Treatise 14: Deities of Heaven and Earth XIV: Shrines IX

Ōmi Province

Shiga District (8 shrines)

¶**Ono Shrine (2 shrines)** (Note: it now stands in Ono village in the Wani estate). Because it enshrines the ancestors of the Ono-no-Ason, it is also called the Shrine of the Ono Clan (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki). In the third year of Hōki (772), trees of the shrine were felled to build the pagoda of the Saidaiji, and the deity's curse followed; in apology, two households of fief within the province of Ōmi were presented (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. The Shinshō Kyakuchokufu gives the second year instead of the third, which is probably an error). In the first year of Jōwa (834), an imperial edict made it a permanent rule that members of the Ono clan of the Fifth Rank or above might visit the shrine at the spring and autumn rites without waiting for an official permit. In the third year (836), Junior Fifth Rank Lower was conferred; this was at the request of Ono-no-Ason Takamura, deputy envoy to Tang China. In the fourth year (837), an edict ordered that when members of the Fifth Rank or above of the three clans Ōkasuga, Furu and Awata visit the shrine, they should be treated in the same way as the Ono clan (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki). In the fourth year of Jōgan (862), it was advanced from Senior Fifth Rank Upper to Junior Fourth Rank Lower (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. There is also an Ono shrine in Takashima district, and since it is unclear to which of the two the advancement applied, it is recorded here for the time being). Under the Engi regulations both seats were ranked as major shrines of renowned deities (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶**Hie Shrine** (Note: also written with other characters for "Hie." It now stands on Mount Jinro in Sakamoto village). It enshrines Ōyamakui-no-Kami (also called Yama-no-sue-no-Ōnushi-no-Kami), and Kamo-no-Tamayorihime-no-Mikoto, his consort, is worshipped together with him (Note: following the Kojiki). Anciently there was a tomb of Ōyamakui on the eastern spur of Mount Hiei, called Heitentai, and on the west side of the mountain, at Hinomae, there was a tomb of Tamayorihime, called the Mikage shrine. In the seventh year of Emperor Sujin, an edict ordered that the gentle spirit of Heitentai be enshrined at the foot of the mountain; Kamo-no-Agatanushi Kashima became its priest (hafuri), and shrine households were assigned to it. The main shrine was founded at that time (Note: following the Hiyoshi-sha Negi Kuden Shō). In the year of the accession of the emperor of the Restoration (Chūkō), the land of Awazu was presented as sacred rice land, and Ushimaro, a descendant of Kashima, was appointed priest (hafuribe). Thereafter his descendants succeeded to the office generation after generation without interruption (Note: following the Negi Kuden Shō, the Kamo-no-Agatanushi genealogy, and the Hiyoshi-sha Shintō Himitsu-ki. The Kuden Shō ties this account to the entry on the Ōhie Shrine, and the genealogy too makes Ushi the first shrine officer of Sannō; but the name Sannō began only after the Kōnin era, as is described in detail in the entry on the Ōhie Shrine. That is to say, what Ushi was appointed to was the office of this shrine, and his descendants held it by inheritance. Later they also administered the affairs of the Sannō shrine, and so in later ages Ushi was wrongly handed down as the shrine officer of Sannō, and the Kuden Shō and other works, following this, made the Sannō shrine a foundation of the emperor of the Restoration. None of this can be trusted. However, considering that the emperor of the Restoration moved the capital to this province, his reverence for this shrine is not without grounds. It is therefore recorded here). In the first year of Daidō (806), two households of fief in the home province were fixed for it, and later ten more were added (Note: following the Shinshō Kyakuchokufu). When the monk Saichō divined the sacred ground and founded the Enryakuji, he built a shrine and enshrined Ōmononushi-no-Kami, naming it Ōmiya Ōhie-no-Kami, and renamed this shrine Ninomiya Kohie-no-Kami. But because this shrine had stood on the site from ancient times, it is called the Local Deity (Jinushi-no-Kami) (Note: see the Shūchūshō, the Genkō Shakusho, the Sange Yōryaku-ki, the Nijūni-sha Honen and the Shintō Himitsu-ki. The Negi Kuden Shō says that the names "great" and "small" began in the reign of the emperor of the Restoration, but this is probably an error). The Ōmiya will be treated later. In the first year of Jōgan (859), it was advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Lower to Junior Fifth Rank Upper, and in the fourth year of Gangyō (880) it rose to Junior Fourth Rank Upper (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku).

¶Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities (Note: following the Engishiki. That Hie stands as two shrines, great and small, distinguished as Ōhie and Kohie, probably appears for the first time in the Sandai Jitsuroku. The present work, the Engishiki, writes only "the deity of Hie" and shows no distinction; one may think, then, that the old official registers listed only the single shrine of Ōyamakui, and that there was originally no distinction of great and small. The present work follows this, which shows that the Ōhie is a shrine outside the Engishiki. However, in the works after the Jitsuroku that record matters of the Hiyoshi shrines, great and small are confused and hard to tell apart. The Nijūni-sha Honen and the Nijūni-sha Chūshiki merely list the two shrines side by side without distinguishing them. The Sannō Yōtenki says: "The Hiyoshi shrine spoken of in the regulations is in every case the Ōmiya, and the court treated it so; in fact this is not so." One may suppose that because the monks held the Ōmiya in particular honor, the court followed them and gave it weight. The precedents for its rites, imperial visits and so on all seem to centre on the Ōmiya. Therefore this entry records only matters concerning the Kohie, and everything else is set out in the entry on the Ōhie Shrine. Please refer to it). In the second year of Jōan (1172), Junior First Rank was added, and in the second year of Juei (1183) it advanced to Senior First Rank (Note: following the Sannō Yōtenki, the Gyokukai, the Hyakurenshō and the Shosha Kongenki). Its festival is held on the days of the Monkey and the Rooster in the fourth month; the shrine officer bears a great sakaki branch and recites the ritual prayer for the divine procession, and this is called the Divine Procession Festival. Further, the shrine servants (jinnin) escort the sacred halberd (sachihoko) on horseback, and this is called the Horse-Bell Festival (Note: following the Shintō Himitsu-ki; the purport is probably the same as that of the Kamo Festival). On the festival day, maple branches gathered at Shigaura are first presented in advance to the Kamo shrine, and after the Kamo Festival is over, hollyhock (aoi) is offered to this shrine. This too is said to be a practice handed down from high antiquity (Note: following the Shirin Saiyō Shō). In later ages, the regular festivals, the extraordinary presentations of offerings, and the precedents for imperial visits and consorts' visits were all modeled on the Ōmiya (Note: following the Nihon Kiryaku, the Nijūni-sha Chūshiki, the Kuji Konpon, the Hyakurenshō and the Rekidai Kōki). In the Gen'ō years, the sacred domains administered by the shrine officers of the two shrines Kohie and Ōhie extended over some eighty places or more, in the province of Ōmi and in the provinces of the Home Provinces, the Tōkaidō, the Tōsandō, the Hokurikudō, the San'indō, the San'yōdō and the Nankaidō (Note: following the Hiyoshi-sha Gen'ō Gannen Jinryō Chūshin-jō).

¶**Nahaka Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Naeka village in Sakamoto and is called Naeka Myōjin). Tradition says that it enshrines Ame-no-Futodama-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Jingi Seisō). In the fourth year of Nin'an (1169), the Enryakuji petitioned to repair this shrine, but as the court was then constructing the residence of the Ise Saigū the work could not be undertaken, and the monks exerted themselves and repaired it (Note: following the Sanmon Dōsha-ki).

¶**Yamato Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Sakamoto village and is called the Shashimo-sha; the village belongs to the Yamato estate).

¶**Iwai Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Sakamoto village and is called the Ii-sha).

¶**Kanda Shrine** (Note: it now stands in the Kanda district of Mano village). Tradition says that it enshrines Hikokunibuku-no-Mikoto, ancestor of the Mano-no-Omi (Note: following the shrine's own records and local tradition).

¶**Ogura Shrine** (Note: it now stands on Mount Habiro in Kami-Ōgi village and is called Hachidai Ryūō, and is regarded as a deity for praying for rain). Tradition says that it enshrines Kuraokami-no-Kami (Note: following local tradition). The above five shrines were all ranked as minor shrines under the Engi regulations (Note: following the Engishiki).

Kurita District (8 shrines)

¶**Sakunado Shrine** (Note: also written with other characters for "Sakunado." It now stands at Sakuradani in Nakamura and is called the Sakuradani-sha). Tradition says that it enshrines Seoritsuhime-no-Kami (Note: following the old records of the Sakuradani-sha), a deity who purifies and removes defilement (Note: following the Engishiki). In the first year of Ninju (851) it was included among the shrines of renowned deities (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku), and in the first year of Jōgan (859) it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Upper from Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶**Takebe Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Shinryō village, east of the Seta bridge; the "Takebe Myōjin of Seta district" mentioned in the Tadatomi-ō-ki is this shrine). It seems to enshrine Inayoriwake-no-Miko, ancestor of the Takebe-no-Kimi (Note: weighing the Nihon Shoki, the Kojiki and the Engishiki). Inayoriwake was a son of Yamatotakeru-no-Mikoto, and his mother was a daughter of Ōtamuwake, ancestor of the Chikatsuōmi-no-Yasu-no-Kuninomiyatsuko (Note: following the Kojiki). In the second year of Jōgan (860) it became an official shrine; in the fifth year (863) it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower from Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and in the tenth year (868) it advanced to Junior Fourth Rank Upper (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). In the first year of Engi (901) it rose from Senior Fourth Rank Lower to Junior Third Rank (Note: following the endorsement of the Fusō Ryakki), and when the regulations were drawn up it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities (Note: following the Engishiki). Later it was called the Ichinomiya (first shrine) of the province (Note: following the Jitokushū and the Ichinomiya-ki). In the second year of Ōwa (962) it advanced to Senior Third Rank (Note: following the Nihon Kiryaku). The Takebe clan served as its chief priests generation after generation (Note: following the Ichinomiya Junkeiki).

¶**Ashii Shrine** (Note: the present work reads "Ashii" as "Ihono-i," and the Fubokushū also has a poem on the "Ihono-i river." The character for "ashi" here should surely be the one for "io" (hut). The shrine now stands in Shimo-Toyama village and is called Ioi Myōjin; this is it).

¶**Ofuki Shrine**.

¶**Otsuki Grand Shrine** (Note: the character "tsuki" is also written as "tsue" or "jō," but all are the same. It now stands in Yamadera village and is called Otsue Myōjin). It seems to enshrine Ochiwake-no-Mikoto, ancestor of the Otsukiyama-no-Kimi (Note: following the Kojiki and the Engishiki). In the fifth year of Jōgan (863) it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower, in the seventeenth year (875) it advanced to Junior Fifth Rank Upper, and in the sixth year of Gangyō (882) it rose to Senior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. The present work gives this entry as Junior Fifth Rank Upper, the same as the original rank, but it is corrected here from the context before and after). In the first year of Shōtai (898) it advanced to Senior Fifth Rank Upper (Note: following the Entairyaku), and in the eleventh year of Engi (911) Junior Fourth Rank Lower was added (Note: following the Nihon Kiryaku). In the fourth year of Kōkoku (1343), the shrine head Minamoto-no-Shigeyori memorialized the sovereign of the Northern Court: "This shrine is without equal in the province and the foremost deity in the district. The precedents for conferring rank are set out in detail in the national histories from Jōgan to Engi, and since the Tenkyō era there have been repeated advancements; in Kenji it was already at Junior First Rank. We now beg promotion to Senior First Rank, that by honoring its divine power we may pray for peace in the land" (Note: following the Entairyaku).

¶**Otsuki Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Obeta village and is called Ikenomiya). This too seems to be a deity worshipped by a branch of the Otsukiyama-no-Kimi (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Engishiki. According to the Chōya Gunsai, in the fifth year of Kōwa (1103), the deity Mitsue-no-Kami of Ōmi was said to have caused a curse, and the shrine officers were assessed the middle purification; but Mitsue is probably a corruption of Otsue, the character "tsuki" being also written "tsue" and so wrongly read as "tsue" in another sense. This is added for reference).

¶**Takano Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Takano village).

¶**Ikishiro Shrine** (Note: the Baishōron gives it as the Ikishiro Palace, saying it stands west of the Noji post-station, by the lakeside; its present location is the same). The above six shrines were all ranked as minor shrines under the Engi regulations.

Kōka District (8 shrines)

¶**Kawata Shrine (2 shrines)** (Note: it now stands in Kita-Naiki village. It was originally on Mount Kawata and was called the Kawata Nisho Myōjin, but later it moved to its present site). In the first year of Tenpyō-jingo (765), two households of fief in the home province were assigned to it (Note: following the Shinshō Kyakuchokufu). In the first year of Jōgan (859), it was advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Lower to Junior Fifth Rank Upper (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities and took part in the four seasonal offerings from the state (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶**Yagawa Shrine**.

¶**Minakuchi Shrine** (Note: it now stands at Minakuchi post-station). In the first year of Jōgan (859), it was advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Lower to Junior Fifth Rank Upper (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. According to the Kuji Hongi, Hikoyuki-no-Mikoto, ancestor of the Mononobe clan, took Kawakarehime of Ōmi as his wife and she bore Idashikokoro-no-Mikoto, and Idashikokoro bore Ōminakuchi-no-Sukune. From this, the present shrine probably enshrines Ōminakuchi, and there must be some connection with the Kawakare shrine in the same district. This is added for reference).

¶**Isobe Kashiokami Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Isobe village and is divided into an upper and a lower shrine. The upper shrine is called Kishihiko Myōjin and the lower shrine Kishihime Myōjin). Tradition says that it enshrines the two deities Kishihiko and Kishihime (Note: following the Wakan Sansai Zue and the Jinja Keimō). In the reign of Emperor Suinin, when Yamatohime came to Asakagata bearing the Great Deity, Kishihiko and Kishihime came to meet her, presented ark shells (kisagai) as sacred food offerings, and also offered a field of hemp for the sacred garden. Their descendants became the Take-no-Muraji (Note: following the Yamatohime-no-Mikoto Seiki). This shrine was probably established by that family.

