Treatise 36: Clans XIII

¶Origins Unknown

¶The Takahashi clan and the Ibaraki clan were both granted the surname Mahito, as Takahashi-no-Kimi and Ibaraki-no-Kimi, in the twelfth year of Emperor Tenmu (683). (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Mino clan. In the reign of Emperor Genshō, Mino-no-Mahito Mishima was granted Junior Fifth Rank Upper. In the reign of the Deposed Emperor there was Mino-no-Mahito Umakai. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Michi-no-Mino-no-Mahito Iwamori, Onmyō-no-Suke (Assistant Director of the Bureau of Yin-Yang), petitioned: "The surname of my father Umakai did not include the character Michi. Only Iwamori is called Michi-no-Mino. I ask that the character Michi be removed." This was permitted. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Saho clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Prince Takahashi was granted the surname Saho-no-Mahito. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Nara clan, the Uchi clan (Note: ○ one text writes it "Uchi" with different characters), the Miwa clan (Note: ○ one text writes it with a different character), and the Shiki clan: in the reign of Emperor Kōken, Prince Ōi, of Senior Fifth Rank Lower, was granted the surname Nara-no-Mahito. Prince Tomi was granted Uchi-no-Mahito; Prince Mibu and Prince Okaya were both granted Miwa-no-Mahito; and Prince Heguri and Prince Hitachi were both granted Shiki-no-Mahito. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Naka clan. In the reign of the Deposed Emperor there was Naka-no-Mahito Ishitomo, of Junior Fourth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Tanaka clan. In the reign of Emperor Kōnin there was Tanaka-no-Mahito Hirotada. (Note: following the Nihon Ryōiki.)

¶The Kiyoumi clan, the Shiga clan, the Jōgaku clan, the Seigaku clan, the Murohara clan, the Mikai clan, the Nagai clan, the Okahara clan, the Hase clan, the Yamashina clan, and the Kawakami clan: in the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Prince Suruga and Prince Hirokatsu, men of the Left Capital, and others were granted the surname Kiyoumi-no-Mahito. Prince Ikehara and Prince Shimahara were granted Shiga-no-Mahito; Prince Mahara and Prince Masada were granted Jōgaku-no-Mahito; Prince Sakano and Prince Iwano were granted Seigaku-no-Mahito; Prince Shiwasu and Prince Ko-Shiwasu were granted Murohara-no-Mahito; Prince Tanabe and Prince Takatsuki were granted Mikai-no-Mahito; Prince Funaki was granted Nagai-no-Mahito; Prince Nagayo and Prince Suetsugu were granted Okahara-no-Mahito; Prince Tamura and Prince Odawara were granted Hase-no-Mahito; Prince Yakami and Prince Yashima were granted Yamashina-no-Mahito; and Prince Nagatsugu was granted Kawakami-no-Mahito. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Minaka clan. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Minaka-no-Mahito Hiro, Daigaku-no-Kami (Director of the University). (Note: following the Nihon Kōki. ○ On examination, according to the Nihon Kiryaku, in the reign of Emperor Saga there was Mioki-no-Mahito Hirokoshi, a Sanni (rank-holder without office) of Junior Fourth Rank Lower, who is probably not a different person. One of the characters "naka" and "oki" would seem to be an error.)

¶The Takazumi clan. In the reign of Emperor Heizei there was Takazumi-no-Mahito Namori, Ukyō-no-Suke (Assistant Governor of the Right Capital). (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Unebi clan. In the reign of Emperor Saga there was Unebi-no-Mahito Ubara. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Haruoka clan. In the reign of Emperor Saga, Haruoka-no-Mahito Hiromi (written here with a variant character) was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) In the reign of Emperor Yōzei there was Echizen-no-Suke Haruoka-no-Mahito Fuyumichi. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Munetaka clan and the Maharu clan. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Prince Haruo, of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, a man of the Right Capital, was granted the surname Munetaka-no-Mahito. Prince Hase and others were granted Maharu-no-Mahito. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Yamato clan, the Kurisaki clan, and the Tokomichi clan. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō there were Yamato-no-Mahito Mimimori, of Junior Eighth Rank Lower; Kurisaki-no-Mahito Nagako, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower; and Tokomichi-no-Mahito Ekimori, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Toshima clan. In the reign of Emperor Go-Ichijō there was Toshima-no-Mahito Tokimichi, Dazai-no-Shōgen (Junior Inspector of the Dazaifu). In the reign of Emperor Go-Reizei there was Toshima-no-Mahito Norikata, Dazai-no-Daigen (Senior Inspector of the Dazaifu). In the reign of Emperor Toba there was Toshima-no-Mahito Kanehito, who also became a Shōgen. (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō. ○ According to the same work, in the reign of Emperor Toba there was Mutsu-no-Daisakan Mibu-no-Mahito Suematsu, whose origins are likewise unclear. It is appended here for the time being.)

¶The Takamato clan holds the surname Ason and descends from Hirose, of Senior Sixth Rank Upper. They originally took the clan name of their mother and were called Ishikawa-no-Ason. In the reign of the Deposed Emperor, Ishikawa-no-Ason Hironari, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, was granted a change of name to the surname Takamato-no-Ason. (Note: following the Shōjiroku; the Shoku Nihongi has also been consulted. ○ The Shōjiroku lists the original line among the Imperial branches, but it is not known from which emperor Hirose descended. It is therefore placed here for now.)

¶The Tosa clan. In the reign of Emperor Genshō, the consort Tosa-no-Ason Miyako was granted Junior Second Rank. In the reign of the Deposed Emperor there was the Sangi (Consultant) Tosa-no-Ason Mitate. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Yehara clan. One account holds that they descend from the second imperial son of Emperor Senka; another holds that they descend from Liu Xiu, ruler of Han. Neither is certain. Some bear the surname Ason (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku), some the surname Sukune (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku), and some the surname Muraji. In the reign of Emperor Genmei, Yehara Otona, wife of the Minister of the Left Tajihi-no-Mahito Shima, was granted the surname Muraji, and Kawachi-no-Daima, of Junior Seventh Rank Upper, of the same kin, was likewise granted Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Montoku, Yehara-no-Muraji Ujinushi, Kazue-no-Kami (Director of the Bureau of Accounts), a man of the Left Capital, and Ujio, Chikara-no-Suke (Assistant Director of the Bureau of Taxes), of the same surname, and others were granted Sukune. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku; that they were men of the Left Capital is from the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Ujinushi was appointed Chikara-no-Kami, and together with Nawao, Kazue-no-Kami, of the same surname, and others, was granted Ason. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Tomiki clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, the late Tomiki-no-Ason Umanushi, a former Judge of the embassy to Tang China, was posthumously granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Oshi clan. In the reign of Emperor Kōken, Oshi-no-Ason Okihito was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Mihajime clan and the Banda clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōtoku, Mihajime-no-Ason Nukame and Banda-no-Ason Nakatoji were both granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Ōya clan. They were originally called Terama. In the reign of Emperor Shōtoku, Terama-no-Omi Ōmushi, of Junior Seventh Rank Lower, a man of Yamato, and others were granted the surname Ōya-no-Ason. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Wakasa Onyū clan. In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Wakasa-Onyū-no-Ason Nagame was granted Senior Fifth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Harumine clan. In the reign of Emperor Saga, Ide-no-Omi Hirotsumaro, a man of the Right Capital, and others were granted the surname Harumine-no-Ason. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki. ○ There seems to be a missing character beneath "Ide".)

