Biographies CLXIV: Foreign Peoples, Part VI: Imna and Tamna

Imna (Mimana)

¶Imna (Mimana) lies more than two thousand ri from Tsukushi. It is cut off by the sea to the north, and lies to the southwest of Gyerim (Keirin, an old name for Silla). In the autumn of the sixty-fifth year of Emperor Sujin (33 BCE, by the traditional chronology), envoys from the land of Imna, led by Sonakashichi, came to present tribute. According to one account, this envoy had a horn on his forehead, and when he first landed at Kehi-no-ura in the province of Koshi, the place was named Tsunuga ("Horn Deer"). When the local people asked, "From what country do you come?", the envoy answered as follows: "I am a son of the king of the land of Ōkara, my name is Tsunuga Arashito, and I am also called Ushiki-arishichi-kanki. I heard that in the country of Japan there is a sacred sovereign, and I came wishing to submit to him. When I reached Anato, a man of that place named Itsutsuhiko falsely told me, 'I am the king of this country.' I saw through his lie and left. After that I lingered for long periods in one place and another, and passed through Izumo before arriving here." It happened that Emperor Sujin had just died and Emperor Suinin had just ascended the throne. The emperor issued an edict to Arashito, saying: "Had you come sooner, you would surely have been able to serve the late emperor. Now, taking the name of the late emperor, change the name of your country to Mimana." (Note: this follows the Nihon Shoki and an account in this work. The personal name of Emperor Sujin was Mimaki-iribiko, and "Mimaki" and "Mimana" are close in sound. Mimana was later written with the characters for "Imna", which also share the sound.) The emperor presented the king of Imna with one hundred bolts of red silk, treated Arashito generously and sent him home; but on the way the gifts were seized by Silla (Shiragi). From this the two countries of Imna and Silla fell into enmity. In the ninth year of Emperor Chūai (200), Empress Jingū campaigned to the west, pacified the Three Han, and for the first time established uchi-no-miyake (directly governed domains). In the year Tsuchinoto-Mi (249), the generals Aratawake and Kagawake attacked Silla and took seven states: Bijibal (Hijihotsu), Namgara (Arihishi-no-Kara), Nok (Roku-koku), Anra (Ara), Dara (Tara), Taksun (Takujun) and Gara (Kara). They also took Saigi (Shiniki), Jolma (Sotsuma), Gosa (Kosa), Jata (Shita), Sanbanha (Sanhange), Geolsik (Kotsujiki) and Imnye (Nimure). These were together called Imna, and a Nihonfu (the Japanese Office) was established to govern the states of the Han lands. There were also separate kings and local chieftains (haki), each of whom ruled his own country. (Note: Imna is not found in the Samguk sagi (Sankoku shiki) or the Dongguk yeoji seungnam (Tōkoku yochi shōran). The Dongguk tonggam (Tōkoku tsugan) says, "Udu (Gyūtō) was a man of Imna Garyang (Mimana-kara)", and this is the only place where the name Imna appears. From this we can see that Ōkara is Dae Gaya (Daikara), and that it is none other than Imna. The Dongguk tonggam and the Dongguk yeoji seungnam say the following: "In the eighteenth year of Jianwu of Emperor Guangwu of Han (42), King Kim Suro (Kinshuro) of Garak (Karaku) took the throne. Garak at first had nine chieftains, called Ado, Yeodo, Pido, Odo, Yusu, Yucheon, Sincheon, Singwi and Ocheon, each of whom led his people and lived in the mountains and fields; there was no rank of lord and subject, and no titles. When these nine performed a purification rite (misogi), they happened to find a golden box; when they opened it they saw six golden eggs, which all turned into boys. The people were amazed and wondered at this, and set up the first-born as their ruler. Because he was born from a golden egg, he took Kim ('gold') as his surname; because he was the first to be found, he was named Suro ('first appearing'); he called the country Dae Garak, also Gaya, and later changed this to Geumgwan. The remaining five each became lord of one of the five Gayas, called Ara Gaya, Goryeong Gaya, Seongsan Gaya, Dae Gaya and So Gaya. Kim Suro died in the one hundred and fifty-eighth year of his reign, and the succession continued through Geodeung, Mapum, Geochilmi, Isipum, Jwaji, Huichwi, Jilji, Gyeomji and Guhyeong (Kyūkō), ten generations in all, spanning four hundred and ninety-one years. In the reign of Guhyeong, the kingdom submitted to Silla." This corresponds to the year Mizunoe-Ne (532), after the death of Emperor Keitai. The Dongguk yeoji seungnam says, "The country of Dae Gaya lasted sixteen generations and five hundred and twenty years, from its founder King Ijin Asan Asi to King Doseolji, and King Jinheung of Silla destroyed it"; and the Dongguk tonggam also says, "In the twenty-third year of King Jinheung (562), Dae Gaya was destroyed." That year corresponds to the twenty-third year of Emperor Kinmei, which agrees with the Nihon Shoki's entry for the twenty-third year of Emperor Kinmei, that Silla destroyed Imna. If so, Imna refers exclusively to Dae Gaya. Of Taksun, Nok and the rest, no detailed examination is possible.)

