyakuchokufu writes the second year as the third year, which is an error). In the first year of Tenpyō-jingo, ten more households of fief in Echizen Province were added (Shinshō Kyakuchokufu, the old traditional record cited in the Kehi shrine records). In the first year of Jōgan, it advanced from Junior Fourth Rank Upper to Senior Fourth Rank Lower (Sandai Jitsuroku. Note: the register within the province gives Senior Second Rank).

¶Niu Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Ōniu-ura in Niu district and is called Hachimangū, and it is said to be this one. However, the district boundary is somewhat distant, and this is doubtful.) It probably enshrines Wakanuke-futamata-no-Miko, the ancestor of the Okinaga and the Niu-no-Mahito (Nihon Shoki, Kojiki, Shōjiroku, Engishiki. See Etsuhan Shūi. Note: the register within the province gives Junior Fifth Rank. According to the documents of the Shōsōin of Tōdaiji, in the Tenpyō era there was in Niu district a clerk named Niu-no-Atai Ikazuchi, who appears to have been of the same kin as the Mahito and to have lived in this land for generations.)

¶Taiyu Shrine. (Note: it now stands at Sakamoto in Tai village and is called Hachimangū. The register within the province gives Junior Fifth Rank Lower.)

¶Kuzumi Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Kuzumi Deity, Senior Fourth Rank. It now stands in Kutsumi village and is called Jūzenji Gongen.)

¶Nosaka Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Mount Nosaka in Nosaka village, Nosaka estate. The register within the province gives Senior Fourth Rank.)

¶Shiimae Shrine. (Note: "Shihi" is sometimes written as "Shii." It now stands at Shiimae in Michiguchi village and is called Katori Myōjin.) In the seventh year of Hōki (776), three households of fief in Echizen Province were dedicated (Shinshō Kyakuchokufu). In the first year of Jōgan, it was granted Senior Fourth Rank Lower, from Junior Fourth Rank Upper and the Sixth Class of Merit (Sandai Jitsuroku. Note: there is also a Shiimae deity in Asuwa district, which was likewise dedicated fief and granted rank. It is not known which of the two this refers to, but it is recorded here for the time being. The register within the province gives Senior Second Rank.)

¶Tsunuga Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Tsuruga Deity, Senior Fourth Rank. It now stands east of the Kehi shrine and is called Mandokoro Myōjin, also the Jinushi Deity. It is a subordinate shrine of the Kehi shrine.) It probably enshrines Takeisahi-no-Mikoto, the ancestor of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of Tsunuga (Kuji Hongi, Engishiki. See Shoku Nihongi, Ruijū Kokushi, and the documents of the Shōsōin of Tōdaiji).

¶Ōkura Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Ōkura village and is called Ame-no-Iwatowake Myōjin, also Ama-no-Miya.) In the fourth year of Gangyō (880), it was granted Senior Fourth Rank Lower, from Junior Fourth Rank Upper (Sandai Jitsuroku. Note: the register within the province gives Senior Second Rank).

¶Washimae Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Washimae Deity, Senior Fifth Rank. At present, at the tip of the cape of Teura there is a rock cliff several jō high. Many kinds of shellfish cling to it, forming brilliant colors. Seen from the sea it looks as if an eagle were painted on it. It is called the Deity of Washizaki, and is probably the site of the main shrine. Some say that the old site was at Washizaki in Kutsu-ura.)

¶Ichifuri Shrine. (The register within the province gives Junior Fifth Rank.)

¶Kanasaki Shrine. (Note: it now stands at Kanasaki in Izumi village. The register within the province gives Senior Fifth Rank.)

¶Itsuhata Shrine. (Note: it now stands at the foot of Mount Itsuhata in Itsuhata-ura. The register within the province gives Junior Fifth Rank.)

¶Toshikura Shrine of Aso village. (Note: the register within the province lists the Mineo Deity of Aso village, Junior Fifth Rank, and this is probably it. It now stands on the ridge of Toshikura in Aso-ura.)

¶Shiraki Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Shiraki-ura and is called Shiraki Myōjin, also Uba Myōjin. The register within the province gives Junior Fifth Rank.) It probably enshrines Inahi-no-Mikoto, the ancestor of the Shiragi clan (Shōjiroku, Engishiki).

¶Yokokura Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Yoza village and is called Hakusan Gongen. The register within the province gives Junior Fifth Rank.)

¶Itakiya Shrine. (Note: it originally stood at Itakiya valley in Tone village, but later was moved to Torii village in Niu district and is called Kasuga Myōjin. The register within the province gives Junior Fifth Rank.)

¶Yokoyama Shrine. (The register within the province gives Senior Fifth Rank.)

¶Ibe Iwakura Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Ibe Iwakura Deity, Junior Fifth Rank. It now stands on Mount Iwa in Shibahara village, Niu district. The village originally belonged to the Ibe district. According to the Sandai Jitsuroku, in the Jōgan era there was a man of Tsuruga district named Ibe-no-Miyatsuko Toyomochi, of the Itaka-no-Omi kin. The main shrine was probably worshipped by the Ibe clan.)

¶Mine Shrine of Shitsuhamura. (Note: it now stands in Jūtobe district, Ōshiotani, Nanjō district, and is called Hachiman; this is probably it. "Shitsuha" and "Jūtobe" are close in sound. The register within the province gives Junior Fifth Rank.)

¶Kahiru Shrine. (The register within the province gives Junior Fifth Rank.)

¶Takaoka Shrine. (Note: it now stands within the precinct of the Hachiman shrine in Kunikane village, Ōshiotani, Nanjō district, and is called Takaoka Shrine; this is probably it. Tradition says it was originally on Takaoka peak but later was moved to its present site. The register within the province gives Junior Fifth Rank.)

¶Ōmiwashimo-no-Saki Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Miyauchi village and is called Dōgo Myōjin. The register within the province gives Junior Fifth Rank.)

¶Mitsumae Shrine. (Note: between the two bays of Tateishi and Shiraki there are two huge rocks standing in the sea. The local people call them Mitsumae Myōjin, and this is probably the site of the ancient main shrine. The register within the province gives Senior Fourth Rank.)

¶Oda Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Oda Amatsu Shrine Deity, Junior Fifth Rank. It now stands in Oda village, Niu district, and is called Oda Tsurugi Myōjin; this is probably it. Tradition says that in ancient times it stood together with the Tsurugi shrine in Asōno village, but later was moved to its present site.)

¶Ishida Shrine. (The register within the province gives Senior Fifth Rank.)

¶Ame-no-Yaohoyorozu-hime Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Kutsu-ura and is called Tsunemiya Ōkami, the Great Deity of Tsunemiya.) In the third year of Saikō (856), it was admitted among the official shrines and granted Junior Fourth Rank Lower (Montoku Jitsuroku. Note: the register within the province gives Junior Second Rank).

¶Ame-no-Toki-tsurugi Shrine. (The register within the province gives Senior Fourth Rank. The seven shrines from here on all have the same rank.)

¶Ame-no-Himewaka-miko Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Ame-no-Wakamiko Deity.)

¶Ame-no-Isanahiko Shrine. (Note: this text lacks the character "ame," but it is now added on the basis of the Shoku Nihon Kōki and the register within the province. The three shrines above now stand within the precinct of the Kehi shrine.)

¶These three deities are all child deities of the Great Deity of Kehi. In the seventh year of Jōwa (840), all were granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Shoku Nihon Kōki).

¶Ame-no-Kunitsuhiko Shrine. (Note: it now stands within the precinct of Tsunemiya and is a subordinate shrine of it. The same is true of the three shrines that follow.)

¶Ame-no-Kunitsuhime Shrine. (Note: this text lacks the character "tsu," but it is now supplied on the basis of the Montoku Jitsuroku.)

¶Ame-no-Suzu Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Ame-no-Suzuhiko Deity.)

¶Tamasasarahiko Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Ame-no-Tamasasarahiko Deity.)

¶Shinorokihiko Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Kutsumi village and is called Shiraki Myōjin; this is probably it. Some also say that it is at the upper reaches of the Shiraokime River in Nanjō district.)

¶These five shrines were all admitted among the official shrines in the third year of Saikō, and were granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Montoku Jitsuroku).

¶The thirty-six shrines above were all ranked as minor shrines under the Engi regulations (Engishiki).

¶Niu District (Niu-gun) (14 shrines)

¶Ōmushi Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Kami-Ōmushi village.) Tradition says that it enshrines Hikohohodemi-no-Mikoto (Echizen Kansha Shikō. Note: according to the register of deities of the Kaidan-in of Tōdaiji, there are two deities, Ōnamuchi and Sukunahiko, which probably abbreviates Ōnamuchi and Sukunabikona. In Echizen and Tango provinces there are two shrines, Ōmushi and Komushi, which are close to the Japanese readings of "Ōnamuchi and Sukunamuchi." It may be suspected that these two deities are enshrined. But the local people say the names of the deities are different, and it is added here to await later study.) In the eleventh year of Hōki (780), it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and in the tenth year of Enryaku (791) it advanced to Junior Fourth Rank Lower (Shoku Nihongi. Note: this text also records that Junior Fifth Rank Lower was granted again in this year, but this is probably a superfluous passage. The register within the province gives Senior First Rank). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities (Engishiki).

¶Eko Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Seto village in Nanjō district and is called Hakusan-gū. The register within the province gives Junior Third Rank.)

¶Amaya Shrine. In the fifth year of Hōki (774), it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Shoku Nihongi. Note: this text also records that Junior Fifth Rank Lower was granted again in the tenth year of Enryaku, but this is probably a superfluous passage. The register within the province gives Senior First Rank.)

¶Tofu Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Tofu Deity, Senior Fifth Rank. At present there are Jūfu Myōjin shrines in both Matsumori village and Shirasaki village in Nanjō district, and it is not known which is the one.)

¶Nagaoka Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Megai Deity, Junior Fifth Rank. The one now in Maki village is probably it.)

¶Hirai-de Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as Hirai-de Daimyōjin, Senior First Rank. It now stands in Hirai-de village in Nanjō district and is called Kamo Myōjin.)

