Treatise 15: Deities of Heaven and Earth XV: Shrines X: Kōzuke, Shimotsuke, Mutsu and Dewa

¶Province of Kōzuke (Kōzuke-no-Kuni)

¶Kataoka District (Kataoka-gun): 1 shrine

¶Obori Shrine (Note: it now stands in Ishihara village and is called Obori Myōjin.) In the fourth year of Gangyō (880), it was advanced from Senior Fifth Rank Lower to Senior Fifth Rank Upper and was granted the Twelfth Order of Merit (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. The register of deities within Kōzuke Province gives it as Junior First Rank.) Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a minor shrine (Note: following the Engishiki). In later times it was called the Seventh Shrine of the province (Note: following the Shintōshū).

¶Kanra District (Kanra-gun): 2 shrines

¶Nukisaki Shrine. Also called the Deity of Nukihoko (Nukihoko-no-Kami) (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. It now stands in Ichinomiya village. "Nukisaki" and "Nukihoko" share the same reading of the characters; the provincial register writes "hoko" with the character for "halberd," but the meaning is the same. The view that reads it in later times as "hoko" is mistaken). It enshrines Futsu-no-Mitama-no-Kami, the same deity as the one enshrined at the Isonokami Shrine in Yamato Province (Note: following the Kuji Hongi and the traditions of this shrine. The shrine officials, the Isobe clan, are descendants of the Mononobe-no-Kimi, an old family of this district, and share a common ancestor with Furu-no-Sukune; details are given in the Treatise on Clans. This shrine seems to be a branch enshrinement of that one. The Ichinomiya Ki says the deity is Futsunushi-no-Mikoto, probably because the Isonokami Shrine is also called the Futsunushi Shrine. This is added for reference). In the first year of Daidō (806), two households of fief were assigned to it in its home province (Note: following the Shinshō Kyakuchokufu). In the sixth year of Jōwa (839), it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki). In the first year of Jōgan (859), it was advanced from Senior Fifth Rank Lower and the Eighth Order of Merit to Junior Fourth Rank Lower. In the ninth year and again in the eighteenth year, it was raised one rank each time. In the third year of Gangyō (879), it was granted Senior Fourth Rank Upper. The next year it advanced to Junior Third Rank and the Seventh Order of Merit (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). In the sixteenth year of Engi (916), it was granted Junior Second Rank (Note: following the postscript of the Fusō Ryakki). When the Engi regulations were drawn up, it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities (Note: following the Engishiki. The provincial register gives Senior First Rank). In later times it was called the First Shrine of the province (Note: following the Shintōshū and the Ichinomiya Ki). In the second year of Kōwa (1100), Taira-no-Chikazane, the deputy governor (Mokudai) of the province, offered a precious sword and prayed for rain (Note: following the Zoku Honchō Monzui). In the first year of Kanki (1229), the shogun Fujiwara-no-Yoritsune sent an envoy to present a sword and a horse (Note: following the Azuma Kagami). The Isobe clan, a branch of the Mononobe-no-Kimi, served generation after generation in charge of its rites (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki and the Razan Bunshū).

¶Uge Shrine (Note: it now stands in Kannari village and is called Uge Myōjin.) Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a minor shrine (Note: following the Engishiki. The provincial register gives Junior First Rank).

¶Kuruma District (Kuruma-gun): 3 shrines

¶Ikaho Shrine (Note: the character "ka" is also written with another character; the provincial register has "Senior First Rank, Great Deity Ikaho." It now stands on Mount Ikaho.) Tradition says that it enshrines Ōnamuchi-no-Kami (Note: following the Shintōshū and the accounts of the local people). In the second year of Jōwa (835), it was counted among the renowned deities. In the sixth year it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki). In the ninth year of Jōgan (867), it advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Upper to Senior Fifth Rank Lower. In the eleventh and again in the eighteenth year, it was raised one rank each time. In the fourth year of Gangyō (880), it became Junior Fourth Rank Upper (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities (Note: following the Engishiki). In later times it was called the Third Shrine of the province (Note: following the Shintōshū).

¶Haruna Shrine (Note: this book writes the character "haru" in a form that means "camellia," but this is an error, and it has been corrected according to the provincial register. It now stands on Mount Haruna.) Tradition says that it enshrines Hikoyuki-no-Mikoto, together with Nigihayahi-no-Mikoto and Umashimade-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Kōzuke no Kuni Shi and the Harunasan Shi. These two works give "Hikoyuki" as "Motoyuhiko," which is an error, and it has now been corrected according to the Kuji Hongi. The provincial register gives Senior First Rank).

¶Kawasukune Shrine (Note: it now stands in Kawashima village.) In the thirteenth year of Jōwa (846), it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki). On the accession of Emperor Montoku, it was admitted among the official shrines (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku). In the ninth year of Jōgan, it advanced to Junior Fifth Rank Upper. In the eleventh and again in the eighteenth year, it was raised one rank each time. In the fourth year of Gangyō, it advanced to Junior Fourth Rank Lower (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. The provincial register gives Senior First Rank).

¶Under the Engi regulations these two shrines were both ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki). In later times the Kawa shrine was called the Fourth Shrine of the province and the Haruna shrine the Sixth (Note: following the Shintōshū).

¶Seta District (Seta-gun): 1 shrine

¶Akagi Shrine. Also called the Deity of Akagi Marsh (Akagi-numa-no-Kami) (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. It now stands on the eastern cliff of the Great Marsh on the summit of Mount Akagi, and the name "Deity of the Marsh" probably comes from this. In Mikayazawa village at the southern foot of the mountain there is another shrine, called the Deity of Akagi; this seems to have been enshrined in later times). Tradition says that it enshrines Ōnamuchi-no-Kami (Note: following the Kōzuke no Kuni Shi. According to various records of the deities, this shrine has two accompanying deities and is called the Three-Seat Myōjin of Akagi. But it is not known what the accompanying deities are. A poem on this shrine in the Fubokushū contains the words "the Kara shrine of Akagi," and judging from this, might the accompanying deities be the two seats of the Kara deities (Kara-no-Kami)? This is added for reference). In the sixth year of Jōwa (839), it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki). In the ninth year of Jōgan (867), it advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Upper to Senior Fifth Rank Lower. In the eleventh and again in the sixteenth year, it was raised one rank each time. In the fourth year of Gangyō (880), it advanced to Junior Fourth Rank Upper (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. The provincial register gives Senior First Rank). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities (Note: following the Engishiki). In later times it was called the Second Shrine of the province (Note: following the Shintōshū).

¶Yamada District (Yamada-gun): 2 shrines

¶Kamo Shrine (Note: it now stands in Shimohirosawa village and is called Kamo Myōjin.) It probably enshrines the Kamo deity of Yamashiro Province (Note: following the Engishiki. The headnote to the register of deities says it enshrines Ōyamakui-no-Kami, and the Shiki Monogatari and the Shoshinki make Ōyamakui one of the two seats of Kamo. The headnote may have relied on this, but it is probably an error, so it is not adopted here).

¶Miwa Shrine (Note: it now stands at Kiryūoka in Muramatsu village and is called Miwa Myōjin.) It enshrines Ōnamuchi-no-Mikoto (Note: following the headnote to the register of deities). In the fifteenth year of Enryaku (796), both shrines were admitted among the official shrines (Note: following the Nihon Kōki). In the fourth year of Gangyō, both advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Upper to Senior Fifth Rank Lower and were granted the Twelfth Order of Merit (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. The provincial register gives both shrines Junior First Rank). Under the Engi regulations both were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Nawa District (Nawa-gun): 2 shrines

¶Honoikazuchi Shrine (Note: it now stands in Shimomiya village and is called the Honoikazuchi Shrine. According to the Shintōshū, this shrine is the Upper Shrine and the Ninth Shrine is the Lower Shrine, but this is probably an error.) In the fifteenth year of Enryaku, it was made an official shrine by edict (Note: following the Nihon Kōki).

¶Shitori Shrine (Note: it now stands in Kamimiya village and is called Shitori Myōjin.) In the first year of Jōgan, it was admitted among the official shrines from Senior Sixth Rank Upper and soon afterwards was given Junior Fifth Rank Lower in addition (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). Under the Engi regulations both seats were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki. The provincial register gives both shrines Junior First Rank). In later times the Honoikazuchi shrine was called the Eighth Shrine of the province and the Shitori shrine the Ninth (Note: following the Shintōshū).