¶The Kiyoshina clan. In the reign of Emperor Junna, Kiyoshina-no-Ason Kasanushi was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) The Kiyoshina clan first appears here; in the reign of Emperor Go-Ichijō there was Kiyoshina Yukikuni, Onmyō-no-Daisakan (Senior Clerk of the Bureau of Yin-Yang). (Note: following the Shōyūki.) In the reign of Emperor Horikawa there was Kiyoshina Yukiyori, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Chūyūki.)

¶The Toyotō clan. (Note: ○ one text writes the character "tō" differently.) In the reign of Emperor Junna there was Toyotō-no-Ason Watanari. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō there was Toyotō-no-Ason Nagasada, and both were granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Kiyoniwa clan. In the reign of Emperor Junna, Kiyoniwa-no-Ason Matoyo was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.)

¶The Nagamichi clan. In the reign of Emperor Junna there was Nagamichi-no-Ason Suetsugu, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.)

¶The Shigeoka clan and the Toki clan. In the reign of Emperor Montoku, Toki-no-Atai Okatada, Kazusa-no-Shōsakan (Junior Clerk of Kazusa), and the disciples of the Doctor of Yin-Yang, were granted the surname Shigeoka-no-Ason. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Toki-no-Atai Nagatsugu and others, men of the Left Capital, were further granted Shigekoshi-no-Ason. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Toki-no-Atai Kiyohama, Doctor of the Calendar. (Note: following the Geki Nikki. ○ According to the Nihon Shoki, in the reign of Emperor Jitō there were Toki-no-Michitsukuri and Toki-no-Toki. The readings of the characters are interchangeable, so they are probably of the same kin.)

¶The Mitsune clan. In the reign of Emperor Seiwa there was Ise-no-Zen-Daijō (former Senior Third Secretary of Ise) Mitsune-no-Ason Ujio. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Harubuchi clan. They were originally called Fumiya-no-Atai. In the reign of Emperor Kōkō, Fumiya-no-Atai Tadanao, Udaishi (Senior Recorder of the Right) and a man of the Left Capital, and his younger brother Nagayo, Shikibu-no-Shōroku (Junior Recorder of the Ministry of Ceremonial), and others were granted a change to the surname Harubuchi-no-Ason. Tadanao himself claimed to be a descendant of Emperor Kōgen and of the same ancestor as the Abe-no-Ason, but this is not found in the Shōjiroku. However, among the kin of the Sakanoue-no-Ōsukune there is a Fumiya-no-Atai, and they are probably of the same kin. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Nakahara clan. They were originally called Toichi-no-Obito. One account holds that they descend from Prince Shikitsuhiko-no-Mikoto, a son of Emperor Annei, but this is not certain. (Note: ○ On examination, according to the Kuji Hongi, among the Five Tribes who descended from heaven there is Tomifutaro, ancestor of the Toichi-no-Obito. Perhaps he was their ancestor.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Toichibe-no-Sukune Harumune, Sashōshi (Junior Secretary of the Left). (Note: from Emperor Suzaku onward, following the Kujō Nenjū Gyōji and the Tonoki.) Arizō, Daigaku-no-Hakase (Doctor of the University), son of Harumune, and Isuke Yoshitada, Joe (Assistant Lecturer), of the same surname, were granted a change of name to the surname Nakahara-no-Sukune in the reign of Emperor En'yū, and soon afterward became Ason; their descendants served in literary offices through the generations. (Note: following the Nakahara Genealogy. ○ On examination, according to the Sandai Jitsuroku, in the reigns of Emperor Yōzei and Emperor Kōkō there was Nakahara-no-Ason Tsukio, Joe. They are probably of the same kin, but at that time the clan name had not yet been changed, or it may have been added later. It is appended for the time being for reference.) In the reign of Emperor Nijō, Nakahara Yasuyori, Uhyōe (of the Right Gate Guards), assumed the Taira clan name. (Note: following the petition of Isobe Nobusada.) He was probably of the same kin.

¶The Morae clan. In the twelfth year of Emperor Tenmu (683), Morae-no-Omi was granted a change to Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Sakanami clan. When the imperial grandson descended to Tsukushi and first performed the Great Thanksgiving Rite, offices such as Sakanami were established and assigned to serve in that rite. (Note: following the Heavenly Deity's Auspicious Words as cited in the Taiki.) This clan probably appears in that source. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Sakanami Hitomaro was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Uda there was Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower Sakanami-no-Sukune Mitsunuki. (Note: following the Josho-shō.)

¶The Kawaharada clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Suruga-no-Sakan (Clerk of Suruga) Kawaharada-no-Sukune Oshikuni. (Note: following the documents of the Shōsōin of Tōdaiji.)

¶The Hirano clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōtoku there was Hirano Asami, of Junior Sixth Rank Lower. In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Hirano-no-Sukune Shigeki, Onmyō-no-Daisakan. (Note: from Emperor Suzaku onward, following the Geki Nikki; the surname Sukune is from the Riburyō-ki. ○ The Shūgaishō lists a Hirano-no-Ason.)

¶The Inabachima clan. In the reign of the Deposed Emperor, Inabachima-no-Obito Shikomaro and others, kin of Inabachima-no-Muraji Nakamura-me, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, were granted the surname Muraji, and soon afterward were all granted a change to Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Kōka clan. (Note: ○ On examination, the appendix to the Shōjiroku lists a Sōka clan, written in one text with the characters of Kōka; probably this is the same. According to the Gonki, in the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Sōka Chiaki. The Shūgaishō lists "Hirano Hōden-no-Ue-no-Amijirō-no-Tsukasa," which is likewise probably a corruption of Kōka.) In the reign of Emperor Kōken there was Kōka-no-Omi Otomaro, Taifu (District Magistrate) of Kōka District in Ōmi. (Note: following the Tōji documents.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Ise-no-Daisakan Kōka-no-Sukune Oo. (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.) In the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Kōka-no-Kimi Koreshige, a man of Ōmi. (Note: following the Chōya Gunsai. ○ On examination, according to the Nihon Shoki, in the reign of Emperor Bidatsu there was Kaga-no-Omi. Since "Kaga" and "Kōka" have interchangeable readings, they are probably of the same kin. According to the Shoku Nihongi, in the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Taka-no-Omi Matsuka, but "Ta" is probably a corruption of "Kō". They are appended together to await later study.)

¶The Manoso clan. In the reign of Emperor Saga there was Manoso-no-Sukune Zōmotsu, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.)

¶The Yoshihara clan. In the reign of Emperor Saga, Tsugumune, a man of Kii and a son of Tojime, ancestor of the Ki-no-Atai, petitioned: "All persons' children take their father's surname and become common subjects. Only Tsugumune has no registered home. I ask to be granted the name Fujishiro, from the place where my mother's clan lives." By imperial edict he was granted Yoshihara-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Ihara clan. In the reign of Emperor Junna there was Ihara-no-Sukune Tsugitari, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Ihara Yoshikaze, Shikibu-no-Shōroku. In the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Sashōshi Ihara-no-Muraji Tasuku. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.)

¶The Yasuhara clan. In the reign of Emperor Junna there was Yasuhara-no-Sukune Morokatsu, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Yasuhara-no-Sukune Omio, Dazai-no-Daten (Senior Clerk of the Dazaifu), a man of Tajihi District in Kawachi, and others transferred their registered home to the Right Capital. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Yasumichi clan. In the reign of Emperor Junna, Yasumichi-no-Sukune Tsugio was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.)

¶The Arimichi clan descends from the Hasetsukabe. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Hasetsukabe Nagamichi, of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, a man of Tsukuba District in Hitachi, and Fukumichi, Sakonoe (of the Left Palace Guards), of the same surname, and others were granted the surname Arimichi-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. ○ On examination, according to the Shōjiroku, there are Hasetsukabe clans among the descendants of Ametarashihiko-Kunioshihito, of Takenouchi-no-Sukune, and of Kamotakezumi. It is not clear to which of these lines the Arimichi belong.)