¶Ōyama Mita Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Mita Deity, Senior Fifth Rank. It was originally in the Ōyama domain and was called the Upper Shrine. In the Ōei era (1394-1428) it was moved into the Funatsu shrine in Kanadachi.)

¶Sasamushi Shrine (4 shrines). (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Sasamushi Deity, Senior Fifth Rank. It now stands in Sasao village.) Tradition says that it enshrines Ugayafukiaezu-no-Mikoto, the Great Ancestor, and Takekuraitatsu-no-Mikoto and Shiinetsuhiko-no-Mikoto.

¶Komushi Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Shimo-Ōmushi village.) Tradition says that it enshrines Toyotamahime-no-Mikoto (Echizen Kansha Shikō). In the eleventh year of Hōki, it became a shrine receiving offering cloths (Shoku Nihongi). In the twenty-fourth year of Enryaku (805), it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Nihon Kōki. Note: the register within the province gives Senior Fifth Rank).

¶Ikazuchi Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Ōmori village and is called Kamo Myōjin. It probably enshrines Kamo-wakeikazuchi-no-Kami. The register within the province gives Senior Fifth Rank.)

¶The thirteen shrines above were all ranked as minor shrines under the Engi regulations (Engishiki).

¶Imadate District (Imadate-gun) (14 shrines)

¶Hoyama Shrine. (Note: according to the dictionaries, the old form of the character for "fire" is written in a variant form, and the character used in the shrine's name is probably a variant of it. The register within the province lists it as the Hoyama Deity, Senior Fifth Rank; the readings of "fire" and "ho" are shared. The shrine now stands in Hoyama village and is called Kamo Myōjin.)

¶Kuninaka Shrine (2 shrines). (Note: it now stands on Nakatsuyama in Nakatsuyama village and is called Kuninaka Myōjin. The register within the province gives Junior First Rank.)

¶Ishibe Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Isobe Deity, Senior Fifth Rank. It now stands in Isobe village in Isobe district and is called Kifune Myōjin.)

¶Okada Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Okada Deity, Senior Fifth Rank. It now stands in Mizuochi village and is called Karasumori Myōjin. Some also say that it is in Awatabe village and is called Okada Hakusan Shrine. It is not known which is correct.)

¶Suwa-asuki Shrine (3 shrines).

¶Funatsu Shrine. (Note: this text writes the first character differently, which is an error. It now follows another text and the Wamyōshō. The register within the province lists it as the Funatsu Deity, Senior Fifth Rank. It now stands in Kami-Sabae village and is called Funatsu Myōjin.)

¶Tona Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Tona Deity, Senior Fifth Rank. The one now at Sanshamori in Obana village is probably it. Some also say that in Toguchi village there is a place called Tonazaka, which is its old site.)

¶Oyamada Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Minami-Oyama village and is called Katte Myōjin. The register within the province gives Senior Fifth Rank.)

¶Ukan Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Mount Ukan in Miyatani village, Nanjō district, and perhaps it is this one.) It probably enshrines the ancestor of the Tomo-no-Obito of the Ikue-no-Omi kin (Shōjiroku, Sandai Jitsuroku, Engishiki. Note: the register within the province gives Senior Fifth Rank).

¶Katashiwa Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Katashima Deity, Senior Fifth Rank. It now stands at Katashima in Yoshitani village, Katayama estate, and is called the Kasuga shrine.)

¶Shikiyama Shrine. It probably enshrines Ōyamatsumi-no-Kami (Nihon Shoki, Engishiki. Note: the register within the province gives Senior Fifth Rank).

¶Under the Engi regulations all fourteen shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Engishiki).

¶Asuwa District (Asuwa-gun) (13 shrines)

¶Sugimori-no-Kōri Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Hegi Shrine Deity, Junior Fourth Rank. At present there is a Shirahige Myōjin in Katsumi village, and this is probably it.)

¶Tsuwa Shrine. It probably enshrines Nomi-no-Sukune, the ancestor of the Haji (Nihon Shoki, Engishiki. Note: the register within the province gives Senior Third Rank).

¶Naono Shrine. (Note: the first character is sometimes written differently. It now stands in Minamii village. The register within the province gives Junior Fourth Rank.)

¶Make Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Make Deity, Junior Fourth Rank.)

¶Tochii Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Tochii Deity, Junior Fourth Rank. It now stands in Ichiizumi village and is called Kumano Ōkami.)

¶Shiimae Shrine. (Note: this text writes the first character of "Shii" incorrectly, but it is now corrected on the basis of the register within the province. It now stands in Shiisakai village, Yoshida district. The register within the province gives Senior Third Rank.)

¶Yosuna Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Yosuna Deity, Junior Fourth Rank. It now stands in Shimoichi village and is called Yoshina Myōjin.)

¶Yamakata Shrine. (Note: it now stands at Yamagata in Yoshida district. The register within the province gives Junior Fourth Rank.)

¶Mikado Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Mitobe village, Niu district.) It probably enshrines Ame-no-Iwatowake-no-Kami (Kojiki, Engishiki. Note: the register within the province gives Junior Fourth Rank).

¶Wake Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Wakiyuki, Tōgō, and is called Ōmori Myōjin.) It probably enshrines Iwachiwake-no-Mikoto, the sixth-generation ancestor of Furihime, the birth mother of Emperor Keitai.

¶Kamihata Shrine.

¶O Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Kami village, Yoshida district. The register within the province gives Junior Fourth Rank.)

¶Asuwa Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Mount Asuwa in Fukui.) It enshrines Asuha-no-Kami. Tradition says that before Emperor Keitai ascended the throne, while he was in Mikuni in Echizen Province, he honored the spirit of the great palace ground, and that the place name derives from this (Asuwa Shaki). In the tenth year of Enryaku, it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Shoku Nihongi), and in the first year of Ninju (851) Junior Fourth Rank Lower was added (Montoku Jitsuroku).

¶Under the Engi regulations all thirteen shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Engishiki). In the third year of Tengyō (940), Senior Fourth Rank Upper was added to the rank of the Asuwa deity (Nihon Kiryaku. Note: the rank is missing in this text, but it probably advanced to Junior Third Rank. The register within the province gives Senior First Rank.)

¶Ōno District (Ōno-gun) (9 shrines)

¶Iwakura Shrine. (Note: "za" is sometimes written as "kura." The register within the province lists the Iwaza-Ura village Deity, Senior Fifth Rank, and this is probably it. It now stands in Iwaya village.)

¶Shinoza Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Shinoza village.) It enshrines Ōnamuchi-no-Kami (local account. Note: the register within the province gives Senior Fourth Rank).

¶Kaba Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Higashi-Kawara village in Ajimi district and is called Hachimangū. It is regarded as the tutelary deity of ten villages in the district, and this is probably it.)

¶Ōtsuki Iwakura Shrine. (Note: "tsuki" is sometimes written with a different character. It now stands in Nishi-Ōtsuki village. The register within the province gives Senior Fifth Rank.)

¶Sakato Ichiji Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Maetome Deity, Senior Fifth Rank. It now stands in Sakato village.) It probably enshrines Prince Sakata-no-Ōmata. This prince was the father of Hiro-hime, a consort of Emperor Keitai (Nihon Shoki, Etsuhan Shūi).

¶Kazahaya Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Kazahaya Deity, Senior Fifth Rank. It now stands in Ōyato village and is called Sumiyoshi Myōjin.)

¶Kuniu Ōno Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Kuniu Deity, Senior Fourth Rank. It now stands in Ōno town and is called Kiyotaki Myōjin.)

¶Takaoki Iwakura Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Kimoto Ryōke village and is called Iwasaki-no-Miya. The register within the province gives Senior Fourth Rank.)

¶Arashima Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Arashima-dake in Sakai village and is called Arashima Gongen. The register within the province gives Senior Fifth Rank.)

¶Under the Engi regulations all nine shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Engishiki).

¶Sakai District (Sakai-gun) (33 shrines)

¶Fukuro Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Fukuman village, Yoshida district. According to the Wamyōshō, there is a Fukutome district in this county whose reading is the same as "Fukuro." Later people mistakenly changed "ro" to "man," and it further changed to the "man" now used; Fukuman is thus the ancient land of Fukutome. Also, the register within the province lists the Fukutsu Deity, Junior Fourth Rank, and this is probably it.)

¶Sakanai Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Sakai Deity, Junior Fourth Rank. It now stands in Sakai village and is called Hachiman Shrine.) It is probably the Fukui deity that Emperor Keitai honored before his accession (taking the general sense of the Kogo Shūi and the Asuwa Shaki).

¶Mimae Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Mimae Deity, Junior Fourth Rank. It now stands in Miyamae village in Miyamae district and is called Kasuga Myōjin.)

¶Tsunakoshi Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Nawakoshi Deity, Junior Fourth Rank.) It probably enshrines the Tsunanagai Deity. It shares its origin with the Sakanai shrine (taking the general sense of the Kogo Shūi and the Asuwa Shaki).

¶Tane Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Tane-yamazaki village and is called Inari Myōjin. The register within the province gives Junior First Rank.)

¶Kumeta Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Misasagi-yama in Kami-Kumeta village. The register within the province gives Junior Fourth Rank.) Tradition says that it enshrines Ōtomo-no-Muraji Kanamura (Etsuhan Shūi, Jinja Kyōroku).

¶Oka Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Okami Deity, Junior Fourth Rank. It now stands at Honggō Okami in Egami village and is called Kanayama Tsurugi Myōjin.) It probably enshrines Takaokami-no-Kami (Nihon Shoki, Engishiki).

¶Ajiwase Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Achiwase Deity, Junior Fourth Rank. In present Maruoka there is a place called Ajihiki-yama, and this is probably its old site.)

¶Kunitsukami Shrine. (Note: "Kunitsukami" is sometimes written with a different character for "kami." The register within the province lists it as the Kunitsukami Deity, Junior Fourth Rank. It now stands in Ishikido town in Maruoka and is called Shinmeigū.) Tradition says that it enshrines Prince Mariko, the ancestor of the Mikuni-no-Kimi. The present Maruoka is the prince's former residence and is the site of this shrine (local tradition).