¶Sai District (Sai-gun): 1 shrine

¶Ōkuni Shrine (Note: the provincial register has "Junior First Rank, Ōkunitama Myōjin." It now stands in Shimobuchina village and is called Ōkuni Myōjin.) It enshrines Ōkunitama-no-Kami, the same deity as Sai-no-Kami of Yamato Province (Note: following the Engishiki and the provincial register. "Sai" in the two names shares the same sound and sense. Since this shrine enshrines the Sai-no-Aramitama while standing in Sai District, there must surely be some reason for it. This is added for later consideration). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a minor shrine (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Shrines Not Recorded in the Official Registers

¶Haiso Shrine. It stands in Usui District (Note: following the provincial register. This book gives "Junior Second Rank, Hakoso Myōjin." It now stands to the right of the Myōgi Gongen hall on Mount Hakuun, and is called the Local Guardian Deity (Jinushi-no-Kami). Originally it belonged to Kanra District, and this was probably the original shrine. About thirty chō to the southwest there is a place called Nakadake, with an inner shrine called Takeru Gongen. Or the Hakuunsan shrine is also called the Hakoso shrine; this was probably moved and enshrined privately by monks in later times. This is added for reference). Tradition says that it enshrines Yamato-takeru-no-Mikoto (Note: following the traditions of the local people. The local people say, "The deity loves wild garlic," and there is a garlic field in the shrine grounds, and anyone who trespasses on it will surely suffer divine punishment. This is probably said because of the old story of Yamato-takeru throwing garlic). In the first year of Jōgan, it advanced from Senior Sixth Rank Upper to Junior Fifth Rank Lower. In the third year of Gangyō, it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Upper. The next year it advanced from Senior Fifth Rank Lower to Senior Fifth Rank Upper and the Twelfth Order of Merit (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku).

¶Odaka Shrine. It stands in Tone District (Note: following the provincial register. A ridgepole tablet of the Tenshō era says "Odaka Suwa Shrine, the Sōja of Numata." It now stands in Gokan village in the Kanbe district.) Tradition says that it enshrines Hotakami-no-Mikoto, with Takeminakata-no-Mikoto as an accompanying deity. In very ancient times there was a great lake throughout the province, and Hotakami, together with Takeminakata, cut through the rock and opened the waters, bringing the land to level ground so that the people could live in peace. Numata and the surrounding region are such places today. For this reason a shrine was built and the deities were worshipped there (Note: following the traditions of the local people. In Shinano Province there is a Hotaka shrine enshrining Hotakami-no-Mikoto. "Odaka" and "Hotaka" are close in their readings, and judging from this, the tradition must have some origin). In the fifth year of Jōgan, it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower from Senior Sixth Rank Upper (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. The provincial register gives Junior First Rank).

¶Wakaikaho Shrine. It stands in Kuruma District (Note: following the provincial register. This book gives "Junior Fourth Rank Upper, Wakaikaho Myōjin," and it now stands southeast of Mount Ikaho, in Arima village). In the fifth year of Jōgan, it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower from Senior Sixth Rank Upper. In the third year of Gangyō, it advanced to Junior Fifth Rank Upper. The next year it advanced from Senior Fifth Rank Lower to Senior Fifth Rank Upper (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. In the entry for the third year of Gangyō in this book it is written "Wakaika," but the character "ho" has probably dropped out). In later times it was called the Fifth Shrine of the province (Note: following the Shintōshū).

¶Nyū Shrine. It stands in Kanra District (Note: following the provincial register. It now stands in Shimonyū village). It probably enshrines Niutsuhime-no-Kami (Note: following the Engishiki and the traditions of the local people). In the seventeenth year of Jōgan, it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower from Senior Sixth Rank Upper (Note: the provincial register gives Junior Third Rank).

¶Inaurachi Shrine. It now stands in Kanra District (Note: the district name follows the Kōzuke no Kuni Shi. It is probably the shrine on the summit of Mount Inakumi in Kuriyama village, called the Inakumi Shrine). In the fourth year of Gangyō, it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower and the Twelfth Order of Merit from Senior Sixth Rank Upper (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku).

¶Province of Shimotsuke (Shimotsuke-no-Kuni)

¶Tsuga District (Tsuga-gun): 3 shrines

¶Ōmiwa Shrine (Note: it now stands in Sōja village and is called Muroyashima Myōjin.) Tradition says that it enshrines Ōmononushi-no-Mikoto (Note: following the headnote to the register of deities and the Shimotsuke no Kuni Shi. According to the Engishiki, a shrine enshrining Ōmononushi is always written "Ōmiwa-no-Kami Shrine." The shrine written "Ōo Shrine" is that of the ancestral deity of the Ō clan. But no connection between the Ō clan and this province can be found. Moreover, the reading now in use is "Ōmiwa." On this basis, perhaps one character for "kami" has dropped out. For the present the headnote is followed).

¶Ōsaki Shrine (Note: it now stands in Ōsaki village and is called Ōsaki Myōjin.) Tradition says that it enshrines Ōnamuchi-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Shimotsuke no Kuni Shi).

¶Murahi Shrine (Note: it now stands on Hachimanyama in Onodera village.)

¶Under the Engi regulations all three shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Kawachi District (Kawachi-gun): 1 shrine

¶Futaarayama Shrine (Note: it now stands on the summit of Mount Futaara in Tsuga District.) It probably enshrines Toyokiirihiko-no-Mikoto, the ancestor of the Governors of Keno (Keno-no-Kuni-no-Miyatsuko) (Note: following the Nihon Shoki, the Kojiki, the Kuji Hongi and the Jinja Kō. Various works, including the headnote to the register of deities and the Shōryōshū Shō, say that it enshrines Kotoshironushi-no-Mikoto, or that it enshrines the two deities Ōnamuchi and Takeminakata, but none of these has a clear basis). In the third year of Jōwa (836), it advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Upper and the Fourth Order of Merit to Senior Fifth Rank Lower. In the eighth year it was again raised one rank (Note: the entry in this book says "Seventh Order of Merit, Senior Fifth Rank Lower"; both are errors, and it has been corrected here by reference to the surrounding entries). In the first year of Kashō (848), it was granted Junior Fourth Rank Lower (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki). Later Junior Third Rank was added. In the first year of Tenan (857), one household of fief was assigned to it (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku). In the first year of Jōgan, it advanced to Senior Third Rank. In the seventh year and again in the eleventh year, its rank was raised, until it reached Senior Second Rank (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities (Note: following the Engishiki). In later times it was called the First Shrine of the province (Note: following the Ichinomiya Ki), and was styled Futara Gongen (Note: following the Zoku Kokon Dan and the Kaikoku Zakki).

¶In the third year of Kennin (1203), Minamoto-no-Yoriie presented a sacred horse (Note: following the Azuma Kagami). The sacred-field lands numbered about a thousand chō, and it is said that the provincial governors did not subject them to survey (Note: following the Zoku Kokon Dan. According to this book, the Futaarasan Shrine stands on the summit of Mount Futaara, and a separate shrine stands at Utsunomiya. According to the Shimotsuke Fudoki, the Utsunomiya Shrine is at Utsunomiya in Kawachi District; it originally stood on Tarōdake of Mount Futaara and was later moved and enshrined at this place, and was called Jigen Tarō. This is the separate shrine. Minamoto-no-Yoritomo appointed Saemon-no-Jō Fujiwara-no-Tomotsuna to the office of shrine administrator, as an expression of thanks for having been able to destroy the Taira. Later, when he marched against Mutsu, he also offered ritual wands and said, "If I win the victory, I shall make one captive a priest of the shrine." When the matter was settled, he attached an estate to the shrine and made the kin of Hizume-no-Toshihira its administrators. Minamoto-no-Yoriie also continued to honor it. All of these matters appear in the Azuma Kagami. This shrine was exceedingly grand, so many in the world have taken it to be a shrine of the Engi register, and some views follow them. But the account in the Zoku Kokon Dan is clear and worthy of belief. It is therefore added here to correct the error).

¶Haga District (Haga-gun): 2 shrines

¶Ōsaki Shrine (Note: it now stands at Ōsaki in Tōgō village and is called Ōsaki Gongen.) Tradition says that it enshrines Ōnamuchi-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Shimotsuke no Kuni Shi).

¶Arakashi Shrine (Note: this is probably the shrine now standing in Koido village and called Arakashi Myōjin.)

¶Under the Engi regulations both shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Nasu District (Nasu-gun): 3 shrines

¶Takebuyama Shrine. Also called the Deity of Mumo (Mumo-no-Kami) (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. It now stands at Takebe village in the Mumo estate and is called the Takebeyama Shrine). It probably enshrines Yamato-takeru-no-Mikoto (Note: with reference to the Nihon Shoki, the Wamyō Shō and the Shimotsuke no Kuni Shi). In the second year of Jōwa (835), it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower. This was because gold dust was produced from the mountain (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki).