¶**Handō Shrine** (Note: it now stands on Mount Handō in Miyamachi village). In the second year of Hōki (771), one household of fief in the home province was assigned to it (Note: following the Shinshō Kyakuchokufu), and in the eighth year of Gangyō (884) it was advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Upper to Junior Fourth Rank Lower (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku).

¶**Kawakare Shrine (2 shrines)** (Note: it now stands in Naka village in the Giga estate and is called Giga Myōjin. This is probably it). It seems to enshrine the ancestor of the Kawakare-no-Obito (Note: following the Shōjiroku, the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Engishiki. According to the Kuji Hongi, Hikoyuki-no-Mikoto, ancestor of the Mononobe clan, took Kawakarehime of Ōmi as his wife; from this the Kawakare clan lived in this province generation after generation, and so it was probably their ancestor who was enshrined. This is added for reference). In the third year of Jōgan (861), it was advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Lower to Senior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). The above six shrines were all ranked as minor shrines under the Engi regulations (Note: following the Engishiki).

Yasu District (9 shrines)

¶**Mikami Shrine** (Note: the Genpei Jōsuiki says it stands at the foot of Mount Mikami and is called Mikami Myōjin, and its present location is the same. Tradition says that in former times it stood on the mountain top). It enshrines Ame-no-Mikage-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Kojiki), also called Akedatsu-Ame-no-Mikage-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Shōjiroku. The shrine's own tradition says that it enshrines Izanagi-no-Mikoto and Amaterasu-Ōmikami, but this is mistaken). It is served by the Mikami-no-Hafuri. Okinagamizuyorihime, consort of Prince Hikoimasu, was in fact a daughter of this deity. She bore Prince Mizuhonomawaka, whose descendants became the ancestors of the Yasu-no-Atai of this province (Note: following the Kojiki). The shrine was probably established on this account. During the Hōki years (770-781), six households of fief were presented to it (Note: following the Nihon Ryōiki. The present work has "the shrine on Mount Mikami in Yasu district," which is clearly this shrine, but the "Great Deity Daga" written below it is probably an error. It is therefore recorded here). In the first year of Daidō (806), two households of fief in the home province were fixed for it (Note: following the Shinshō Kyakuchokufu). In the first year of Jōgan (859), it was advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Lower to Junior Fifth Rank Upper; in the seventh year (865) it advanced to Senior Fourth Rank Lower, and in the seventeenth year (875) it rose to Junior Third Rank (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities and took part in the four seasonal offerings from the state (Note: following the Engishiki). The rites of this shrine were especially known for their reverence for fire, and it was called in the world "the second sacred fire under heaven" (Note: following the Genpei Jōsuiki).

¶**Hyōzu Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Gojō village in the Hyōzu district). It is said to have been founded in the second year of Yōrō (718) (Note: following the Hyōzu Myōjin Engi). In the fourth year of Jōgan (862), it was advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Upper with the Eighth Order of Merit to Senior Fifth Rank Lower; in the seventh year (865) Junior Fourth Rank Upper was added; in the eighth (866) and ninth (867) years one rank was added in succession; and in the sixteenth year (874) it rose to Junior Third Rank (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities (Note: following the Engishiki). Its rank was raised repeatedly in the third and sixth years of Tengyō (940, 943) and the first year of Eihō (1081), and in the fourth year of Jishō (1180) it reached Senior First Rank (Note: following the Shosha Kongenki).

¶**Ozu Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Ozu village). It seems to enshrine Ashikagamiwake-no-Miko, ancestor of the Ozu-no-Kimi (Note: following the Kojiki and the Engishiki).

¶**Shimo-Niikawa Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Kōtsugawa village). It seems to enshrine Niikawa-no-Odatehime (mother of Ōminakuchi-no-Sukune) (Note: following the Kuji Hongi and local tradition). In the eleventh year of Jōgan (869), it was advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Upper to Senior Fifth Rank Lower, and in the first year of Ninna (885) it was granted Senior Fifth Rank Upper (Note: the preceding text of the present work has only "the Niikawa deity," without distinguishing upper and lower. It probably referred to the two shrines together. The entry here, which gives "one seat of the Niikawa-kami shrine" and then "jointly granted," and so on, also seems to have omitted Shimo-Niikawa. A correction has therefore been made here).

¶**Hirita Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Hiruta village and is called Asadono Shrine).

¶**Kami-Niikawa Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Yasu village). In the eleventh year of Jōgan (869), it was granted Senior Fifth Rank Lower from Junior Fifth Rank Upper, and in the first year of Ninna (885) it advanced to Senior Fifth Rank Upper (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku).

¶**Maji-Isobe Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Yoshimi village).

¶**Ijino Shrine (2 shrines)** (Note: it now stands in Naka village in Kaihotsu-higashi and is called Wakaichi Gongen). Tradition says that it enshrines Ame-no-Koyane-no-Mikoto and Ikatsuomi-no-Mikoto, and that it was first established by Ikago-no-Sukune in the reign of Emperor Saga (Note: following the Wakaōzan Renkōji Ryakki). The above seven shrines were all ranked as minor shrines under the Engi regulations (Note: following the Engishiki).

Gamō District (11 shrines)

¶**Okitsushima Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Okishima village). It enshrines Okitsushimahime-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Okitsushima-sha documents and local tradition. Tradition says it enshrines Takirihime, but this is probably a view that rests on the Kojiki. It has therefore been corrected as in the text). In the first year of Daidō (806), one household of fief in the home province was fixed for it (Note: following the Shinshō Kyakuchokufu), and in the first year of Jōgan (859), it was advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Lower to Junior Fifth Rank Upper (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶**Ōshima Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Kita-Tsuda village). It enshrines Tagitsuhime-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Nihon Shoki, the Okitsushima-sha documents and local tradition). In the first year of Jingo-keiun (767), one household of fief in the home province was presented to it (Note: following the Shinshō Kyakuchokufu). In the second year of Bunpō (1318), the local people, troubled that both the Okitsushima and Ōshima shrines had fallen into ruin, newly repaired the shrine buildings and presented one tan of rice land for upkeep (Note: following the Okitsushima-sha documents).

¶**Oiso Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Higashi-Oiso village). In the first year of Jingo-keiun (767), one household of fief in the home province was presented to it (Note: following the Shinshō Kyakuchokufu).

¶**Isobe Shrine** (Note: it now stands on Azuchi hill in Shimo-Toyoura village. To the south of the hill lies the Isobe-no-oka, which is a remnant of the name Isobe. One view says that it stands on Tsubakiyama in Shichiri village and is called Isobe Myōjin, but which is correct cannot be known).

¶**Ōya Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Sugi village).

¶**Hitsusa Shrine** (Note: it now stands in the Hitsusa valley in Kami-Toyoura village and is called Hitsusa Gozen). Tradition says that it enshrines Amatsuhikone-no-Mikoto, ancestor of the Gamō-no-Atai and others, together with Yamatsuteru-no-Mikoto and Hisumahihime-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Mumaioka-sha-ki).

¶**Nagaki Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Nakagō village).

¶**Sasaki Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Chōrakuji village in the Sasaki estate). It seems to enshrine Ōhiko-no-Mikoto, ancestor of the Sasakiyama-no-Kimi, with Prince Atsumi (ancestor of the Ōmi Genji) added later as a co-enshrined deity (Note: weighing the Nihon Shoki, the Shōjiroku and the Sasaki-no-Miya Kanmon. The Kanmon further says that Sukunahikona-no-Mikoto and Emperor Nintoku were enshrined together, making four seats; but there is the old story of Sukunahikona making his garment from the feathers of a wren (sazaki), and Emperor Nintoku's name is Ōsazaki, so this is probably a view that forces the word for wren, read "sazaki," onto the name Sasaki. It is not adopted here). In the first year of Gen'ō (1319), Senior Second Rank was granted (Note: following the Densenshō), and in the fourth year of Shōhei (1349), the sovereign of the Northern Court advanced it from Junior First Rank to Senior First Rank (Note: following the Sasaki-no-Miya Kanmon). Originally Minamoto-no-Nariyori, great-grandson of Prince Atsumi, lived in this province and became the ancestor of the Sasaki clan, and his great-grandson Yukisada was appointed chief priest of this shrine. His descendants succeeded to the office generation after generation and were called the Mano clan (Note: following the Sonpi Bunmyaku and the Sasaki genealogy).

¶**Sugata Shrine** (Note: it was originally at Sugata in Kirihara village, but later moved to Imoji village and is called the Takeda-sha). It seems to enshrine the ancestors of the Sugata-no-Obito, the Gamō-no-Inaki and others (Note: referring to the Kojiki, the Shōjiroku and the Engishiki). It is said that by local custom a festival is held every year on the nineteenth day of the ninth month, in late autumn, and that on this day it is the regular practice to present newly harvested rice to the Tado shrine of Ise (Note: following the shrine's own tradition).

¶**Mumaioka Shrine (2 shrines)** (Note: it now stands at Umaoka in Murai village and is called the Ōdake-sha, also Watamuki Myōjin). Tradition says that it enshrines Ame-no-Hohi-no-Mikoto and Ame-no-Hinadori-no-Mikoto, with Mikumaushi-no-Mikoto and Ōkayatsuhiko-no-Mikoto, distant ancestor of the Gamō-no-Atai, worshipped together with them (Note: following the ridge-beam tablet of the eighth year of Tenkyō and the Mumaioka-sha-ki). It is said that in the sixth year of Emperor Kinmei a shrine was founded on Nishikidake, and that in the twelfth year of Emperor Temmu (683) it was moved to Sasaya (Note: following the ridge-beam tablet). This shrine has always had the Izumo-no-Sukune as its chief priests (Note: following the ridge-beam tablet and the Mumaioka-sha-ki). The above ten shrines were all ranked as minor shrines under the Engi regulations (Note: following the Engishiki).

Kanzaki District (2 shrines)

¶**Oka Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Kamigō village and is called Uga Myōjin). It seems to enshrine Ukanomitama-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Engishiki and the Ōmi Yochi Shiryaku).

¶**Kawageta Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Kayao village and is called Ōtaki Myōjin). Tradition says that it enshrines Ame-no-Yukawatanabata-no-Mikoto. In front of the shrine flows the Echi river, and on its south bank is a great rock in the shape of a crossbeam (keta), over which the water falls like a waterfall; hence the name Kawageta. Further, a tributary, the Yukawa, waters the fields of both Kanzaki and Echi districts, and all this is said to be under the governance of this deity (Note: following local tradition). Under the Engi regulations both shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

Echi District (3 shrines)

¶**Karuno Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Kita-Kano village in the Kano district). Tradition says that it enshrines Ozaho-no-Miko, ancestor of the Chikatsuōmi-no-Kayawake, whose descendants lived in this place generation after generation (Note: the readings of Karuno and Kano are interchangeable, and the Shōjiroku shows that a kindred family, the Karu-no-Abiko-no-Kimi, existed. The shrine now stands at Kano, and the fact that there is an Abiko village nearby also shows that the local tradition is not without foundation). Every year on the fifteenth day of the first month the parishioners gather and hold the rite of divination by rice (Note: following local tradition). The "divination of Echi district" in an old poem probably refers to this (Note: following the Fubokushū).

¶**Isobe Shrine (2 shrines)** (Note: it now stands in Kutsukake village). Under the Engi regulations all three shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

Inukami District (7 shrines)

¶**Ajiki Shrine (2 shrines)** (Note: it now stands in Nishi-Ajiki village in the Ajiki district).

¶**Taga Shrine (2 shrines)** (Note: also written with other characters for "Taga," the last of which may also be written differently. It now stands in Taga village in the Taga district). It enshrines Izanagi-no-Mikoto and Izanami-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Kojiki and the Engishiki). It is said that after Izanagi-no-Mikoto had accomplished his divine work he ascended to heaven to report (Note: following the Nihon Shoki), and that his divine spirit remained at Taga in Ōmi (Note: following the Kojiki); this is the present place. In the first year of Daidō (806), six households of fief were fixed for it.

¶**Himukai Shrine** (Note: it now stands within the precincts of the Taga shrine). In the second year of Tenpyō-jingo (766), two households of fief in the home province were assigned to it (Note: following the Shinshō Kyakuchokufu).

¶**Tsue Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Takehana village and is called Hindai-sha. This is probably it). Tradition says that it enshrines Kunado-no-Kami (Note: following the Nihon Shoki, the Engishiki and local tradition).

¶**Yamada Shrine** (Note: it now stands northwest of the Taga shrine, in Yamada village. Some say it is in Nodayama village). In the first year of Daidō (806), five households of fief were fixed for it (Note: following the Shinshō Kyakuchokufu. The endorsement of the Fusō Ryakki records that in the sixth year of Enchō (928) the rank certificate of this shrine was sealed, but as the rank is not known it is omitted). Under the Engi regulations all seven shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki). The two shrines Himukai and Yamada were later made subordinate auxiliary shrines of the Taga shrine (Note: following the Jinja Keimō).

Sakata District (5 shrines)

¶**Yamada Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Ono-baba village).

¶**Hinade Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Kaoto village and is called Hinade Myōjin). It seems to enshrine Achi-no-Omi, ancestor of the Hinade-no-Atai (Note: following the Shōjiroku and the Sakanoue genealogy).

¶**Ibuki Shrine** (Note: "buki" is also written with other characters, and the character for "tomi" in one of them is also written "fuku." It now stands at the foot of Mount Ibuki, in Ibuki village in the Kashiwabara estate, and the fifteen villages of the estate revere it as their tutelary deity). It enshrines Tatamihiko-no-Mikoto, child of Shimohayahiko-no-Mikoto, also called Ibukio-no-Mikoto, and is named the Deity of Ibukidake (Note: following the Teiō Hennen-ki. The alternative name follows the Chikubushima Engi). On the accession of Emperor Montoku, Junior Fifth Rank Lower was granted (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku); in the first year of Jōgan (859), Junior Fifth Rank Upper was added, and in the ninth year (867) an imperial envoy was sent to present a bow, arrows, a bell and a mirror. In the first year of Gangyō (877), it was advanced from Senior Fourth Rank Lower to Junior Third Rank (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku).