¶Iguchi Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Nakaban village in Honjō. According to local account, in the reign of Emperor Ichijō, Fujiwara-no-Koretsugu, the Ōryōshi (provincial police commissioner) of Echizen, prayed to this shrine and obtained a source of water. From this it probably enshrines Mii-no-Kami, the Deity of the Sacred Well. The register within the province gives Junior Fourth Rank.)

¶Yanase Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Ojima in Ajima-ura, in the same place as the Ōminato shrine. The register within the province gives Junior Fourth Rank.)

¶Itsunosumi Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Itsusumi Deity, Junior Fourth Rank. It now stands in Amachi village, Yoshida district, and is called Kuzuryū Gongen; this is probably it.)

¶Katagishi Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Kawakatagishi Deity, Junior Fourth Rank. It now stands in Yamagishi village.)

¶Ōmizo Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Kanazu town and is called Kasuga Myōjin; this is probably it. The register within the province gives Junior Fourth Rank.)

¶Hikona Shrine. (Note: in the Niu district section of the register within the province there is the Hikona Deity, Junior Fifth Rank, and this is probably it. It now stands in Mikuni harbor.) It enshrines Sukunahikona-no-Kami (Jinmyōchō Tōchū).

¶Hita Shrine. (Note: "Hei" is sometimes written with a different character. The register within the province gives Junior Fourth Rank.)

¶Kibe Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Kibe Deity, Junior Fourth Rank. It now stands in Saihōji village in Kibe district and is called Kasuga Myōjin.) It probably enshrines Takeuchi-no-Sukune, the ancestor of the Kibe (Shōjiroku, Engishiki. Note: according to the Kuji Hongi and the Shoku Nihongi, the Mikuni-no-Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of Echizen Province shared an ancestor with the Kibe, and the Ikue-no-Omi, a branch of that kin, lived in Asuwa district for generations. This shrine may have been worshipped by that kin. This is added for reference.)

¶Hiraoka Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Hiraoka Deity, Junior Fourth Rank. It was originally on Hiraoka-yama in Shiiguchi village, Yoshida district, but later was enshrined together with the Asuwa shrine.) Tradition says that it enshrines Ame-no-Koyane-no-Mikoto and a Hime deity (Engishiki, Jinmyōchō Tōchū, local account).

¶Keya Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Keya Deity, Junior Fourth Rank.)

¶Shiba Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists both the Shiba Shrine Deity, Junior Fourth Rank Upper, and the Shiba Shrine Deity, Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and it is not known which is this shrine. It now stands in Matsuoka village, Yoshida district, and is called Kasuga Myōjin.)

¶Hanabusa Shrine. (Note: the register within the province gives Junior Fourth Rank.)

¶Ugusu Shrine. (Note: it now stands at Unomori in Kawasaki village and is called Shinmeigū; this is probably it. The register within the province gives Junior Fourth Rank.)

¶Iki Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Iki Deity, Junior Fourth Rank.)

¶Hosoroki Shrine. (Note: the register within the province lists it as the Hosoroki Deity, Junior Fifth Rank. It now stands in Hosoroki village and is called Kasuga Myōjin.)

¶Yokoyama Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Tsuboe village and is called Yokoyama Myōjin.) In the first year of Anna (968), it advanced from Senior Fourth Rank Lower to Junior Third Rank (Nihon Kiryaku. Note: there is also a Yokoyama deity in Tsuruga district, and it is not known to which the advance in rank refers. It is recorded here for the time being. The register within the province gives Senior First Rank.)

¶Mikuni Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Mikuni harbor.) It probably enshrines Prince Mariko, the ancestor of the Mikuni-no-Mahito. This prince was in fact a son of Emperor Keitai (Shōjiroku, Engishiki). Tradition says that in ancient times there was a lake here, which the Emperor had drained and turned into rice paddies, and that the common people benefited from it (Echizen Koma Kō. Note: from the tradition in this text, Emperor Keitai may also be enshrined together with him. This is added for reference.)

¶Ishida Shrine. (Note: it was originally in Ishihata village, but later was moved to Ishida village in Niu district and is called Hachimangū; this is probably it. The register within the province gives Junior Third Rank.)

¶Ajisaka Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Fukasaka village and is called Kasuga Myōjin; this is probably it. The register within the province gives Junior Fifth Rank.)

¶Takamuku Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Takada village in Takamuku district.) It probably enshrines a deity of the maternal kin of Emperor Keitai (the Jōgūki as quoted in the Shaku Nihongi, Engishiki). The fifth-generation descendant of Iwatsukuwake, a son of Emperor Suinin, was called Owachi-no-Kimi; he lived at Mikuni in Echizen Province, took as wife Anaihime, daughter of Yonu-no-Omi, and had by her Furihime. Furihime married Prince Hikoushi, a great-grandson of Wakanuke-futamata, a son of Emperor Ōjin, and bore Emperor Keitai in Mio in Ōmi Province. Because the Emperor lost his father when young, Furihime took him back to Mikuni, lived in Takamuku village, and, relying on her own father, raised him. The Emperor then came in from Mikuni and succeeded to the imperial line (Jōgūki. See Nihon Shoki, Kojiki). This shrine may enshrine Owachi-no-Kimi (Note: the register within the province gives Junior Fourth Rank).

¶Kasama Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Gima village in Takamuku district.) It probably enshrines Kasama-no-Ōtojino-Kami, that is, Ōmiyanome-no-Kami (see Shiseisho Shō, Shūgaishō, Sanekata Shū, Engishiki, Kogo Shūi. Note: the register within the province gives Junior Fourth Rank).

¶Ietsu Shrine. (Note: the register within the province gives Junior Fifth Rank.)

¶Ōminato Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Nishi-Ojima in Ajima-ura.) It probably enshrines Iwatsukuwake-no-Mikoto, the ancestor of the Mio-no-Kimi (Nihon Shoki, Echizen Meishōshi. Note: it is now called Miho Myōjin, and "Mio" and "Miho" are close in sound. The register within the province gives Junior Fourth Rank).

¶Itosaki Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Meshima in Itosaki-ura and is called Benzaiten. The register within the province gives Junior Fourth Rank.)

¶The thirty-three shrines above were all ranked as minor shrines under the Engi regulations (Engishiki).

¶Shrines Not Recorded in the Official Registers

¶Hirose Shrine. (Note: the register within the province writes "se" with a different character.) It lies in Niu district (Note: it now stands in Hirose village).

¶Oshii Shrine. (Note: "shii" is sometimes written with a different character, but this is probably an error.) It lies in Asuwa district (Note: it now stands in Ōse village. The village was originally named Oshii).

¶Futagami Shrine. It lies in Asuwa district (following the register within the province). In the second year of Jōgan (860), all three shrines advanced from Senior Sixth Rank Upper to Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Sandai Jitsuroku. Note: the register within the province gives Senior Third Rank for the Hirose deity, Junior Fourth Rank for the Oshii deity, and Senior First Rank for the Futagami deity).

¶Keta Shrine. It lies in Sakai district (following the register within the province). In the seventh year of Gangyō (883), it advanced from Senior Sixth Rank Upper to Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Sandai Jitsuroku. Note: the register within the province gives Senior First Rank).

¶Ōuri Shrine. (Note: the register within the province writes the first character differently.) It lies in Imadate district.

¶Yanagida Shrine. It lies in Asuwa district (following the register within the province).

¶Hinona Shrine. It lies in Imadate district (following the register within the province. Note: it now stands on Mount Hino). In the tenth year of Engi (910), all three shrines were granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Nihon Kiryaku. Note: the register within the province gives Senior First Rank for both the Ame-no-Uri deity and the Yanagida deity, and Junior First Rank for Hino Daimyōjin).

¶Kaga

¶Enuma District (Enuma-gun) (11 shrines)

¶Shinohara Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Shinohara village.)

¶Toganori Shrine.

¶Miki Shrine. (Note: it now stands at Dōdani in Migi village and is called Kifune-gū. Tradition says that it was originally on Miyayama, but later was moved to its present site.)

¶Miyamura Iwabe Shrine. (Note: "Iwa" is sometimes written with a different character. It now stands in Miyamura and is called Isobe Shrine. It has no shrine building and has a stone as its sacred body.)

¶Hattori Shrine. (Note: it stood at Hattori in Yamashiro village, but is now defunct.)

¶Sugōishibe Shrine. Also called the Sugō Deity. (Note: it now stands in Shikiji village in Sugō district and is called Sugō Tenjin.) In the seventh year of Gangyō (883), it advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Lower to Senior Fifth Rank Lower (Sandai Jitsuroku), and in the third year of Tengyō (940) from Junior Fourth Rank Upper to Senior Fourth Rank Lower (Nihon Kiryaku). In the Juei era, Minamoto-no-Yoshinaka dedicated the Nomi estate (Heike Monogatari. Note: according to the Hakusan Ki, this shrine had originally been the third shrine of Echizen, but in the fourteenth year of Kōnin was placed as the second shrine of Kaga Province. This account is doubtful and is not adopted here).

¶Imunami Shrine. (Note: "imu" is sometimes written with a different character. It now stands in Yumi-nami village and is called Ho-no-Miya.) In the second year of Kashō (849), it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Shoku Nihon Kōki).

¶Hioki Shrine. (Note: it now stands on the boundary between the two villages of Katatani and Sakashita and is called Tokura Myōjin; this is probably it. The reading of "kata" is "heki," which is the same as the "heki" of "Hioki.")

¶Izumi Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Hashidate village.) In the first year of Ryakunin (1238), the Izumi shrine of Kaga was struck by fire (Kōnendaiki). This is this very shrine.

¶Keta-no-Miko Shrine. In the first year of Tenan (857), it was advanced from Senior Sixth Rank Upper to Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Montoku Jitsuroku. Note: this text writes it as Hatta-no-Wakamiko Deity, which is probably an error. It now follows the Shinkaiki).

¶Shiotsu Shrine. (Note: "shio" is sometimes written with a different character. It now stands in Shiotsu village.)

¶Under the Engi regulations all eleven shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Engishiki).

¶Nomi District (Nomi-gun) (8 shrines)

¶Sano Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Sano village.)