¶Onsen Shrine (Note: it now stands at Yumoto village below Mount Nasu and is called Yuizumi Myōjin.) Tradition says that it enshrines Ōnamuchi-no-Mikoto and Sukunahikona-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Shimotsuke no Kuni Shi and the Mutsu Shikisha Kō). In the fifth year of Jōgan, it advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Upper and the Fifth Order of Merit to Junior Fourth Rank Lower. In the eleventh year it was raised to Junior Fourth Rank Upper (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). At the Battle of Yashima, Nasu-no-Munetaka, a man of the province, who belonged to the eastern army, prayed to this deity and won renown for his archery (Note: following the Genpei Jōsuiki and the Heike Monogatari).

¶Miwa Shrine (Note: it now stands at Miyamoto in Miwa village and is called Miwa Myōjin.) It enshrines Ōmononushi-no-Kami (Note: following the Engishiki and the Shimotsuke no Kuni Shi). In the fifth year of Jōwa, it was admitted among the official shrines. In the fourth year of Gangyō, it advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Lower to Senior Fifth Rank Upper. In the first year of Ninna (885), Junior Fourth Rank Lower was added (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku).

¶Under the Engi regulations all three shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Samukawa District (Samukawa-gun): 2 shrines

¶Awa Shrine (Note: it now stands at Miyauchi in Awanomiya village in Tsuga District and is called Awanomiya Myōjin.) It enshrines Ame-no-Futodama-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Kogo Shūi and the Engishiki).

¶Munakata Shrine (Note: it now stands at Munakata in Samukawa village.) It enshrines the three Munakata deities of Chikuzen Province (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Engishiki).

¶Under the Engi regulations both shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Shrines Not Recorded in the Official Registers

¶Ikado Shrine. Its present location is unknown. In the seventeenth year of Jōgan, it advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Lower to Junior Fifth Rank Upper.

¶Kasoyama Shrine. It now stands in Tsuga District (Note: the district name follows the Shimotsuke no Kuni Shi. It is probably the shrine on Mount Sekiretsu in Kamikuga village, the neighboring village of Kaen village in the Kaso district, and called Ozaku Gongen). In the second year of Gangyō, it advanced from Senior Sixth Rank Upper to Junior Fifth Rank Lower.

¶Ayatsuhi Shrine. It now stands in Tsuga District (Note: the district name follows the Shimotsuke no Kuni Shi. It stands in Ōhashi village and is called the Ayatsuhi Hachimangū). It enshrines Ō-Ayatsuhi-no-Kami (Note: the enshrined deity and what follows refer to the Nihon Shoki). In the third year of Gangyō, Junior Fifth Rank Lower was added from Senior Sixth Rank Upper (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku).

¶Province of Mutsu (Mutsu-no-Kuni)

¶Shirakawa District (Shirakawa-gun): 7 shrines

¶Tsutsukowake Shrine (Note: it now stands in Yatsuki village and is called Chikatsu Myōjin.) Tradition says that it enshrines Ajisukitakahikone-no-Mikoto, with Yamato-takeru-no-Mikoto as an accompanying deity (Note: following the headnote to the register of deities, the Ichinomiya Ki, and the origin record of the Daizen-in at Yatsuki). When Yamato-takeru marched east and reached this land, eight earth spiders (tsuchigumo) were causing harm, and he shot and killed them with an eight-eyed humming arrow. For that reason he is said to have been enshrined as an accompanying deity (Note: following the Mutsu Fudoki handed down at the Daizen-in and the biography of this shrine). In the eighth year of Jōwa (841), on account of the Tenth Order of Merit, it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. In this book the entry is recorded under the day Mizunoto-Mi of the first month, but it is also recorded again under Mizunoto-Mi of the third month, and one of them is probably a superfluous repetition). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities (Note: following the Engishiki). In later times it was called the First Shrine of the province (Note: following the Ichinomiya Ki).

¶Iwatowake Shrine (Note: one account also writes it as Iwatowake Tenjin with different characters. The location of this shrine is not now clear. One view holds that it is on Mount Iwato in Nimaibashi village; another holds that it is in Baba village and is called Chikatsu Myōjin, and the latter view seems the closer.) It probably enshrines Ame-no-Iwatowake-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Kojiki and the Engishiki. The headnote to the register of deities says it enshrines Tajikarao-no-Mikoto, but this is thought to be a mistake arising from the story of that deity pushing open the rock-door of heaven, and so it is not adopted). In the fourth year of Hōki (773), two households of fief in its home province were assigned to it (Note: following the Shinshō Kyakuchokufu). In the tenth year of Jōwa, on account of the Ninth Order of Merit, it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki).

¶Shirakawa Shrine (Note: it now stands at the Shirakawa station and is called the Kashima deity.) It probably enshrines, by division, the Great Deity of Kashima in Hitachi Province (Note: following the Gahō Bunshū and the Shirakawa Koji Kō). In the fourth year of Hōki, two households of fief in its home province were assigned to it (Note: following the Shinshō Kyakuchokufu).

¶Yamizo-no-Mine Shrine. Also called the Deity of Yamizo Gold (Yamizo-no-Kogane-no-Kami) (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. It now stands on the summit of Mount Yamizo in Kuji District of Hitachi Province and is called Yamizo Myōjin). Tradition says that it enshrines the two deities Ōnamuchi and Kotoshironushi (Note: following the Yamizosan Shaki). In the third year of Jōwa, it had earlier been granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower on account of the Tenth Order of Merit, and in this year two households of fief were offered to it. This was because the sacred mountain produced much gold dust, which was useful as funds for the embassy to Tang China (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki).

¶Iitoyohime Shrine (Note: it now stands in Iitoyo village and is called the Kashima Daijingū.)

¶Nagakura Shrine (Note: it now stands in Nagasaka village and is called Shinmeigū. Its former name was Nagakura.) In the second year of Saikō (855), it was admitted among the official shrines (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku).

¶Iwatsutsukowake Shrine (Note: it now stands on Mount Tsutsugo in Minamisukama village in Ishikawa District and is called Hachimangū.)

¶These six shrines above were all ranked as minor shrines under the Engi regulations (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Katta District (Katta-gun): 1 shrine

¶Kattamine Shrine. Also called the Deity of Katta (Katta-no-Kami) (Note: following the Shinshō Kyakuchokufu. It now stands on Kumano Peak, the summit of Mount Ogatta. The peak spans the three districts of Katta, Shibata and Okitama in Dewa Province, and because its waters irrigate the fields of the three districts, people revere it and pilgrimages never cease; these are called the Kattamine pilgrimage.) Tradition says that it enshrines the two deities Ame-no-Mikumari-no-Kami and Kuni-no-Mikumari-no-Kami (Note: following the accounts of the local people). In the fourth year of Hōki, two households of fief in its home province were assigned to it (Note: following the Shinshō Kyakuchokufu). In the eleventh year of Jōwa, on account of the Ninth Order of Merit, it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower. In the first year of Kashō, it advanced to Senior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki). In the eleventh year of Jōgan, it advanced from Senior Fifth Rank Upper to Junior Fourth Rank Lower (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. The promotion of this year is recorded under the day Kanoto-U of the twelfth month, but it is also recorded under the entry for Tsuchinoe-Saru, and one of the two is probably a superfluous repetition). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Natori District (Natori-gun): 2 shrines

¶Taka Shrine (Note: it now stands in Tomizawa village.)

¶Sagūe Shrine (Note: it now stands between Kasajima village and Shiode village.) It enshrines Funato-no-Kami, called in the world the Deity of the Roadside (Dōsojin) (Note: following the Nihongi Sanso, the Jindai no Maki Kuketsu, and the Genpei Jōsuiki). In the reign of Emperor Ichijō, Fujiwara-no-Sanekata became governor of this province, and as he rode past Kasajima he saw a shrine by the roadside and passed by without paying his respects. Soon his horse fell dead, and before long Sanekata himself died, so people considered it the curse of the deity. This is the shrine in question (Note: following the Genpei Jōsuiki).

¶Under the Engi regulations both shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Miyagi District (Miyagi-gun): 4 shrines

¶Shiwahiko Shrine (Note: it now stands north of the Iwakiri River in Iwakiri village and is called Kamurikawa Myōjin, or Shiwa Dōjō-gū.) It enshrines Funato-no-Kami (Note: following the Shiogama-sha Engi), and this is a deity attached to the Shiogama Shrine. It is styled Moshiobahiko-no-Kami and Moshiobahime-no-Kami (Note: following the Shiogama-sha Ki. According to this book, within the shrine grounds there is a place called Shiwa Dōjō, which is a relic of the Great Deity of Shiogama storing salt. This deity probably presided over the boiling of salt, and so has the title Shiwahiko. This is added to assist consideration). In the first year of Jōgan, it advanced from Senior Fifth Rank Lower and the Fourth Order of Merit to Junior Fourth Rank Lower (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Hanabushi Shrine (Note: the Chōya Gunsai writes the character "hana" as "haya." It now stands east of the Shiogama Shrine at Hanabuchi Beach and is called the Hanabuchi Shrine. Originally it stood about five ri east of Hosaki on Mount Tarumi, but during the Hōki era its divine spirit was moved to Hanabuchi Beach. According to the local people, the old site lies on the seabed off Hosaki; there were an Eastern Shrine and a Western Shrine, about two chō apart from each other, called Daikon Myōjin. They say that the treasure hall, the jeweled fence and so on still remain, and can be faintly made out when the tide goes out. The two small stone shrines now standing east of this shrine are said to be its places of distant worship.) Tradition says that it enshrines Funato-no-Kami (Note: following the Shiogama-sha Engi). In the eleventh year of Jōwa, it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Izusame Shrine (Note: the character "me" is also written with another character. It now stands in Iidoi village and is called Itsusahime Shrine.) In the second year of Ninju (852), Senior Fifth Rank Lower was added (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku).