¶**Oka Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Ugano village). Tradition says that it enshrines Toyoukehime-no-Mikoto (Note: following local tradition).

¶**Yamatsuteru Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Notose village). It enshrines Yamatsuteru-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Engishiki and the Mumaioka-sha-ki). In the first year of Daidō (806), six households of fief were fixed for it (Note: following the Shinshō Kyakuchokufu); in the eighth year of Jōgan (866), Senior Fourth Rank Lower was added to Junior Fourth Rank Upper (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku), and later it was included among the shrines of renowned deities (Note: following the official order of the ninth year of Kanpyō. The endorsement of the Fusō Ryakki records that in the sixth year of Enchō (928) the rank certificate of "the Yamatsuteruko-no-Myōjin" of Sakata district was sealed; this is the present shrine, but the rank is not known). Under the Engi regulations all five shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

Asai District (14 shrines)

¶**Shiotsu Shrine** (Note: it now stands on Mount Shiotsuchi in Shiotsu village in the Shiotsu estate).

¶**Yusuki Shrine** (Note: it now stands on Mount Yusuki in Yusuki village).

¶**Hakunu Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Takahata village and is called Hagino Myōjin. It is worshipped jointly by the people of the fifteen neighboring villages).

¶**Oe Shrine** (Note: it now stands on the village land of Onoe village).

¶**Shimo-Shiotsu Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Shūfukuji village).

¶**Yaai Shrine** (Note: it now stands on Mount Hassō in Nakano village and is called Hassō Myōjin).

¶**Okamoto Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Hayasaki village in the Asahi district, and within the village is the Asai hill). It seems to enshrine Asaihime-no-Mikoto, daughter of Shimohayahiko-no-Kami. Tradition says: "Asaihime lived on the Asai hill; she quarreled with her elder brother, the Deity of Ibukidake, and suffered harm from him" (Note: following the Teiō Hennen-ki and the Chikubushima Engi. The Hennen-ki makes Asaihime a niece of the Deity of Ibukidake, but this is probably an error).

¶**Katayama Shrine (2 shrines)** (Note: it now stands in Katayama village in Ika district).

¶**Hikitari Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Imanishi village and is called Sannō. This is probably it).

¶**Asota Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Masuda village).

¶**Kami-Kosō Shrine** (Note: it now stands at Higashiyama in Takayama village and is called Seidai Myōjin).

¶**Ōba Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Su village and is called Takebe Myōjin. The inscription on the bell-shaped gong of the Honbutsuji in the same village, dating from the Kansei years, still records it as the Ōba shrine).

¶**Tsukubusuma Shrine** (Note: also written with other characters for the island's name, Chikubu. It now stands on Chikubushima). It enshrines Asaihime-no-Mikoto. Popular tradition says that the deity herself built this island and took up her seat there (Note: following the Iroha Jiruishō). At the time of the rebellion of Fujiwara-no-Nakamaro, the court prayed to this deity and received a response, and so Junior Fifth Rank Upper with the Eighth Order of Merit was granted (Note: weighing the Teiō Hennen-ki, the Chikubushima Engi and the Iroha Jiruishō. According to the Arakida genealogy, Kushiugaushi, eighth-generation descendant of Ame-no-Koyane-no-Mikoto, is the deity of Chikubushima, but on what this is based cannot be known. The Ichidai Yōki says that the deity of Chikubushima first appeared in the reign of Emperor Seinei. This is added for reference). The above fourteen shrines were all ranked as minor shrines under the Engi regulations (Note: following the Engishiki).

Ika District (46 shrines)

¶**Ikagu Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Ōto village). It seems that the Ikago-no-Muraji enshrined here their ancestor Ikatsuomi-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Teiō Hennen-ki and the Arakida genealogy). In the first year of Jōgan (859), it was advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Upper with the Eighth Order of Merit to Junior Fourth Rank Lower, and in the eighth year (866) Junior Fourth Rank Upper was added (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities (Note: following the Engishiki). The Ika clan served as shrine officers generation after generation (Note: following the Ika genealogy).

¶**Nomi Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Shimo-Yogo village). It seems to enshrine Nashitsuomi-no-Mikoto, child of Ikatsuomi (Note: following the Arakida genealogy and the Teiō Hennen-ki. The Hennen-ki writes Nashitsuomi as "Nashitomi," but "tomi" and "nomi" were interchangeable in the old pronunciation).

¶**Ōsawa Shrine** (Note: it now stands at Ōsawa in Kuroda village).

¶**Ame-no-Yaotsura Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Kumano village and is called Yatsume Myōjin).

¶**Omi Shrine** (Note: it now stands at the Omi-sha in Une village).

¶**Hashirioti Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Mamiage village).

¶**Ashikuma Shrine** (Note: in what is now Iwaiyama village in Asai district there is a ridge, and its slope is called Ashisaka. Ashisaka and Ashikuma are close in their readings, and this is probably its old site. The shrine is now extinct).

¶**Kurumita Shrine** (Note: it stands at Aoyagi in Higashi-Yanagino village. Its old site is east of the village, and south of it is the old site of the Kurumita shrine).

¶**Ohae Shrine** (Note: it now stands in the Ohae grove in Sakaguchi village).

¶**Akaho Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Akao village).

¶**Sakurai Shrine**.

¶**Towa Shrine**.

¶**Yokoyama Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Yokoyama village).

¶**Tada Shrine** (Note: in what is now Higashi-Mononobe village there is the Tata grove, and in that place is a small shrine called the Tada-no-Miya. This is it).

¶**Hyōzu Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Yokoyama village and is called the Hyōdō-sha).

¶**Akami Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Isono village and is called Akami Sansha Myōjin).

¶**Hami Shrine** (Note: according to the Kojiki, among the descendants of Takeshiuchi-no-Sukune there were the Hami-no-Omi and the Ōmi-no-Omi, and this shrine seems to have been enshrined by that family).

¶**Sakurabashi Shrine** (Note: it now stands at Sakurazaki in Higashi-Takada village. Judging from the present place-name, "hashi" is probably an error for "saki").

¶**Amaichisaki Shrine** (Note: it now stands at Amaichizaki in Nishi-Atsuji village).

¶**Sami Shrine** (Note: it now stands at Sami in Imaichi village).

¶**Tsubaki Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Koyama village).

¶**Sawakato Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Kawai village and is called Sawaka Rokusho Myōjin).

¶**Ikagusaka Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Kita-Fuse village, and beside the shrine is the Ikagusaka slope).

¶**Yoshiro Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Furuhashi village and is called Shichisho Gongen).

¶**Fuse-Tateishi Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Akajiri village and is called Tateishi Myōjin).

¶**Nokita Shrine** (Note: it now stands at Nokita in Higashi-Mononobe village). It seems to enshrine Nigihayahi-no-Mikoto, ancestor of the Mononobe-no-Muraji (Note: following local tradition. Tradition names Ninigi-no-Mikoto, but this appears to take over an error of the Kuji Hongi, and so it has been corrected here).

¶**Ishitsukuri Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Senda village). It seems that the Ishitsukuribe family of this district enshrined their ancestors here (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku).

¶**Tamatsukuri Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Senda village). It enshrines Ame-no-Akarutama-no-Mikoto, ancestor of the jewel-makers (Note: following the Shōjiroku and the Engishiki).

¶**Ōfura Shrine** (Note: it now stands on Mount Ōhora in Kimoto village).

¶**Iwataki Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Furuhashi village).

¶**Takano Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Takano village).

¶**Namarineri-hiko Shrine** (Note: "namari" is also written with another character, "suzu." It now stands at Nishiyama in Nakagō village and is called Enren-no-Miya. Enren is probably the Sino-Japanese reading of Namarineri).

¶**Ōkura Shrine**.

¶**Kuroda Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Kuroda village).

¶**Niu Shrine (2 shrines)** (Note: it now stands in Kami-Niu village, and to the northeast of it is the Nihono-takayama peak). Tradition says that it enshrines Niutsuhime-no-Mikoto, with Izanami-no-Mikoto worshipped together with her, and that by local custom red earth is offered before the shrine on festival days (Note: following the Engishiki and local tradition. Tradition and the Jinja Henran make one of the two seats Mizuhanome-no-Kami, but this probably arose because the Niukawakami shrine of Yamato enshrines that deity. It has been corrected here following the Engishiki).

¶**Kami-Takatsuki Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Takatsuki village).

¶**Ame-no-Iwatowake-no-Mikoto Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Morimoto village and is called Morimoto Myōjin).

¶**Ame-no-Hihiki-no-Mikoto Shrine** (Note: it now stands at Maruyama in Takano village).

¶**Kusaoka Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Kuniyasu village).

¶**Ōta Shrine**.

¶**Ōeki Shrine** (Note: it was originally in the Ōeki grove in Ikehara village, but it is now enshrined jointly in the Inakuratama shrine within the village).

¶**Ōmizuwake Shrine** (Note: it now stands in the Ōmizu valley in Nakagō village). It seems to enshrine Ōmizu-no-Kami (Note: following the Daijingū Gishiki-chō and the Engishiki).

¶**Ame-no-Kawa-no-Mikoto Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Fumuro village and is called Tenjin. In the village there is the Suesusu river, and in the river are two great rocks called the Amakawa stones. It is said that prayers for rain there are invariably answered). The above forty-five shrines were all ranked as minor shrines under the Engi regulations (Note: following the Engishiki).

Takashima District (34 shrines)

¶**Mio Shrine (2 shrines)** (Note: "mi" is also written with the character for "three." It now stands at the foot of Mount Mio in Shimo-Haido village). It seems that the Mio-no-Kimi family enshrined their ancestors here (Note: following the purport of the Nihon Shoki, the Kojiki and the Engishiki). In the first year of Tenpyō-jingo (765), thirteen households of fief in the home province were assigned to it (Note: following the Shinshō Kyakuchokufu. This work has "Obi shrine," and since the preceding text has the "Omi shrine," there is a doubt that the shrine to which the fief was assigned might be that one. However, fief of more than ten households was always presented to a major shrine, and there is hardly such a precedent for a minor shrine. It is therefore provisionally decided here that "Obi" is an error for "Mio" and placed in this entry). In the third year of Enryaku (784), Junior Fifth Rank Lower was granted (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi), and in the fifth year of Jōgan (863), Junior Fourth Rank Lower was added to Senior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). Under the Engi regulations both seats were ranked as major shrines of renowned deities and took part in the four seasonal offerings from the state (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶**Ashizumi Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Hirokawa village in the Zenzumi district. Zenzumi was probably originally called Ashizumi and was later changed). Tradition says that it enshrines Kaashitsuhime-no-Mikoto (another name of Konohanasakuyahime) (Note: following the old local tradition. The writing "Kaashitsuhime" follows the Nihon Shoki).

¶**Yorogi Shrine** (Note: it now stands in the Yorogi grove in Higashi-Yorogi village).

¶**Tabe Shrine** (Note: it now stands within the precincts of the Tsuno-sha in Kita-Ōgi village and is called the Tabe-sha). It seems to enshrine the ancestor of the Tabe-no-Muraji, a branch of the Mononobe-no-Muraji (Note: following the Kuji Hongi and the Engishiki).

¶**Kumano Shrine** (Note: it was originally on Mount Kumano in Kizu village, but has now been moved to the precincts of the Hanifu-sha). It seems that the Kumano-no-Muraji, a branch of the Mononobe-no-Muraji, enshrined their ancestors here (Note: following the Kuji Hongi, the Shōjiroku and the Engishiki).

¶**Minoshima Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Miosato village).

¶**Ōkawa Shrine** (Note: it now stands at Ōkawa in Chinai village and is commonly called the Ōkawa-dō. Chinai was originally called Ōkawachinai village).

¶**Ono Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Nakakōji-chō in Kaizu). It seems to enshrine the same deity as the Ono shrine of Shiga district (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki).

¶**Machi Shrine** (Note: in what is now Hiruguchi village there is a small shrine called the Hiyoshi-sha. West of the shrine is a place called Ōmachi; since "machi" is related to "machi" in the shrine's name, this shrine is probably the old Machi shrine). It seems to enshrine Kujimachi-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶**Ichihara Shrine** (Note: it now stands at the Saijō in Katsura village and is called Shinmeigū. The old site is southeast of the village and is still called Ichihara). Tradition says that when Yamatohime-no-Mikoto was bearing the Great Deity on her way to Ise she halted in this place, and that therefore the venerated spirit is enshrined here (Note: following local tradition).

¶**Ōta Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Ōta village). Tradition says that it enshrines Ōtoshi-no-Kami (Note: following local tradition).

¶**Tomoyui Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Ura village, and within the village is the place Tomoyui. It is probably the old Tomoyui district).

¶**Hioki Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Sakanami village).

¶**Tsuno Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Kita-Ōgi village in the Kawakami estate and is regarded as the tutelary deity of the twenty-odd villages of the estate. The local people say that the present twenty-odd villages are the land of the two districts Tsuno and Kawakami mentioned in the Wamyōshō, that Tsuno has now died out, and that only the name Kawakami remains). Tradition says that it enshrines Ki-no-Tsunosukune, ancestor of the Tsuno-no-Omi (Note: following the shrine's own tradition). During the Tenpyō-hōji years (757-765), a man named Tsuno-no-Ietari was appointed assistant district magistrate of this district (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi), and it is said that his descendants, the Tsuno clan, have performed the rites generation after generation (Note: following local tradition).

¶**Ōarahiko Shrine (2 shrines)** (Note: according to local tradition, it now stands in Minami-Iguchi village, enshrining Toyokiirihiko-no-Mikoto and Ōaratawake-no-Mikoto, and in the medieval period it was called Kawachi Myōjin. This is said to be this shrine. One view says that it was originally on Mount Mizugaki in Ura village, enshrining Ōnamuchi-no-Mikoto and Suseribime-no-Mikoto, and that what is now enshrined jointly in the precincts of the Tomoyui-sha is it. Neither is clear, and we await later examination).