¶Tada Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Komatsu town and is called Tada Hachiman.) In the Juei era, Minamoto-no-Yoshinaka dedicated the Chōya estate to this shrine (Heike Monogatari).

¶Ishibe Shrine. (Note: it was originally on Funamiyama in Kofu village, but now has been moved to Komatsu town and is called Funan Shrine.) Tradition says that the three deities of Kehi in Echizen, Keta in Noto, and Hakusan in Kaga were transferred and enshrined here (Hakusan Ki. Note: according to this text, this shrine was later made the Sōja of Kaga Province).

¶Kasukami Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Nakamura.)

¶Hatabu Shrine. (Note: it now stands at Kamaya in Yoshitake village and is called Kurebu Myōjin. According to the field register of the fourth year of Chōtoku (998) quoted in the Tōdaiji Yōroku, there was a Hatabu estate in Kaga Province, and this is probably this place. The estate was named after the shrine name.) Tradition says that it chiefly enshrines the deity of weaving. It is said that the weaving women of the village still offer new cloth to pray for progress in their needlework (local account).

¶Usagibashi Shrine. (Note: it was originally in Ono village in Tokuhashi district, but later was moved to Komatsu town.)

¶Takinami Shrine. (Note: it is also written with different characters for "waterfall" and "wave." It now stands in Nagataki village. There is a waterfall in the village, and both the place name and the shrine name derive from it.) In the second year of Gangyō (878), it advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Upper to Senior Fifth Rank Lower (Sandai Jitsuroku), and in the eleventh year of Engi (911) to Senior Fourth Rank Lower (Nihon Kiryaku. Note: this text writes the name as Taki Deity, and it is suspected that the character "nami" has dropped out. It is recorded here for the time being).

¶Kumada Shrine. (Note: it was originally in Kumada village, but later was moved to the Izumino shrine in Kanazawa, Ishikawa district.) It is probably a descendant deity of the Okitsuhime shrine of Noto (Konjaku Monogatari, local account).

¶Under the Engi regulations all eight shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Engishiki).

¶Ishikawa District (Ishikawa-gun) (10 shrines)

¶Shirayama-hime Shrine. It lies on Mount Shirayama in Ajichi district (Hakusan Ki. Note: it now stands at the summit, and what is called Ichinomiya Ōmae is this one. Those in Sannomiya village and Shirayama village were all branch enshrinements of later ages). It enshrines Izanami-no-Mikoto (Shosha Kongenki, Kairyaku Zōjiki. Note: the deity names given in the various books differ greatly and are confused, and are naturally not fixed. Here we follow these two books). In the third year of Ninju (853), it was granted Junior Third Rank (Montoku Jitsuroku), and in the first year of Jōgan it advanced to Senior Third Rank (Sandai Jitsuroku. Note: the Hakusan Ki gives Senior First Rank). Later it was called the First Shrine of Kaga Province (Ichinomiya Ki. Note: according to the Hakusan Ki, this shrine had originally been the First Shrine of Echizen Province, but when Kaga Province was cut off and established in the Kōnin era, the shrine also belonged to it, and so it was fixed as the First Shrine of Kaga Province. This account is doubtful and is therefore not adopted. It is also said that this shrine and the eight deities of Funan, Kumada, Kamo, Jinbu, Sana, Take and Hachiman were together called the Eight Shrines of Kaga Province. This too was probably fixed privately by the provincial governors. It is added here for the time being).

¶In the fourth year of Jiryaku (1068), the shrine was struck by fire and the sacred images were damaged (Urabe Kanefumi Kanmon). In the second year of Enkyū (1070), new sacred images were made, but upon divination it was held inauspicious to place the unburnt remains of the old images in the belly, and this was abandoned (Fusō Ryakki, Hyakurenshō). In the first year of Ten'ō (1239), the shrine was struck by fire, and just as the repairs were being completed the temporary hall was also struck by fire (Hyakurenshō). At the beginning, between the Reiki and Yōrō eras (715-724), the monk Taichō devised a false account and seized the sacred land, and after that the monks took charge of shrine affairs (Genkō Shakusho. The passage from "gai" onward follows the Geki Nikki). In the reign of Emperor Konoe, Enryakuji petitioned to take this shrine for itself, but the court council decided to have Kakushū, a monk of Onjōji, take charge of the shrine's affairs, and did not grant the request. Later, however, it finally followed Enryakuji's petition (Geki Nikki, Hyakurenshō). It is said that the sacred hall was rebuilt about every thirty-three years, and that in later ages the cost was met by soliciting reappointments (chōnin) from the provincial governors (Hakusan Ki).

¶Motomurai Shrine. (Note: it now stands at Hizume in Murai village and is called Kasuga Myōjin.)

¶Gakutō Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Gakutani village. It was originally on Gakuyama in the village.)

¶Gakusai Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Gakuotomaru village and is called Yabuta Myōjin.)

¶Mima Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Kyūan village and is called Kyūan Inari, also Niman-dō Shrine. According to the Wamyōshō, there was a Mitsuma district in this county, and this is probably this place. "Niman" is probably a corrupted rendering of "Mitsuma.")

¶Saki Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Sagimori village.)

¶Naramoto Shrine.

¶Kasama Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Kasama village in Kasama district and is called Kasama Hachiman. In ancient times it was the Sōja of the whole district.) It enshrines Ōmiyame-no-Kami (local account).

¶Michi Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Shimo-Yasue village.) It probably enshrines Ōhiko-no-Mikoto, the ancestor of the Michi-no-Kimi, a family of the Koshi Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. In the reign of Emperor Sujin, Ōhiko, by imperial edict, pacified and soothed the Hokuriku region and performed great service. His descendants, the Michi clan, lived in Koshi Province and for generations served as district magistrates of Kaga district (taking into account the general sense of the Nihon Shoki, Shoku Nihongi, Shōjiroku, Kuji Hongi, and the documents of the Shōsōin of Tōdaiji).

¶Kanda Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Yoshida Urushijima village. The village is said to have originally been named Kanda.)

¶Under the Engi regulations all ten shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Engishiki).

¶Kaga District (Kaga-gun) (13 shrines)

¶Kohama Shrine. (Note: it was originally at Kurotsu Funamori in Miyasaka village, Kohama district, but later was moved to Katsuyama in Gorōjima village, Ishikawa district, and was called Kurotsu Funamori Myōjin and became the Sōja of the whole district. In later ages this district came to be called Kahoku district, and so most accounts assign the shrines of the old district to Kahoku district, but they are in no case different places.) Tradition says that it enshrines the three deities Ōnamuchi, Sukunahikona and Kotoshironushi (local account).

¶Noma Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Kosaka village. One account says that it is in Tamahoko village, Ishikawa district, and is called Tamahoko-no-Miya.)

¶Miwa Shrine. (Note: it lies in Kanazawa, Ishikawa district, and is called Ishiura Shrine. It is the Sōja of Ishiura district, and this is probably it.) It enshrines Ōmononushi-no-Mikoto (Kaga Jinjachō). It was probably worshipped when the Ōmiwa clan settled in Kaga Province (taking the general sense of the Sandai Jitsuroku. Note: according to this text, between the reigns of Emperors Seiwa and Yōzei there was a man named Ōmiwa-no-Takana, a Gon-no-Jō (provisional third-ranking official) of Kaga Province, who was probably a man of Kaga).

¶Kamo Shrine. (Note: it first stood in Kamo village, but later was moved to Yokoyama village in Kanazu estate and became the Sōja of the estate.) It probably enshrines Kamo-wakeikazuchi-no-Kami. Tradition says that this land was the site of the sacred village (kami-no-mura) of the Kamo-wakeikazuchi shrine (Kamo Wakeikazuchi Sha Monjo, Kikei Nichiroku).

¶Kanda Shrine.

¶Shimono-ma Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Otomaru village in Kosaka estate. According to the Kōshō 2 record of the tax levied for the building of the palace (Kōshō ni-nen Zō-dairi Dantan Kokuyaku Hikitsuke), there was in Kaga Province an estate called Kosaka belonging to the Kasuga shrine, and this is this very place. This shrine probably enshrines the Kasuga deity.)

¶Gunke Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Yoshihara village and is called Sannō; this is probably it. Some also say that the Sannō of Mitsuike village is it.) In the eighteenth year of Jōgan (876), it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower from Senior Sixth Rank Upper (Sandai Jitsuroku).

¶Suki Shrine. (Note: it now stands at Akahama in Higashi-Kazume village, Kuratsuki estate. It is the tutelary deity of more than thirty villages within the estate.)

¶Noko Shrine. (Note: "ko" is sometimes written with a different character. It now stands in Kamiyauchi village and is called Bishamon; this is probably it.)

¶Kasano Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Ikehara village in Kasano district and is the Sōja of more than ten villages in the district.)

¶Under the Engi regulations all thirteen shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Engishiki).

¶Shrines Not Recorded in the Official Registers

¶Yamashiro Ōi Shrine. It now lies in Enuma district (the district name follows the account of the local people. Note: it stands in Yamashiro village and is called Ōi-no-Miya).

¶Shiratori Shrine. It now lies in Kahoku district (the district name follows the account of the local people. Note: it stands in Kagatsume village). In the eighteenth year of Jōgan, both shrines were advanced from Senior Sixth Rank Upper to Junior Fifth Rank Lower.

¶Kurowake-Ōi Shrine and Tarihime Shrine. The location of both shrines is now unknown. In the third year of Gangyō (879), both were advanced from Senior Sixth Rank Upper to Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Sandai Jitsuroku).