¶Taga Shrine (Note: it now stands in Ichikawa village and is called Sōsha Myōjin.) In the fifteenth year of Enryaku, it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: following the Nihon Kōki).

¶Under the Engi regulations both of these shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Kurokawa District (Kurokawa-gun): 4 shrines

¶Suki Shrine (Note: it now stands in Komaba village and is called Akasaki Myōjin.)

¶Ishigamiyama-dama Shrine (Note: it now stands in Yoshida village. Behind the shrine is a huge rock more than ten jō high, of very strange appearance, and this is worshipped as the deity. It is now called Iwagami Myōjin.) In the ninth year of Enryaku (790), it was made an official shrine (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi).

¶Kashima-Amatarashiwake Shrine (Note: it now stands on Mount Kamekuni in Ōkame village. A ridgepole tablet of the Bunmei era gives "Kamekuniyama Myōjin.") It is a deity descended from Kashima (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). In very ancient times the two deities Takemikazuchi-no-Mikoto and Futsunushi-no-Mikoto, with Funato-no-Kami as guide, swept away the violent deities, and their achievement reached as far as the eastern lands (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). Because their efficacy on the frontier was not limited to a single generation, this province often worshipped these two deities, and many shrines preserving the lineage of those deities remain in the various districts and were later all given shrines for worship. Child deities of Katori (Katori-no-Mikogami) are found in the two districts of Oka and Kurihara, and the shrines called the Descendant Deities of Kashima (Kashima Byōei-no-Kami) number about thirty-eight; this shrine, the Itsunohike, Onata and Amatarashiwake deities of Watari District, and the child deities of Oka and Namekata districts are among them. Among these, the most renowned are those whose spiritual power is manifest, which calm the customs of the frontier and have not declined even down to later ages (Note: with reference to the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Engishiki).

¶Gyō Shrine (Note: it now stands in Shitoda village and is called Shiwa Myōjin. "Yuki" in its name reads as "yuki" of Yuki and Suki; at the Great Thanksgiving Rite (Daijōsai), the provinces and districts of Yuki and Suki are determined by divination and a ritual hall is built in that place. Now that there are in this district both this shrine and the Suki shrine, they may be the sites of old ritual halls. But there is no verification in the histories, so this is added for reference).

¶Under the Engi regulations all four shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Kami District (Kami-gun): 2 shrines

¶Iitoyo Shrine (Note: it now stands on Mount Funagata in Oguriyama village and is called Funagata Gongen.)

¶Kamiishi Shrine (Note: it now stands at Onoda Hongō. Beside the shrine is a huge rock one jō eight shaku on each side, called the Kamiishi deity.)

¶Under the Engi regulations both shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Shikama District (Shikama-gun): 1 shrine

¶Date Shrine (Note: it now stands in Shikama village in Kami District.) It is probably the same deity as the Itate Shrine of Shikama District in Harima Province (Note: following the Harima Fudoki and the Engishiki. The Itate shrine of Harima enshrines Itakeru-no-Mikoto, and "Shikama" of Harima and "Shikama" of Shikama in this province, and "Itate" and "Date," share the same sounds and meanings in their respective readings, so it is clear that this is the same deity. But the shrine's own tradition makes it the Gōtori Myōjin, enshrining Futsunushi-no-Mikoto and jointly enshrining the Deity of Shiogama; this probably arose through mistaking the "Shikama" of this place for the "Shiogama" of the other, and so this account came about. It is also said to have been founded by Sakanoue-no-Tamuramaro in the Daidō era, but this too is doubtful. Tamuramaro probably merely had it repaired. None of these is adopted here). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Tamatsukuri District (Tamatsukuri-gun): 3 shrines

¶Onsen Shrine (Note: it now stands at Yumoto in Naruko village.) It enshrines Ōnamuchi-no-Mikoto (Note: following the headnote to the register of deities. In Ou District of Izumo Province there is the Tamatsukuri-yu Shrine, which enshrines Ōnamuchi-no-Kami, and since this shrine too is in Tamatsukuri District, there must be some origin in this). In the fifth year of Jōgan, it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. There is also an Onsen Shrine in Iwaki District of this province, and it is in fact not known which of the two shrines received the rank. For the present it is assigned to this one).

¶Araogawa Shrine (Note: it originally stood at the foot of Mount Araoga in Kamimiya village, beside the Araogawa River, but it has now been moved to Onikōbe village in Kurihara District and is called Sanjūrokusho Myōjin.)

¶Onsen-ishigami Shrine. Also called the Hot Spring Deity of Tamatsukuri (Tamatsukuri-no-Onsen-no-Kami), or the Rock Deity of the Tamatsukuri Barrier Hot Spring (Tamatsukuri-no-Sae-no-Onsen-ishigami) (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. It now stands at Kawado in Ōguchi village). It enshrines Sukunahikona-no-Mikoto (Note: following the headnote to the register of deities). In the fourth year of Jōwa, the rock deity shook, and the sound was like thunder. The hot spring boiled up, and its color was like rice-rinsing water. By imperial command, the provincial governor was made to offer apology for the calamity. In the tenth year it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki).

¶Under the Engi regulations all three shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Watari District (Watari-gun): 4 shrines

¶Kashima-Itsunohike Shrine (Note: it now stands on Mount Kashima in Oyama village.)

¶Kashima-Onata Shrine (Note: it now stands within the precincts of the Itsunohike shrine.)

¶Abukuga-haku Shrine (Note: one account also writes it as Abukumamizu. It now stands in Tazawa village and is called Abukumagawa Myōjin.) It probably enshrines the two deities Hayaakitsuhiko-no-Kami and Hayaakitsuhime-no-Kami (Note: following the Kojiki, the Engishiki and the accounts of the local people). In the fifth year of Jōgan, on account of the Tenth Order of Merit, it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku).

¶Kashima-Amatarashiwake Shrine (Note: it now stands on Oyama in Kashima village. Its old site was on Mount Mikado in Jinguji village. In the fourth year of Tengyō (941), it was moved to Kita-Kashima village, and afterwards it was moved again to its present place.)

¶Under the Engi regulations all four shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Shinobu District (Shinobu-gun): 5 shrines

¶Azumayanuma Shrine (Note: it originally stood on Mount Gorin in Ōsasao village, but it has now moved to Irieno village in Amarume district. More than twenty villages of the district worship it together.) It probably enshrines Yamato-takeru-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Mutsu Shikisha Kō and the Ōshū Kikō). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Kashima Shrine (Note: it now stands at Kashimamori in Toriyano village.) Tradition says that it enshrines Takemikazuchi-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi and the traditions of the local people). In the first year of Enryaku (782), because its prayers for the suppression of rebels proved efficacious, it was granted the Fifth Order of Merit and two households of fief in its home province (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi and the Shinshō Kyakuchokufu).

¶Kuronuma Shrine (Note: it now stands at the foot of Mount Shinobu in Miyama village and is called Kuronuma Myōjin.) Tradition says that it enshrines the Great Deity of Kuronuma and Ishihime-no-Mikoto (Note: following the tradition of this shrine).

¶Azumayakuni Shrine (Note: it now stands at Amanuma in Nakano village and is called Azumayakuni Sansha Myōjin. Its old site was at a place called Chosaki within the village.) Tradition says that it enshrines Tachibanahime-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Tōsū Tanki and the Ōshū Kikō).