¶The Tokinori clan descends from Ikihayabi-no-Mikoto. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Kumi-no-Kimi Kanauji, a man of Tango, was granted a change to Tokinori-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Kasashina clan. They were originally called Kiyotomo-no-Sukune. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Kiyotomo-no-Sukune Maoka, Uma-no-Gon-no-Daijō (Provisional Senior Secretary of the Right Stables), a man of the Left Capital, and others, to avoid the personal name of Tachibana-no-Ason Kiyotomo, Chancellor, were granted a change to Kasashina-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Asamune clan. In the reign of Emperor Montoku, Asamune-no-Sukune Yoshitsugu was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku. ○ The Shūgaishō lists an Asamune-no-Ason.)

¶The Ōkubo clan and the Arimune clan. In the reign of Emperor Genshō there was Ōkubo-no-Fuhito Iotari, a master of chanting. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Ōkubo-no-Mineo, Master of Accounting of the Bureau of Accounts, a man of the Right Capital, and others were granted a change to the surname Arimune-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Ōkubo-no-Sukune Norizen, Ushōshi (Junior Secretary of the Right). (Note: following the Tōdaiji Zatsuroku and the Gosen Wakashū.)

¶The Shigeyo clan. They were originally called Ogimi. In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Ogimi-no-Urao, Sabenkan-no-Shisho (Clerk of the Left Controlling Office) and a man of the Right Capital, and others were granted a change to the surname Shigeyo-no-Sukune. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Koyoshi clan. In the reign of Emperor Yōzei there was Koyoshi-no-Sukune Yasumune, Mokunogon-no-Suke (Provisional Assistant Director of the Bureau of Carpentry). (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Asai clan. In the reign of Emperor Yōzei there was Asai-no-Atai Tsukushio, Sakonoe-no-Shōsō (Lieutenant of the Left Palace Guards). (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there were Shimotsuke-no-Suke Asai-no-Sukune Suyoshi (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō) and Asai Masamune, Chief of Chikuma in Ōmi. (Note: following the Gonki.)

¶The Kawasaki clan. In the reign of Emperor Go-Reizei there was Noto-no-Suke Kawasaki-no-Sukune Kanekiyo. (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.)

¶The Yashima clan. In the reign of Emperor Takakura there was Izumi-no-Sakan Yashima-no-Sukune Suekuni. (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.)

¶The Kamuyashiro clan. In the reign of Emperor Genmei there was Kamuyashiro-no-Imiki Kawachi, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Kamuyashiro-no-Imiki Oimaro. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi; from Emperor Shōmu onward, following the Man'yōshū.)

¶The Itayasu clan. In the reign of Emperor Genshō there was Itayasu-no-Imiki Inukai. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Kawakami clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Satsu Myōkan, of Junior Fifth Rank Upper, was granted Kawakami-no-Imiki. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Nagai clan. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Yui Keisō, of Senior Seventh Rank Upper, a man of the Left Capital, and others were granted the surname Nagai-no-Imiki. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Toyoyama clan. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Otomaro, of Junior Seventh Rank Upper, a man of Settsu, and others were granted the surname Toyoyama-no-Imiki. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Nakashino clan. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Nakashino-no-Imiki Toyotsugu, a man of Higo, and others transferred their registered home to the Left Capital. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Namitsuki clan. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Namitsuki-no-Imiki Ogimaro, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Yohara clan. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Yohara-no-Imiki Yori was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Nōhara Tsunenori. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.)

¶The Awata clan. In the reign of Emperor Junna there was Awata-no-Imiki Toyonaga, of Junior Eighth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.)

¶The Tōno clan. In the reign of Emperor Montoku, Tōno-no-Imiki Hiramaro was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.)

¶The Enohara clan. In the reign of Emperor Seiwa there was Enohara-no-Imiki Kanayoshi, of Junior Sixth Rank Lower. At about the same time Enohara-no-Imiki Yoshikazu, Minbu-no-Shōroku (Junior Recorder of the Ministry of Popular Affairs), a man of Toshima District in Settsu, transferred his registered home to the Left Capital. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Yonu clan. The consort of Owachi-no-Kimi, a sixth-generation descendant of Emperor Suinin, was named Anani-hime, a daughter of Yonu-no-Omi. She was the maternal grandmother of Emperor Keitai. (Note: following the Jōgūki as cited in the Shaku Nihongi.)

¶The Oguro clan holds the surname Omi. It first appears in the reign of Emperor Kōtoku. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Tanba clan holds the surname Omi. It first appears in the reign of Emperor Kōtoku. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Kura clan. In the reign of Emperor Kōtoku there was Kura-no-Omi Okuso. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Tsu clan. In the reign of Emperor Saimei there was Shō-Sange Tsu-no-Omi Kuru (Junior Eleventh Rank Lower). In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Tsu-no-Omi Masumaro, a man of Tsuu District in Bitchū. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki; from Emperor Shōmu onward, following the documents of the Shōsōin of Tōdaiji.)

¶The Ikaga clan. In the reign of Emperor Tenmu there was Ikaga-no-Omi Abe. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Au clan. In the reign of Emperor Tenmu there was Au-no-Omi Shima. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Kashima clan. In the reign of Emperor Jitō there was Kashima-no-Omi Tamekusu. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Takakuwa clan. In the reign of Emperor Monmu there was Takakuwa-no-Omi Mei-me, a woman of Nakatsu District in Buzen. (Note: following the documents of the Shōsōin of Tōdaiji.)

¶The Nishie clan. In the reign of Emperor Genshō there was the master of chanting Nishie-no-Omi Yakime. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Nishie Hirao, Shuchō (Registrar) of Tsuruga District in Echizen. (Note: following the documents of the Shōsōin of Tōdaiji.) In the reign of Emperor Saga there was Nishie-be Tsugito, who was later raised to Junior Fifth Rank Lower and became Sadae-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi. ○ On examination, the readings of "Nishie" and "Sadae" are interchangeable.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Sadae Yasuhira, Jingi-no-Daishi (Senior Recorder of the Department of Deities). (Note: following the Geki Nikki.)

¶The Oda clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Oda-no-Omi Nenari was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Murakami there were Oda-no-Omi Toyosato, a man of Oda District in Bitchū, and Oda Tsuitsu, Senior District Governor of the same district. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) In the reign of Emperor Horikawa there was the palace woman Oda-no-Ason Sachiko. (Note: following the Chōya Gunsai.)

¶The Miyake clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Miyake-no-Omi Kanatari, a man of Akika District in Izumo, who took part in compiling the Fudoki of his home province. (Note: following the Izumo Fudoki.)

¶The Tsune clan, the Hanpu clan, the Yokota clan, and the Inari clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there were Tsune-no-Omi Koakamaro, Sanji (Clerk) of Abe District in Suruga; Hanpu-no-Omi Tarishima; Yokota-no-Omi Ōyake; and Inari-no-Omi Ushimaro. (Note: following the documents of the Shōsōin of Tōdaiji.)

¶The Namikuri clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Namikuri-no-Omi Temaki, a man of Retsuri Village in Kuse District, Yamashiro. (Note: following the Tōji documents.)

¶The Momoo clan. In the reign of Emperor Kōken there was Momoo-no-Omi Imaro, village headman of Tsuge Village in Ahai District, Iga. (Note: following the old documents of Tōdaiji; the district name is from the Wamyōshō.)

¶The Mokui clan. In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Mokui-no-Omi Tarishima was raised to Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Geki Nikki. ○ On examination, this work records a kinsman of the Abe-no-Omi who mistakenly took his mother's surname and became Mokui-no-Omi, and who later reverted to his original surname. But where this clan actually came from is in truth unknown.)

¶The Asuwa clan. In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Asuwa-no-Omi Tsuzura was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Asuwa-no-Toyomuraji, Ōkura-no-Shōroku (Junior Recorder of the Treasury). (Note: following the Geki Nikki.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Ichijō there was Asuwa Chihira, Tenyaku-no-Sakan (Clerk of the Medical Bureau). (Note: following the Shōyūki. ○ The Shūgaishō lists an Asuwa-no-Ason.)

¶The Yokoe clan. In the reign of Emperor Kōnin there was Yokoe-no-Omi Naruhito, a man of Tsuruga District in Echizen. (Note: following the Nihon Ryōiki.)

¶The Kayū clan. In the reign of Emperor Junna there was Kayū-no-Omi Mashiba, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa there was Takumi-no-Daijō Kayū-no-Omi Sotei (Senior Third Secretary of the Bureau of Craftsmen; the first character of the clan name is written here with a variant). (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Kayū Tsugunari, Shishō (Clerk) of the Daijō-kan. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.)

¶The Yoshi clan. In the reign of Emperor Junna there was Yoshi-no-Omi Toyotamaro, provincial governor of Izumi. (Note: following the Seiji Yakuryaku. ○ The Shūgaishō lists a Yoshi-no-Ason.)

¶The Maeda clan. In the reign of Emperor Montoku, Maeda-no-Omi Ichinari, Senior District Governor of Jōza District in Chikuzen, was provisionally granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower in recognition of his administrative achievements. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.)

¶The Wakamiya clan. In the reign of Emperor Seiwa there was Ise-no-Shōsakan Wakamiya-no-Omi Hideo. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. ○ The Man'yōshū has Wakamiya Ayukaimaro, probably a man of the Tenpyō era and certainly of the same kin.)

¶The Sakurai Tabe clan and the Anato Kuni-no-Miyatsuko both descend from Nigitsumi-no-Mikoto. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi.) In the reign of Emperor Ōjin there was Sakurai-Tabe-no-Muraji Oshi. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Sakurai-Tabe-no-Muraji Sadasuke, a man of Miki District in Sanuki, and others transferred their registered home to the Right Capital. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. ○ On examination, according to the Tōji documents, in the reign of Emperor Kōnin there was Yamato-no-Shōsakan Sakurai-Tabe-no-Sukune Kō, probably of the same kin.) Hayatsutori-no-Mikoto, a fourth-generation descendant of Nigitsumi-no-Mikoto, became Anato Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Keikō. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi.) In the reign of Emperor Chūai there was Anato-no-Atai Fumitatsu, probably of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko kin. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Kurikuma clan. (Note: ○ one text writes the character "kuma" with a different character, "saki".) In the reign of Emperor Tenji there was Kurikuma-no-Obito Norikata. In the eleventh year of Emperor Tenmu (682), Kurikuma-no-Obito was granted a change to Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Sashōshi Kurisaki-no-Sukune Fumo. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.)

¶The Mura clan's original home was probably Mino. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Tenmu there was Mura-no-Muraji Oyori, who became a meritorious subject of the Jinshin disturbance, and the Mura clan first became prominent here. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Mura-no-Muraji Akunin, a man of Mino. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.)

¶The Toneri clan. In the ninth year of Emperor Tenmu (680), Toneri-no-Miyatsuko Nukamushi was granted the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. ○ On examination, according to the Kuji Hongi, among the Five Tribal Leaders there is a Toneri-no-Miyatsuko. Perhaps they are of the same kin.) In the reign of Emperor Junna there was the woman Toneri-no-Omi Fukunaga-me, a person of Chikuzen. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) There was also the Ōtoneri-be; in the reign of Emperor Kōken there was the frontier guard Ōtoneri-be Chifumi of Naka District in Hitachi. (Note: following the Man'yōshū.)

¶The Kuhako-tsukuri clan. In the eleventh year of Emperor Tenmu (682), Kuhako-tsukuri-no-Miyatsuko was granted a change to the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Takara clan. In the eleventh year of Emperor Tenmu (682), Takara-no-Miyatsuko was granted the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Takara-no-Miyatsuko Sumita, Shuchō of Enuma District in Echizen. (Note: following the documents of the Shōsōin of Tōdaiji.) In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō there was Takara-be-no-Miyatsuko Tsugimaro, a man of Nōmi District in Kaga. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was the junior attendant Takara-be Yasuie. (Note: following the Geki Nikki.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Ichijō there was Dazai-no-Daiten Takara-be-no-Sukune Tsunetaka. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.)

¶The Katari clan. In the eleventh year of Emperor Tenmu (682), Katari-no-Miyatsuko was granted the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) At about the same time there was Katari-no-Omi Inomaro, a man of Ou District in Izumo, whose courage and strength surpassed others and who became famous for killing a crocodile (wani). (Note: following the Izumo Fudoki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there were Katari-no-Kimi Komura and Katari-be-no-Kimi Yōraku, men of Izumo, and Katari-no-Atai Mino, a man of Kuboya District in Bitchū. (Note: following the documents of the Shōsōin of Tōdaiji.) The Katari-be kin lived in provinces such as Mino, Tanba, Tajima, and Inaba, and through the generations took part in the Great Thanksgiving Rite. (Note: following the Jōgan Gishiki and the Engishiki.)

¶The Kawachi Umakai clan, the Uno Umakai clan, and the Sarara Umakai clan all originally held the surname Miyatsuko, but in the eleventh year of Emperor Tenmu (682) were all granted the surname Muraji. There are also surnames such as Kawachi-Umakai-no-Obito and Yamato-Umakai-no-Miyatsuko, but the origins of these are all unclear. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Kume Toneri clan. In the eleventh year of Emperor Tenmu (682), Kume-Toneri-no-Miyatsuko was granted the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) There is also the Kume-no-Muraji; in the reign of Emperor Genshō, Kume Naomaro, of Senior Sixth Rank Upper, was granted the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa, Muraibe-no-Mineo, Acting Senior District Governor of Naka District in Iwami, and others reverted to their original surname Kume-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Masuda clan. In the reign of Emperor Tenmu there was Masuda-no-Atai Kanashiki. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki; the surname Atai is from the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Shōtoku, Masuda Nawate, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, a man of Asuwa District in Echizen, was granted the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Saga there was Masuda-no-Imiki Mitsutari, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, who later took the surname Muraji. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.)

¶The Uhayashi clan. They were originally called the Roku clan. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ The character "Roku" is written "Tsuno" in the Nihon Shoki and with another variant in the documents of the Shōsōin of Tōdaiji; the sounds of all are interchangeable.) In the reign of Emperor Tenji there was Shō-Sange Tsuno Fukutoshi, who was versed in the arts of yin and yang. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Monmu, by imperial edict the monk Eyō returned to lay life, restored his original surname, took the name Roku-no-Nanaemaro, and was later granted the surname Uhayashi-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Ōkuchi clan. In the reign of Emperor Jitō there was Ōkuchi-no-Muraji Umakai, Head Priest of the Ise Grand Shrine. (Note: following the Futasho Daijingū Reibun.)

¶The Shiino clan. They were originally called the Shihi clan. In the reign of Emperor Genmei there was Shihi Shinsha, who became known for filial piety, and whose deeds are recorded in the Biographies of Women. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Shihi Chūyū, of Senior Seventh Rank Lower, was granted Shiino-no-Muraji. In the reign of Emperor Shōtoku, Shihi Kawamori, of Senior Seventh Rank Upper, a man of the Right Capital, was granted Shiino-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ Various texts write "Shihi" as "Kon", which is an error, and it has therefore been corrected.)

¶The Kakitsu clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Kakitsu-no-Muraji Hina was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Nagaoka clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Hinnan Ōtari, of Senior Sixth Rank Lower, was granted the surname Nagaoka-no-Muraji. In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Gaita Mino, a man of the Left Capital, was likewise granted Nagaoka-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ The same work states that in the reign of Emperor Shōtoku, Ichinan Otomaro, a man of the Left Capital, was granted the surname Jōjō-no-Muraji. The characters "Ichi" and "Hin" are similar in form, so one of them is probably in error; since it is not known which is correct, it is appended here for the time being.)

¶The Kinoe clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Kōkyo Mo, of Senior Sixth Rank Lower, was granted the surname Kinoe-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Kamoda clan. In the reign of the Deposed Emperor there was Kamube Kamoda-no-Muraji Shimahito. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Takamatsu clan. In the reign of the Deposed Emperor there was Bingo-no-Suke Takamatsu-no-Muraji Kasamaro. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Seisai clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōtoku there was Seisai-no-Muraji Ikazuchi, Uta-no-Daijō (Senior Third Secretary of the Bureau of Court Music). (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ One text writes "sai" with a different character, and "ikazuchi" also as "ka". Among the Kudara kin listed earlier there is a Seiman-no-Muraji, probably also of the same kin. This is appended for reference.)

¶The Shimoi clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōtoku, Shimoi-no-Muraji Tachitari became Governor of Wakasa. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Oshiumi-kura clan. In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Oshiumi-kura-no-Muraji Koshiki was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) There is also the Oshiumi-yamashita clan; in the reign of Emperor Kōkō, Oshiumi-Yamashita-no-Muraji Ujinori became Assistant Governor of Iwami. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Kiyooka clan. (Note: ○ one text writes "Kiyo" with a different character.) In the reign of Emperor Kōnin there was the court physician Kiyooka-no-Muraji Hiroshima. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Murakami clan. In the reign of Emperor Kōnin there was Bakumushi Murakami-no-Miyatsuko Daihō. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Bizen Kokushō (Provincial Officer of Bizen) Murakami-no-Muraji Yoshisato. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.)

¶The Hiroyo clan. In the reign of Emperor Junna, Hiroyo-no-Muraji Iyatari was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Hyōbu-no-Shōroku (Junior Recorder of the Ministry of Military Affairs) Hiroyo-no-Muraji Morotsune. (Note: following the preface to the Engi Kyaku.)

¶The Toyoi clan. In the reign of Emperor Junna there was Daijō-kan Left Shishō (Clerk) Toyoi-no-Muraji Yasutomo. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.)

¶The Harumune clan. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō there was Harumune-no-Muraji Tsugunawa, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Yoshine clan. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Mi-agata Sadatsugu, Acting Senior District Governor of Katagata District in Mino, was granted the surname Yoshine-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Hiroe clan. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Ōe Otohira, a man of Kawachi, first took his mother's clan name and became Hiroe-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Katata clan. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō there was Katata-no-Muraji Ishinari, a man of Naga District in Kii. (Note: following the Tōji documents.)

¶The Niu clan. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, the monk Kengi, custodian of the Higaden (poor-relief house) at Kamogawa, gave upbringing to more than ten orphans, including Kiyotsugu, and they were granted the surname Niu-no-Muraji and had their registered home assigned to the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Harumi clan. In the reign of Emperor Yōzei there were Dewa-no-Gon-no-Daisakan Harumi-no-Muraji Okuo and Uta-no-Shōjō (Junior Third Secretary of the Bureau of Court Music) Sadayoshi, of the same surname. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Urushinuma clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Urushinuma-no-Inagi Chimaro, a man of Urushinuma Village in Izumo District, Izumo. (Note: following the documents of the Shōsōin of Tōdaiji; the district name is from the Wamyōshō.)

¶The Saga clan. In the reign of Emperor Keikō there was Ōarata, ancestor of the Saga Agatanushi. (Note: following the Hizen Fudoki.) In the reign of Emperor Kōnin there was Saga-no-Kimi Jikō, Senior District Governor of Saga District in Hizen. (Note: following the Nihon Ryōiki.)

¶The Hokame clan. In the reign of Emperor Ninken there was Hokame-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Oka clan. In the reign of Emperor Chūai there was Kumawani, ancestor of the Oka Agatanushi. In the reign of Emperor Kōtoku there was Shō-Otsu-Jō Oka-no-Kimi Yoroshi (Junior Twelfth Rank Upper). (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Shimohi clan. In the reign of Emperor Kōgyoku there was Shimohi-no-Kimi Zōmotsu. (Note: following the Taishi-den Hoketsuki.) There is also the Shimohi clan written with a different character; in the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Shimohi-no-Obito Kimimaro. (Note: following the old documents of Tōdaiji.)

¶The Asakura clan. In the reign of Emperor Kōtoku there was Asakura-no-Kimi. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. ○ The personal name is missing.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Asakura-no-Kimi Toki was granted Outer Senior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Kōken there was the frontier guard Asakura Masuhito of Kōzuke. (Note: following the Man'yōshū.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Asakura-no-Kimi Ienaga was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower for having supplied provisions to Mutsu. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Marōdo clan. (Note: ○ also written with other characters for "Marōdo".) In the reign of Emperor Genshō, Marōdo-no-Obito Koyomo, of Senior Seventh Rank Upper, and more than twenty others, who had been Yamashiro Kōsaku (the Yamashiro armor-makers), dropped the four characters "Yamashiro Kōsaku" and were granted a change to the Marōdo clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Marōdo-no-Kimi Komamaro, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, became Governor of Tosa. In the reign of the Deposed Emperor there were Marōdo-hito-no-Kimi Chizan and Akomaro, of the same surname. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi; from the Deposed Emperor onward, following the Hōryūji Ryōkun Hōmōshū.)

¶The Kita clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Kita-no-Toochiyo, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and others were granted the surname Kimi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Arisata clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Arisata-no-Kimi Tojime. (Note: following the old documents of Tōdaiji.)

¶The Udo clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Udo Gun, Junior District Governor of Udo District in Suruga. (Note: following the old documents of Tōdaiji. ○ The personal name is missing.)

¶The Nogi clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōtoku there was Nogi-no-Kimi Mizumichi, Daigaku-no-Shōjō (Junior Third Secretary of the University). (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Kane clan. In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Kane-no-Kimi Otsumaro, an extra-quota member of the University, was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ One text writes "Otsu" as "Ko".)

¶The Kibe clan. In the reign of Emperor Saga there was Kibe-no-Kimi Onomaro, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Ajibe clan. In the reign of Emperor Saga there was Ajibe-no-Kimi Hirokawa, of Junior Seventh Rank Upper. (Note: following the Shōjiroku. ○ At the end of that work, Hirokawa is listed alongside seven others, including Ishikawa-no-Ason Kunisuke, Junior Assistant of the Ministry of Civil Administration, and Ōtomo-no-Sukune Nemori, Ōtoneri (Senior Palace Attendant), and these were probably men who took part in compiling the Shōjiroku at that time. Kunisuke appears in the Ruijū Kokushi, where he was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower in the eighth year of Kōnin; none of the others is found elsewhere. It is therefore not precisely known to which reign they belonged. But since Nemori is still called Ōtomo, it is clear that they predate Emperor Junna. It is therefore placed for now in the reign of Emperor Saga.) There is also the Ajima clan; in the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Ajima-no-Kimi Mitasukemaro, a man of Echizen and Zōhei-shi (Bureau of Weapons) official, transferred his registered home to the Left Capital. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. ○ According to the Shoku Nihongi, in the reign of Emperor Kōken there was Amami Kamutakara, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. "Amami" may also be a surname, and it is appended here for the time being.)

¶The Mizobe clan. In the reign of Emperor Kinmei there was Mizobe-no-Atai. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. ○ The personal name is missing.)

¶The Kosebe clan. In the reign of Emperor Monmu there was Kosebe-no-Atai Tatsume, a woman of Shima District in Chikuzen. (Note: following the documents of the Shōsōin of Tōdaiji.)

¶The Kasatori clan holds the surname Atai. At every Great Thanksgiving Rite this clan served through the generations in the post of palace attendant who holds the canopy. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku, the Engishiki, and the Geki Nikki.)

¶The Idebe clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Idebe-no-Atai Hakitachi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Tane clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Tane Kumage District's Senior District Governor Ashitaku, of Outer Junior Seventh Rank Lower, and others were granted the surname Tane-no-Nochi-no-Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, and Karika, Senior District Governor of Yaku District, of Outer Junior Sixth Rank Lower, and others were granted the surname Tane-no-Atai. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Noma clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Awamaro, Junior District Governor of Noma District in Tane, together with more than 960 others, was granted the surname Noma-no-Atai, taken from their place of residence. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Takarada clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōtoku, Takarada-no-Atai Tsunehito, a man of Mimasaka, was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Ōshi clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōtoku there was Suō-no-Ōshi-no-Atai Ashihara. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Tomaami clan. When Empress Jingū campaigned against Korea and moored her ships at Awaji, there was a man named Ōnakako, who wove thatch (toma) to make a shelter against wind and rain. The Empress praised this and granted Ōnakako the surname Tomaami-no-Obito. His descendants lived through the generations in Nakagawa Village, Sayō District, Harima. (Note: following the Harima Fudoki.)

¶The Nukatabe Tsukimoto clan. In the reign of Emperor Ōjin there was Chikumanagahiko, ancestor of Nukatabe-Tsukimoto-no-Obito, a man of Musashi. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Kadonoki clan. In the reign of Emperor Ōjin there was Kumanokori, ancestor of Kadonoki-no-Obito. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Sakao clan. In the reign of Emperor Bidatsu there was Sakao-no-Obito Masa. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Murohara clan. In the reign of Emperor Kōtoku there was Murohara-no-Obito Mita. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Karakaji clan. In the reign of Emperor Genshō, Karakaji Momoshima, a man of Ōmi; Karakaji-no-Obito Norimaro, a man of Tanba; and the Karakaji of the two provinces of Harima and Kii were relieved of the designation of zakko (miscellaneous households) and were all placed among the public households. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Karakaji-no-Obito Hirotomi, Senior District Governor of Mino District in Harima, was raised to Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. Among their kin were the Sakamoto-no-Omi; in the reign of Emperor Shōtoku, Kara-no-Tetsushi-no-Hito Emishi, of Outer Senior Eighth Rank Lower, a man of Samukawa District in Sanuki, and Kara-no-Tetsushibe Ushikai and more than 120 others were granted the surname Sakamoto-no-Omi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ On examination, according to the Shoku Nihon Kōki, in the Jōwa era Sakamoto-no-Omi Takano and others, men of Sanuki, requested to be granted Ason and transferred their registered home to Izumi. The descendants of Ki-no-Tsuno-no-Sukune appear above; this clan seems to be of the same kin, but clear proof has not yet been obtained. Moreover, in the Yōrō era there were seventy-one households among the Karakaji and others who were placed among the public households, among whom were kin such as the Akumi Ayahito and the Oshiumi Ayahito, all of whom seem to be of foreign descent. In addition, according to the Nihon Shoki, in the reign of Emperor Kōgyoku there was Sakamoto-no-Kishi Nagae, who may also be of the same kin. These are appended together here to await later study.)

¶The Uehara clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Uehara-no-Obito Tamame, a woman of Atago District in Yamashiro. (Note: following the documents of the Shōsōin of Tōdaiji.)

¶The Sonoda clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Sonoda-no-Obito Yashima, Judge of the Mint. (Note: following the documents of the Shōsōin of Tōdaiji.)

¶The Inagishiro clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Inagishiro-no-Obito Miyatari, Acting Registrar of Ahai District in Iga. (Note: following the old documents of Tōdaiji.)

¶The Hanabo clan. (Note: ○ one text writes "Hana" with a different character, and another with yet another.) In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Hanabo-no-Obito Yosaku, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, became an extra-quota Assistant Governor of Suō. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Kageyu-no-Shutten (Recorder of the Office of Examiners) Hanabo Tokimoto. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there were Hanabo Sumiyuki, Bante (Guard Captain) of the Left Palace Guards, and Ujitatsu, of the same surname. (Note: following the Masakado-ki.)

¶The Tachihaki clan. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Tachihaki-no-Obito Hirotoji was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Karita clan. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō there was Karita-no-Obito Tanetsugu, Assistant Lecturer of the University. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.) In the reign of Emperor Kōkō there was Karita-no-Obito Kitao of the Right Palace Guards. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. ○ On examination, among the Karita-no-Obito there were those granted the surname Ki-no-Ason and those granted Mononobe-no-Muraji, both of whom appear above. But the origin of the original surname is in truth unknown.) In the reign of Emperor Sanjō there was Karita Yasumasa. (Note: following the Chōya Gunsai.)

¶The Otabe clan. In the reign of Emperor Yōzei there was Dewa-no-Gon-no-Daisakan Otabe-no-Obito Chiyomoto. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Tazukai clan. In the reign of Emperor Kōkō, Tazukai-no-Obito Yoshio, a man of Tsutaka District in Bitchū, transferred his registered home to Atago District in Yamashiro. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the reign of Emperor Horikawa there was Tazukai Michisada. (Note: following the Geki Nikki.) In the reign of Emperor Takakura there was Tazukai Toshiyuki, called Naniwa Gorō. (Note: following the Genpei Jōsuiki.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Daigo there was Mino-no-Hōgan Tazukai Masamoto. (Note: following the Kōmyōji Zanpen.)

¶The Kumakuda clan. In the reign of Emperor Chūai there was Ōsakanushi, ancestor of the Kumakuda-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Ioi clan. (Note: ○ also written with other characters for "Ioi".) In the reign of the Emperor Ōtomo there was Ioi-no-Miyatsuko Kujira. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Monmu there was Mino-no-Ioi-no-Miyatsuko Toyokuni. In the reign of Emperor Ichijō there was Yamato-no-Daijō Ioi Kazukage. (Note: following the documents of the Shōsōin of Tōdaiji.)

¶The Ōhiro clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was a certain Ōhiro-no-Miyatsuko, Senior District Governor of Iishi District in Izumo. (Note: following the Izumo no Kuni Fudoki.)

¶The Agata clan. In the reign of Emperor Monmu there was Agata-no-Miyatsuko Murasaki, a man of Kamo District in Mino. (Note: following the documents of the Shōsōin of Tōdaiji.) In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Agata-no-Miyatsuko Kutara became Governor of Shima. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was a member of the Agata clan, a man of Katagata District in Mino. (Note: following the Nihon Ryōiki.) In the reign of Emperor Seiwa there was Agata-no-Miyatsuko Tomiyo, Shishō (Clerk) of the Office of the Saigū (High Priestess of Ise). (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) There is also the Kawamata Agata clan; in the reign of Emperor Ninmyō there was Kawamata-Agata-no-Miyatsuko Fujitsugu-me, a woman of Suzuka District in Ise. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki. ○ According to the Jimoku Taiseishō, in the reign of Emperor Ichijō there were Kōzuke-no-Daijō Agata-no-Muraji Otonaga and Hizen-no-Jō Agata-no-Sukune Nagakuni, neither of whose origins is clear. They are appended here for the time being.)

¶The Miyama clan. In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Tsubame Otomaro, of Junior Seventh Rank Lower, a man of the Right Capital, was granted the surname Miyama-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Kiyotsu clan. In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Baku-i Mukade, of Junior Sixth Rank Lower, a man of the Left Capital, and Mashimaro and others of the same kin, men of the Right Capital, were granted the surname Kiyotsu-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Hirooka clan. In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Sara, Makuma, and others, men of Shiraki District in Musashi, were granted the surname Hirooka-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Yuhara clan. (Note: ○ one text writes "Yu" with a different character.) In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Hayama Amatsugu Inukai, of Junior Sixth Rank Lower, a man of the Left Capital, was granted the surname Yuhara-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Katsurazawa clan. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Sumi Kaitoku, of Senior Eighth Rank Upper, a man of Settsu, was granted the surname Katsurazawa-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Soga Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. In the time of the Great Founder, Mishiin-no-Mikoto, a retainer who followed him, was made Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi.)

¶The Hata Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Ame-no-Karasu-no-Mikoto became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Sujin. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi.)

¶The Tsukuba Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. Ajiki-no-Mikoto, a grandson of Oshikorimi-no-Mikoto, became Kuni-no-Miyatsuko in the reign of Emperor Seimu. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi.)

¶The Kasuga Agatanushi. In the reign of Emperor Suizei there was Kasuga-Agatanushi Ōhimoro. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Toichi Agatanushi. In the reign of Emperor Kōan there was Toichi-Agatanushi Isakahiko. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Minuma Agatanushi. In the reign of Emperor Keikō there was Minuma-Agatanushi Saru-no-Ōmi. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Mine Agatanushi. In the reign of Emperor Yūryaku there was Mine-Agatanushi Nemaro of Tsukushi. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Oya Agatanushi. In the reign of Emperor Kōnin there was Oya-Agatanushi Miyate, Senior District Governor of Miki District in Sanuki. (Note: following the Nihon Ryōiki.)

¶The Sasada clan. In the reign of Emperor Tenji there was Sasada-no-Fuhito Mi, a man of Sakata District in Ōmi. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Murata clan. In the reign of Emperor Tenmu there was Murata-no-Fuhito Nakura. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Kōzen clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was a certain Kōzen-no-Fuhito, Junior District Governor of Tatenui District in Izumo. (Note: following the Izumo no Kuni Fudoki.) In the reign of Emperor Shōtoku there was Kōzen-no-Hito Kumime, a woman of Yamato. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Miiwara clan. In the reign of Emperor Kōkō there was Miiwara-no-Fuhito Kiyouji, Hanji-no-Shōzoku (Junior Clerk of the Judges). (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Yamabe clan. In the reign of Emperor Keikō there was Oza, ancestor of the Yamabe Ahiko. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Katsurae clan. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Katsurae-no-Abiko Umakai, Senior District Governor of Akashi District in Harima. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Kōkō there was Katsurae-no-Abiko Yoshitsu, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and Yoshitomo, Assistant Governor of Iyo, of the same surname. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Iwaki clan. In the reign of Emperor Tenji there was Iwaki-no-Suguri In, a man of Kurimoto District in Ōmi. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor En'yū there was Ushōma-no-Daisakan (Senior Clerk of the Right Stables) Iwaki-no-Suguri Yasukane. (Note: following the Ruijū Fusenshō.)

¶The Rikari clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Rikari-no-Suguri Rikari-me, a woman of Kawachi. (Note: following the Nihon Ryōiki and the Konjaku Monogatari.)

¶The Kusunoki clan. In the reign of the Emperor Ōtomo there was Kusunoki-no-Omi Iwate. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Sukuebata-no-Eshi clan. In the reign of Emperor Saga, Sukuebata-no-Eshi Kasamaro was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Yaharu clan. In the reign of Emperor Keitai there was Yaharu Matachi, a man of Namekata District in Hitachi. (Note: following the Hitachi no Kuni Fudoki.)

¶The Miminashi clan. In the reign of Emperor Kōtoku there was Miminashi Dōtoku. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Wanizumi clan. In the reign of Emperor Tenmu there was Wanizumi Yoshikoto. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶The Otokunibe clan. In the reign of Emperor Jitō there was Otokunibe Otohi, a man of Araki District in Hida. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the reign of Emperor Yōzei there was Mokunogon-no-Daikō (Provisional Chief Carpenter of the Bureau of Carpentry) Otokunibe Takatsugu. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Tawarabe clan. In the reign of Emperor Monmu there was Tawarabe Oyama, a man of Motosu District in Mino. (Note: following the documents of the Shōsōin of Tōdaiji.)

¶The Kuzu clan. In the reign of Emperor Genshō, Hara-no-Futokumaro, a man of Yamato, changed his clan name to Kuzu. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Oshiumi Ayahito clan. In the reign of Emperor Genshō there were Oshiumi-Ayahito Yasutoku (Note: ○ the character "umi" is missing in the source, but it is supplied here following the text below) and Maro, of the same surname, men of Ise. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Oshiumi-Ayabe Mamaro, a man of Bitchū. (Note: following the documents of the Shōsōin of Tōdaiji.)

¶The Hosokawa Kurahito clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Hosokawa-Kurahito Isokimi, a man of the Right Capital. (Note: following the documents of the Shōsōin of Tōdaiji.)

¶The Urushijima clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Urushijima Ōna, Shishō (Clerk) of Tsushima. (Note: following the documents of the Shōsōin of Tōdaiji.) In the reign of Emperor Go-Reizei there was Usa-no-Miya Kanju (Head of the Usa Shrine) Urushijima Kiyotsune. (Note: following the Usa Ōkagami.)

¶The Hanaguchi clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Hanaguchi Miyamaro, a man of Katsuge District in Yamato. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Yokuhara clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Yokuhara Hitomaro, a sutra copyist of Tōdaiji. (Note: following the documents of the Shōsōin of Tōdaiji.)

¶The Koni clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu, Koni Somoshi and Mushina, of the same surname, were both granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Nogobe clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Nogobe Shōgatsu, a man of Atago District in Yamashiro. (Note: following the documents of the Shōsōin of Tōdaiji.)

¶The Mon-Tan clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Mon-Tan Saichi, Shishō (Clerk) of Suō. (Note: following the documents of the Shōsōin of Tōdaiji.)

¶The Akumi clan. In the reign of Emperor Shōmu there was Akumi Furarahi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Magara clan. In the reign of Emperor Kōken there was Magara Matamaro, a messenger delivering fragrant water. (Note: following the documents of the Shōsōin of Tōdaiji.)

¶The Imatsurube clan. In the reign of Emperor Kōken there was Imatsurube Yosofu, a squad leader of the frontier guards of Shimotsuke. (Note: following the Man'yōshū.)

¶The Shōgun clan. In the reign of Emperor Kōken there was Shōgun Mizumichi, a sutra copyist. (Note: following the documents of the Shōsōin of Tōdaiji.)

¶The Itafuri clan. In the reign of the Deposed Emperor there was Itafuri Kamatsuka, Sahyōe-no-Suke (Assistant Captain of the Left Gate Guards). (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Takawakebe clan. In the reign of Emperor Kōnin there was Takawakebe Fukunari, a man of Yatsushiro District in Higo. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Toyofuku clan. In the reign of Emperor Kōnin there was Toyofuku Hirokimi, a man of Toyofuku Village in Yatsushiro District, Higo. (Note: following the Nihon Ryōiki. ○ According to the Wamyōshō, there is a Toyofuku Village in Yatsushiro District; the Engishiki writes it with other characters, but this is the source of the Toyofuku clan.)

¶The Kawabe clan. In the reign of Emperor Kōnin there was Kawabe Sakamaro, of Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower, a man of Matsura District in Hizen. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi. ○ According to the documents of the Shōsōin of Tōdaiji, there were Kawa-no-Miyatsuko Otomaro and Tomomaro in the Wadō and Tenpyō eras. Perhaps these too are of the same kin.)

¶The Mimurabe clan. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō there was Mimurabe Watame, a woman of Niihari District in Hitachi. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Wakatsuebe clan. In the reign of Emperor Seiwa there was Wakatsuebe Toyomi, a man of Iwami. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Miyakado clan. In the reign of Emperor Yōzei there was Miyakado Aritsune, a man of the Right Capital. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Sakanai clan. In the reign of Emperor Kōkō there was Sakanai Nawamaro. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶The Zōtabe clan. In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Kawachi-no-Gon-no-Daisakan Zōtabe Yoshitsune. (Note: following the Jimoku Taiseishō.)

¶The Enokuni clan. In the reign of Emperor Daigo there was Enokuni Sadasuke, Kutō (Estate Steward) of Iino District in Ise. (Note: following the Tōji documents.)

¶The Hibe clan. In the reign of Emperor Suzaku there was Uemon-no-Sakan (Clerk of the Right Gate Guards) Hibe Sadanao. (Note: following the Chōya Gunsai.)

¶The Ukishima clan. In the reign of Emperor Murakami there was Ukishima Nakanobu, a scholar of the Classics. (Note: following the Saikyūki.)

¶The Sonnushi clan. In the reign of Emperor Sanjō there were Sonnushi Toshitane, a man of Akō District in Harima, and Sonnushi Yoshimitsu, Shōji (Estate Manager) of Aritoshi. (Note: following the Chōya Gunsai.)

¶The Ōno clan. In the reign of Emperor Go-Ichijō there was Ōno Sadamasa, Shōji (Estate Manager) of Kurusu in Mimasaka. (Note: following the Shōyūki. ○ On examination, the Shūgaishō lists surnames such as Tsukita-no-Mahito, Mame-no-Ason, Ōhiko-no-Sukune, Ōni-no-Sukune, Kanda-no-Sukune, Kanatsumi-no-Sukune, Kari-no-Sukune, Osabe-no-Sukune, Akasaka-no-Sukune, Takamuro-no-Muraji, Momohara-no-Muraji, Sanki-no-Muraji, Ōya-no-Agatanushi, Kawazu-no-Obito, Agawa-no-Atai, Ashi-no-Atai, and Kari-no-Imiki. But since these surnames are not yet found in old books, they are appended here to await later study.)

¶Surnames of the Emishi

¶In the third year of Wadō under Emperor Genmei (710), the Emishi of Mutsu petitioned: "We ask to be granted the surname Kimi and to be registered in the household registers in the same way." This was permitted. This was probably the first time that Emishi were granted surnames. In the reign of Emperor Genshō, Usomina, of the Ōrashibetsu-no-Kimi, Emishi of the third rank in Mutsu, and others requested to establish a district office at Kaa Village and become registered commoners. Suga-no-Kimi Komaburu and others requested to lead their kin in establishing a district office at Hei Village and become the same as the common people. All of these were permitted.

¶The Waga clan holds the surname Kimi. It first appears in the reign of Emperor Shōmu. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Korehari clan. In the reign of Emperor Kōnin, Korehari-no-Kimi Azamaro was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.)

¶The Uraue clan. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Sarikaeshi-no-Kimi Shimako, Emishi of the second rank in Harima, was granted the surname Uraue-no-Omi. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Nisanami clan. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Nisanami-no-Kimi Aso. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) In the reign of Emperor Saga there was Nisanami-no-Kimi Dokki, who was permitted to enter the capital to attend the seasonal banquets. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Isawa clan, the Banku clan, and the Ōtsuka clan all hold the surname Kimi, and all first appear in the reign of Emperor Kanmu. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.)

¶The Ukame clan (Note: ○ one text writes the character "kan" with a different character) and the Urata clan. In the reign of Emperor Kanmu there was Ukame-no-Kimi Onka, who was granted first-rank rank-in-peerage. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi; for the Urata clan, following the Nihon Kōki.) At about the same time, Urata-no-Omi Shikonna, Emishi of the first rank, was granted Outer Junior Fifth Rank Lower. In the reign of Emperor Saga, Urata-no-Omi Yamahito, Acting Junior District Governor of Inami District in Harima, and others were specially permitted to enter the capital to attend the seasonal banquets. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Tōisawa clan holds the surname Kimi and first appears in the reign of Emperor Saga. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.)

¶The Iwai clan, the Takagi clan, the Ogura clan, the Ishihara clan, the Kurasaki clan, the Tōda clan, the Isatsu clan, the Mano clan, and the Shiraishi clan are all Emishi kin. In the reign of Emperor Saga, Takeki-no-Kimi Kanayumi, of the Seventh Order of Merit, a man of Tōda District in Mutsu, and more than 390 others petitioned: "We have not yet shed the surname of the field Emishi, and so we shall leave lasting shame to our descendants. We ask to change our old surname and become common subjects." By imperial edict, Kanayumi, together with Takeki-no-Kimi Tsuguari of Kuroda, of the Eighth Order of Merit, and Shiraishi-no-Kimi Mayama, of the Ninth Order of Merit, and more than 120 men and women in all, were granted Mutsu-no-Iwai-no-Omi; Takeki-no-Kimi Tachimaro and Arayama-no-Hanamaro, of the Eighth Order of Merit, and more than 80 others were granted Mutsu-no-Takagi-no-Muraji; Ogura-no-Kimi Manemaro, of the Ninth Order of Merit, and more than 10 others were granted Mutsu-no-Ogura-no-Muraji; Ishihara-no-Kimi Takeshi, of the Eighth Order of Merit, and more than 10 others were granted Mutsu-no-Ishihara-no-Muraji; Kashiwahara-no-Kimi Hirotari, of the Eighth Order of Merit, and more than 10 others were granted Kurasaki-no-Muraji; and Tōda-no-Kimi Satsuki and more than 60 others were granted Tōda-no-Muraji. (Note: ○ following the Shoku Nihongi, in the reign of Emperor Kanmu, Tōda-no-Kimi Narehito, Senior District Governor of Tōda District in Mutsu, was granted the surname Omi, and he too was of the same kin.) Isatsu-no-Muraji was granted to Okitaka-no-Kimi Mochimaro, of the Eighth Order of Merit, and five others; Mutsu-no-Isatsu-no-Muraji to Isatsu-no-Kimi Tsugumaro, a man of Oda District, Tōda-no-Kimi Kiyotsugu, and more than 60 others; Mano-no-Muraji to Mano-no-Kimi Iyama and others; and Shiraishi-no-Muraji to Shiraishi-no-Kimi Chijima and others. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Kamitsukeno Midorino clan. In the reign of Emperor Saga, Okiide-no-Kimi Azamaro, a field Emishi of Dewa, and others were granted a change to the surname Kamitsukeno-Midorino-no-Atai. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.)

¶The Towari-wake clan. In the reign of Emperor Junna, Towariwake-no-Kimi Abito, Emishi of the fifth rank in Chikugo, was raised to Junior Eighth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.)

¶The Harunaga clan. In the reign of Emperor Ninmyō, Kyō Watamaro, of Senior Seventh Rank Lower, a man of Shikama District in Harima, was granted the surname Harunaga-no-Muraji. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)