¶Noto

¶Hakui District (Hakui-gun) (14 shrines)

¶Keta Shrine. Also called the Great Shrine of Keta (Keta Daijingū), or the Great Deity of Noto (Shoku Nihon Kōki. Note: it now stands in Ichinomiya village). It enshrines Ōnamuchi-no-Mikoto (Jinmyōchō Tōchū, Ichinomiya Ki, Shoshinki). In the first year of Tenpyō-jingo, thirty households of fief in Noto Province were dedicated (Shinshō Kyakuchokufu. Note: the old traditional record quoted in the Kehi shrine records gives ten smoke-households). In the second year of Jingo-keiun (768), twenty more households of fief and two chō of rice land were dedicated. In the first year of Hōki, Nakatomi-no-Kadono-no-Iimaro, a supernumerary Shōshi of the Department of Deities, was sent to present offering cloths. In the third year of Enryaku (784), it advanced from Junior Third Rank to Senior Third Rank (Shoku Nihon Kōki. Note: there is also a Keta deity in Etchū Province, and since this passage of the text does not state which province is meant, it is in fact unclear which deity it is. But since the rank agrees with the entry in the Shoku Nihon Kōki, it is recorded here. One text of the Jinmyōchō Tōchū and of the Shosha Kongenki attaches it to Echizen, but this is probably an error). Later the First Class of Merit was conferred (Shoku Nihon Kōki). When Emperor Montoku acceded, it was granted Junior Second Rank, and soon afterwards was raised to Senior Second Rank. In the third year of Ninju, ten households of fief and two chō of rank rice land were added (Montoku Jitsuroku). In the first year of Jōgan, it advanced to Junior First Rank, and soon afterwards a messenger was sent to present sacred treasures and offering cloths (Sandai Jitsuroku). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities (Engishiki. Note: the three characters for "renowned deity, major" are missing in various texts, but are now supplied on the basis of one text and the entry on the festival of renowned deities). Later it was called the First Shrine of Noto Province (Ichinomiya Ki).

¶Aimi Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Aimiyama in Mugiu village, Oshimizu estate, and is called Aimi Myōjin.) Tradition says that it enshrines Watatsumi-no-Kami (local account. Note: "Aimi" and "Oshimizu" are both close to the reading of "Ōumi." According to the Wamyōshō, there was an Ōumi district in this county, and this is this very place).

¶Shio Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Ogijima village in Shio estate. It borders the two villages of Ogitani and Shikinami, and in ancient times was the Sōja of the estate.)

¶Kamishiro Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Kamishiro village. In front of the estate there is a river, called the Kamishiro River.)

¶Hakui Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Hakui village.) Tradition says that it enshrines Iwatsukuwake-no-Mikoto, the ancestor of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of Hakui (Kuji Hongi. See the shrine tradition).

¶Setohiko Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Seto village, Kashima district, and is called Kurokawa Myōjin, also Aramitama Shrine.) Tradition says that it enshrines Hayaakitsuhiko-no-Kami (local account).

¶Tehayahime Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Higashima village and is called Hōdatsu Myōjin.)

¶Shiibamarohime Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Shibagaki village and is called Shibagaki Shrine; this is probably it.)

¶Nazumihime Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Miyayama in Azumi village.) Tradition says that it enshrines Toyotamahime-no-Mikoto, the daughter of the sea deity (Noto Shi Tōsho).

¶Morookahiko Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Michishita village, Fugeshi district, and is called Kanagawa Shrine. This shrine was originally in the grounds of Sōjiji in Monzen village, Fugeshi district, and the shrine and temple were called Morotakeji. In the old documents of the Ōei and Shitoku eras (1368-1428) held by Sōjiji, there is a Morotake village in the Sōjiji lands in Kushihi estate, also written "Morooka," which is the site of this shrine. The documents also say that in the first year of Genkō (1321) the temple monk Jōken moved the shrine and temple to the place of Kanagawa in Michishita village. Probably the main shrine was moved with them, and so it is called Tetsukawa-no-Miya. At present the village of Morooka is already defunct, but the local people still call the land near Sōjiji Morooka, and the old name barely survives.)

¶Momonuma-hiko Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Momoura village.)

¶Kumakabutsu-arakashihiko Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Miyamae village, Kumaki district, Kashima district, and is called Kumakabu-no-Miya.) It probably enshrines the two deities Kabutohiko and Araishihiko (taking the general sense of the Engishiki).

¶Fujitsuhiko Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Fujise village. It is said to have been originally on Natauchiyama.)

¶Ōnamochi Kamizō-ishi Shrine. (Note: the character "kami" following "mochi" follows the Sandai Jitsuroku. It now stands in Ichinomiya Jike village and is called Onachi-no-Miya, a subordinate shrine of the Keta shrine.) It enshrines Ōnamochi-no-Mikoto (Nihon Shoki, Engishiki, local account). In the second year of Jōgan, it became an official shrine (Sandai Jitsuroku).

¶Under the Engi regulations thirteen shrines were all ranked as minor shrines (Engishiki).

¶Noto District (Noto-gun) (17 shrines)

¶Notohime Shrine. (Note: this district was later called Kashima district. The shrine now stands in Notobe-shimo village.) It probably enshrines Mihotsuhime-no-Mikoto (Keta Hongū Shaki, the shrine's tradition. Note: a document of this shrine of the second year of Kōchō (1262) has "Myōtenjin," and it is the same now. The Keta Hongū Shaki has "Miho Tenjin." "Myō" and "Miho" are close in sound and reading.)

¶Fujiwarahiko Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Mishina village and is called Kamatari-no-Miya; is this perhaps it?)

¶Suganobuhime Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Kasashi village and is called Hinomo Myōjin.)

¶Kabutohiko Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Kabutoyama in Kabuto village, Fugeshi district, and is called Kabuto Myōjin, also Asora Myōjin.) It probably enshrines Takemikazuchi-no-Kami (Kashima Sha Reiden Ki. Note: the shrine tradition says it enshrines Tsunuga-arashito, but this text says that the Kashima deity is also called the Kabuto shrine, and that in common speech "kō" is read "kabuto"; so it now follows this).

¶Ame-no-Hikage-hime Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Ninomiya village and is called Ninomiya Myōjin; this is probably it.)

¶Toyahiko Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Hasaka village in Hitoto estate and is the Sōja of the estate.)

¶Araishihiko Shrine. (Note: it now stands at Ōmiyaji in Kawajiri village and is called Yakushi Shrine.)

¶Kuyehiko Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Tsurugiyama in Kuehi village, Kue-no-ho, and is called Tsurugi Myōjin. Judging from the place name of its location, the character "te" is probably an error for "ye.") It probably enshrines Kuebiko-no-Kami. When Ōnamuchi-no-Mikoto was in Izumo, a deity wearing a garment of wren feathers (these six characters follow the Nihon Shoki) came drifting over the sea riding in a vessel of heavenly gourd-vine. He was asked his name but did not answer. His attendant deities were asked, but none knew it. Only when this deity was consulted was it learned that he was Sukunabikona-no-Mikoto; they then swore a brotherly bond and together set about the ordering of the land. This deity was lame and could not walk, but knew everything under heaven. Later people called him the "Sohodo of the Mountain Field" (Kojiki).

¶Notoikukunitamahiko Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Kanamaru village and is called Takekura-no-Mikoto.) Tradition says that it enshrines Takekuranaga-no-Mikoto (Note: "naga" is probably an error for "hiko." The Takakurahiko mentioned later is probably the same deity). It is said that in remote antiquity, when the two deities Ōnamuchi and Sukunahikona traveled throughout the land and reached this place, Takekuranaga-no-Mikoto joined his strength to theirs, destroyed the evil deities, and performed the service of pacifying the land, and for that reason was named the Deity of the Land-Spirit of Noto Province (the shrine's origin record).

¶Shirahiko Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Shirahama village.)

¶Isurugihiko Shrine. (Note: it now stands on top of Mount Ishidoro (Isurugi) and is called Ōmiya, the Great Shrine.) It probably enshrines Isurugi-no-Kami, a child of Ōnamuchi (Echizen Kuninai Jinmyōchō. Note: the shrine tradition says it enshrines Izanagi-no-Mikoto. The Razan Bunshū treats it as the same deity as Hakusan; this is added for reference).

¶Yokihiko Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Ōmachi village and is called Daishōgun Shrine. Tradition says that in ancient times it was the Sōja of Yoki district and was called Yoki-no-Miya.)

¶Arakashihiko Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Yamazaki village and is called the Sōja of the Six Districts of Ōnomi.)

¶Kushiinadakihime Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Kushiirayama in Kokubu village.) It probably enshrines Kushinadahime-no-Mikoto (Nihon Shoki, Engishiki).

¶Iyahime Shrine. (Note: "me" is sometimes written with a different character. It now stands in Mukaida village.)

¶Mikadonushihiko Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Matsukiyama in Shiura village, Fugeshi district.)

¶Sukunahiko Shrine of the Sacred Image Stone. (Note: it now stands in Kanamaru village. One account says it is in Kurosaki village, and both shrines have a stone as their sacred body; it is not known which is correct.) It enshrines Sukunahikona-no-Mikoto (Nihon Shoki, Engishiki). In the second year of Jōgan, it became an official shrine (Sandai Jitsuroku).

¶Under the Engi regulations all seventeen shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Engishiki).

¶Fugeshi District (Fugeshi-gun) (9 shrines)

¶Fugeshihiko Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Kawai town in Wajima and is called Jūzō-gū, or the Jinushi Deity. It is the Sōja of the district.) Tradition says that it enshrines the Great Deity of Keta (record of the shrine of the eighth year of Bunmei (1476), Noto Meisekishi).

¶Ishisehiko Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Higashi village and is called Iwase-no-Miya. The old site was on Miyazakiyama on the cliff of the Ishise River. In the third year of Kōji (1557) it was moved to its present place.)

¶Kamisugi Izumuhime Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Ōhatayama on the boundary between the two villages of Hongō and Nigyō. The villages originally belonged to Mii district, and it was the Sōja of the eight villages of the district. In the ridge-tablet of the Ōei era it is called Kamisugi Ōhata Izumuhime Daimyōjin.)

¶Ishikurahiko Shrine. (Note: it now stands at the foot of Iwakurayama in Tokikuni village. It was originally the Sōja of the eighteen villages of Machino district, but later declined and now retains only a small shrine. It is the tutelary shrine of Iwakuraji.) Tradition says that it enshrines Ame-no-Tajikarao-no-Mikoto (local account).

¶Mimanahiko Shrine and Mimanahime Shrine.

¶Kamime Izukihiko Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Kamime valley in Fujinami village and is called Kamime-no-Miya.)