¶**Ōmae Shrine** (Note: it now stands on Mount Ōmae in Kaizu-higashi-chō. There are also Ōmae shrines in both the Tsuga and Haga districts of Shimotsuke province, said to enshrine Ōnamuchi-no-Mikoto, and so this shrine probably also enshrines the same deity. This is added for reference).

¶**Sakamoto Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Kami-Kaita village).

¶**Ōtoko Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Morinishi village).

¶**Yuge Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Umehara village).

¶**Shiroshi Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Kamo village and is called Hiyoshi Sannomiya).

¶**Hanifu Shrine** (Note: it now stands at Habutani in Kizu village). Tradition says that it enshrines the two deities Haniyamahime and Mizuhanome (Note: following local tradition).

¶**Ōmizuwake Shrine** (Note: it now stands within the precincts of the Ōno shrine). Tradition says that it enshrines Ame-no-Mikumari-no-Kami (Note: following local tradition. There is also an Ōmizuwake shrine in the preceding text, and this shrine probably enshrines the same deity. For now local tradition is followed).

¶**Ōno Shrine** (Note: it now stands in the mountains of Kumano at Minamihama in Imazu village and is called the Hiyoshi-sha. The place is called the Ōno-dō).

¶**Omi Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Kita-Ōmi village and is called the Hakusan-sha).

¶**Ōsun Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Mori village and is called the Mori Shrine).

¶**Arakura Shrine**.

¶**Mie Shrine (2 shrines)** (Note: it now stands in Mie village in the Mie estate).

¶**Tsuki Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Kutsuki village).

¶**Nagata Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Nagata village). Tradition says that it enshrines Ame-no-Uzume-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Jinmyōchō Tōchū).

¶**Ukita Shrine** (Note: it now stands at Ukita in Noda village). The above thirty-two shrines were all ranked as minor shrines under the Engi regulations (Note: following the Engishiki).

Shrines Not Listed in the Official Register (Ōmi)

¶**Chikuma Shrine**. It now stands in Sakata district (Note: the district name follows the Wani Ga. It stands at Chikuma-ura in Chikuma village). Tradition says that it enshrines Miketsu-no-Kami. Because Chikuma was originally the site of an imperial kitchen (mikuriya) of the Daizenshiki, this deity was probably enshrined there (Note: from "tradition" onward, following the Sasaki Kyūseki Kenmonroku). In the second year of Ninju (852), Junior Fifth Rank Lower was granted (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku). By local custom a festival is held every year on the first Horse day of the second month, at which farming tools are offered. Also, on the eighth day of the fourth month eight young girls carry cooking pots on their heads and present the sacred food; all of these are said to be survivals from ancient times (Note: following the Chikuma-sha Engi).

¶**Ōhie Shrine**. It stands in Shiga district (Note: following the Shosha Kongenki. It now stands in Sakamoto village). It enshrines Ōmononushi-no-Kami of Yamato. It was probably a shrine founded by the monk Saichō (Note: most works make this shrine a transfer-enshrinement by the emperor of the Restoration, but this is doubtful. One may think that the emperor of the Restoration once appointed Kamo-no-Agatanushi Ushi as shrine officer of Hiyoshi, that his descendants succeeded to the office generation after generation, and that when this shrine rose they also took charge of its affairs, so that in later ages the story was forced into the claim that the emperor of the Restoration founded it. Therefore none of these accounts is adopted). Saichō built the Enryakuji on the ground of the Deity of Hiei, and, honoring this deity in particular, named it the Great Deity of Hiei (Ōhie) and prayed for the spread of the Buddhist Law. Later Saichō crossed to Tang China, received the precepts at the Tiantai mountain temple in Taizhou, and returned home, intending to spread the Buddhist Law with the help of the deity's power. In the Kōnin years he petitioned to establish an ordination platform on Mount Hiei, modeling it on Tiantai, named this deity Sannō, called the shrine the Ōmiya, and made it the guardian deity of the Tendai school. The court followed and revered it, and from this time the Great Deity of Hiei flourished (Note: weighing the Sange Yōryaku-ki, the Sannō Yōtenki, the Shūchūshō, the Genkō Shakusho, the Hiyoshi-sha Shintō Himitsu-ki and the Nijūni-sha Honen. The Onjōji Engi, as quoted in the Tendai Zasuki and the Yōtenki, says that in the tenth year of Enryaku (791) an official rite was first held following an oracle of Sannō; but this appears in no other work, and considering the inscription of the Hieizan Sōrinkō and the Nijūni-sha Chūshiki, which say that the name Sannō began in the Kōnin years, that account is doubtful and is not adopted). In the first year of Jōgan (859), it was advanced from Junior Second Rank with the First Order of Merit to Senior Second Rank, and in the fourth year of Gangyō (880) it rose to Senior First Rank (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). In the third year of Kanpyō (891), the monk Sōō, on the ground that the sanctuary was too narrow, repaired it and made it equal to the Ninomiya. Beside the shrine there had originally been a shrine called Shōshinshi; he moved and rebuilt it to the east, and together with the Ōmiya and the Ninomiya it was called the Three Sages of the Two Seats, commonly called Sannō. In the end the Ōmiya came to be treated as the chief deity, and after that the court, too, called the Ōmiya alone the Hiyoshi shrine, and the name Sannō spread more and more (Note: following the Sannō Yōtenki). In the seventh month of the fifth year of Tengen (982), an imperial envoy was sent to present offerings, with music and horse races, and an extraordinary festival was held (Note: following the Nihon Kiryaku and the Nijūni-sha Chūshiki). In the third year of Enkyū (1071), the emperor made an imperial visit to this shrine. Imperial visits began with this (Note: following the Fusō Ryakki and the Hyakurenshō). In the fourth month of the following year an imperial envoy was sent to conduct the festival, and thereafter this became a regular practice (Note: following the Rekidai Kōki and the Kuji Konpon). In the fifth year of Kōwa (1103), the Echi estate of the home province was presented (Note: following the Sange Yōryaku-ki). In the third year of Hōgen (1158), the empress made a visit to the shrine (Note: following the Hyakurenshō). In the second year of Nin'an (1167), the retired emperor made an imperial visit to the shrine, and the ceremony was conducted as for an imperial visit. In the first year of Ka'ō (1169), the Grand Empress Dowager made a visit, accompanied by dancers, the officers of the Six Guards and others, and the ceremony was likewise conducted as for an imperial visit (Note: following the Hyakurenshō and the Heihanki). In the second year of Angen (1176), prayers were offered for the recovery of the Empress Dowager from illness, and it was deliberated that an extraordinary festival be held every fourth month (Note: following the Gyokukai). In the third year of Kenkyū (1192), Senior Third Rank Fujiwara-no-Tadatsune was sent to conduct an extraordinary festival, and the Eastern Dance and horse races were offered to pray for the indisposition of the retired emperor. In the first year of Bunji (1185), the retired emperor visited the shrine, and dance music and horse races were offered (Note: following the Gyokukai and the Hyakurenshō). In the eleventh month of the first year of Kenpō (1213), an extraordinary festival was held; a courtier of the palace was sent to present offerings, kagura, the Eastern Dance and horse races were also offered, and in the end it was fixed as a regular rite (Note: following the Meigetsuki, the Hyakurenshō, the Tendai Zasuki, the Kōtei Kishō and the Chūshishō). In the first year of Kagen (1303), at the summer festival the senior noble was sent to conduct the festival, and afterward this too became a regular rite (Note: following the Rekidai Kōki and the Shoshin-ki). The festival is held every year in the first (fourth month) of summer and the middle of winter (eleventh month), on the Monkey day in the middle of each; the winter festival is called the extraordinary festival (Note: following the Nenjū Gyōji Hishō and the Kuji Konpon). When defilement arose in the shrine grounds, it was the rule to rebuild entirely the worship halls, gates and corridors of both shrines and of Shōshinshi (Note: following the Gyokukai). In the sixth year of Shōhei (1351), the sovereign of the Northern Court requested the shrine to hold an extraordinary festival (Note: following the Entairyaku). In the third year of Bunchū (1374), the monks, bearing the portable shrines of the seven shrines, entered the capital and appealed for the rebuilding of the portable shrines. The Northern Court ordered Ashikaga Yoshimitsu to provide the cost, but it was long left unfinished, and so land registers (tabumi) were called in from the provinces, and thirty mon of cash were levied on each tan of public land to meet the expense (Note: following the Gofukashin'in Kanpaku-ki and the Kaei Sandai-ki).

¶At first, when the court came to revere and trust Sannō, the monks went on to found four further shrines, Hachiōji, Marebito, Jūzenji and Sannomiya, which together with the Three Sages of the Two Seats were called the Seven Shrines of Sannō (Note: following the Nijūni-sha Honen, the Nijūni-sha Chūshiki, the Sannō Yōtenki and the Shoshin-ki). Tradition says that Shōshinshi enshrines Tagorihime-no-Mikoto, with Shitateruhime worshipped together with her (Note: this work says that in the third year of Emperor Temmu a shrine was founded east of the Ōmiya through the vow of the late emperor, but the Sannō Yōtenki says that it was originally within the fence of the Ōmiya and was moved east of it in the Ninna years. The Nijūni-sha Honen also makes it a foundation of Saichō, so this account is probably closer to the facts. The statement in this work is probably an error and is not adopted). Hachiōji enshrines the five male and three female deities born of the Heavenly Ancestor and Susanoo-no-Mikoto; Marebito enshrines Kukurihime-no-Mikoto; Jūzenji enshrines the three deities Kamo-no-Tamayorihiko, Tamayorihime and Wakeikazuchi, and it takes its name from the fact that the Ten Meditation Masters (jūzenji) of the Imperial Chapel make offerings to it. Sannomiya enshrines the three deities of Munakata (Note: following the Negi Kuden Shō. This work records in detail the names of the deities of the various Hiyoshi shrines, and the views that they enshrine deities of the families of the two shrines, or their wondrous and rough spirits, are very detailed. The accounts of Hachiōji, Marebito, Sannomiya and the rest also broadly agree with one view in the Nijūni-sha Chūshiki and with the Genjinshō, but otherwise differ greatly. However, the Chūshiki contradicts itself between earlier and later parts about the names of the deities, and the Genjinshō merely sets out Buddhist teaching and is not sufficient as evidence. There are also doubtful points in this work, and so a part of its account is provisionally adopted here in readiness for later examination. The same applies below). Later Daigyōji and Ushimiko were added (Note: "miko" is also written with the characters for "shaman" and "venerable." According to the Negi Kuden Shō, the tomb of Yamasue-no-Ōnushi-no-Kami is called by people the Venerable Ox (Ushi-no-Mikoto). From this, Ushimiko is probably Ōyamakui-no-Mikoto. This is added for reference), and fourteen shrines, including Shingyōji, Shimo-Hachiōji, Hayao, Ōji and Shōjo, as well as Akuōji, Ishitaki and Tsurugi-no-Miya, were added, making twenty-one shrines in all, divided into seven upper, seven middle and seven lower (Note: following the Sannō Yōtenki, and below the Nijūni-sha Chūshiki. In the Chūshiki the names of the middle shrines differ slightly from the Yōtenki, but they are not noted here in detail). Among the middle shrines, Daigyōji enshrines Ōtoshi-no-Kami, Shingyōji enshrines Ame-chikaru-mizuhime-no-Kami (the father and mother of Ōyamakui-no-Mikoto), and Ōji enshrines Wakeikazuchi-no-Kami. The Ōji festival is held on the Sheep day of the fourth month. On that day the shrine officers carry the portable shrine of Ko-Hiyoshi to the shrine and hold a divine banquet. At night, when the banquet is about to end, one man steps forward, takes up the wine cup on the stand and hurls it to the ground; when the people raise a great cry, a kenjō guardsman runs out bearing an arrow with white feathers. The portable shrine then departs at once and hurries to the Ōhie shrine; this is said to follow a precedent of the Kamo shrines. The other deities enshrined are all said to be renowned deities of old (Note: following the Negi Kuden Shō). Of the seven lower shrines, it is said that there is nothing worth recording (Note: following the Sannō Yōtenki). In short, apart from the two shrines, most of them were privately enshrined by the monks, who attached names at will and so defiled the divine. Later, however, the court came to revere and trust them as well, and these shrines gradually became known in the world (Note: weighing the purport of the Sange Yōryaku-ki, the Sannō Yōtenki, the Genjinshō, the Shintō Himitsu-ki and the Negi Kuden Shō). In the third year of Hōgen (1158), Junior Fifth Rank Lower was granted to the Ushimiko deity, who was at Senior Sixth Rank Upper (Note: following the Heihanki). In the second year of Jōan (1172), by order of the retired emperor, Senior Second Rank was granted to Shōshinshi, Junior Second Rank to Hachiōji, Marebito, Jūzenji and Sannomiya alike, Senior Third Rank to Daigyōji, Senior Fifth Rank Lower to Ushimiko and Shingyōji alike, and Junior Fifth Rank Lower to Shimo-Hachiōji and Hayao alike. In the second year of Juei (1183), Hachiōji, Marebito and Jūzenji were all advanced to Senior Second Rank (Note: following the Sannō Yōtenki). In the second year of Antei (1228), Shōshinshi, Hachiōji, Marebito, Jūzenji and Sannomiya were all given one added rank (Note: following the Hyakurenshō). In the second year of Kenchō (1250), they all finally reached Senior First Rank (Note: weighing the Teiō Hennen-ki and the Shosha Kongenki). In the second year of Shōka (1258), seven new portable shrines were made and deposited (Note: following the Teiō Hennen-ki).