¶Shirawase Shrine (Note: it originally stood on Mount Eboshi in Ōsasao village but was later moved to Mount Ito. According to the Ōshū Kikō, this shrine, together with the Azumayanuma and Azumayakuni shrines, all originally stood on Shinobu Peak and were later moved and enshrined at three places.) Tradition says that it enshrines Ugano-Mitama-no-Mikoto, with Yamato-takeru-no-Mikoto as an accompanying deity (Note: with reference to the Tōsū Tanki, the Junrei Kyū Shinshi Ki, and the accounts of the local people). In very ancient times the lands of the two districts of Date and Shinobu were all vast marshland. When Yamato-takeru marched east, he prayed to the deities to open the waters and brought the land to level ground. For that reason a shrine was built and he was worshipped there (Note: following the Tōsū Tanki). Under the Engi regulations all four shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Shida District (Shida-gun): 1 shrine

¶Shikitama-hayamitama Shrine (Note: at present there is a place called Shikitamamori in Niinuma village, and this is its old site. According to the Kuji Hongi, the provincial governors of neighboring regions such as Shinobu and Shirakawa all descend from Ame-no-Yutsuhiko-no-Mikoto, and among his descendants is Akihayatama-no-Mikoto. One may think that people of that family worshipped him as a deity and gave him the name Shikitama-hayamitama. This is added for reference). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a minor shrine (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Iwaki District (Iwaki-gun): 7 shrines

¶Ōkunitama Shrine (Note: it now stands in Suganami village in Iwasaki District and is called Ōkunitama Myōjin.) It enshrines Ōmononushi-no-Kami (Note: following the Iwaki Meishō Ryaku and the Shinmeichō Kō). In later times the places of Hiraokubo, Yanome, Kunitama and others within the district were assigned to it as divine domain. In the sixteenth year of Shōhei (1361), the Northern Court confirmed the exemption from tribute and taxes and ordered the head priest to devote himself solely to prayers (Note: following the Taga Mohon Komonjo).

¶Futamata Shrine (Note: it now stands in Shimo-Ogawa village and is called Futamata Hachimangū.)

¶Onsen Shrine (Note: it now stands at Yumoto village in Iwasaki District and is called Onsen Myōjin.) Tradition says that it enshrines the two deities Ōnamuchi and Sukunahikona (Note: following the Junrei Kyū Shinshi Ki and the Jinja Kakuroku).

¶Samakune Shrine (Note: it now stands in Sumiyoshi village in Iwasaki District and is called Sumiyoshi Myōjin.) It enshrines the three Sumiyoshi deities (Note: following the Nihon Shoki, the Engishiki and the Iwaki Meishō Ryakuki).

¶Kashima Shrine (Note: it now stands in Kamiyada village in Iwasaki District and is called Kashima Myōjin.)

¶Kokuwakura Shrine (Note: it now stands at Agedodai in Hiramachi in Iwasaki District and is called Kokuwakura Inari Myōjin.)

¶Under the Engi regulations all seven shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Shineha District (Shineha-gun): 1 shrine

¶Kusano Shrine (Note: the character "kusa" is also written with another character. It originally stood on Kusano Kojima in Ukedo village, but it has now moved to a place in the village facing east.) Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a minor shrine (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Oshika District (Oshika-gun): 10 shrines

¶Hitsujisaki Shrine (Note: it originally stood on the summit of Mount Hakozaki in Minato village, but it has now moved to the foot of the mountain and is called Hakozaki Myōjin. According to the local people, on the mountain top there is a stone about three shaku high, called the Box Stone or the Handbox Stone. North of the mountain there is another hill, round in shape, with a small pond about five shaku across below it, called the Mirror Pond. It was probably an ancient burial mound with a shrine to a deity set up to match it, but the name of the deity has not been handed down.) In the first year of Jōgan, it was granted Junior Fourth Rank Lower from Senior Fifth Rank Lower and the Fifth Order of Merit (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Katori-Izu-no-Miko Shrine (Note: it now stands in Wafuchi village in Monou District and is called Wafuchi Myōjin.) It probably enshrines the child deity of Futsunushi-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Engishiki). Tradition says that in very ancient times, when Futsunushi-no-Mikoto marched east, he moored his boat at the shore of Hitachi, reached Funashima to the west of Mount Wafuchi, and then went on to Mount Funasawa to the east, where at last he built a shrine and was enshrined. Funasawa is said to be the old site of this shrine (Note: following the tradition of the shrine).

¶Igohayawake-no-Mikoto Shrine (Note: one account also writes it as Igu-no-Hawake; it seems that the character "ya" has dropped out below "ha." It now stands at Obura Beach on Tōjima and is called Haguro Gongen.) It probably enshrines Ikohayawake-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Suinin (Note: following the Kojiki and the Engishiki). In the fourth year of Hōki, two households of fief in its home province were assigned to it (Note: following the Shinshō Kyakuchokufu).

¶Soba Shrine (Note: it now stands on Mount Sobakami in Hebita village and is commonly called Soba Kamiyama Myōjin.)

¶Toya Shrine (Note: it now stands on Mount Toyazaki in Hebita village and is called Toyazaki Myōjin.)

¶Kashima-Miko Shrine (Note: it now stands on Kashimadai, northwest of Mount Kōjitsu in Kadowaki village.) Tradition says that the two deities Takemikazuchi-no-Mikoto and Futsunushi-no-Mikoto came first to this place in a boat of stone, and hauled up and cast in a great anchor. For this reason the place was named Ishinomaki. Futsunushi-no-Mikoto afterwards went on to the place called Kanomata, while Takemikazuchi-no-Mikoto stayed in this place and was enshrined there (Note: following the traditions of the local people). This shrine probably enshrines their child deity (Note: how these two deities took charge of the inner lands is not verified in the old histories, but their traces are often preserved in the sayings of the local people. That the Shiogama Shrine enshrines these two deities is the most striking example, and according to the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Engishiki, this province has more than one shrine of the descendant deities of Kashima and the child-deity shrines of Katori. The traditions of the local people are probably not without some basis).

¶Ōshima Shrine (Note: it now stands on Mount Kinka in Ayukawa village. According to the old people, in former times to visit the deity of Mount Kinka was called "Ōtori-mōde." This may serve as evidence that this shrine is the Ōshima deity.) In the fifth year of Jōgan, on account of the Ninth Order of Merit, it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: this book gives the name of the deity as "Ii-Ōshima-no-Kami," but it is clear that a character such as "toyo" has dropped out below "ii." However, there are four shrines in this province bearing the character "ii," and it is not known which deity this is. This is added to await later consideration).

¶Kujihina Shrine (Note: it now stands on Mount Jōhō in Takagi village and is called Jōbon Gongen.)

¶Kesema Shrine (Note: it is probably the shrine now standing at Kamamae in Kesennuma village in Motoyoshi District and called Ryūjinja.) In the first year of Jōgan, it advanced from Senior Fifth Rank Upper and the Fourth Order of Merit to Junior Fourth Rank Lower (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku).

¶These eight shrines above were all ranked as minor shrines under the Engi regulations (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Monou District (Monou-gun): 6 shrines

¶Kesema-Ōshima Shrine (Note: it now stands on Kameyama in Ōshima village, on the sea off Kesennuma in Motoyoshi District, and is called Shima Myōjin.) Tradition says that it enshrines Tagitsuhime-no-Mikoto (Note: following the accounts of the local people). In the first year of Jōgan, it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Upper from Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Iinoyama Shrine (Note: it now stands at Miyamori on Mount Iino in Iino village. According to the sayings of the local people, it enshrines the three deities Wakumusubi-no-Kami, Ōyamatsumi-no-Kami and Ukemochi-no-Kami. Long ago, when Yamato-takeru marched east and reached this place, the provisions had run out, and a deity provided for the army, and so a shrine was built and he was worshipped. The name "Iino" is also said to come from this. For the present it is added for reference).

¶Hitakami Shrine (Note: some copies have the character "no" below "mi." It now stands on Mount Hitakami in Ōta village.) In the first year of Jōgan, it advanced from Senior Fifth Rank Upper and the Fifth Order of Merit to Junior Fourth Rank Lower (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku).

¶Futamata Shrine.

¶Ishigami Shrine (Note: it now stands on Mount Ishimine in Ōhama village in Oshika District and is called Ishimine Gongen. On the southeast of the mountain top there is a huge rock about four jō high, shaped like an overturned boat. It looks as though it might topple and fall at any moment, and those who see it are said to feel awe naturally.) In the second year of Ninju, it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku).

¶Koei Shrine (Note: it now stands at Koeimori, southeast of Yanaizu village in Motoyoshi District. This shrine has now fallen into disuse, and there is a temple enshrining a Kokūzō Buddha image, which is its old site.) Under the Engi regulations all five shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Namekata District (Namekata-gun): 8 shrines

¶Taka Shrine (Note: the character "ka" is also written with another character. It now stands in Taka village.) It enshrines Izanagi-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Nihon Shoki, the Engishiki and the accounts of the local people). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Takakura Shrine (Note: it now stands on Takakuramine in Oshikama village and is called Takakura Myōjin. Oshikama is the land of the former Takakura village.)

¶Himatsuri Shrine (Note: it now stands in Ōkame village.) It probably enshrines Takamimusubi-no-Mikoto, the ancestor of the Himatsuri-no-Muraji (Note: following the Shōjiroku and the Engishiki. According to the Shōjiroku the Himatsuri clan is of the same stock as the Ōtomo-no-Sukune, and the Shoku Nihongi says that the Ōtomobe living in this district were granted the family name Ōtomo-no-Namekata-no-Muraji. From this, this shrine may have been served by that family. This is added for reference).