¶Okitsuhime Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Hegurajima in the area belonging to Nafune village and is called Nishi-no-Miya, or Hegura Myōjin. Hegura was originally called Okitsushima.) It probably enshrines Ichikishimahime-no-Mikoto.

¶Hetsuhime Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Anamizu Ōmachi village.) It probably enshrines Tagitsuhime-no-Mikoto (Nihon Shoki, Engishiki).

¶Under the Engi regulations all nine shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Engishiki).

¶Suzu District (Suzu-gun) (3 shrines)

¶Susu Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Suzudake and is called Okusuzu Myōjin; this is probably it. Some also say that it is on Takakurayama in Jike village. According to its shrine record, the main shrine was anciently on Susudake, but in the Tenpyō-shōhō era (749-757) it was moved and became two shrines, the male deity being called Takakura-no-Miya and the female deity Kanewake-no-Miya. This account is probably mistaken. Moreover, the Engishiki does not say that this shrine has two seats, so the claim that it was divided into two shrines in the Tenpyō-shōhō era may well also refer to a single shrine. For that reason this account is not adopted here. This account appears again below.)

¶Komashihiko Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Komashiyama in Kyōnen village. The ten neighboring villages are commonly called "Komashi.")

¶Kashiwarahiko Shrine. (Note: it now stands at Kashiwara in Hirokuni village. In former times it was the Sōja of seventy villages.) Tradition says that it enshrines the Kashiwarahiko deity and that Ikashihoko-no-Mikoto is enshrined alongside (Engishiki, local account).

¶Under the Engi regulations all three shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Engishiki).

¶Shrines Not Recorded in the Official Registers

¶Takakurahiko Shrine. It now lies in Suzu district (the district name follows the account of the local people. Note: it stands on Takakurayama in Jike village and is called Takakura-no-Miya, also Misaki Myōjin. According to the shrine record, the main shrine was anciently on Susudake and was placed among the shrines receiving offerings from the state in the second year of Yōrō (718). What was moved to its present site in the Tenpyō-shōhō era is the so-called Susu shrine. This is probably a confusion of the main shrine with the Susu shrine, treating them as one. Moreover, the shrine record's citation of this as the Takakura-no-Miya is probably a forced explanation. In sum, there appears to be no doubt that the Takakura-no-Miya is the main shrine. For that reason it is listed here.) In the fifteenth year of Jōgan (873), it advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Lower to Junior Fifth Rank Upper (Sandai Jitsuroku).

¶Etchū

¶Tonami District (Tonami-gun) (7 shrines)

¶Takase Shrine. Also called the Keta shrine (see Hakusan Ki, Jinmyōchō Tōchū, Ichinomiya Ki, Ruijū Kikenshō. Note: it now stands in Takase village in Takase district). Tradition says that it was a transfer enshrinement of the Keta deity of Noto (see Hakusan Ki, Shosha Kongenki, Shoshinki. Note: the shrine record quoted in the Jinmyōchō Tōchū says it enshrines Ame-no-Ikutama-no-Mikoto, but this is probably another name of Ōnamuchi-no-Mikoto). In the eleventh year of Hōki, it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Shoku Nihongi), and in the fourteenth year of Enryaku (795) Junior Fifth Rank Upper was added (Nihon Kiryaku). In the seventh year of Jōwa, it advanced from Junior Fourth Rank Lower to Junior Fourth Rank Upper (Shoku Nihon Kōki), and in the first year of Saikō (854) Junior Third Rank was added (Montoku Jitsuroku). In the first year of Jōgan it reached Senior Third Rank (Sandai Jitsuroku). Later it was called the First Shrine of Etchū Province (Ruijū Kikenshō, Ichinomiya Ki. Note: according to the Hakusan Ki, the Keta shrine was in fact the First Shrine of Etchū Province and stood in Noto district. When Noto Province was cut off and made a province in the Jinki era (724-729), the First Shrine also belonged to it, and so the Futagami shrine, the Second Shrine, was newly made the First Shrine of Etchū Province. Later the Keta deity was transferred and enshrined at this shrine, called Shin-Keta, and contended with the Futagami shrine for the First Shrine, until finally this shrine was made the First Shrine. This account cannot be believed in its entirety, but since this shrine was made the First Shrine, it has probably been so for a long time. The Shoshin Kongen Shō takes the Keta shrine in Imizu district as the First Shrine, but this is probably an error from confusing two shrines of the same name. The Shintōshū takes the Tateyama deity as the First Shrine, but this too is an error.)

¶Nagaoka Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Shichisha village in Itooka district and is the Sōja of more than thirty shrines in the district.)

¶Hayashi Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Hayashi village in Wakabayashi district.)

¶Ibaranami Shrine. (Note: according to the Wamyōshō, there is an Ōibara district in Niikawa district of Etchū Province. The reading of "ibara" is "yabu." In the Man'yōshū a place name of this county is written "Yabunami," and "Yabunami" is none other than "Ibaranami," and is probably the site of this shrine.)

¶Hime Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Yanaka village in Miyajima district.)

¶Ogami Shrine. (Note: one text lacks the character "kami." It now stands east of the Ogami River in Shōgekongōji village in Shōka district, on Shōfuken-yama.) In the fourteenth year of Enryaku, it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Upper (Nihon Kiryaku). In the fifth year of Jōgan, it advanced from Senior Fifth Rank Lower to Senior Fifth Rank Upper (Note: this passage of the text has "Oyama Deity," but judging from the ranks before and after it is clearly this deity. The Shinkaiki also writes it as "Ogami." It is therefore recorded here), in the twelfth year another rank was added, and in the third year of Gangyō it reached Junior Fourth Rank Upper (Sandai Jitsuroku).

¶Asai Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Akamaru village. Some also say that it is in Ishizutsumi village. It is not known which is correct.)

¶Under the Engi regulations all seven shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Engishiki).

¶Imizu District (Imizu-gun) (13 shrines)

¶Imizu Shrine. Also called the Futagami deity (following the standard histories from the Shoku Nihongi onward, Shoshin Kongen Shō, Shosha Kongenki. Note: it now stands at Yachi in Futagami village at the foot of Mount Futagami in Futagami estate, and is called Futagami Myōjin). It probably enshrines the ancestor of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of Imizu (Kuji Hongi, Sandai Jitsuroku, Engishiki). In the eleventh year of Hōki, it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Shoku Nihongi), and in the fourteenth year of Enryaku Junior Fifth Rank Upper was added (Nihon Kiryaku). In the seventh year of Jōwa, it advanced from Junior Fourth Rank Lower to Junior Fourth Rank Upper (Shoku Nihon Kōki), and in the first year of Saikō Junior Third Rank was added (Montoku Jitsuroku). In the first year of Jōgan it reached Senior Third Rank (Sandai Jitsuroku). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities (Engishiki. Note: the three characters for "renowned deity, major" are missing in this text, but they now follow one text. The Shosha Kongenki's assignment of this to the Keta shrine is an error.)

¶Michi Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Sakuji village.) Tradition says that it enshrines Hikoyanushitagokoro-no-Mikoto, the ancestor of the Michi-no-Kimi. His divine descendants still maintain the worship and call themselves the Miyagawa clan (shrine tradition).

¶Mononobe Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Higashi-Ebizaka village.)

¶Kakumi Shrine (2 shrines). (Note: it now stands in Kamishiro village.)

¶Kume Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Kumeyama in Ikeda village.) Tradition says that it enshrines Ōkume-no-Mikoto (local account).

¶Fuse Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Maruyama in Fuse village.) It probably enshrines Ōhiko-no-Mikoto, the ancestor of the Fuse-no-Asomi (Shōjiroku, Engishiki).

¶Hayakawa Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Hayakari village.) It probably enshrines Seoritsuhime-no-Kami (taking the general sense of the Engishiki).

¶Kushida Shrine. (Note: the character "da" was originally lacking, but it is supplied on the basis of the Sandai Jitsuroku. It now stands on Ōsawayama in Kushida village.) Tradition says that it enshrines Kushiinadahime-no-Mikoto (shrine tradition. Note: according to the Etchū Kyūji Ki, in ancient times there was a great serpent in the land that was about to swallow a woman, but when the woman threw a comb to ward it off, the deity could not approach, and she finally escaped the harm. For that reason the comb was worshipped as a deity. This is probably a garbled transmission of the story of Inadahime. That this shrine enshrines this deity can be inferred from it. This is added for reference.) In the eighteenth year of Jōgan, it was advanced from Senior Sixth Rank Upper to Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Sandai Jitsuroku).

¶Isobe Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Isobe village.)

¶Yashiro Shrine. (Note: it now stands at Miyatani in Kita-Yashiro village, Yashiro estate.)

¶Kusaoka Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Furumyōjin village.)

¶Keta Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Ichinomiyayama in Ichinomiya village. Both the Shosha Kongenki and the Shoshinki say that it received offerings from the state in the eighth year of Engi, but no clear evidence has yet been obtained, so this is added for reference.)

¶Under the Engi regulations twelve shrines were all ranked as minor shrines (Engishiki).

¶Nei District (Nei-gun) (7 shrines)

¶Anekura-hime Shrine. (Note: "ane" is sometimes written with a different character. It now stands in Funakura village, Niikawa district.)

¶Hayaboshi Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Mikado village.)

¶Shiratori Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Mita village.) Tradition says that it enshrines Yamato-takeru-no-Mikoto (local tradition). In the reign of Emperor Chūai, the Koshi Province obtained a white swan in this place and presented it. The white swan was none other than a divine spirit transformed. For that reason it was honored (Nihon Shoki. See local tradition).

¶Takuhireshi Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Shio village, Niikawa district.)

¶Kumano Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Miyaho village in Kumano district, Niikawa district.)

¶Sugihara Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Kuroda village.)

¶Usaka Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Usaka village.) In the twelfth year of Jōwa (845), it advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Lower to Junior Fifth Rank Upper (Shoku Nihon Kōki); in the second year of Jōgan Junior Fourth Rank Lower was added, in the fourth year it advanced one more rank, and in the ninth year it became Junior Third Rank (Sandai Jitsuroku). It is said that at each annual festival day the negi strikes unfaithful women with a staff as a warning, and this is called the Shiriuchi Festival, the Buttock-Beating Festival (Yakumo Mishō).