¶The shrine officers include negi, kannushi and hafuri, and all are said to be descendants of Kamo-no-Agatanushi Ushimaro who hold their offices by hereditary succession; divided into more than thirty families attached to the left and right, they served the two shrines and the shrines below them (Note: following the Shintō Himitsu-ki and the Sannō Yōtenki). But since Saichō spread the Buddhist Law by borrowing the deity's power, his disciples have flourished generation after generation, and repeatedly, using divine instruction as a pretext, have deceived the court, until at last they became arrogant and made light of the laws of the court. When something did not go as they wished, they would at once band together, take up weapons, bear the portable shrines, violate the palace gates and make forceful appeals, a great calamity through successive reigns (Note: following the Genkō Shakusho, the Fusō Ryakki and the Hyakurenshō). This matter will be told in the Treatise on Buddhist Affairs.

¶**Kadono Shrine and Adogawa-Kawata Shrine**. The present locations of both shrines are unknown. In the fifth year of Jōgan (863), both were advanced from Senior Sixth Rank Upper to Junior Fifth Rank Lower.

¶**Hira Shrine**. It now stands in Shiga district (Note: the district name follows the Wakan Sansai Zue. It stands below Myōjin-zaka in Ukawa village and is called Shirohige Myōjin). Tradition says that it enshrines Sarutahiko-no-Kami (Note: from "tradition" onward, following local tradition). In the seventh year of Jōgan (865), Junior Fourth Rank Lower was granted.

¶**Asao Shrine, Sannō Shrine and Iigōchi Shrine**. The locations of these three shrines are unknown. In the seventh year of Jōgan (865), Junior Fifth Rank Lower was granted to the Asao deity, who was at Senior Sixth Rank Upper; in the ninth year (867) it was granted likewise to the Sannō deity; and in the twelfth year (870) the same rank was granted to the Iigōchi deity.

¶**Amewakamiko Shrine**. It now stands in Inukami district (Note: the district name follows the Kōnōshō. It stands in Yotsuya village). In the thirteenth year of Jōgan (871), it was advanced from Senior Sixth Rank Upper to Junior Fifth Rank Lower.

¶**Musakami Shrine and Musashimo Shrine**. Both now stand in Gamō district (Note: the district name follows local tradition. Both are in Musa village. The Hakuke Burui has "the shrine of the six seats," but "six seats" and "Musa" are related in sound and reading). Tradition says that the upper shrine enshrines Izanami-no-Mikoto and Susanoo-no-Mikoto, and the lower shrine enshrines Kotoshironushi-no-Mikoto (Note: from "tradition" onward, following local tradition). In the seventeenth year of Jōgan (875), both were given Junior Fifth Rank Lower from Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and in the sixth year of Gangyō (882) both were further advanced to Junior Fifth Rank Upper.

¶**Saka Shrine and Ame-no-Takamusubi Shrine**. The present locations of both shrines are unknown. In the seventeenth year of Jōgan (875), Junior Fifth Rank Lower was added to the Saka deity, who was at Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and in the eighteenth year (876) the same rank was granted to the Ame-no-Takamusubi deity.

¶**Abura-hi Shrine**. It stands in Kōka district (Note: the district name follows the Genpei Jōsuiki. It now stands in the Abura-hi valley in Abura-hi village). In the first year of Gangyō (877), Junior Fifth Rank Lower was added to Senior Sixth Rank Upper.

¶**Kashiwaita Shrine, Mononobe-Futsu Shrine, Kaihoku Shrine and Kainan Shrine**. The present locations of these four shrines are all unknown (Note: according to the Wamyōshō, there was a Mononobe district in Kurita district, and the Mononobe-Futsu shrine was probably there). In the sixth year of Gangyō (882), the Kashiwaita deity was advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Lower to Junior Fifth Rank Upper, and the three deities below were all given Junior Fifth Rank Lower from Senior Sixth Rank Upper (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku).

¶**Shiragi Shrine**. It stands in Shiga district (Note: following the Fusō Ryakki and the Genkō Shakusho. It now stands in the northern hall of the Onjōji). It enshrines a foreign deity (Note: following the Onjōji Denki). In the reign of Emperor Montoku the monk Enchin founded it following an oracle and made it the guardian deity of the Onjōji (Note: following the Genkō Shakusho). In the reigns of Emperor En'yū and Emperor Go-Reizei its rank was repeatedly advanced until it reached the Third Rank (Note: following the Jitokushū; whether Senior or Junior is unknown). When Emperor Go-Sanjō was ill, an imperial envoy was sent to pray (Note: following the Fusō Ryakki and the Jitokushū). In the reign of Emperor Nijō, the retired emperor made a visit to this shrine (Note: following the Onjōji Denki). The Ōtomo-no-Sukuri served in the shrine's affairs generation after generation (Note: following the Shiragi Myōjin-ki and the Jitokushū).

Mino Province

Tagi District (4 shrines)

¶**Taki Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Ōtsuka village. The Mino Jinmyōki gives Junior Fifth Rank Lower).

¶**Ōmiwa Shrine** (Note: it now stands at Miwa in Miya village in Ishizu district). It enshrines Ōmiwa-no-Kami. His descendants, the Miwa clan, have performed the rites generation after generation and still serve as shrine officers today (Note: following local tradition).

¶**Mii Shrine** (Note: it now stands within the Shinmei shrine in Kanaya village. It was originally some four hundred and fifty ken east of the village, where the water of its well irrigated the village fields and there was no fear of drought, but it is said that the shrine suffered a disaster and was moved to its present site. The Jinmyōki gives Junior Fifth Rank Lower).

¶**Kukumiohiko Shrine** (Note: also written Kukuhiko. The shrine now stands in Sawada village in Ishizu district and is called Kukumiko-no-Kami). It seems to enshrine Kukutsuhiko-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Daijingū Gishiki-chō and the Engishiki). In the fifth year of Jōwa (838), Junior Fifth Rank Lower was granted (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki). Under the Engi regulations all four shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

Fuwa District (3 shrines)

¶**Nakayama Kanayamahiko Shrine** (Note: it now stands at the foot of Mount Nakayama in Miyashiro village, south of the district). It enshrines Kanayamahiko-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Ichinomiya-ki. The Jinja Kō says that when Emperor Temmu raised his army, he entered this province from Ise, closed the Fuwa barrier, prayed to this deity for victory, and afterward revered and enshrined it. This is added for reference). In the third year of Jōwa (836), Junior Fifth Rank Lower was granted and it was made a shrine of renowned deities, and in the thirteenth year (846) Senior Fifth Rank Lower was added (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki). On the accession of Emperor Montoku, Junior Fourth Rank Lower was granted (Note: this work has "the Kanayama deity of Echizen," but it does not appear in the Engishiki, and it is probably an error for Mino. It is therefore recorded here). In the first year of Jōgan (859), it advanced to Senior Third Rank, and with repeated advancements in the sixth (864) and fifteenth (873) years it reached Senior Second Rank (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities (Note: following the Engishiki). Later it advanced to Senior First Rank with the First Order of Merit (Note: following the Jinmyōki. The shrine's own tradition says that the First Order of Merit was granted for suppressing the disturbance in the eastern provinces in the third year of Tengyō (940), and that in the Kōhei years (1058-1065) Senior First Rank was added for quelling the disturbance in Mutsu, but that account is doubtful and is not adopted). It was called the Nangū (Southern Shrine) (Note: following the Konjaku Monogatari and the Hakuke Burui) and was made the Ichinomiya of the province (Note: following the Inaba-sha Engi and the Ichinomiya-ki). There were more than thirty families of shrine officers, and the Fuwa, Ōba and other clans served as chief negi generation after generation (Note: following the Mino Meisaiki and local tradition).

¶**Dairyō Shrine** (Note: it now stands at Ōmori in Miyashiro village). Tradition says that it enshrines the spirit of Miya-no-Suguri Konomi, who was district magistrate of this district. Konomi rendered service to Emperor Temmu, and his descendants, the Fuwa clan, are said to have performed the rites generation after generation (Note: following the Miyakatsu Sei Kō and local tradition. The Jinmyōki gives Junior First Rank. According to the Shoku Nihongi, in the second year of Taihō (702), when the Retired Emperor made a visit to this province, rank was conferred on Miya-no-Suguri Konomi, district magistrate of this district; this is this person. Local tradition gives the name Arakida-no-Omi Katsuyoshi, but "yoshi" and "konomi" are related in reading, so there is no doubt it is this person, and Katsuyoshi was probably given as his name by mistake. This is added for reference).

¶**Ibuki Shrine** (Note: the Jinmyōki has "Senior First Rank Ibuki Great Deity." It now stands on Mount Ibuki in Ibuki village). It seems to enshrine the same deity as the Ibuki shrine of Ōmi (Note: following the Teiō Hennen-ki and the Iroha Jiruishō). In the second year of Ninju (852), it became an official shrine (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku); in the seventh year of Jōgan (865), it was advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Lower to Junior Fourth Rank Lower, and in the first year of Gangyō (877) Junior Fourth Rank Upper was added (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). Under the Engi regulations both seats were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

Ikeda District (1 shrine)

¶**Yagi Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Tanaka village and is called Yagi Myōjin. According to the Shōjiroku, among the descendants of Toyotamahiko-no-Mikoto, the sea deity, there were the Yagi-no-Miyatsuko, and since "Yagi" and "Yagi" in this shrine's name are related in sound and reading, this family probably enshrined their ancestor here). In the second year of Kashō (849), because of its numinous efficacy it was admitted among the official shrines (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a minor shrine (Note: the Jinmyōki gives Junior Fifth Rank Lower).

Anpachi District (4 shrines)

¶**Uwato Shrine** (Note: the Jinmyōki has "Junior First Rank Uwato Myōjin." It now stands in Kanbe village).

¶**Kamo Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Shimo-Ōsugi village in the Ōsugi estate and is called Shirohige Myōjin. The Jinmyōki gives Junior Fifth Rank Lower).

¶**Sunomata Shrine** (Note: it now stands at Sunomata post-station. The Jinmyōki gives Junior Fifth Rank Lower).

¶**Arakata Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Kanbe village and is called Sannō. The Jinmyōki gives Junior First Rank). Under the Engi regulations all four shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

Ōno District (3 shrines)

¶**Hananaga Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Nare village and is called Shichisha Myōjin). It seems to enshrine the same deity as the Azura shrine of Owari (Note: following the Owari Fudoki as quoted in the Shaku Nihongi). The details are found in that entry. In the first year of Jingo-keiun (767), one household of fief in the home province was assigned to it (Note: following the Shinshō Kyakuchokufu. The Jinmyōki gives Senior First Rank).

¶**Hananaga-shimo Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Nare village and is called Hananaga Myōjin).

¶**Kiburi Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Kiburi village and is called Kiburi Hakusan Gongen. The Jinmyōki gives Senior Second Rank). Under the Engi regulations all three shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

Katagata District (2 shrines)

¶**Katagata-tsu Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Yashiro village and is called Agata Myōjin. The Jinmyōki gives Junior Second Rank).

¶**Wakae Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Nishi-Kaita village and is called Wakamiya Hachimangū. The Jinmyōki gives Junior Fifth Rank Upper). Under the Engi regulations both shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

Atsumi District (3 shrines)

¶**Hinamori Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Kami-Akanabe village and is called Hidamori Myōjin. According to the Nihon Shoki, in the reign of Emperor Keikō there were Ehinamori and Ohinamori in Tsukushi. In the "Account of the Wa" in the Sanguozhi, an official title is given as Hinamori (written with other characters); Hinamori is the same as Hinamori, and "i" is read "hina." According to the Nihon Shoki and the Shōjiroku, Prince Ōusu, a son of Emperor Keikō, was enfeoffed in Mino and became the ancestor of the Mori-no-Kimi and others, and Mori-no-Kimi probably refers to the Hinamori. This shrine may perhaps enshrine Prince Ōusu. This is provisionally added for reference. The Jinmyōki gives Junior Fifth Rank Lower).

¶**Akanabe Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Shimo-Akanabe village and is called Agata Myōjin, also Akanabe Myōjin. The Jinmyōki gives Junior Fifth Rank Lower).

¶**Mononobe Shrine** (Note: it now stands within the precincts of the Ināba shrine in Gifu. The Jinmyōki gives Junior Fifth Rank Lower). The record that in the first year of Jinki (724) one household of fief in the home province was presented to "the Deity of Iso-no-sono" probably refers to this shrine (Note: following the Shinshō Kyakuchokufu and the Shoku Nihongi. According to the Kuji Hongi, the Mino-no-Michi-no-Shiri-no-Kuninomiyatsuko was of the same ancestry as the Mononobe-no-Muraji, and the Mononobe-no-Iso-no-Muraji named in the Shoku Nihongi probably belonged to the family of this provincial governor. This shrine may have been served by that family and may therefore also be called the Deity of Iso-no-sono. This is added for reference in readiness for later examination). Under the Engi regulations all three shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

Kagami District (7 shrines)

¶**Iwanonishi Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Iwata village and is called Iwanishi Myōjin). It enshrines Prince Hikoimasu (Note: according to local tradition, there is a tomb of Prince Hikoimasu on the mountainside north of the village). Kamuōne-no-Miko, a son of Prince Hikoimasu, was in fact the ancestor of the Minonomichinokuchi-no-Kuninomiyatsuko (Note: following the Kojiki and the Kuji Hongi; local tradition has also been weighed. The Jinmyōki gives Senior Fourth Rank Lower).

¶**Murakuni Shrine (2 shrines)** (Note: one seat now stands on the eastern mountain top in Kagami village in the Kagami district and is called Murakuni Hakusan. The other is at the site of the sacred sojourn place (otabisho) in the village). Tradition says that it enshrines the ancestor of the Murakuni-no-Muraji and the spirit of Oyori, a meritorious retainer of the Jinshin War (Note: following the Jigenji Sōsōki and local tradition. Local tradition says that the sojourn place was the burial ground of Oyori. The Jinmyōki gives Junior Fifth Rank Lower).

¶**Asukada Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Furuichiba village, and adjoining it is Asuka village).