¶Kanmurimine Shrine (Note: it now stands in Reikubo village.)

¶Mihakashi Shrine (Note: it now stands in Kita-Migita village and is called Mitsurugi Myōjin.) Tradition says that it enshrines Futsunushi-no-Mikoto (Note: following the accounts of men of old).

¶Kashima-Miko Shrine (Note: it now stands in Kashima village and is called the Kashima Shrine.) It enshrines Takehayao-no-Mikoto, the child of Kashima (Note: following the origin record of this shrine).

¶Masutamine Shrine (Note: it now stands on Masutamine in Ōi village.)

¶Oshio Shrine (Note: it now stands in Oshikama village.)

¶Under the Engi regulations the seven shrines above were all ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Kurihara District (Kurihara-gun): 7 shrines

¶Shiwahime Shrine (Note: it now stands in Sakurame village.) It is probably a deity of the same kin as the Shiwahiko deity worshipped in Miyagi District. In the first year of Jōgan, it advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Upper and the Fourth Order of Merit to Junior Fourth Rank Lower (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Hyōtō Shrine (Note: it now stands on Mount Kachō in Ono village.)

¶Oei Shrine (Note: it now stands on Mount Oei in Tsukidate village.) Tradition says that it enshrines Odoyamatsumi-no-Kami (Note: following the Ōshū Kikō).

¶Komagatane Shrine (Note: some copies lack the character "ne." It now stands on the summit of Mount Komagata in Numakura village in the Agatsu district and is called the Mountain Shrine (Dake-no-Miya). On its eastern foot stands one shrine called the Village Shrine (Sato-no-Miya), which is a place of distant worship. In all, 116 villages in the three districts of Kurihara, Iwai and Ogachi in Dewa take this shrine as their general guardian. According to local tradition, the deities enshrined are Amaterasu-Ōmikami and Agatsu-no-Mikoto, the same as those enshrined at the Komagata shrine of Isawa District.)

¶Waga Shrine (Note: it now stands in Hagisawa village and is called Niiyama Gongen.)

¶Katori-Miko Shrine (Note: it now stands at Aono in Tsukidate village.)

¶Oruwashiwake-ishi Shrine (Note: it now stands in Ishikoshi village and is called Takebe Myōjin. According to the Shoku Nihongi, in the reign of Empress Genshō, Orashibetsu-no-Kimi Usomina, a barbarian (Emishi) of Mutsu, petitioned to build a district office in Kōa village and became a registered subject. "Oru" and "Ora" are close in sound, and the characters for "ishi" and "kimi" are similar in form. One may think that the Orashibetsu clan perhaps worshipped their ancestor. This is added for reference).

¶Under the Engi regulations the six shrines were all ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Isawa District (Isawa-gun): 7 shrines

¶Iwa Shrine (Note: it now stands at Ishigami in Kami-Koromogawa village and is called Niishi Myōjin.)

¶Komagata Shrine (Note: it now stands on the summit of Mount Komagata in Nishine village.) In the first year of Ninju (851), it was granted Senior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku). In the fourth year of Jōgan, it advanced to Junior Fourth Rank Lower.

¶Wagaetoage Shrine.

¶Ishidesegi Shrine. It stands at the Chinjufu (Note: it now stands in Kuroishi village in Esashi District and is called Kuroishi Myōjin, or Ninomiya Myōjin). In the fourth year of Jōgan, it was admitted among the official shrines from Senior Sixth Rank Upper (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku).

¶Isawagawa Shrine (Note: it has now fallen out of existence. Its old site was beside the Isawa River in Wakayanagi village.)

¶Todoi Shrine (Note: it originally stood in Tsudori village, but it has now moved to Nakahata village.)

¶Orohe-shi Shrine (Note: it now stands at Shimo-Arashie in Wakayanagi village and is called Saruyama Myōjin.)

¶Under the Engi regulations all seven shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Nita District (Nita-gun): 1 shrine

¶Komatsu Shrine (Note: it now stands at Sakado in Nitta village in Kurihara District and is called Koyama Deity.) It is probably the same deity as the one enshrined at the Komatsu shrine in Shimōsa Province (Note: following the Engishiki and the documents of the Shimōsa Kanzaki shrine). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a minor shrine (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Iwase District (Iwase-gun): 1 shrine

¶Hokotsuki Shrine (Note: it now stands halfway up Mount Kamei in Hoko village and is called the Kashima Shrine.) Tradition says that it enshrines Yamato-takeru-no-Mikoto, with the Great Deity of Kashima as a jointly honored deity (Note: with reference to the Junrei Kyū Shinshi Ki and the accounts of the local people). When Yamato-takeru marched east and reached this place, he stood the holly-wood halberd he carried and rested. For that reason the place was named Hokotsuki ("halberd-thrust"), and the mountain was called Kamii ("where the deity dwells") (Note: following the accounts of the local people). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a minor shrine (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Aizu District (Aizu-gun): 2 shrines

¶Isasumi Shrine (Note: the character "su" is also written with another character. It now stands in Takada village in Ōnuma District.) It enshrines Izanagi-no-Mikoto and Izanami-no-Mikoto (Note: following the headnote to the register of deities and the Aizu Fudoki). In the tenth year of Jōwa, it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities (Note: following the Engishiki). In later times it was called the Second Shrine of the province (Note: following the inscription on the sacred body quoted in the Aizu Fudoki).

¶Kogaikuni Shrine (Note: it now stands at Kogaiguchi-machi in Wakamatsu.) It enshrines Wakumusubi-no-Kami (Note: following the headnote to the register of deities and the Aizu Fudoki). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a minor shrine (Note: following the Engishiki). The local people, each time the silkworm raising is over, offer new cocoons and perform a rite of repaying the origin, and this has continued to the present day, it is said (Note: following the Kanseki Bunrōshi).

¶Oda District (Oda-gun): 1 shrine

¶Koganeyama Shrine (Note: it now stands at Koganesako in Wakuya village in Tōda District. The world takes the shrine on Mount Kinka in Oshika District as the main shrine, but this is a mistake.) In the first year of Tenpyō-shōhō (749), gold was produced for the first time on Mount Oda (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi and the Man'yōshū). On this account a shrine was built and the deity of the mountain was worshipped. Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a minor shrine (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Iwama District (Iwama-gun): 1 shrine

¶Iwahashi Shrine (Note: the character "iwa" is also written with another character. It originally stood on the summit of Mount Bandai, but it was later moved to Mount Mine in Mine village.) In the second year of Saikō, it was granted Junior Fourth Rank Lower (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a minor shrine (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Shiwa District (Shiwa-gun): 1 shrine

¶Shikariwake Shrine (Note: it now stands in Sakuramachi village and is called Akaishi Shichisha Myōjin.) In the second year of Ninju, Senior Fifth Rank Lower was added (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a minor shrine (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Kesen District (Kesen-gun): 3 shrines

¶Rikukodan Shrine, Tonakoshi Shrine and Kinutate Shrine (Note: these three shrines now all stand on the summit of Mount Hikami in Takada village, and are called the West Hall, Middle Hall and East Hall. They are each more than ten chō apart from the others, and together are called the Three Shrines Gongen of Hikami, serving as the guardian of the whole district. According to the local people, there is a mountain more than fifty chō north of Hikami, and this is the old site of Rikukodan. Another mountain lies seven or eight chō to its northwest, and this is the old site of Tonakoshi. Further mountains lie sixteen or seventeen chō to the west, called Kinutate Peak, and this too is said to be a remnant site. Small shrines still remain at some of them). In the second year of Ninju, Senior Fifth Rank Lower was added to the deity Tonakoshi, and Junior Fifth Rank Lower was granted to the two deities Rikukodan and Kinutate (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku). Under the Engi regulations all were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Asaka District (Asaka-gun): 3 shrines

¶Unakorowake Shrine (Note: the characters for "wake" are also written differently. It now stands in Hachiman village and is called Hachimangū, and serves as the guardian of the thirty-three settlements in the district. Its old site is said to have been on Mount Takahata to the west of the shrine. According to one account it originally stood on Mount Kura and was called Una Myōjin, but was later moved to the foot of Mount Suga at Motomiya station in Adachi District.) In the fourteenth year of Jōwa, it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki). In the eleventh year of Jōgan, it advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Upper to Senior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Iitoyowake Shrine (Note: it originally stood on the summit of Mount Adatara in Adachi District and was called Koshiki Myōjin, but it was later moved to the foot of Mount Suga at Motomiya station, and together with Unakorowake and with Negi-no-Ōtoji, Iitsume and the deity of Yōhi Hot Spring, it is called Adatarō Myōjin and serves as the general guardian of Adachi District.) Tradition says that in very ancient times Iitoyowake-no-Mikoto opened up the land, divided and fixed the settlements, and achieved great merit, and so he was worshipped (Note: following the tradition of this shrine). In the year of Emperor Daigo's accession, it advanced from Senior Sixth Rank Upper to Senior Fifth Rank Upper (Note: following the Nihon Kiryaku).