¶Under the Engi regulations all seven shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Engishiki).

¶Niikawa District (Niikawa-gun) (7 shrines)

¶Kamido Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Morishiri village.)

¶Takeishikatsu Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Yoshijima village.)

¶Ichiihara Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Namerikawa town.)

¶Yagokoro-Ōichihiko Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Mikkaichi village.)

¶Hioki Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Hioki village.) In the twelfth year of Jōwa, it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Shoku Nihon Kōki); in the second year of Jōgan it advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Upper to Senior Fifth Rank Upper (Note: "Senior" was written "Junior" in the original text, but it now follows one text), and in the ninth year it advanced from Junior Fourth Rank Lower to Junior Fourth Rank Upper (Sandai Jitsuroku).

¶Fuse Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Fusetsume village.)

¶Oyama Shrine. (Note: it now stands on the peak of Tateyama and is called Tateyama Gongen; this is probably it.) Tradition says that it enshrines Izanagi-no-Mikoto and Ame-no-Tajikarao-no-Kami (Wakan Sansai Zue, local account).

¶Under the Engi regulations all seven shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Engishiki).

¶Shrines Not Recorded in the Official Registers

¶Usaka-ane-hime Shrine and Usaka-tsuma-hime Shrine. The location of both shrines is now unknown (Note: there is a Usaka deity in Nei district, and one view takes it for these deities, but the ranks do not agree. It is therefore clear that these are shrines outside the Engishiki. It is therefore recorded here).

¶Ita Shrine. It now lies in Tonami district (the district name follows the account of the local people. Note: it stands at Iwara in Nakata village). In the fifth year of Jōgan, all three shrines advanced from Senior Sixth Rank Upper to Junior Fifth Rank Lower.

¶Tateboko Shrine. It now lies in Imizu district (Note: it stands in Shirakawa village). Tradition says that it enshrines the two deities Futsunushi and Takemikazuchi (the district name and deity names follow the Jinja Kakuroku and the local people's tradition). In the sixth year of Jōgan, it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower from Senior Sixth Rank Upper; in the thirteenth year it was raised to Junior Fifth Rank Upper; and in the sixth year of Gangyō it advanced to Senior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: in this passage of the text the rank advanced to is the same as the original rank, so it is now corrected).

¶Niikawa Shrine. It now lies in Niikawa district (the district name follows the Jinja Kakuroku and the local people's account. Note: it stands in Machishin-shō village). Tradition says that it enshrines Ōniikawa-no-Mikoto (the deity name follows the local people's account). In the ninth year of Jōgan, it was granted Junior Fourth Rank Lower from Senior Fifth Rank Upper, and in the eighteenth year it was raised to Junior Fourth Rank Upper.

¶Mita Shrine. It now lies in Imizu district (Note: it stands on Kinkeizan in Busshōji village). Tradition says that it enshrines the two deities Mitoshi and Ōtoshi (the district name follows the Jinja Kakuroku and the deity names the local people's account). In the ninth year of Jōgan, it advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Lower to Junior Fifth Rank Upper, and in the third year of Gangyō it was raised to Senior Fifth Rank Lower.

¶Kazumi Shrine. It now lies in Niikawa district (the deity name follows the local people's account. Note: it stands in Miyatsu village and is called Shō-Hachimangū. It is the Sōja of Kazumi district, and this is probably it). In the fifteenth year of Jōgan, it was advanced from Senior Sixth Rank Upper to Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Sandai Jitsuroku).

¶Tamuke Shrine. It lies in Tonami district, and is called in the world "the Tamuke deity of Mount Tonami" (Man'yōshū. Note: it now belongs to Kaga Province and stands on the ridge of Kurikara in Kurikara village, Kahoku district. Kurikara ridge is Mount Tonami itself). In the second year of Gangyō, it advanced from Senior Sixth Rank Upper to Junior Fifth Rank Lower.

¶Iwatakeo Shrine. It now lies in Tonami district (the district name follows the local people's account. Note: it stands in Nojiri village, and the area near the shrine land is called Iwatakeno). In the third year of Gangyō, it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower from Senior Sixth Rank Upper (Sandai Jitsuroku).

¶Echigo

¶Kubiki District (Kubiki-gun) (13 shrines)

¶Nunakawa Shrine. (Note: it now stands within the precinct of the Amatsu shrine in Ichinomiya village. Tradition says that it first stood at Seitate in Seitate village on Mount Kurohime, and passing through Yamazaki village moved to Yanagida village, and later moved to its present site and was called the Yanagida deity.) Tradition says that it enshrines Nunakawahime-no-Mikoto, with her father Nunakawahiko-no-Mikoto enshrined alongside (local tradition. Note: one account says that Kurohime-no-Mikoto is also enshrined alongside. Kurohime was none other than the mother of Nunakawahime, and her shrine is said to be on Mount Kurohime, also called Takashi-no-mine). Nunakawahime became a consort of Ōnamuchi-no-Kami and bore Takeminakata-no-Kami (Kuji Hongi).

¶Ōkami Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Ichinomiya village and is called Amatsu Shrine.) It probably enshrines Ōnamuchi-no-Kami (Nihon Shoki, local account). In the third year of Jōgan, it was granted Junior Fourth Rank Lower from Junior Fifth Rank Upper (Sandai Jitsuroku).

¶Abita Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Nagahama village.)

¶Kota Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Koda village and is called Uba-dake Myōjin.) Tradition says that it enshrines Ōnamuchi-no-Mikoto (local account; taking into account the Genpei Seisuiki and the Hokkoku Kikō). When Empress Jingū conquered Korea, this deity is said to have rendered service in protecting the northern sea (Hokkoku Kikō). In the third year of Jōgan, it advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Upper to Junior Fourth Rank Lower (Sandai Jitsuroku).

¶Sata Shrine. (Note: it now stands at Sosada in Miyadaira village and is called Kensansha Myōjin.) It probably enshrines the Great Deity Sata, that is, Ōkuninushi-no-Kami (shrine tradition. See Izumo no Kuni Fudoki).

¶Mononobe Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Mushi village in Mushi district and is called Mononobe Tenjin.) Tradition says that it enshrines Umashimaji-no-Mikoto (local account).

¶Mizushima Isobe Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Reihira village. Beside the shrine there is Isobeyama, and the area around it is called Mizushima-no-sato.)

¶Sugawara Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Sugawara village.)

¶Ikimi Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Ikio-yama in Yamada village, Shoyama, Igimi district.) It probably enshrines Ikatarashihiko-no-Miko, the ancestor of the Koshi-no-Ikenokimi (Kojiki, following the shrine's own tradition).

¶Eno Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Nadachi Ōmachi village in Esaki district.) It probably enshrines Takeuchi-no-Sukune, along with Yanushioshiotakeogokoro-no-Mikoto and Kagehime-no-Mikoto (Nihon Shoki, Echigo Fudoki Setsukai). Takeuchi was none other than the ancestor of the Enuma-no-Omi (Shōjiroku. Note: "numa" and "no" share a reading).

¶Aomi Shrine. (Note: it now stands at Aomi station.) It probably enshrines Shiinetsuhiko-no-Mikoto, the ancestor of the Aomi-no-Obito, a family of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of Kubiki (Kuji Hongi, Shōjiroku).

¶Maruta Shrine. (Note: it now stands at Miyashita in Maruta village.)

¶Hida Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Shayama in Miyauchi village and is called Hida Myōjin.) Tradition says that when Ōnamuchi-no-Kami came to this land leading the two deities Kotoshironushi and Takeminakata, he cleared the mountains and fields and opened roads, performing great meritorious service, and so a shrine was built to enshrine the three deities (shrine tradition).

¶Under the Engi regulations all thirteen shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Engishiki).

¶Koshi District (Koshi-gun) (6 shrines)

¶Miyake Shrine (2 shrines). (Note: it stands in Myōken village and is divided into two shrines. One is called Utsunomiya Myōjin and the other Myōken Myōjin. The Myōken shrine is now defunct. The village was originally named Miyake. "Miyake" and "Myōken" share a reading.) Tradition says that it enshrines Hatatakehiko-no-Mikoto, the ancestor of the Miyake-no-Hito, and Ōhiko-no-Mikoto (shrine tradition).

¶Kiribara Isobe Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Kamikiri village, Nishikoshi estate, Mishima district.)

¶Tsuno Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Miyauchi village.)

¶Oniu Shrine. (Note: it now stands at Shimazaki station in Nishikoshi estate, Mishima district, and is called Idata Myōjin. It is said that red earth is produced in this place. The shrine tradition says it enshrines Haniyasuhime, but judging from the shrine name it is thought that it probably enshrines Niutsuhime. This is added for reference.)

¶Unakushi Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Zaō village and is called Kinpō Shrine; this is probably it.) Tradition says that it enshrines the two deities Unakushihiko and Unakushihime (Echigo Fudoki Setsukai. Note: according to the Shōjiroku, a son of Ōhiko-no-Mikoto was called Hikosetate-no-Ōinakoshi-no-Mikoto. "Inakoshi" and "Unakushi" are close in sound and reading. From this, what this shrine enshrines is probably the husband and wife Ōinakoshi. This is added for reference.)

¶Under the Engi regulations all six shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Engishiki).

¶Mishima District (Mishima-gun) (6 shrines)

¶Mishima Isobe Shrine. (Note: it now stands at Hōjō station in Karuwa district and is called Kashima Myōjin.) It probably enshrines Kushihikata-no-Mikoto, a son of Ōmononushi-no-Mikoto, that is, the ancestor of the Isobe-no-Kimi (Shōjiroku, Engishiki).

¶Mononobe Shrine. (Note: it now stands at the foot of Kameokayama in Futada village, Karuwa district, and is called Futada Myōjin.) It probably enshrines the ancestor of the Futada Mononobe clan (Kuji Hongi, Shōjiroku, Engishiki).

¶Ugawa Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Biwajima village in Ugawa estate, Karuwa district.) It probably enshrines Ōyamatsumi-no-Mikoto (local account).

¶Taki Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Beppyama village, Karuwa district.)

¶Mishima Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Tsurugino village, Karuwa district.) It probably enshrines Ōyamatsumi-no-Mikoto (local account).

¶Ishii Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Ishii town in Izumozaki.) It probably enshrines Ōnamuchi-no-Kami (Note: there is an Iwai shrine in Ebara district of Musashi Province, said to enshrine Ōnamuchi. Considering this from the place name of the present location of this shrine, it can be shown that this too enshrines Ōnamuchi).

¶Under the Engi regulations all six shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Engishiki).

¶Uonuma District (Uonuma-gun) (5 shrines)

¶Uonuma Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Ōkura village and is called Hakkai Myōjin; this is probably it. Tradition says that it was originally on top of Hakkaisan.)

¶Ōmae Shrine. (Note: it now stands at the foot of Hakkaisan, in Ōsaki village.)

¶Sakamoto Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Kandachi village at the foot of Shibahara ridge and is called Kandachi Sansha Myōjin; this is probably it.)

¶Ime Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Sakuramachi, Ichinomiya village. It was originally at Imehara in the village. According to this village's old water register, there was a rice field called Imeda, and south of it a place called Komezaki.) Tradition says that it enshrines Ame-no-Kaguyama-no-Mikoto (local tradition).

¶Kawai Shrine. (Note: it now stands at Kawai in Kawaguchi village.)

¶Under the Engi regulations all five shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Engishiki).

¶Kanbara District (Kanbara-gun) (13 shrines)

¶Iyahiko Shrine. (Note: it is also written "Yahiko." It now stands in Yahiko village at the foot of Mount Yahiko.) It enshrines Ame-no-Kagoyama-no-Mikoto (Ichinomiya Ki, the norito held by the shrine officials. Note: "Iyahiko" is still equivalent to "descendant." Ame-no-Kagoyama was a child of Ame-no-Hoakari and in fact the great-grandson of the heavenly grandson. That is why it is so called.) Tradition says that the deity once traveled through this land and taught the people to boil seawater to make salt and to knot nets to fish. The people long revered his virtue and built a shrine to honor him (Echigo Meishōshi). When Emperor Ninmyō acceded, because prayers against drought and plague showed efficacy, it was ranked among the shrines of renowned deities. In the ninth year of Jōwa (842), it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Shoku Nihon Kōki), and in the third year of Jōgan it advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Upper to Junior Fourth Rank Lower (Sandai Jitsuroku). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities (Engishiki). Later it was called the First Shrine of Echigo Province (Shintōshū, Ichinomiya Ki. Note: the Shintōshū writes "Yaiko Daimyōjin.") The sacred hall was rebuilt about every thirty-three years, with the timber taken from Sado (Razan Bunshū). The shrines attached to it are very many, and six of them are famous, called the Six Princes (Rokuōji), all descendant deities of the deity (Razan Bunshū, Echigo Meishōshi). There are about six shrine officials called Oi-no-Tsukasa, all of the Owari-no-Muraji kin, descendants of the deity (the norito held by the shrine officials, Echigo Meishōshi).

¶Aomi Shrine (2 shrines). (Note: it now stands in Kamo town in Aomi district.) Tradition says that it enshrines Shiinetsuhiko-no-Mikoto and Ōnamuchi-no-Mikoto. It is said that among the shrine officials there is still the Aomi-no-Obito clan (local tradition).

¶Utsuraubashi Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Hashida village and is called Hie Shrine; this is probably it. Beside the shrine the name Uzurabashi, "Quail Bridge," still remains.)

¶Ikure Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Iguri village and is called Hachimangū.)

¶Tsukita Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Sanjō town in Ōtsuki estate and is called Hachimangū; this is probably it.)

¶Obuse Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Fuse valley in Kami-Honai village.) It probably enshrines Ōhiko-no-Mikoto, the ancestor of the Fuse-no-Asomi (Shōjiroku, Engishiki, Echigo Fudoki Setsukai).

¶Ikarashi Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Iida village in Igarashi estate. The village is said to have originally been named Igarashi.) Tradition says that Prince Ikatarashihiko moved to Echigo Province and lived at Kasugayama, toured the whole province, and finally built a palace and lived in the village of Igarashi. When he died, the people built a shrine and worshipped him (the shrine's origin tradition. Note: behind the shrine there is an old mound more than one jō high and more than twenty paces in circumference, surrounded by a moat and ditch, much like the form of an imperial tomb. It is probably the place where this prince was buried.) He was the ancestor of the Kasugayama-no-Kimi, the Koshi-no-Ikenokimi, and the Kasugabe-no-Kimi (Kojiki).

¶Nagase Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Miyazaki-kami village and is called Kumano Shrine. The shrine is on top of a ridge, with Nagase village at its foot.)

¶Nakayama Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Miyashita village and is called Yamaura Hachiman. It probably stood anciently in Nakayama village but later was moved to its present site.)

¶Ano Iino Shrine. (Note: "ano" is sometimes written with a different character.)

¶Funae Shrine. (Note: it now stands north of Akatsuka station and is called Funae Shinmei.)

¶Hanyūda Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Hanyūda village in Hanyū district.) Tradition says that it enshrines Haniyamahime-no-Mikoto (shrine tradition).

¶Under the Engi regulations twelve shrines were all ranked as minor shrines (Engishiki). The Hanyūda shrine was later called the Second Shrine of Echigo Province (Shintōshū).

¶Nutari District (Nutari-gun) (5 shrines)

¶Ōgata Shrine. (Note: Nutari district is now abolished and incorporated into Kanbara district. This shrine stands in Kawado village within that district. The locations of the following shrines likewise follow this pattern. Also, "Ōgata" probably means "great lagoon." The terrain of this village really is a lagoon, and so it probably has this name. This is added for reference.)

¶Ichikawa Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Matsuzaki village.)

¶Ishii Shrine. (Note: it is now defunct. On Ishiiyama in Ikimino station there is a shrine of Kannon called Iwaidō, said to be its old site. On top of the mountain there is still a stone well from which water always wells up, and the shrine name probably derives from it.)

¶Mikuri Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Nutari town and is called Hakusan-shō Shrine. Tradition says that it was originally on Ōsezan but later was moved to its present site.)

¶Kawai Shrine. (Note: it now stands at the confluence of two streams in Atsutazaka village and is called Kumano Myōjin.)

¶Under the Engi regulations all five shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Engishiki).

¶Iwafune District (Iwafune-gun) (8 shrines)

¶Iwafune Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Iwafuneyama in Iwafune town and is the general tutelary shrine of the district.) It probably enshrines Ame-no-Kagoyama-no-Mikoto (Futada Shaki). The deity rode in the heavenly rock-boat and first descended in this land. The boat is said to remain in the sea to this day (Echigo Meishōshi. Note: the Echigo Fudoki Setsukai takes the deity to be Nigihayahi-no-Mikoto, but this view probably arose because the story of the rock-boat is the best known. It seems to be an error.)

¶Kambara Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Katsuki village and is called Hachimangū. In local speech "kama" is pronounced "katsubo" or "katsugi," close in sound and reading to "Katsuki." From this, "Kambara" is "Katsukihara.")

¶Nishinami Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Senami town.)

¶Arakawa Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Koiwauchi village. Beside the shrine there is a river called the Arakawa.)

¶Taki Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Takiyama in Senami town. Some also say that it is in Sashiai village and is called Senami Hachimangū. It is not known which is correct.)

¶Urushiyama Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Budō ridge, also called Urushiyama, in Budō village, and is called Yabuki Myōjin.)

¶Momokawa Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Momokawa village and is called Hachimangū.)

¶Minato Shrine. (Note: it now stands at Takayama in Nanaminato village and is called Minato Myōjin.)

¶Under the Engi regulations all eight shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Engishiki).

¶Hamochi District (Hamochi-gun) (2 shrines)

¶Watatsu Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Iioka village.) Tradition says that it enshrines Itakeru-no-Mikoto (Ichinomiya Ki. Note: according to the Nihon Shoki, Itakeru-no-Mikoto at first followed Susanoo-no-Mikoto to Silla, then crossed eastward and returned to Izumo, and later crossed to Kii Province. The name "Watatsu" may perhaps derive from this. This is added for reference.) In ancient times it was probably called the Deity of Segaura. The deity's majesty was severe, and people did not readily approach it. In the fifth year of Emperor Kinmei, it is said that the Mishihase people raided the coast, finally invaded the sacred ground, and that most of those who drank water from thirst died (Nihon Shoki).

¶Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a minor shrine (Engishiki). Later it was called the First Shrine of Sado Province (Ichinomiya Ki).

¶Ōme Shrine. (Note: it stood in Ogōchi village in Ōme district but is now extinct. There is an Ōme grove, and only its name barely survives.)

¶Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a minor shrine (Engishiki).

¶Sawada District (Sawada-gun) (5 shrines)

¶Hikitabe Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Kanamaru village.) It probably enshrines Ōnamuchi-no-Mikoto, the ancestor of the Ōmiwa and Hikita-no-Kimi (Shoku Nihongi, Shōjiroku, Sado Shi).

¶Mononobe Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Ogura village.) In the tenth year of Enryaku, it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Shoku Nihongi).

¶Mike Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Ushiroyama village and is called Daizen Myōjin.)

¶Iimochi Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Kawachi village.) It enshrines Wakaukanome-no-Mikoto (Sado Shi).

¶Koshiki Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Sarahachi village.)

¶Under the Engi regulations all five shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Engishiki).

¶Kamo District (Kamo-gun) (2 shrines)

¶Ōhata Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Ōkura village.)

¶Atsukushihiko Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Nagae village and is called Atsukushihiko-no-Kami.)

¶Under the Engi regulations both shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Engishiki).

¶Shrines Not Recorded in the Official Registers

¶Hanamura Shrine, Sashiha Shrine, and Ōba Shrine. The location of the three shrines is now unknown. In the sixteenth year of Jōgan, the Hanamura deity of Senior Sixth Rank Upper was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower; in the second year of Gangyō the Sashiha deity of Senior Sixth Rank Upper was added Junior Fifth Rank Upper; and in the seventh year the Ōba deity of Senior Sixth Rank Upper was raised to Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Sandai Jitsuroku).