¶**Mura-kuni-Masumida Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Unuma village). It seems to enshrine Ame-no-Hoakari-no-Mikoto (Note: following the purport of the Kuji Hongi and the Engishiki. The Jinmyōki gives Junior Fifth Rank Lower. According to the Sandai Jitsuroku, there were the Mutobe clan in Atsumi district of this province, said to be descendants of Hoakari-no-Mikoto. There were also the Kagami clan in this district, and since "Kagami" and "kagami" (mirror) are related in sound and reading, it seems that there may be some connection with the Kagamitsukuri clan. The name "Masumida" probably also derives from the mirror. Details are in the entry on the Kagamitsukuri shrine of Yamato province, to which please refer).

¶**Kasami Shrine** (Note: the Shinmeiki has "Senior Fourth Rank Lower Kasami Great Deity." It now stands south of Mount Kasami in Furuichiba village).

¶**Mii Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Mii village in the Mii district. Tradition says that it was originally on Mount Mii, east of the village. The Jinmyōki gives Senior Fourth Rank Lower). Under the Engi regulations all seven shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

Kamo District (9 shrines)

¶**Agatanushi Shrine** (Note: it now stands at Ōta post-station and is called the Ōta Shrine, also the Kamo-no-Miya). It seems to enshrine Prince Hikoimasu, ancestor of the Kamo-no-Agatanushi (Note: following the Shōjiroku and the Engishiki. The Jinmyōki gives Junior Second Rank).

¶**Sakahogi Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Sakakura village and is called Kamo Myōjin).

¶**Ōyama Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Ōyama village and is called Kamo Myōjin. The Jinmyōki gives Junior Fifth Rank Lower).

¶**Ōbe Shrine** (Note: according to the Wamyōshō there was an Ubu district in this district, which was probably the location of this shrine, but it is now unknown. The Jinmyōki gives Junior Fifth Rank Lower).

¶**Abushina Shrine** (Note: the Jinmyōki has "Junior Fifth Rank Lower Abushina Myōjin." It now stands in Kami-Kawabe village and is called Haga Tennō).

¶**Kanda Shrine** (Note: according to the Wamyōshō, Kanda is also the name of a district in this county, and the shrine name probably derives from it, but it is now unknown. The Jinmyōki gives Junior Fifth Rank Lower).

¶**Sakuta Shrine** (Note: the Jinmyōki has "Junior Fifth Rank Lower Sakuta Great Deity." It now stands in Yūta village in the Yūta district and is called the Kumano-sha. Yūta is probably a corrupted reading of Sakuta. The present reading of "yū" as "yufu" is probably a mistake from the reading of the character. In the village there is the Sakuta slope, which is a remnant of the old name).

¶**Tai Shrine** (Note: the Jinmyōki has "Junior Fifth Rank Lower Tai Great Deity." It now stands in Nishi-Tahara village in the Tahara estate and is called the Tai-no-Miya).

¶**Nakayama Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Shinyū village in the Nakayama district. The Jinmyōki gives Junior Second Rank). Under the Engi regulations all nine shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

Ena District (3 shrines)

¶**Sakamoto Shrine** (Note: in what is now Chitanbayashi village there is a place called Sakamoto, and the Hachiman shrine in the village is probably it. Some also say that in Sakashita, a dependent settlement of Naegi, there is a Jūni-sō shrine in the settlement, and that this is it).

¶**Nakagawa Shrine** (Note: the Jinmyōki has "Junior Fifth Rank Upper Nakatsugawa Great Deity." It now stands at Nakatsugawa post-station in the Eshita district and is called Hakusan).

¶**Ena Shrine** (Note: it now stands on Mount Ena, southeast of Nakatsugawa post-station, and is called Ena Gongen. The Jinmyōki gives Junior Fifth Rank Upper). Under the Engi regulations all three shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

Shrines Not Listed in the Official Register (Mino)

¶**Inaba Shrine**. It stands in Atsumi district (Note: following the Nihon Ryōiki and the Jinmyōki. "Inaba" is also written with other characters, or as "Inaba." The shrine was originally at Tsubakihara on Mount Inaba in Gifu, but in the Tenbun years (1532-1555) it moved to the foot of the mountain and has since stood at its present site). It seems to enshrine Hikotatsuhiko-no-Mikoto, ancestor of the Inaba-no-Kuninomiyatsuko, also called Tanba-no-Michinushi-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Kuji Hongi. The alternative name follows the Nihon Shoki. According to the Kojiki, Tanba-no-Michinushi is written "Tanbahiko Tatasumichinoushi," and "Hikotatasu" and "Hikotatsu" are close in sound and reading, and "Tanba Michinoushi" is none other than Tanba-no-Michinushi. Hikotatsuhiko probably also came to be called Tanba-no-Michinushi for his merit in pacifying Tanba in the reign of Emperor Sujin. Here, therefore, they are treated as alternative names of the same person). Hibasuhime-no-Mikoto and Inishikiirihiko-no-Mikoto are worshipped together with him (Note: weighing the Inaba-sha Engi and the shrine's own tradition. The Engi says that Inishiki-no-Mikoto was enfeoffed in the province of Inaba, that once, under imperial command, he stopped in this place on his way to Mutsu, and that later he entered Mount Tsubakihara and became a deity; but that Inishiki was enfeoffed in Inaba does not appear in the old histories, and its error needs no discussion. According to the Kojiki and the Kuji Hongi, of the two sons of Prince Hikoimasu, Hikotatsuhiko became the Inaba-no-Kuni-no-Miyatsuko and Kamuōne became the Mino-no-Kuni-no-Miyatsuko; by this, this province (Mino) and Inaba are truly kindred lands. Furthermore, this province has the Iwanonishi shrine, which, as stated above, local tradition says enshrines Prince Hikoimasu, and there is said to be a tomb of the prince in that place. By this, there must be a reason why Hikotatsuhiko was enshrined in this place, and the title Inaba-no-Kami is also evidence of it. Further, according to the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki, Hibasuhime, daughter of Michinushi, became the empress of Emperor Suinin and bore Inishikiirihiko, so it is not without reason that this shrine worships the empress and the prince together. The Engi and the shrine's own tradition did not trace the root and branch of this, and mistakenly took the co-enshrined deities as the chief deity and added further to the account. Therefore the root and branch are examined here, and a slight correction is made in readiness for later examination). At the time of the Jinshin War, Emperor Temmu prayed to this deity for victory and later presented this district as a sacred village (Note: following the Inaba-sha Engi). In the twelfth year of Jōwa (845), Junior Fifth Rank Lower was granted (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki), and in the eleventh year of Jōgan (869), it was advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Upper to Senior Fifth Rank Lower; with repeated additions in the second (878) and fourth (880) years of Gangyō it reached Junior Fourth Rank Lower (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. The Jinmyōki gives Senior First Rank). Later it was called the Third Shrine of the province (Note: following the Inaba-sha Engi). There were more than thirty shrine officers, and the Agata-no-Sukune served as negi (Note: following the Mino Koseki Kō).

¶**Kogane Shrine**. It stands in Atsumi district (Note: following the Jinmyōki. It now stands in Kami-Kanō village). It seems to enshrine the Agata clan woman, consort of Tanba-no-Michinushi-no-Mikoto, and the two princes she bore (Note: weighing the Nihon Ryōiki and the Inaba-sha Engi. The Engi says that when Inishiki-no-Mikoto once went to Mutsu he obtained a gold ball (kanemaru), brought it back and left it in this province, and later, together with his son Ichihayao-no-Mikoto and a small child, entered Mount Tsubakihara and became a deity. The Ryōiki says that in the Enryaku years a woman of the Agata clan of Katagata district in this province, widowed and with child, after three years bore two divine stones, and when the Inaba deity declared to a diviner that "these are my children," a shrine was built and they were enshrined. Both accounts are strange and hard to believe. But taken together, the "Inishiki" of the Engi is a mistaken transmission of Tanba-no-Michinushi, and the "gold ball" refers to the Agata clan, and it was forced onto the name Kogane. One may think that Michinushi once lived in this province, took a woman of the Agata clan, and had two sons, and that later people built a shrine and enshrined the woman and the two sons. Both sons had stones as their divine body, and the Ryōiki, mistaken by hearsay, said that she bore two stones, and further dated it to the Enryaku years. However, considering the Kojiki, Michinushi had one son named Mikadowake, born of his consort Tanba-no-Kawakami-no-Masu-no-Iratsume, and there is no person named Ichihayao, so this is not recorded here, leaving the doubt. The Engi also says that a certain Hiokibe served Inishiki-no-Mikoto and that his descendants became the negi of the Inaba shrine and, changing their original surname, received the title Agata-no-Sukune, but this does not appear in other works. However, this province had the Agata clan, who appear in works such as the documents of the Shōsōin of the Tōdaiji and the Sandai Jitsuroku, and the fact that down to later ages the Agata clan served as negi of the Inaba shrine must also have some origin. This is also added for reference). In the eleventh year of Jōgan (869), it was advanced from Senior Sixth Rank Upper to Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. The Jinmyōki gives Senior Third Rank).

¶**Nagahiko Shrine**. It stands in Tagi district (Note: following the Jinmyōki. This work has "Junior Fourth Rank Upper Nagahiko Myōjin"). In the eleventh year of Jōgan (869), Junior Fifth Rank Lower was granted from Senior Sixth Rank Upper (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku).

¶**Koyasu Shrine**. It stands in Fuwa district (Note: following the Jinmyōki. It now stands at the foot of Mount Akasaka and is called Koyasu Myōjin). In the eighteenth year of Jōgan (876), Junior Fifth Rank Lower was added to Senior Sixth Rank Upper (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. The Jinmyōki gives Senior Second Rank).

¶**Nagatomo Shrine**. It stands in Anpachi district (Note: following the Jinmyōki. According to the Wamyōshō there was a Nagatomo district in the county, which was probably the location of this shrine, but it is now unknown). In the sixth year of Gangyō (882), Junior Fifth Rank Lower was granted (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. The Jinmyōki has Junior Fifth Rank Upper).

¶**Higashi-Tenjin Shrine**. It stands in Ishizu district (Note: following the Jinmyōki). In the eleventh year of Engi (911), Junior Fifth Rank Lower was granted (Note: following the Nihon Kiryaku. The Jinmyōki gives Junior Fourth Rank Upper).

Hida Province

Ōno District (3 shrines)

¶**Minashi Shrine** (Note: it now stands upstream of the Minasegawa river in Miya village). It seems to enshrine Ame-no-Hoakari-no-Mikoto, that is, the ancestor of the Hida-no-Kuninomiyatsuko (Note: following the Kuji Hongi. According to the Engishiki, in Minushi in Kuse district of Yamashiro there is the Amateru-mitama shrine, which enshrines Hoakari-no-Mikoto, and the Shōjiroku says that the Minushi-no-Atai were of the same stock as the provincial governor of this province and descended from Hoakari-no-Mikoto. The Shoku Nihongi has the Hida-no-Kuninomiyatsuko Takechimaro, district magistrate of this district, who was probably a descendant of Hoakari-no-Mikoto. His family lived in this district generation after generation, and since "Minashi" and "Minushi" are related in reading, it is clear that this deity is Hoakari-no-Mikoto. However, the Ichinomiya-ki and the Jinmyōchō Tōchū say that it enshrines Mitoshi-no-Kami, and on what this is based cannot be known. This is added for reference). In the ninth year of Jōgan (867), it was advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Lower to Junior Fifth Rank Upper, and with repeated advancements in the tenth (868), thirteenth (871) and fifteenth (873) years it reached Junior Fourth Rank Upper in the fifth year of Gangyō (881) (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). Later it was called the Ichinomiya of the province (Note: following the Ichinomiya-ki).

¶**Tsukimoto Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Yamaguchi village and is called Tsukimoto-gū).

¶**Ena Shrine** (Note: one text lacks the character "na." It now stands in Enako village and is called Kōjin-gū). In the ninth year of Jōgan (867), it advanced together with the Tsukimoto deity from Junior Fifth Rank Lower to Junior Fifth Rank Upper (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). Under the Engi regulations all three shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

Araki District (5 shrines)

¶**Ōtsu Shrine and Araki Shrine** (Note: they now stand in Miyaji village in the Yoshiki district of Yoshiki county, and are called Araki-gū, also Kahaku Myōjin).

¶**Takada Shrine** (Note: it now stands at Takada in Ōe village in Yoshiki county).

¶**Atayuta Shrine** (Note: it now stands in the Atayuta grove in Kisogaito village in the Yoshiki district and is called Nakamiya).

¶**Kurihara Shrine** (Note: it now stands at Kurihara in Miyahara village in the Takahara district of Yoshiki county). In the ninth year of Jōgan (867), all five shrines were granted Junior Fifth Rank Upper from Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). Under the Engi regulations they were all ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

Shrines Not Listed in the Official Register (Hida)

¶**Ōtoshi Shrine** (Note: it stands in Sugisaki village).

¶**Hashiribuchi Shrine** (Note: it stands in Sugō village).

¶**Yūhataishi Shrine** (Note: it stands at Ishigamihata in Asaono village).

¶**Watase Shrine** (Note: "do" is probably a miscopying of "hiro." The shrine in Hirose-chō in the Hirose district is probably it). The above four shrines all now stand in Yoshiki county (Note: the county name follows the Hishūshi and local tradition). In the ninth year of Jōgan (867), all were advanced from Senior Sixth Rank Upper to Junior Fifth Rank Lower.

¶**Dōgo Shrine**. It now stands in Mashita county (Note: the county name follows local tradition. It stands in Kami-Hora village in the Atano district).

¶**Shitennō Shrine**. It now stands in Ōno county (Note: the county name follows local tradition. It stands at Tennōhora in Urushigaito village and is called Ninomiya). In the ninth year of Jōgan (867), together with the Dōgo deity, Junior Fifth Rank Lower was added to Senior Sixth Rank Upper.

¶**Keta Wakamiya Shrine**. It now stands in Yoshiki county (Note: it stands on Mount Aihō in Kami-Keta village). Tradition says that it enshrines Ōkuninushi-no-Kami and Mii-no-Kami (Note: the county name follows local tradition). In the fifteenth year of Jōgan (873), it rose from Junior Sixth Rank Upper to Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and in the fifth year of Gangyō (881) Junior Fifth Rank Upper was added.