¶At first, in the year Hinoe-Tora (246), Shima-no-Sukune (his clan name is not recorded) was sent as an envoy to the country of Taksun (Takujun). The king of Taksun, Malgeum Hangi (Makkin Kanki), told Shima: "In the year Kinoe-Ne (244), three men of Baekje (Kudara), Guji (Kutei), Mijuryu (Mitsuru) and Makgo (Makuko), came here and said, 'The king of Baekje wished to send us as envoys to the court of Japan, and so we have come to ask for passage.' But at that time the sea route was not open, so I told them so plainly. Guji returned to his own country, prepared ships and oars, and said as he left, 'When an envoy from your honourable country comes, please inform us at once.' Now is exactly the time to inform them." Shima therefore sent his attendant Nihaya, together with Gwago (Kako) of Taksun, to Baekje to console the king of Baekje. (Note: an account in this work cites the Baekje-gi (Kudara-ki) as follows. In the year Mizunoe-Uma (262), Katsuragi-no-Sotsuhiko attacked Silla. Sotsuhiko accepted a woman of Silla as his consort, abandoned the campaign, and instead attacked Gara. Gibon Hangi (Kohon Kanki), the king of Gara, and his sons Baekguji (Hyakukute), Asuji (Ashushi), Guksari (Kokusari), Iramaju (Iramashu) and Imunji (Nibunshi), led their people in flight to Baekje, which treated them generously. Gibon Hangi sent his younger sister Gijeonji (Kidenshi) to the Japanese court to complain that Sotsuhiko had taken a beautiful woman of Silla as his wife and had, in turn, attacked Gara. The emperor was furious, summoned Mongnageunja (Mokurakonshi) and sent him to Gara, where he set the people at ease and restored their state. As this account differs from the main text, it is not adopted here.) In the fourteenth year of Emperor Ōjin (283), Yuzuki-no-Kimi tried to come and submit with the people of one hundred and twenty districts (agata), but was blocked by Silla, and all his people were detained in Gara. The emperor sent Katsuragi-no-Sotsuhiko to summon these people back, but Sotsuhiko too was blocked by Silla and had not returned after three years. Thereupon Heguri-no-Tsuku and Ikuha-no-Toda, bearing an imperial edict, went to Gara and displayed their army on the Silla border. Silla was terrified and sent back Sotsuhiko and the people. (Following the Nihon Shoki.) In the twenty-fifth year (294), Yamato-no-Mokmanchi (Mokumanchi), claiming to have received a court commission, took sole control of the government of Imna. When the emperor heard of this, he recalled him. (An account in the main text of the Nihon Shoki cites the Baekje-gi.) In the seventh year of Emperor Yūryaku (463), Kibi-no-Kamitsumichi-no-Tasa was made governor of the land of Imna. The following year (464), Goguryeo (Kōkuri) attacked Silla. Silla sent an envoy to the king of Imna with this message: "Our country has been attacked by Goguryeo, and our danger is greater than that of piled-up eggs. We humbly beg, O king, that on our behalf you ask the commander of the field army of the Nihonfu to come to our aid." The king of Imna requested that Kashiwade-no-Ikaruga, Kibi-no-Onashi and Naniwa-no-Akameko be sent, and they went to Silla's rescue. Ikaruga and his companions went to the relief, inflicted a great defeat on the Goguryeo army and returned. In the third year of Emperor Kenzō (487), Ki-no-Ōiwa (written Ikuiwa elsewhere in this work) established himself in Imna and communicated with Goguryeo, intending to swallow up the Three Han. He built an official residence and styled himself a divine sage. Using the schemes of Jwaronagi (Saronaki) and Tagapbae (Takōhai) of Imna, he killed Jeokmakihae (Tekibakunige) of Baekje at Irim (Nirin). He built the fortress of Daesan (Taisan) to block the road to the east and cut off the crossing used to carry provisions. Baekje sent troops and attacked Daesan fortress; Ōiwa, his troops and provisions exhausted, fled home. Baekje killed Jwaronagi, Tagapbae and more than three hundred others. (Following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶In the third year of Emperor Keitai (509), an edict ordered that all the vagrants from Baekje living