¶Okitsushima Shrine (Note: it now stands on Mount Kohata in Uchikohata village in Adachi District and is called Benzaiten.) It probably enshrines Okitsushimahime-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Nihon Shoki, the Engishiki and the Mutsu Shikisha Kō).

¶Under the Engi regulations both shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Shibata District (Shibata-gun): 1 shrine

¶Ōtakayama Shrine (Note: it now stands southwest of Mount Nirakami in Taira village and is called Ōtakamiya, or Shiratori Myōjin. It is regarded as the general shrine of this district.) Tradition says that it enshrines Yamato-takeru-no-Mikoto (Note: following the tradition of this shrine). In the ninth year of Jōwa, it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki). In the eleventh year of Jōgan, it advanced to Junior Fifth Rank Upper (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Uda District (Uda-gun): 1 shrine

¶Komayumine Shrine (Note: it now stands in Komamine village and is called Sōzaki-gū.) Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Igu District (Igu-gun): 2 shrines

¶Atsuhitakahiko Shrine (Note: it now stands in Fujita village and is called Hidaka Myōjin.)

¶Toyamine Shrine (Note: it now stands at Toyadate in Marumori village and is called Toya Myōjin.)

¶Under the Engi regulations both shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Iwai District (Iwai-gun): 2 shrines

¶Haishiwa Shrine (Note: it now stands on Mount Iwakura in Yamanome village and is called Umenomiya, and is regarded as the general guardian of Nishi-Iwai District. According to the tradition of the shrine, it enshrines Ninigi-no-Mikoto, Takamimusubi-no-Mikoto and Konohanasakuyahime. This is added for reference).

¶Maikusa Shrine (Note: it now stands on Mount Maikusa in Maikusa village.) In the second year of Ninju, both deities were granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku).

¶Under the Engi regulations both were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Esashi District (Esashi-gun): 1 shrine

¶Shizumeoka Shrine (Note: the character "shizu" is also written with another character. It now stands at Kamioka in Mochida village. According to one account, there is a Shizumeoka Kannon shrine on Mount Kunimi, and this is the one. Shizumeoka is now written Kataoka.) Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a minor shrine (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Shrines Not Recorded in the Official Registers

¶Tain-tsu Shrine (Note: the character "in" is also written with another character), Yamehime Shrine and Koyui Shrine. The district in which each of these three shrines lies is not now known. In the tenth year of Jōwa, the deity Tain-tsu was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower and then Senior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki). In the fifth year of Jōgan, both Yamehime and Koyui were granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku).

¶Adachimine-Negi-no-Ōtoji Shrine, Adachimine-Iitsume Shrine (Note: the character "me" is also written with another character) and Hinata Hot Spring Shrine. These three shrines all lie in Adachi District (Note: the district name follows the account of the origin of the Unakorowake shrine. The three shrines stood on the summit of Mount Adatara and were called Funa-no-Kami, Yahazu Myōjin and Kenzan Myōjin. Later they were moved to the foot of Mount Suga at Motomiya station). Tradition says that the hot spring deity enshrines the two deities Ōnamuchi and Sukunahikona (Note: the deities enshrined follow the traditions of the local people). In the year of Emperor Daigo's accession, the two seats of Negi-no-Ōtoji and Iitsume both advanced from Senior Sixth Rank Upper to Senior Fifth Rank Upper. The hot spring deity was granted Senior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: following the Nihon Kiryaku).

¶Shiogama Shrine. It now stands in Miyagi District (Note: following the Kanseki Bunrōshi and the Hōnai Fudoki. It is said to have originally stood at Shiogama-ura in Shiogama village and to have been moved later to the summit of Mount Senge). It enshrines Takemikazuchi-no-Kami and Futsunushi-no-Kami, together with Funato-no-Kami (Note: following the Gen'yōki and the Kasuga Genki). There are four great cauldrons, with a diameter of no more than four shaku eight sun and no less than four shaku; these are the cauldrons in which salt was boiled in very ancient times, and they are revered as the sacred body (Note: following the Miyako no Tsuto and the Kanseki Bunrōshi. In later times, when the main shrine was rebuilt elsewhere, the divine cauldrons were left at the old site, and a new jeweled fence was set up, and it was called the Kamakama Shrine. For that reason the sacred body and the shrine are said to be apart). In very ancient times the two deities Takemikazuchi and Futsunushi, with Funato-no-Kami as guide, drove out the evil deities, and finally reached this place and greatly manifested their awesome spirit (Note: with reference to the Nihon Shoki, the Gen'yōki and the Kasuga Genki). Funato-no-Kami then taught the people to boil salt, helping their livelihood and bringing the people peace and comfort, so that his merit was very great. For that reason people of later times jointly enshrined the three deities and styled them the Deity of Shiogama (Note: following the Shiogama-sha Engi and the Wakan Sansai Zue. Funato-no-Kami is the deity whom Ōnamuchi recommended as guide to the two deities, and Sarutahiko-no-Kami too is sometimes called the Deity of the Crossroads (Chimata-no-Kami) because he met the heavenly grandson at the eight-forked road of heaven, so the meanings of the names are close. Also Shiotsuchi-no-Oji has a tale of guiding the imperial grandson to the palace of the sea, and so various books take these three deities to be one and the same. Taking this shrine to enshrine Shiotsuchi-no-Oji from the name "Shiogama" is likewise a mistake. Again, the Wakan Sansai Zue says that it enshrines Ajisukitakahikone-no-Kami and that this deity first made salt, but this probably arose because the world sometimes calls this shrine the First Shrine of Mutsu Province, and thereby it was confused with the deity enshrined at the Tsutsukowake shrine, which is the true First Shrine. Therefore none of these is adopted now). Under the Engi regulations, ten thousand bundles of rice were assigned as ritual funds (Note: following the Engishiki). Its festival is held each year on the tenth day of the seventh month; they wait until the tide is full and offer the sacred meal. The old water of the divine cauldrons is removed and newly drawn seawater is poured in. It is said that at the Kashima shrine in Hitachi Province too, a festival is held on this day (Note: with reference to the Shiogama-sha Engi and the Kashima Shi). Shrines attached to this shrine are very many, among them Kamurikawa, Hanabushi and others, more than ten in all, and among the shrine officials there are more than twenty persons, including negi and hafuri priests (Note: following the Kanseki Bunrōshi).

¶Province of Dewa (Dewa-no-Kuni)

¶Akumi District (Akumi-gun): 3 shrines

¶Ōmonoimi Shrine (Note: it originally stood on the summit of Mount Chōkai, but it was later moved to Fukura village at the foot of the mountain.) It enshrines Ukanomitama-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Ichinomiya Ki and the account of the Imi shrine family). In the fifth year of Jōwa (838), it advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Upper and the Fifth Order of Merit to Senior Fifth Rank Lower. In the seventh year, earlier than this, a report had come from the province: "Above this shrine, within the clouds, the sound of battle was heard. Soon arrowheads of meteoric stone fell." Just then the embassy to Tang China returned and reported: "We drifted ashore in the land of the southern barbarians and met with the misfortune of bandits, but with a small force we were able to defeat the enemy, as if with divine help," and the day coincided. The court was astonished and, saying "this is by the aid of the divine spirit," commanded that Junior Fourth Rank Lower be granted and two households of fief assigned (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki). In the fourth year of Jōgan, it was admitted among the official shrines from Senior Fourth Rank Lower (Note: this book writes "lower" as "upper," but this is an error and it has now been corrected according to the text below). In the sixth year it advanced to Senior Fourth Rank Upper, and soon afterwards Junior Third Rank was added.

¶In the thirteenth year, the provincial governor reported: "This shrine stands on the mountain summit, in a place of sheer cliffs and rock where human traces are cut off. There is snow in both winter and summer, and no grass or trees grow. In the fourth month of this year, fire broke out on the summit, earth and stones burned together, and the sound was like thunder. Muddy water boiled violently, its color turned bluish black, and the stench was such that one could not approach; all the fish in the river died. Two great serpents flowed out and entered the sea, and countless small serpents followed them. Seedlings and crops along the river were largely ruined. Old men say, 'There has never been such a calamity.' There was fire also in the Kōnin era, and soon afterwards there was warfare. If the deity is not appeased with a rite, we fear that warfare will rise again." An edict then ordered the provincial governor to pray and make apology. In the fifteenth year, it advanced to Senior Third Rank. In the second year of Gangyō, two households of fief were added. This was because the prayers of the provincial governor had proved efficacious at each military campaign. Fujiwara-no-Yasunori, Provisional Governor of Dewa (Dewa-no-Gon-no-Kami), stated: "The three deities Ōmonoimi, Komonoimi and Gassan have from ancient times shown especially marked efficacy at each battle. In the fifth month last year, when the rebels attacked, clouds and mist suddenly rose so that one could not see even a hand's breadth ahead, the camp fell into confusion, and the government army was defeated. When we divined this by tortoise-shell, the answer was: 'Because the divine rank was not raised, the prayers were not answered.' We beg that its rank be increased to console the heart of the deity." An edict was then issued granting the Third Order of Merit to the deity Ōmonoimi. In the fourth year, Junior Second Rank was added. In the first year of Ninna, stone arrowheads fell like rain at Akita Castle and within the districts. The Jingikan (Department of Deities) reported: "This is the curse of the various deities, Ōmonoimi and others." An edict then ordered the provincial governor to worship them reverently and also to be careful in guarding the frontier (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). Later it advanced to Senior Second Rank (Note: following the Geki Nikki). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities, and two thousand bundles of rice were assigned as ritual funds for the festivals of Gassan and Ōmonoimi (Note: following the Engishiki). In later times it was called the First Shrine of the province (Note: following the Ichinomiya Ki and the Fukura shrine documents quoted in the Hyōka Chawa), and was styled the Guardian Deity of Dewa (Dewa Chinju-no-Kami). In the second year of Tengyō (939), fire rose on the sacred mountain, and divination was made on it (Note: following the Geki Nikki). In the second year of Jōkyū (1220), Fujiwara-no-Yoritsune sent an envoy to have the shrine hall repaired. In the thirteenth year of Shōhei, a certain former Minister of the Interior (Naidaijin) dedicated the land of Koishi district in Yuri District and prayed for the restoration of the imperial court (Note: following the Fukura-sha Monjo). At this shrine are established a Great Taboo-Keeper (Ōmonoimi), a chief priest, shrine families, kagura dancers and others (Note: following the Dewa Fudo Ryakki). Each year in the first and tenth months, beginning from the third day of the Tiger, a seven-day purification rite is held, and this is called the Great Taboo (Ōmonoimi). The name of the shrine probably derives from this (Note: following the Chōkaisan Yurai Ki and the Dewa Fudo Ryakki).

¶Gassan Shrine (Note: it originally stood on the summit of Mount Chōkai, but it was later moved to the west of the Ōmonoimi shrine at Fukura village. From ancient times these two shrines have stood side by side, and for that reason they are together called the Two-Place Renowned Deities (Ryōsho Myōjin). One account says it is on Mount Gassan in Tagawa District, but this is probably an error.) It enshrines Tsukuyomi-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Nihon Shoki, the Engishiki and the Dewa Fudo Ryakki). In the fourth year of Hōki, two households of fief in its home province were offered (Note: following the Shinshō Kyakuchokufu). In the sixth year of Jōgan, it advanced from Senior Fourth Rank Upper and the Sixth Order of Merit to Junior Third Rank. In the eighteenth year, it advanced to Senior Third Rank. In the second year of Gangyō, because its prayers for military affairs proved efficacious, two households of fief were added, and soon afterwards, at the petition of Fujiwara-no-Yasunori, it advanced to the Fourth Order of Merit. In the fourth year, Junior Second Rank was added. In the first year of Ninna, because stone arrowheads fell like rain, an edict ordered the provincial governor to worship reverently (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Omonoimi Shrine (Note: the character "o" is also written with another character. It now stands in Ura village on Tobishima and is called Ōmiya.) Tradition says that it enshrines Shinatsuhiko-no-Mikoto (Note: following the tradition of the Ōmonoimi shrine and the Dewa Fudo Ryakki). In the second year of Gangyō, it advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Lower and the Ninth Order of Merit to the Seventh Order of Merit. This was at the petition of Fujiwara-no-Yasunori. In the fourth year, Junior Fifth Rank Upper was added (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a minor shrine (Note: following the Engishiki). Each year in the first and tenth months, beginning from the day of the Rooster, a three-day festival is held, and this is called the Lesser Taboo (Omonoimi). The name of the shrine probably rests on this (Note: following the Dewa Fudo Ryakki and the accounts of the local people).

¶Tagawa District (Tagawa-gun): 3 shrines

¶Oga Shrine (Note: in later times it was called Ioka Gongen. It now stands on Ogano-iyama in Ioka village.) It enshrines Ōyamatsumi-no-Mikoto (Note: following the plaque of the fourth year of Chōroku (1460)).

¶Yuzusame Shrine (Note: some copies have the character "no" below "sa." It now stands on Mount Atsumi in Atsumi village, in the midst of the Gassan mountains, and is called Kumano Gongen. Because hot springs well up in the mountains, it was named "Atsumi," and "Yuzu-sa" is said to mean "Yudesawa," a stream where hot water comes out.) Tradition says that it enshrines Toyotamahime-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Dewa Fudo Ryakki). In the first year of Ninna, because the portent of falling arrowheads of stone had occurred, an edict ordered the provincial governor to make special offerings (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku).

¶Idewa Shrine (Note: it now stands on Mount Haguro and is called Haguro Gongen. In ancient times it stood at Kōno, then moved to Akutani, and then to Ōdō, which is the present site. Mount Haguro was originally named Mount Idewa, but in later times, as it was revered by the mountain ascetics (shugenja), it gradually lost its old name. According to the Dewa Fudo Ryakki, the main hall once held an old plaque that read "Idewa Shrine," and this too may serve as evidence.) Tradition says that it enshrines Tamayorihime-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Dewa Fudo Ryakki).

¶Under the Engi regulations all three shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Hiraka District (Hiraka-gun): 2 shrines

¶Shioyuhiko Shrine (Note: it now stands on Mount Ontake at Narumizawa in Yazawaki village and is called Ontake Gongen.)

¶Hauwashiwake Shrine (Note: it now stands on Mount Horoba in Yazawaki village. It is said that the people of this district and of the two districts of Ogachi and Yuri call themselves its parishioners and attend its rites.)

¶Under the Engi regulations both shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Yamamoto District (Yamamoto-gun): 1 shrine

¶Soegawa Shrine (Note: it now stands on Mount Takedake in Uraōmachi village and is called Yamamoto-gū.) Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a minor shrine (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶Shrines Not Recorded in the Official Registers

¶Kumatsuo Shrine, Ishitsuo Shrine and Mahiru Shrine. The district in which each of these three shrines lies is not now known. In the fourth year of Jōgan, all three deities advanced from Senior Sixth Rank Upper to Junior Fifth Rank Lower.

¶Kinowa Shrine and Takaizumi Shrine. These two shrines now both lie in Akumi District (Note: the district name follows the account of the local people. The Kinowa shrine is in Miyagata village and is called Ninomiya. The Takaizumi shrine is in Kitazakai village). In the seventh year of Jōgan, both advanced from Senior Sixth Rank Upper to Junior Fifth Rank Lower. In the fourth year of Gangyō, the Seventh Order of Merit was added, and the deity Kinowa was raised to Junior Fifth Rank Upper.

¶Shiraiwa Shrine and Suwa Shrine. They probably enshrine Takeminakata-no-Mikoto (Note: what follows "probably" follows the Kojiki and the Engishiki).

¶Toshi Shrine and Sukawa Hot Spring Shrine. The locations of these four shrines are not now clear. In the twelfth year of Jōgan, the two deities Shiraiwa and Suwa were granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower. In the thirteenth year, the deity Toshi was advanced from Senior Sixth Rank Upper to Junior Fifth Rank Upper. In the fifteenth year, the hot spring deity was treated in the same way.

¶Yamuki Shrine (Note: this book has "Yahagiten," but it now follows the Ruijū Kokushi and the Shinkai Ki.) It now stands in Mogami District (Note: the district name follows the Dewa Fudo Ryakki. It is in Ayukai village and is called Yamuki Myōjin). In the sixteenth year of Jōgan, it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower from Senior Sixth Rank Upper (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku).

¶Agita Shrine. It now stands in Akita District (Note: the district name follows the accounts of the local people. According to the local people, it now stands in Kotsunagi village and is called Nanazayama Tenjin, and is the guardian deity of the three villages of Akita, Noshiro and Tsuzuriko. These three villages are the lands called Akita, Nushiro and Shishirikō in the Nihon Shoki). In the fourth year of Saimei (658), Abe-no-Omi Hirafu attacked the Emishi and brought them to submission. Oga, an Emishi of Agita, came forward and swore: "We bear bows and arrows only to obtain meat. If there is anyone who takes them and resists the imperial army, the deity of Agita will surely punish him." The next year Hirafu again campaigned against the Emishi, assembled the Emishi chieftains of Agita, Nushiro and other places in great numbers, gave them one ship and multicolored silks, and returned after sacrificing to the deity of that land (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). This is the shrine in question.