¶**Kibokunitsu Shrine**. Also called the Kibo deity, it now stands in Ōno county (Note: the county name follows local tradition. It stands in Honbo village; "Kimoto" is probably an error in one character).

¶**Tsurugio Shrine**. It now stands in Yoshiki county (Note: the county name follows the Hishūshi. It stands in Mikawara village and is called Tsurugi Gongen). The above two shrines advanced in the seventeenth year of Jōgan (875), both from Senior Sixth Rank Upper to Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and in the first year of Gangyō (877) Junior Fifth Rank Upper was further added (Note: this work writes "upper" as "lower," but this is an error and has been corrected from the preceding text).

¶**Kamo Wakamiya Shrine**. It now stands in Yoshiki county (Note: it stands at the foot of Mount Kamo in Tono village). It enshrines Wakeikazuchi-no-Mikoto (Note: the county name and the name of the deity follow local tradition). In the fifth year of Gangyō (881), Junior Fifth Rank Lower was granted from Senior Sixth Rank Upper (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku).

Shinano Province

Ina District (2 shrines)

¶**Ōyamada Shrine** (Note: it now stands at Miyakoshi in Chinzeino village).

¶**Achi Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Hirugami village, and in the village is the Achi river). It seems to enshrine Yagokoro-Omoikane-no-Kami, ancestor of the Achi-no-Hafuribe (Note: following the Kuji Hongi and the Engishiki). Under the Engi regulations both shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

Suwa District (2 shrines)

¶**Minakatatomi Shrine (2 shrines)**. Also called the Deity of Suwa (Suwa-no-Kami) (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. It now stands in Kami-Suwa Jingūji village and is called Nangū Myōjin). It enshrines Takeminakata-no-Mikoto, also called Takeminakatatomi-no-Mikoto, with his consort Yasakatome-no-Mikoto worshipped together with him (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki, the Montoku Jitsuroku and the Sandai Jitsuroku. The character "me" in "tome" is also written with another character). Three ri north of the shrine there are two further shrines, called Haru-no-Miya and Aki-no-Miya (Note: following the Kisoji-ki and the Shinpu Tōki; both shrines are at Shimo-Suwa post-station, Haru-no-Miya at Shimohara and Aki-no-Miya south of Yu-machi), and these are called the Lower Shrine. For this reason this shrine is called the Upper Shrine, and together they are called the Upper and Lower Shrines of Suwa (Note: following the Suwa-sha Engi Ekotoba and the Shintōshū. The shrine's tradition says that the Upper Shrine enshrines Takeminakata-no-Mikoto and the Lower Shrine enshrines Yasakatome-no-Mikoto, but the Shoku Nihon Kōki calls the deity Yasakatome "the Former," which makes it clear that two seats are enshrined in one shrine. But among the various accounts there is the view that the Upper Shrine enshrines Takeminakata and the Lower Shrine enshrines Yasakatome, and also the view that the Yasakatome shrine is separate, at Takabe village some ten chō south of the Upper Shrine, and called Maemiya; both are doubtful. One view quoted in the Shinpu Tōki says that the deity enshrined at Shimo-Suwa is the same as at Kami-Suwa, and that because the Upper Shrine is far from human habitation a shrine was newly built here. This view seems closer to the facts and is added for reference). Takeminakata was a child of Ōnamuchi-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Jinshi Keizu); he distinguished himself in pacifying the land and had always prided himself on his valor, but knowing that he could not resist the heavenly deities, he opened up this land and at last asked to remain and dwell here (Note: following the Kojiki).

¶In the fifth year of Emperor Jitō, an imperial envoy was sent to hold a festival (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). In the twentieth year of Enryaku (801), when Sakanoue-no-Tamuramaro, obeying an edict, campaigned against the Emishi, he truly received the protection of this deity, annihilated the ringleaders of the rebels, and returned in triumph to report it. Therefore by imperial order the shrine building was greatly repaired, one thousand chō of fields in this district were presented as sacred land, and the 84,000 bundles of rice harvested from them were assigned to the expenses of the year's rites (Note: weighing the Jinshi Keizu and the Suwa-sha Engi Ekotoba). In the first year of Daidō (806), seven households of fief in the home province were fixed for it (Note: following the Shinshō Kyakuchokufu). In the ninth year of Jōwa (842), Junior Fifth Rank Lower was granted to the deity Minakatatomi with the Eighth Order of Merit and to the deity Yasakatome (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki); on the accession of Emperor Montoku both advanced to Junior Fifth Rank Upper, and in the first year of Ninju (851) both were given Junior Third Rank (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku). In the first year of Jōgan (859), Takeminakatatomi-no-Mikoto advanced from Senior Third Rank to Junior Second Rank, and Yasakatome-no-Mikoto from Junior Third Rank to Senior Third Rank, and soon each was given one more rank. In the seventh year (865), two tan of paddy land in the district were assigned as sacred rice land for Takeminakatatomi-no-Mikoto. In the ninth year (867), Junior First Rank was granted to Takeminakatatomi-no-Mikoto and Senior Second Rank to the deity Yasakatoji (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). Under the Engi regulations both were ranked as major shrines of renowned deities (Note: following the Engishiki). In the third year of Tengyō (940), the deity Takeminakata advanced to Senior First Rank and the deity Yasakatome to Junior First Rank (Note: following the Suwa-sha Engi Ekotoba, the Genpei Jōsuiki and the Shoshin-ki). In the first year of Eihō (1081), Senior First Rank was added to the deity Yasakatome (Note: following the Suwa-sha Engi Ekotoba and the Genpei Jōsuiki. The works do not name the deity, but judging from the rank it is determined to be the deity Yasakatome). Later it was called the Ichinomiya of the province (Note: following the Ichinomiya-ki and the Shintōshū), and the Lower Shrine was called the Ninomiya (Note: following the Shintōshū).

¶At the beginning of the reign of Emperor Antoku, when Takeda-no-Nobuyoshi and others raised an army in response to Minamoto-no-Yoritomo and came to Suwa, there was a numinous response, and so the two districts of Hiraide and Miyadokoro in this province were presented to the Upper Shrine, and the two districts of Ryūichioka and Niya to the Lower Shrine. Later Yoritomo presented sacred horses and the two districts of Kurokōchi and Fujisawa to both shrines. In the second year of Kenryaku (1212), an imperial edict declared: "Hawking in all provinces is forbidden. However, what is provided for the rites of this shrine is not subject to this restriction." At the time of the Jōkyū disturbance, the Hōjō clan prayed to this shrine and later repaid it by presenting the Utsume estate in Echizen (Note: following the Azuma Kagami). Two shrine buildings were always kept, and every Tiger and Monkey year one was rebuilt. The seat of the deity was moved by turns: to the one built in a Tiger year in the Monkey year, and to the one built in a Monkey year in the Tiger year. In the years of rebuilding, the provincial governor sent officials to take charge of the construction, the tax tribute of the whole province was assigned to the cost, all the people took part in the labor service and stopped work on their private houses, and timber was also forbidden to be taken out of the province. This system too is said to have begun in the Enryaku years (Note: following the Jinshi Keizu and the Suwa-sha Engi Ekotoba. According to a recent record of the shrine's history, on the Tiger or Monkey day of the first month of a Tiger or Monkey year the laborers purify themselves, go into the mountains and fell trees. Eight trees of not more than five jō and not less than four jō eight shaku in length are cut and made into the sacred pillars (onbashira). On the Tiger or Monkey day of the fourth month they are set up at the four corners of the upper and lower shrines. The ceremony is very solemn and is called the Onbashira Festival. In that year one treasure hall is also rebuilt and the sacred treasures transferred to it, but this differs somewhat from this work's account and is probably a later system. This is added for reference).

¶At the Lower Shrine, the seat of the deity is placed in the Haru-no-Miya from the first month to the sixth month, and from the seventh month to the twelfth it is moved to the Aki-no-Miya (Note: following the Kisoji-ki and the Kōnōshō). In the course of the year there are some seventy or more festivals; the Rooster day of the third month is called the Kaijin Festival, at which birds, beasts and fish are offered. The twenty-sixth day of the seventh month is called the Misayama rite, when the Jinchō and others bear the portable shrine to Misayama and hunt, releasing hawks and shooting arrows, to provide for the festival (Note: following the Suwa-sha Engi Ekotoba). The Great Priest (Ōhōri) of the Upper Shrine is called of the Jin clan and is in truth a descendant of the deity (Note: following the Jinshi Keizu and the Suwa-sha Engi Ekotoba). Below him are the Jinchōkan, the Negi-dayū, the Gon-no-hōri, the Gi-no-hōri and the Fuku-no-hōri, called the Five Officers (Note: following the Shinpu Tōki). The Lower Shrine had as its Great Priest descendants of the Shinano-no-Kuninomiyatsuko generation after generation (Note: following the Ōhōri Keizu). It too has Five Officers, the first of whom is called the Takei-no-hōri, the rest being the same as at the Upper Shrine (Note: following the Shinpu Tōki). Those who serve in the rites of the two shrines number some seventy or more, and those called clansmen number several hundred (Note: following the Suwa-sha Engi Ekotoba).

Chikuma District (3 shrines)

¶**Okada Shrine** (Note: it now stands at Miyayama in Okada village).

¶**Isagoda Shrine** (Note: it now stands at Yomogijima in Sannomiya village. Three ri to the west is Mount Sagisawa, said to be its old site. The local people say that the Onbashira rite is held every Hare or Rooster year, using a Hare day in the tenth month; the people of twenty-odd districts take part in it).

¶**Arei Shrine** (Note: it now stands at Aratadaira in Shiojiri-machi village. The old site was on Mount Iwaudo). Under the Engi regulations all three shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

Azumi District (2 shrines)

¶**Hotaka Shrine** (Note: also written with other characters for "Hotaka." It now stands at Hotaka in Hotaka village). It seems to enshrine Hotakami-no-Mikoto, ancestor of the Azumi-no-Sukune (Note: following the Shōjiroku and the Engishiki). This deity is said to have had merit in controlling the waters. To the west of the district, bordering Hida, there is a mountain that rises into the sky called Hotakadake, which probably preserves the name of the deity. To the north of it is a great lake, now called Aoki-no-umi, said to be a remnant of the primeval sea water (Note: following the purport of the Shinano Chimeikō and the Kawai-sha Engi). In the first year of Jōgan (859), it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Upper from Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities (Note: following the Engishiki). Later it was called the Third Shrine of the province (Note: following the Hotaka-gū documents). Every year on the twenty-seventh day of the seventh month the villagers gather, build a boat, and draw it overland in a festival, in which everyone in the district takes a part. The shrine officers include the Hotaka, Wada, Inukai and other clans, who served as great priests generation after generation, and all are said to be descendants of the deity (Note: following local tradition).

¶**Kawai Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Tōkaichiba village). Tradition says that it enshrines Watatsumi-no-Kami, the sea deity (Note: following local tradition). Takeminakata and his consort controlled the waters, cut through Mount Minochi to pour the water into the sea of Koshi, and for the first time obtained level land and lived here. It is said that because their descendants flourished, they were enshrined (Note: following the purport of the Kawai-sha Engi). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a minor shrine (Note: following the Engishiki).

Sarashina District (11 shrines)

¶**Takemizuwake Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Hachiman village, and beside the shrine is a place called Mikumari-chi). It enshrines Mikumari-no-Kami (Note: following the Engishiki and local tradition). In the eighth year of Jōgan (866), Junior Second Rank was granted, and in the following year it was admitted among the official shrines (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities (Note: following the Engishiki).

¶**Fuse Shrine** (Note: it now stands on Mount Fuse in Ishikawa village in the Fuse district). It enshrines Ōhiko-no-Mikoto, ancestor of the Fuse-no-Ason (Note: following the Engishiki, the Shōjiroku and the shrine's tradition. According to the Shōjiroku, kindred families of this clan include the Ishikawa, Taguchi, Sakurai and others, and since there are also villages of Ishikawa, Taguchi and Sakurai near the shrine, there must be some connection).

¶**Haheshina Shrine** (Note: it now stands on Shiroyama in Kami-Yamada village. Within it is the Hahe slope, probably a remnant of the old name).

¶**Sarashina Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Wakamiya village in Sarashina-no-sato).

¶**Tōshin Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Motoshikatani village in the Tōshin district).

¶**Nagatani Shrine** (Note: it now stands on Nagatani-gō-yama in Shiozaki village and is called Hasshō Gongen). It seems that the Ohatsuse-no-Miyatsuko, a branch of the Shinano-no-Kuninomiyatsuko, enshrined here their ancestral deity Yaimimi-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Kojiki, the Kuji Hongi and the Engishiki).

¶**Hioki Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Hioki village in Azumi district and is called Hioki Myōjin).

¶**Shimizu Shrine** (Note: according to the Wamyōshō there was a Shimizu district in this county, which was probably the location of this shrine, but it is not clear now).

¶**Higatome Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Shimo-Higana village. The two districts of Higana and Toname adjoin one another, and seventeen villages in all belong to it, all of which now serve this shrine). It seems to enshrine Utsushimekanesaku-no-Mikoto, ancestor of the Azumi-no-Muraji, with the two deities Takeminakata and Yasakatome worshipped together with him (Note: referring to the Kojiki, the Engishiki and local tradition).

¶**Ike Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Kojimada village in the Ike district and is called Ikenomiya Myōjin).

¶**Haruta Shrine** (Note: it now stands beside Harutaike in Inariyama village and is called Suwa Myōjin). Tradition says that it enshrines Takeminakata-no-Mikoto (Note: following the Haruta Ōrai). The above ten shrines were all ranked as minor shrines under the Engi regulations (Note: following the Engishiki).