in Imna be sought out and returned to Baekje. In the sixth year (512), Hozumi-no-Oshiyama was made governor (kuni-no-mikotomochi) of the land of Dari (Tari) in Imna. Baekje presented a memorial requesting the four districts of Imna: Sangdari (Kamitari), Hadari (Shimotari), Sata (Sada) and Moru (Muro). Oshiyama reported to the throne: "These four districts are far from the Nihonfu and adjoin Baekje, so close that the crowing of cocks and barking of dogs can hardly be told apart. To grant them now to Baekje as a single country would be a plan to secure lasting peace." The Ōmuraji Ōtomo-no-Kanamura submitted this to the throne, the court granted the request, and Mononobe-no-Arakahi was made the envoy to proclaim the edict. Arakahi's wife admonished him: "The Great Deity of Sumiyoshi originally bestowed the countries of Goguryeo, Baekje, Silla, Imna and the rest upon the Emperor in the Womb (Taichū Tennō, Emperor Ōjin). That is why the Empress Dowager Okinaga-tarashi-hime-no-Mikoto (Empress Jingū) consulted with the minister Takeshiuchi-no-Sukune and established an official domain (miyake) in each country as a bulwark beyond the sea. This origin is ancient. If you now carve these up and give them to another country, you will bring reproach upon yourself in later ages." Arakahi thought her words just, pleaded illness and declined. Another man was therefore ordered to proclaim the edict. Prince Magari-no-Ōe (later Emperor Ankan) heard of it afterwards and deeply regretted it, and tried to send someone to have the proclamation revised, but it was too late. At that time a rumour spread that Ōtomo-no-Kanamura and Hozumi-no-Oshiyama had received bribes from Baekje. In the seventh year (513), Sinihae (Shiniikei) and Bunpawijwa (Funhaisa) of Anra, and Gijeonhae (Kidenkei) and Jukmunji (Chikumonshi) of Banpa (Hahe), were summoned to the court and informed that the lands of Imun (Ibun) and Daesa (Taisa) had been granted to Baekje. In the twenty-first year (527), an edict commanded Ōmi-no-Keno to lead sixty thousand troops to recover Namgara, Nokgitan (Rokkotsuon) and other lands that Silla had invaded, and to restore them to Imna. (Note: according to this work, the year and month in which Silla destroyed Namgara and Nokgitan are not known.) At this time Iwai, kuni-no-miyatsuko of Tsukushi, rebelled and the road of the western sea was blocked, so Keno could not advance. In the twenty-third year (529), Dasajin (Tasatsu) in Gara was granted to Baekje, with Mononobe-no-Ise-no-Chichine and Kishi-no-Oyu as envoys. The king of Gara said to Oyu: "Since the official domain was established, Dasajin has been the port through which we have come to pay tribute. Now you grant it to Baekje; I do not know what offence I have committed." Oyu and the others were ashamed, could not bring themselves to proclaim the grant to his face, returned as far as Ōshima, and there sent a scribe (fubito) separately to announce the grant to Baekje. Gara resented this and secretly established friendly relations with Silla. (Note: according to the Dongguk tonggam, Gara's marriage alliance with Silla took place in the sixteenth year of Emperor Keitai (522), and so the break came at this point.) Gara took a woman of Silla as consort and had a child by her. The woman who had come from Silla and her attendants all wore the dress of their homeland and would not change it afterwards. Arisadeung (Arishito) was angered, reproached them and sent them back. When Silla heard of this, it was greatly ashamed and begged for the woman's return. Iburijiga (Ifurichika) of Gara (the note in this work says "unidentified") said: "They have already become husband and wife; how can they be separated now?" Silla, enraged, raised an army and took three fortresses, Doga (Toka), Gopa (Koha) and Ponamora (Funamumura), and then also took five fortresses on the northern border. In this month, Ōmi-no-Keno went as envoy to Anra and had the imperial order delivered to Silla: "Return the lands of Namgara and Nokgitan." Anra newly built a high hall to receive the imperial envoy. The king of Anra climbed up by the rear stairs, and of the leading ministers of the land only one or two who were permitted to ascend entered the hall. The envoys of Baekje and Silla all stood in rows below the hall. Keno had no intention of reconciling them, but merely behaved haughtily, did not proclaim the edict, and only held a council in the hall every day. When this had gone on for several months, the king of Imna, Inomata Hangi (Inomata Kanki; the note in this work says "he is Arisadeung"), went to the court and said to the Ōmuraji Ōtomo-no-Kanamura: "The countries beyond the sea, since the Emperor in the Womb (Emperor Ōjin) established the uchi-no-miyake, have not abandoned their original land and have kept to their old ways. But now Silla repeatedly crosses the border and invades. We beg that an edict be issued to Silla, so that it may never again invade at will." Kanamura submitted this to the throne. Envoys were sent to escort Inomata Hangi back, and an edict ordered Keno to bring about a reconciliation without delay. Keno summoned the two kings of Silla and Baekje, but neither king came. Keno was furious and did not proclaim the edict. Silla then sent the Sangsin (Jōshin, "Superior Minister") Ijilburyeji (Ishifurechi) with three thousand troops. Keno, fearing an attack, entered the fortress of Sajilsari (Koshikori-no-sashi) in Imna. The Silla minister waited three months for the edict, but a quarrel broke out between Keno's followers and Silla's retainers, and Ijilburyeji plundered the people of four villages, including Dara, and left. (Note: according to an account in this work, the four villages were Geumgwan, Baebeol (Haibatsu), Anda (Anta) and Wita (Ida).) In the twenty-fourth year (530), an envoy came from Imna and reported: "The minister Keno is at Gusamora (Kushimura), has built a residence, and has stayed for two years (Note: an account in this work says three years) without any intention of effecting reconciliation. He governs wrongly, and lawsuits arise one after another. He has also instituted the system of ukeiyu (trial by scalding water), and throws people into boiling water at random. Those who die innocent are numerous. We humbly beg that the minister Keno be recalled and the states be brought to peace." The emperor was greatly angered and sent a man to summon Keno back, but Keno would not return. Arisadeung of Imna urged him again and again to return, but still he did not. Arisadeung secretly sent Guryesasamo (Kureshikomo) to Silla and Nusuguri (Nusukuri) to Baekje to request reinforcements. The armies of both countries came and besieged him for more than a month, and Keno shut himself in the fortress and held it firmly. At this time Tsuki-no-Kishi was in Imna as envoy; on his return he reported in detail to the throne on Keno's arrogant and violent conduct, and on how, ignorant of the essentials of government, he was throwing Gara into disorder. Mezurako (the note in this work says "unidentified") was therefore sent to summon Keno back. The Silla and Baekje troops captured five fortresses, including Deungnigimora (Torikimura), and withdrew. (Following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶In the second year of Emperor Senka (537), Silla invaded Imna, so Ōtomo-no-Satehiko was sent to pacify Imna and, at the same time, to aid Baekje. In the first year of Emperor Kinmei (540), envoys were sent to present tribute. In the summer of the second year (541), an edict ordered Baekje to recover the lands of Imna that had been invaded. Accordingly the second hangi of Anra, Itanhae (Itonkei), Daebuson (Daifuson) and Guchwiyu (Kushuniu); Gojeonhae (Kodenkei), the senior-ranking chief of Gara; the hangi of Jolma; the son of the hangi of Sanbanhae (Sanhankei); Ita (Ita), the lower hangi of Dara; the son of the hangi of Saigi; and the hangi of Jata, together with Kibi-no-Omi (his name is not recorded) of the Nihonfu of Imna, went to Baekje and met there. The details are recorded in the Biography of Baekje. Because Kawachi-no-Atai of the Nihonfu of Anra was in communication with Silla, the king of Baekje censured him severely. In the fourth year (543), an edict ordered that the commandery governors (kōri-no-mikotomochi) and fortress lords (sashi-no-osa) that Baekje had set up in Hahan (Lower Han, Arushihan) in Imna be abolished and made subordinate to the Nihonfu. But Baekje would not abolish its commandery governors and fortress lords, and repeatedly summoned the officials (maetsukimi) of the Nihonfu of Imna. The Nihonfu restrained them and did not allow the hangi of Imna to go. Even when Baekje's envoys came three times, the Nihonfu and Imna were obliged to send only persons of low rank in each case. Baekje, unable to obtain a conference, sent the envoys back as they were. Soon afterwards it sent Mamu (Mamu) and others, of the rank of sideok (setoku), to say: "Some time ago I received an edict which said, 'Together with the ministers of the Nihonfu, quickly devise a good plan, restore Imna without delay, and fulfil My wishes.' I wished to consult with all of you about the affairs of Imna, and three times sent envoys to invite you, but you have not yet come. On the tenth day of the third month I shall report these circumstances to the emperor. It would be well for you also to send an envoy and report to the throne your reasons for not attending." To Kawachi-no-Atai he said: "That Imna declines from day to day is your doing. So now I shall report to the throne and ask for your recall." The Nihonfu answered: "We heard that an envoy came from the home court and said that the commandery governors and fortress lords set up by Baekje in Imna were to be abolished, but we did not hear that we were to obey what Baekje says. That is why we restrain Imna and do not let them go." The king of Baekje, hating Kawachi-no-Atai and the others, submitted a memorial to the court asking for their dismissal, but the court gave no reply. In the sixth year (545), Baekje sent Hodeok (Gotoku) Bori (Bodai) of the Central Division (Jungbu), and others, to present goods of Wu (Kure) to the officials of the Nihonfu and the hangi of Imna. In the twelfth year (551), Imna campaigned together with Baekje against Goguryeo. The following year (552), Goguryeo conspired with Silla and planned to attack Imna and Baekje. Anra, Gara and Baekje therefore sent envoys to request aid. In the spring of the twenty-third year (562), Silla destroyed Imna. (An account in this work says Imna perished in the twenty-first year (560).) In the summer an edict was issued exhorting and encouraging Imna, saying: "Silla is a small, uncivilized country in the west. It has defied Heaven and abandoned the right way, betrayed our favour, destroyed our official domains, poisoned our people and laid waste our commanderies and districts. Our Okinaga-tarashi-hime-no-Mikoto (Empress Jingū), divinely wise, travelled throughout the realm, toiled for the multitude of her people and cherished and nurtured the myriads. She took pity on Silla, which in its distress came and submitted, and could not bear to destroy it; she spared the heads of its king and generals, who deserved execution, bestowed on them places of strategic importance, and granted them exceptional honour. In what way did our Okinaga-tarashi-hime-no-Mikoto deal coldly with Silla? What grudge did our people bear against Silla? Yet now Silla presses upon Imna with long halberds and strong crossbows, whets its fangs and claws and treats living beings with cruelty; it has torn out livers and hacked off feet and is still not sated; it has exposed bones and burned corpses and does not think this harsh. The lords, ministers and common people of Imna are driven to extremity on the blade and the chopping-board, and have already been butchered and minced. All who live in this land are subjects of the sovereign; they eat grain that others have grown and drink water that others have drawn, so how can they sit by and watch this? How much more so the ministers who are to be successors, who stand as kin attached to the imperial house and bear the heavy duty of pillars of the state. Having received favour through the generations and risen to eminence in the present age, if you cannot, with a resolve to taste your very livers and gall, join together to punish these rebels, wash away the anguish of Heaven and Earth, and avenge the enemy of your lord and father, then the way of a subject and a son will not stand, and even in death there will be regret. Strive!" In the autumn, the great general Ki-no-Omaro was sent to attack Silla and to call it to account for the crime of destroying Imna. In the thirty-second year (571), the emperor died. He left a dying command to the Crown Prince: "My illness is grave and I entrust what follows to you. You must by all means attack Silla and restore Imna. If you can make the people once again as husband and wife as before, then even in death I shall have no regret." When Emperor Bidatsu ascended the throne, he commanded the imperial princes and ministers to deliberate on the restoration of Imna. In the thirteenth year (584), Naniwa-no-Kishi-Itabi went to Imna. In the fourteenth year (585), when the emperor fell ill, he commanded Prince Tachibana-no-Toyohi (later Emperor Yōmei): "Do not forget Imna." In the fourth year of Emperor Sushun (591), Ki-no-Omaro, Kose-no-Hirabu and others led more than twenty thousand troops to attack Silla. The army reached Tsukushi. The following year (592), the emperor was assassinated, and the expedition was called off. An urgent envoy was sent to warn Ki-no-Omaro and the others: "Do not neglect external affairs because of internal disorder." (Following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶In the third year of Empress Suiko (595), Omaro and the others returned from Tsukushi. In the eighth year (600), Silla and Imna attacked each other. (Note: since Imna had not yet been restored, it is doubtful that Silla and Imna are here said to have attacked each other. Probably Silla, hearing that the army of Ki-no-Omaro and his colleagues was coming, restored Imna for the time being, and when Omaro's army went home, Silla attacked Imna again. But there is no clear record, and it cannot be examined in detail.) Sakaibe-no-Omi was appointed commanding general and Hozumi-no-Omi deputy general (Note: the note in this work says the personal names of both are not recorded), and with more than ten thousand troops they were sent to rescue Imna, and took five fortresses of Silla. Silla ceded six fortresses, Dadara (Tatara), Sonara (Sonara), Bulljigwi (Hochiki), Wita (Ida), Namgara (Minami-no-Kara) and Arara (Arara), and begged to submit. Sakaibe sent an envoy to report this to the throne, and Silla too sent an envoy with a memorial that said: "From now on we shall cultivate closer friendship with one another and shall never again attack or invade. We shall not let the rudders of our ships dry, and shall without fail send tribute every year." An edict was therefore issued ordering the army to withdraw. Silla, however, invaded Imna again. The following year (601), an edict ordered Goguryeo and Baekje to rescue Imna together. In the spring of the eighteenth year (610), Sujibae (Shuchibai), a daesa (daisha) of the Nokbu (Rokuhō) division, was sent to present tribute. The next year (611), Chinjijuji (Shinchishūchi), a daesa of the Seupbu (Shūhō) division, came with tribute. In the thirty-first year (623), the dalsol (dassotsu) Namalji (Namatchi) came to court. In this year Silla attacked Imna, and Imna surrendered to Silla. The emperor commanded the ministers and the assembled nobles to deliberate on attacking Silla. Nakatomi-no-Kuni said: "Imna was originally our uchi-no-miyake, and now Silla has dispatched troops at will and seized it. We should by all means put the army in readiness, attack Silla, restore Imna and place it under Baekje." Tanaka-no-Omi (his personal name is not recorded) said: "Baekje is a country that often goes back on its word, and its true intentions are hard to trust. That would not be good." For this reason the discussion was not settled. First Kishi-no-Kuraji (his clan name is not recorded) was sent to Imna, and then Sakaibe-no-Omaro and others were ordered to advance on Silla with several tens of thousands of troops. Silla was terrified and begged to submit. It sent Gamji Daesa (Kanchi Daisha; this work mistakenly writes "daesa" with the characters for "great storehouse", but since daesa is a Silla official title it is written here as daesa) to court as an envoy bringing the tribute of Imna. In the tenth year of Emperor Jomei (638), tribute was presented. In the first year of Empress Kōgyoku (642), Sakamoto-no-Nagae was sent as envoy to Imna. In the first year of Taika under Emperor Kōtoku (645), the Baekje tribute envoy also came as envoy for Imna; the court reproached that envoy and sent the tribute back. The following year (646), an envoy was sent to present tribute. Shōtoku Takamuko-no-Kuromaro was sent as envoy to Silla to demand hostages, and by this the tribute (mitsugi) of Imna was abolished. (Following the Nihon Shoki. Note: when Nakatomi-no-Kuni and the others deliberated on Imna, Imna was being eaten away by Baekje and Silla and could not maintain its independence, so it was proposed to attach it to one or the other, but opinions did not agree and the matter came to nothing. Afterwards Imna was attached to Silla, and its envoys therefore always accompanied Silla's tribute missions. Later this was changed to attachment to Baekje, but Baekje did not send separate Imna envoys and had its own envoys serve for both, and moreover reduced the tribute, so Imna was attached to Silla again; perhaps Imna's separate tribute was then stopped and hostages were taken from Silla in exchange. But this work has no such record, and there is no other means of examining it.)

Tamna (Tanra)

¶Tamna (Tanra) is a small island in the sea to the south of Baekje. In the winter, twelfth month, of the second year of Emperor Keitai (508), people of Tamna first had dealings with the country of Baekje. In the summer of the seventh year of Empress Saimei (661), it first sent Prince Awaki (Abaki) and others to present tribute. In the year Kinoto-Ushi (665), it sent an envoy to pay tribute. In the year Hinoe-Tora (666), it sent Prince Koyeo (Kojo) and others to present tribute. In the year Hinoto-U (667), it sent the jwapyeong (sahei) Yeonma (Renma) and others to present tribute. The emperor gave them fourteen bolts of cotton, nineteen bolts of tie-dyed cloth (yuhata), twenty-four bolts of scarlet cloth, twenty-four tan of dark-blue cloth, fifty-eight tan of peach-dyed cloth, and axes, billhooks, small knives and other articles, and sent them home. In the second year of Emperor Tenji (663), Prince Kumagi (Kumaki) and others were sent to present tribute. The emperor bestowed the seeds of the five grains on the king of Tamna. In the first year of Emperor Tenmu (672), Princes Kumage, Tora and Uma and others were sent to offer condolences on the death of Emperor Tenji. At this time Emperor Tenmu had only just taken the throne and had not yet entered the capital, so he ordered the Dazaifu to inform them of the circumstances, and conferred rank on the king of Tamna and on the envoy Kumage and his party. The rank was Daiotsujō (Senior Grade of the Great Second Rank of the Jō), the cap was decorated with cotton embroidery, and it corresponded to the rank of jwapyeong in the country of Tamna. The envoys departed from Tsukushi and returned home. In the third year (674), King Koyeo of Tamna and Prince Kumagi came to court. In the fourth year (675), a ship was granted to them and they were sent back to their own country. In the fifth year (676), Prince Tora was sent to present tribute. In the seventh year (678), an envoy was sent to Tamna. In the twelfth year (683), Agata-no-Inukai-no-Tatsuna and Kawara-no-Kani were sent as envoys to Tamna. In the second year of Empress Jitō (688), the jwapyeong Gara was sent to court and presented local products (hōmotsu). The empress issued an edict to entertain Gara and his party at the Tsukushi hostel (Tsukushi-no-muroutsumi), and sent them home with gifts. In the eighth year (694), the prince and the jwapyeong, with others, were sent to pay tribute. (Following the Nihon Shoki.) Afterwards Tamna was destroyed by Silla, and tribute ceased. (Following the Samguk sagi (Sankoku shiki) and the Dongguk tonggam (Tōkoku tsugan).)