Minochi District (9 shrines)

¶**Takeminakatatomi-no-Mikoto-Hikokamiwake Shrine**. Also called the Deity of Minochi (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). It enshrines Hikokamiwake-no-Kami, and also the deity's father and mother, Takeminakatatomi-no-Mikoto and Yasakatome-no-Kami (Note: following the Suwa-sha Engi Ekotoba and the Zenkōji Shiryaku). In the fifth year of Emperor Jitō, an imperial envoy was sent to hold a festival (Note: following the Nihon Shoki). Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of renowned deities (Note: following the Engishiki). In later ages this shrine declined greatly and came to belong to the precincts of the Zenkōji (Note: following the Suwa-sha Engi Ekotoba and the Zenkōji Shiryaku. It has now moved to Shiroyama at Karineoka in Nagano-machi. According to the Zenkōji Engi, in the reign of Empress Suiko a man of the province, Wakaomi-no-Azumahito, obtained a Buddha image at the Naniwa canal and later built a hall in Imoi district of this county to enshrine it, which is the so-called Zenkōji. One may think that at that time Azumahito set up a temple on the shrine ground, and as the Buddhist temple gradually flourished the Shintō shrine at last declined, until the monks took over the shrine ground and greatly built halls and pagodas, so that this shrine was left with only a small shrine, which is called the Toshigami-dō. The world does not know that this was a major shrine of renowned deities, but that the Nyorai hall still holds the rites of the Wind Festival, the shimenawa hanging and the New Year's crossing is a remnant of this shrine's rites. Moreover, among the temple families there are more than ten houses whose descendants hand down family names to one another and especially value their genealogies. Tradition says that their ancestors moved from Suwa to this place, and this must be a case of shrine families who turned into monks. This is added for reference). The statement that in the fifth year of Kenchō (1253) Imamizo-no-Hyōe, an envoy of the Kamakura side, repaired the Zenkōji and the Suwa Nangū refers to this shrine (Note: weighing the Azuma Kagami and the Zenkōji Engi). Even now, by local custom, a festival is held every year on the two hundred and tenth day from the beginning of spring, called the Wind Festival. On the last day of the sixth month the Great Purification is held, and the Monkey day in the twelfth month is called the New Year's-crossing Festival (Note: following the Imoi Sanpōki).

¶**Miwa Shrine** (Note: it now stands at Mimoro in Miwa village). It enshrines Ōmononushi-no-Kami (Note: following the Nihon Shoki, the Engishiki and local tradition). In the eighth year of Jōgan (866), the Department of Deities reported that "the two deities Miwa and Kanbe are causing curses, and there will be the calamities of warfare and pestilence"; an imperial edict ordered the provincial governor to present offerings and pray with reverence (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). The Kanbe shrine will be treated below.

¶**Izumo Shrine** (Note: it now stands at Izumo in Kamishiro village). It seems to enshrine the Great Deity of Izumo (Note: referring to the Kojiki and the shrine's tradition).

¶**Tsumashina Shrine** (Note: some texts have the character for "earth" above "tsuma." It now stands in Tsumashina village). Tradition says that it enshrines Yasakatome-no-Mikoto (Note: following local tradition). In the second year of Jōgan (860), Junior Fifth Rank Lower was added to Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and in the fifth year (863) it advanced to Junior Fifth Rank Upper.

¶**Ogawa Shrine** (Note: it now stands at Sawamiya in Setogawa village, which was the original Ogawa village).

¶**Morita Shrine**. In the first year of Jōgan (859), Junior Fifth Rank Lower was granted; in the fifth year (863) it advanced to Junior Fifth Rank Upper, and in the seventh year (865) Junior Fourth Rank Lower was added (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. This work writes "ta" with another character, but the readings are the same. Some texts write "mori" as "yasu" or "u," but both are errors).

¶**Awano Shrine** (Note: it now stands on Mount Awano in Ishimura and is called Aono Myōjin). Tradition says that it enshrines Ame-no-Hikata-Kushihikata-no-Mikoto (Note: following local tradition).

¶**Kazama Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Kazama village). Tradition says that it enshrines Isetsuhiko-no-Mikoto (Note: following local tradition). This deity first lived in Ise, but when the Great Ancestor sent Ame-no-Hiwake-no-Mikoto to subdue him, he left the country and, riding the wind and waves, moved to this place (Note: following the Ise Fudoki as quoted in Senkaku's Man'yōshō. The Fukuro Sōshi and the Jikkinshō both say that because strong winds are many in the land of Shinano, a priest was placed at the Suwa shrine to pray within the shrine, and was called the wind priest (kazehōri); if there were even a slight lack of care, a violent wind would surely damage the crops. This shrine is truly a deity of the Suwa family, and since there is an old account of raising the wind, there is probably such a view. This is added for reference).

¶**Shiratamataruho-no-Mikoto Shrine** (Note: "Shiratama" is also written with another character, and some texts have the character for "tama" below that character. Here one text is provisionally followed). The above eight shrines were all ranked as minor shrines under the Engi regulations (Note: following the Engishiki).

Takai District (8 shrines)

¶**Sumisaka Shrine** (Note: it now stands at Shibamiya in Suzaka village). Tradition says that in the reign of Emperor Temmu the Sumisaka deity of Yamato was transferred and enshrined here, with Takeminakata-no-Mikoto worshipped together with it (Note: following the tradition of old people).

¶**Ochi Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Watauchi village and is called Ouchi-sha. In that place is Mount Ochi, a remnant of the old name). It seems to enshrine Nigihayahi-no-Mikoto, ancestor of the Ochi-no-Atai (Note: following the Shōjiroku and the shrine's tradition. The tradition gives Umashimade-no-Mikoto, but this seems to confuse father and son and has been corrected here). In the first year of Ten'ō (781), together with the Sumisaka shrine, one household of fief each in the home province was fixed (Note: following the Shinshō Kyakuchokufu).

¶**Ouchi Shrine** (Note: it now stands at Ishihara in Anrakuji village. The village was originally the Ouchi district).

¶**Kasahara Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Kasahara village, and south of the shrine are the old remains of a Jingūji on Mount Kasahara).

¶**Osaka Shrine** (Note: it now stands in the Osaka group in Inoue village). Tradition says that in the reign of Emperor Temmu the Osaka deity of Yamato was transferred and enshrined here (Note: following the shrine's tradition).

¶**Takasha Shrine**. Under the Engi regulations all six shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

Hanishina District (5 shrines)

¶**Awasa Shrine** (Note: it now stands at Miyauchi in Awasa village).

¶**Sakaki Shrine** (Note: it now stands at Ōmiya in Sakaki village in the Sakaki district. The "Sakaki Ōmiya" named in a document of the first year of Tenbun (1532) is this).

¶**Nakamura Shrine** (Note: it now stands at Nakamura in Nishijō village). Tradition says that it enshrines Takeminakata-no-Mikoto. In high antiquity, when the sea water had just withdrawn and the land was still desolate and unsettled, this deity cleared the grass and opened up the land and urged the people to farm, and so was enshrined (Note: following the tradition of old people. The tradition adds that Ame-no-Koyane-no-Mikoto is enshrined together with him and that Ōkuninushi-no-Mikoto was worshipped together in a later age, but Ame-no-Koyane was probably forced in on the basis of the ancestor of the Nakamura-no-Muraji. It is therefore not adopted here).

¶**Tamayorihime-no-Mikoto Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Tōjō village and is called Ikedanomiya). It seems to enshrine Tamayorihime-no-Mikoto, daughter of the sea deity Toyotamahiko (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Engishiki). A jewel is its divine body (Note: following the Jinmyōchō Kō and the Kōnōshō).

¶**Hōri Shrine** (Note: it now stands in Ise-machi in Matsushiro, and its old site was east of the shrine on Mount Tōjō, called Hōribata). Under the Engi regulations all five shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

Chiisagata District (5 shrines)

¶**Ikushima-Tarushima Shrine (2 shrines)** (Note: it now stands in Shimogō village). It is the same deity as that enshrined by the Ikushima-no-Mikannagi of the Department of Deities (Note: following the Engishiki). In the first year of Daidō (806), one household of fief in the home province was fixed for it (Note: following the Shinshō Kyakuchokufu). Under the Engi regulations both seats were ranked as major shrines of renowned deities (Note: following the Engishiki). It is said that in later ages a festival was held every year on the third day of the third month, that some seventeen villages served at the extraordinary great festival, and that the shrine officers include a Great Priest, a Great Kannushi and others (Note: following local tradition).

¶**Yamaga Shrine** (Note: it now stands on Mount Azumaya, which is the land of the former Yamaga district. The district name still remains in Sanada village, where there is another shrine called the Yamaga-sha, probably an enshrinement divided off in a later age). Tradition says that in the second year of Yōrō (718) the deity Shirayamahime of Kaga was transferred and enshrined here (Note: following the tradition of old people).

¶**Shiono Shrine** (Note: it now stands at Shiono in Maeyama village in the Shioda estate). In the fifteenth year of Jōgan (873), Junior Fifth Rank Lower was granted from Senior Sixth Rank Upper.

¶**Komayumine Shrine** (Note: "Komayumi" is also written with other characters. It now stands at Komamine in Takeishi village). In the second year of Jōgan (860), Junior Fifth Rank Lower was granted (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). Under the Engi regulations all three shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

Saku District (3 shrines)

¶**Agata Shrine** (Note: it now stands at Agatazawa in Yasuhara village).

¶**Nagakura Shrine**.

¶**Ōtomo Shrine**. Under the Engi regulations all three shrines were ranked as minor shrines (Note: following the Engishiki).

Shrines Not Listed in the Official Register (Shinano)

¶**Umase Shrine and Tsumujiwake Shrine**. The present locations of both shrines are unknown. In the second year of Jōgan (860), both were granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower from Senior Sixth Rank Upper. In the seventh year (865) the Umase deity rose to Junior Fourth Rank Lower, and in the ninth year (867) it advanced from Junior Fourth Rank Upper to Junior Third Rank.

¶**Izuhayao Shrine** (Note: one text lacks the character "o"). It now stands in Suwa district (Note: it stands in Nishi-Yamada village and is called the Izuhayao-sha). It enshrines Izuhayao-no-Kami, child of Takeminakata-no-Kami (Note: following the Jinshi Keizu and the shrine's tradition. "Izuhaya" is also written with other characters). In the second year of Jōgan (860), Junior Fifth Rank Lower was granted; in the fifteenth year (873) Junior Fifth Rank Upper was added, and in the second year of Gangyō (878) it advanced to Senior Fifth Rank Lower.

¶**Kuninarihime Shrine**. It is not known in which district it now stands (Note: local tradition says that it is now enshrined within the precincts of the Miwa shrine in Minochi district together with the Kamuhattori deity. "Kamuhattori" is probably an error for "Kanbe." This is added for reference). In the third year of Jōgan (861), Junior Fifth Rank Lower was granted from Senior Sixth Rank Upper.

¶**Yakushi Shrine and Nadate Shrine** (Note: "Nadate" is also written "Tatena," but which is correct is not known). The present locations of both shrines are unknown. In the fifth year of Jōgan (863), Junior Fifth Rank Upper was granted to the Yakushi deity from Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and in the seventh year (865) Junior Fifth Rank Lower was added to the Nadate deity, who was at Senior Sixth Rank Upper (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku). In the ninth year of Engi (909), it further advanced to Junior Fifth Rank Upper (Note: following the Nihon Kiryaku. This work writes "upper" as "lower," but it has been corrected from the preceding text).

¶**Kanbe Shrine**. It stands in Minochi district. In the eighth year of Jōgan (866), by imperial edict the provincial governor was made to present offerings and pray for the quelling of warfare and pestilence.

¶**Aizuhime Shrine**. Its present location is unknown.

¶**Kusanaihime Shrine**. It now stands in Suwa district (Note: it stands in Kita-Mashino village and is called Tadenomiya). Tradition says that it enshrines the goddess Kusanaihime, a descendant of the Deity of Suwa (Note: the district name and the name of the deity follow local tradition). In the eighth year of Jōgan (866), together with the Aizuhime deity, Junior Fourth Rank Lower was granted.

¶**Azusamizu Shrine**. It now stands in Azumi district (Note: the district name follows the Shinano Chimeikō. It stands on Azusadake, upstream of the Azusa river in Tani, Ōnogawa village).

¶**Susukimizu Shrine**. It now stands in Chikuma district (Note: the district name follows the Shinano Chimeikō. It stands at Hoyano in Susuki-machi. Its old site is said to have been at Myōjindaira in Iri-Yamaga). Tradition says that it enshrines Takeminakata-no-Mikoto. This deity is said to have been enshrined because of his merit in controlling the waters (Note: following the shrine's tradition). In the ninth year of Jōgan (867), together with the Azusamizu deity, it advanced from Senior Sixth Rank Upper to Junior Fifth Rank Lower.

¶**Yaagata-no-Sukune-no-Mikoto Shrine**. Its present location is unknown. In the tenth year of Jōgan (868), it rose from Junior Fifth Rank Lower to Senior Fifth Rank Lower.

¶**Waseda Shrine**. It now stands in Ina district (Note: the district names of the following five shrines follow the Shinano Chimeikō). In the fifteenth year of Jōgan (873), it advanced from Senior Sixth Rank Upper to Junior Fifth Rank Lower.

¶**Tateshina Shrine**. It now stands in Saku district (Note: it stands on Mount Tateshina). In the second year of Gangyō (878), it advanced from Senior Sixth Rank Upper to Junior Fifth Rank Lower.

¶**Ikeoi Shrine**. It now stands in Suwa district (Note: it stands in Ikebukuro village). It enshrines Ikeoi-no-Mikoto. It is said that Takeminakata-no-Mikoto begot Yaekumane-no-Mikoto, Yaekumane begot his younger brother Otodarao-no-Mikoto, and his child was the deity Ikeoi (Note: from "enshrines" onward, following the Jinshi Keizu).

¶**Mimaya-naka-tama Shrine**. It now stands in Suwa district. It seems to enshrine the Deity of the Stables (Mimaya-no-Kami), that is, the deity Takeminakata (Note: the name of the deity follows the Jinmyō Hisho).

¶**Tsukiizumi Shrine**. It now stands in Chikuma district (Note: it stands in Moto-Sema village). The above three deities all advanced from Sixth Rank Upper to Junior Fifth Rank Lower in the fifth year of Gangyō (881) (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku).