Treatise 19: Deities of Heaven and Earth XIX: Shrines XIV

¶Harima

¶Akashi District (Akashi-gun) (9 shrines)

¶Watatsumi Shrine (3 shrines). Also called the Akashi Tarumi Deity. (Note: based on the marginal readings in the Engishiki and on the Shinshō Kyakuchokufu. The shrine now stands in Tarumi village and is called the Tarumi Shrine, or the Hyūga Shrine.) It probably enshrines the sea deity (watatsumi) Ōwatatsumi-no-Kami, together with Toyotamahiko and Toyotamahime, three deities in all. In fact they are deities of the maternal house of the Akashi no Kuni-no-Miyatsuko (provincial governor). (Note: based on the Nihon Shoki, Kojiki, Kuji Hongi, Shōjiroku, Engishiki and Shinshō Kyakuchokufu. According to the main text, Hikohohodemi-no-Mikoto at first took as his consort Toyotamahime, daughter of the sea deity Toyotamahiko, and she bore Takeitate-no-Mikoto. His son Shiinetsuhiko was the ancestor of the Akashi no Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. From this, the present shrine was probably served by the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko. The two shrines of the Ōwatatsumi Shrine in Sumiyoshi District of Settsu Province are likewise called sea deities. According to the Sumiyoshi shrine records, they enshrine the two deities Toyotamahiko and Toyotamahime, and what is called the Sumiyoshi Tarumi Deity probably refers to these. They may serve to corroborate each other. Furthermore, the Harima Kuninai Jinmyōchō and the Mineai Ki give "Great Sea Deity" and "Great Tarumi Deity," which makes them appear to be separate shrines. Our view is that the three seats of this shrine have one seat as the Great Sea Deity and two seats as the Great Tarumi Deity, and that in reality they are not separate shrines. This is added for the sake of further study.) In the first year of Daidō (806), ten households of fief were assigned within the province. (Note: following the Shinshō Kyakuchokufu.) In the first year of Jōgan (859), the shrine was advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Lower to Junior Fifth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Under the Engi regulations, all three seats were ranked as major shrines of renowned deities and received the offerings of the four annual rites. (Note: following the Engishiki.) In the third year of Tengyō (940), because of prayers for the suppression of pirates during the Jōhei era, it was granted Senior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Chōkan Kanmon.)

¶Uru Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Mount Uru in Miyazaki village; what is called the Kasuga Myōjin may correspond to it.)

¶Mononobe Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Ikegami village.) Tradition says it enshrines Umashimade-no-Mikoto. (Note: following the shrine's own tradition. The shrine tradition further adds Susanoo-no-Mikoto, Ōnamuchi and Takemikazuchi to make four seats, but these were probably enshrined alongside at a later age, and are therefore not adopted here.)

¶Mikatata Shrine.

¶Hayashi Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Hayashi village in the Hayashizaki estate and is called the Upper Shrine Myōjin.)

¶Akaba Shrine. (Note: it now stands at Akaba in Izumi village.)

¶Iwatsuhime Shrine. (Note: the register within the province gives Iwatsuhime Myōjin. It now stands in Nakashō village in Ōkuradani and is called the Iwaya Myōjin.) It enshrines the deity Iwatsuhime. (Note: following the Engishiki.) In high antiquity there was a deity at Hioka in Kako District, named Ōmitsuha-no-Mikoto. His son was called Iwatsuhiko-no-Mikoto. Iwatsuhime was probably his consort. (Note: following the Harima Fudoki.) The above six seats were all ranked as minor shrines under the Engi regulations. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Kako District (Kako-gun) (1 shrine)

¶Hioka-ni-imasu Ame-no-Isasahiko Shrine. (Note: the register within the province gives Hyūga Shrine Isasawake-no-Mikoto Myōjin. It now stands at Hioka in Ōno village and is called the Hyūga Myōjin.) It enshrines the deity Ame-no-Isasahiko. (Note: following the Engishiki.) This is probably another name of Iwatsuhiko-no-Mikoto. (Note: following the Harima Fudoki.) Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a minor shrine. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Shikama District (Shikama-gun) (4 shrines)

¶Itate Hyōzu Shrine (2 shrines). (Note: the register within the province gives the Great Itate Deity. It originally stood in Shinzaike village in Shikasai District, but later moved to Tsujii village, and is called the Gyōya Myōjin.) It enshrines Itakeru-no-Mikoto, called the Itate Deity. Hyōzu is none other than Ōnamuchi-no-Mikoto. (Note: following the shrine's own record and the Harima Meisekishi.) When Empress Jingū was about to attack Korea (Kara) and came to this province, the Itate Deity appeared in this place. Hence the place was named Idate-no-Sato (Idate village). (Note: following the Harima Fudoki. The original text writes "Itate" with characters that are phonetically and semantically equivalent to those of Idate.) The shrine was probably founded in connection with this.

¶Shirakuni Shrine. (Note: it now stands at Shirakuni Miyayama in Shirakuni village, Shikatō District.) Tradition says it enshrines Susanoo-no-Mikoto. (Note: following the Hiromine shrine tradition. According to the Harima Fudoki, Shirakuni was originally Shiragikun village, and the Shirakuni Deity is akin to the "deity of the land of Silla." The Nihon Shoki says that Susanoo-no-Mikoto once travelled to and from Silla, so perhaps the name derives from that. The Mineai Ki also lists the deity name of this shrine, but there is of course no settled view. For that reason the shrine tradition is followed here.) In the second year of Gangyō (878), it was advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Upper to Senior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶Takaoka Shrine. (Note: it originally stood in Tsujii village in Shikasai District, but later moved to Hamayama in Imajuku village.) Under the Engi regulations, all four seats were ranked as minor shrines. (Note: following the Engishiki.) Later the Shirakuni Shrine was called the Fourth Shrine (Shi-no-Miya) of the province. (Note: following the Mineai Ki and the headnotes to the Jinmyōchō.) The Takaoka Shrine was ranked as the Fifth Shrine (Go-no-Miya). (Note: following the headnotes to the Jinmyōchō.)

¶Ibo District (Ibo-gun) (7 shrines)

¶Ibo-ni-imasu Amateru Shrine. (Note: Ibo is also written "Tsubu." The register within the province gives the Nakatomi Tsubu Great Deity. It now stands in Ise village beside the Tsubu River in Itō District.) It probably enshrines Amateru-kuniteru-hiko-ame-no-hoakari-no-Mikoto, ancestor of the Iokibe no Muraji. (Note: collated with the Nihon Shoki, Kuji Hongi, Shōjiroku, Sandai Jitsuroku and Engishiki. According to the Jitsuroku, during the Jōgan era Ifuku no Sada, a man of this district, was restored to his original surname of Iokibe no Muraji, and was indeed a descendant of that deity.) In the first year of Jōgan, it was advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Lower and the Eighth Class of Merit to Junior Fourth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶Nakatomi Idate Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Nakajin village in Isai District and is called the Ubusuna Shrine. One account says it is within the precincts of the Hachiman shrine at the foot of Mount Matsuo in Okusami village, Itō District, but which is correct is not known.) It probably enshrines Itakeru-no-Mikoto. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and Engishiki.) The entry that in the first year of Daidō five households of fief were assigned to the Nakatomi Deity (Note: following the Shinshō Kyakuchokufu) probably refers to this shrine.

¶Ieshima Shrine. (Note: it now stands at Miyaura on Ieshima in Itō District, and is called the Shirahige Myōjin or the Miyaura Myōjin. It is said to have originally stood on Wasurejima.) In the seventh year of Jōwa (840), it became an official shrine. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) The above three seats were all ranked as major shrines of renowned deities under the Engi regulations. (Note: following the Engishiki.) Aso Shrine. (Note: the register within the province gives the Aso Myōjin of Itō District. It now stands in Aso village in that district and is called the Hachiman Shrine.) It probably enshrines Okinagahiko-no-Miko, ancestor of the Harima no Aso no Kimi. (Note: following the Kojiki and Engishiki.) Hafurida Shrine. (Note: it now stands at Hafuridamori in Shimizu village, Isai District.) It enshrines Tamateshihiko Ōinaonokami and Tamateshihime Toyoinamenokami, children of Ōnamuchi-no-Kami. (Note: following the Harima Fudoki. The original text writes "male" for "female," which is an error. One book gives Tamatarihiko and Tamatarihime, which is correct.) Awaniwa Shrine. (Note: "niwa" is also written with another character. The register within the province gives the Yamai Myōjin of Isai District. It now stands in Ibo Kami village in that district.) The above four seats were all ranked as minor shrines under the Engi regulations. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Akō District (Akō-gun) (3 shrines)

¶Iwatsuhime Shrine. (Note: the register within the province gives Iwatsuhime Gozen Myōjin. It now stands in Niihama village and is called the Misaki Myōjin.)

¶Yaho Shrine. (Note: the register within the province gives Yaho Myōjin. It now stands in Oka village.) It was ranked among the official shrines in the seventh year of Jōwa. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶Kurai Shrine. (Note: the register within the province gives Kurai Myōjin. It originally stood in Kuraō village, but later moved to Kanadeji village.) Under the Engi regulations, all three seats were ranked as minor shrines. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Shisawa District (Shisawa-gun) (7 shrines)

¶Iwa-ni-imasu Ōnamochi-no-Mitama Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Iwa village in the Kanbe district and is called the Kanbe Myōjin.) It enshrines Ōnamuchi-no-Mikoto. (Note: following the Harima Fudoki, Engishiki and Mineai Ki.) Once, when Ōnamuchi had put the land in order and completed his work, he came to this place and said, "My work is finished." The name Iwa arose from this. (Note: following the Harima Fudoki. Iwa is also said "Owa," and has the same meaning as "finished.") On the day Empress Jingū attacked Korea, this deity gave miraculous protection. (Note: following the Mineai Ki.) In the first year of Daidō, thirteen households of fief were assigned within the province. (Note: following the Shinshō Kyakuchokufu.) In the first year of Jōgan, it was advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Lower and the Eighth Class of Merit to Junior Fourth Rank Lower. In the fifth year of Gangyō (881), Senior Fourth Rank Lower was added. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of a renowned deity. (Note: following the Engishiki.) Later it was called the First Shrine (Ichinomiya) of the province. (Note: following the Hyakurenshō, Ichinomiya Ki and Mineai Ki. The Mineai Ki gives Senior First Rank.) In the first year of Engen (1336), Nitta Yoshisada dedicated the Kanbe district to the shrine and prayed for the destruction of the wicked rebels. (Note: following the documents of the Iwa shrine.) As a rule, anyone appointed as provincial governor of this province was customarily required to pay his respects first at this shrine. (Note: following the Mineai Ki.) The Iwa clan served generation after generation as priests. (Note: following the Mineai Ki and the Iwa shrine documents.)

¶Mikata Shrine. (Note: the register within the province gives Mikata Myōjin. It now stands in Kumon village in the Mikata valley.) It probably enshrines Ōnamuchi-no-Kami. Once this deity and Ame-no-Hiboko each sought to fix the boundary of his domain, and each threw three vines of tsuzura; one of them fell in this village of Mikata, and that is the shrine. (Note: following the Harima Fudoki.)

¶Niwata Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Nokura village in the Iwa district and is called the Niwata Myōjin.) It enshrines a descendant deity of the Great Deity Iwa. (Note: following the Mineai Ki.)

¶Amagoi Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Senbonya village and is called the Kibune Myōjin.)

¶Yoi Shrine. (Note: the register within the province gives Yoi Myōjin. It now stands in Yoi village in the Iwa district and is called the Yoi Myōjin.) It enshrines Susanoo-no-Mikoto, who in fact is the father of the Great Deity Iwa. (Note: following the Mineai Ki and Jinja Kakuroku.)

¶Ōyamato Monoshironushi Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Shimomakidani village and is called the Moromori Myōjin.) It probably enshrines Ōmonoshironushi-no-Kami, the gentle spirit (nigimitama) of Ōnamuchi-no-Mikoto. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and Engishiki.)

¶Nishi Shrine. (Note: the Mineai Ki gives Nishi. It now stands in Minaki village in the Iwa district and is called the Wakara Myōjin.) It is a descendant deity of the Great Deity Iwa. (Note: following the Mineai Ki.) The above six seats were all ranked as minor shrines under the Engi regulations. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Sayo District (Sayo-gun) (2 shrines)

¶Sayotsuhime Shrine. (Note: the register within the province gives the tutelary Sayotsuhime Myōjin. It now stands in Sayo town and is called the Sayohime Myōjin.) It enshrines Sayotsuhime-no-Mikoto, also called Tamatsuhime-no-Mikoto, consort of Ōnamuchi-no-Kami. This deity once competed with Ōnamuchi-no-Kami in planting rice seedlings; she killed a deer and soaked the seed rice in its blood. Seedlings sprouted overnight, and she finished planting them all. Ōnamuchi was astonished and said, "Did you plant in the night of the fifth month?" Hence, it is said, the name Sayotsuhime. (Note: following the Harima Fudoki.) In the second year of Kashō (849), it became an official shrine. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶Ame-no-Hitotsukami-Tama Shrine. Also called Ame-no-Hitotsukami. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku. It now stands in Higashi-Tokuhisa village.) It probably enshrines Ame-no-Mahitotsu-no-Kami. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and Harima Fudoki.) In the first year of Tenan (857), it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower from Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and soon became an official shrine. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) Under the Engi regulations, both seats were ranked as minor shrines. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Minagi District (Minagi-gun) (1 shrine)

¶Misaka Shrine. (Note: the register within the province gives the tutelary Misaka Myōjin. It originally stood in Shijimi Naka village and was called the Misaka Myōjin, but later moved to Shijimi Kami village.) It enshrines Yatokake-Mimoro-no-Mikoto, probably another name of Ōnamuchi-no-Kami. It is said that after this deity had finished the work of making the land, he descended and dwelt on the peak of Misaka in Shijimi village. (Note: following the Harima Fudoki.) Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a minor shrine. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Kanzaki District (Kanzaki-gun) (2 shrines)

¶Niisuki Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Sosaka village in Shintō District.) It enshrines Ajisukitakahikone-no-Mikoto. (Note: following the Harima Fudoki.)

¶Tagawa Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Sukain village in Shinsai District.) Under the Engi regulations, both seats were ranked as minor shrines. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Taka District (Taka-gun) (6 shrines)

¶Arata Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Arata village.) It probably enshrines Ame-no-Mahitotsu-no-Kami. In ancient times a goddess in this place, called Michinushihime-no-Mikoto, lay with a deity and bore a child, but the name of the father was not known. So she cultivated a field and harvested rice, brewed new sake, invited the deities to a banquet, and had the child offer sake to the father deity. The child raised the cup and presented it to Ame-no-Mahitotsu-no-Kami, and by this it was first known that the child was that deity's son. The field afterwards fell into ruin, and the place was named for this. (Note: following the Harima Fudoki.) In the first year of Tenpyō Jingo (765), four households of fief were assigned within the province. (Note: following the Shinshō Kyakuchokufu. According to the Mineai Ki, Sakanoue no Tamuramaro particularly revered this deity, and during the Enryaku era fixed the four boundaries of the shrine's lands, rebuilt the sanctuary with tribute from this province and from Tanba, and dedicated sixty horses. On the day of the transfer of the deity, the court sent an envoy and granted Senior First Rank. This is probably a tale handed down among the local people. But as no other books confirm it, it is added for the sake of further study.) Later it was called the Second Shrine (Ni-no-Miya) of the province. (Note: following the Mineai Ki and the headnotes to the Jinmyōchō.)

¶Hyōzu Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Oka village.)

¶Konai Shrine. (Note: the register within the province gives Kodō Myōjin. It now stands in Konae village.)

¶Katsurano-no-Mikoto Shrine. (Note: one book lacks the character for "mikoto." The register within the province gives Katsura Myōjin. It now stands in Mako village and is the tutelary shrine of the six villages of the Takada district.) It probably enshrines Ōnamuchi-no-Mikoto. The shrine was named after the episode of his throwing the tsuzura vines. (Note: following the Harima Fudoki. The character for "katsura" is read "katsura.")

¶Ōtsuno-no-Mikoto Shrine. (Note: the register within the province gives Ōtsu Myōjin. It now stands in Shima village.)

¶Ame-no-Mahitotsu Shrine. (Note: the register within the province gives Ame-no-Ichimokusō-Kami Myōjin. It now stands in Matoba village.) It enshrines Ame-no-Mahitotsu-no-Mikoto. (Note: following the Shōjiroku and Jindai-no-Maki Kuketsu.) Under the Engi regulations, all six seats were ranked as minor shrines. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Kamo District (Kamo-gun) (8 shrines)

¶Sutake Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Shimodōyama village in Kasai District; what is called the Isozaki Shrine may correspond to it.)

¶Isobe Shrine. (Note: the register within the province gives the Isobe Myōjin of Kamo Nishi District. It now stands in Arita village in Kasai District and is called the Isobe Myōjin.)

¶Sakai Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Yashiro village in Katō District.)

¶Sumiyoshi Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Kitashima village in the Tarui estate, Katō District. Tarui is none other than the ancient Kawachi-no-Sato.) It enshrines the three Sumiyoshi deities. It is said that these deities once descended to this place, and that the common people, praying for success in farming, received miraculous response, and so enshrined them. (Note: following the Harima Fudoki.)

¶Sugata Shrine. (Note: the register within the province gives the Sugata Myōjin of Kamo Higashi District. It now stands in Sugata village in Katō District and is called the Sannō Gongen.) It probably enshrines Ame-no-Mahitotsu-no-Mikoto, ancestor of the Sugata no Obito. (Note: following the Shōjiroku and Engishiki.)

¶Kinashi Shrine. (Note: the register within the province gives the Kinashi Myōjin of Kamo Higashi District. It now stands in Kinashi village in Katō District.)

¶Kakita Shrine. (Note: the register within the province gives the Kakita Myōjin of Kamo Higashi District. It now stands in Kami-Oda village in Katō District.)

¶Ogihara Shrine. (Note: the register within the province gives the Ogihara Myōjin of Kamo Nishi District. It now stands in Hanjō village in Kasai District and is called the Tenjin Shrine.) Tradition says it enshrines Sukunahikona-no-Mikoto. (Note: following the accounts of the local people.) Under the Engi regulations, all eight seats were ranked as minor shrines. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Shrines Not Listed in the Official Register (Harima)

¶Sakami Shrine. It now stands in Kasai District. (Note: the district name follows the Harima Kotohajime. It stands in Sakami Hōjō village and is called the Sakami Myōjin. One account holds that the Sakai Shrine listed in the Engishiki corresponds to it, but no clear evidence has yet been obtained, and it is added for the time being to await further study.) In the first year of Daidō, three households of fief were assigned within the province. (Note: following the Shinshō Kyakuchokufu.) Later it was called the Third Shrine (San-no-Miya) of the province. From the Chōkyū era (1040-1044) onward, the provincial governors dedicated fields and gardens generation after generation, until they amounted to more than forty chō. As a rule, each year on the first Ox day of the Fourth Month, the portable shrine was borne to Shikamatsu for the festival. In the second year of Kenmu (1335), the shrine buildings were rebuilt, and the Yamashi family served generation after generation as chief priests. (Note: following the Mineai Ki. The original text says that, together with the First and Second Shrines, it was granted Senior First Rank, but as the date is unclear it is added here.)

¶Ashihaya-Tehaya Shrine. Its location is now unknown. In the year of Emperor Montoku's accession, it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.)

¶Haya-Susanoo Shrine. Its location is now unknown.

¶Hayakaze-Takeo Shrine. It stands in Shikatō District. (Note: the register within the province gives Hayakaze-Takeo-no-Mikoto Myōjin.) In the eighth year of Jōgan (866), both deities were granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower.

¶Imesaki Shrine. It stands in Shikatō District. (Note: one account says it originally stood on Mount Sakuragi in Aoyama village, Shikasai District, and that north of the mountain there was a small stream called the Imesaki River. In the Middle Ages a flood swept away the shrine, and it drifted ashore at Mount Inaoka, so it was enshrined together with the Inaoka shrine. But the geography does not fit and this is doubtful. It is added to await later study.) In the tenth year of Jōgan (868), it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower from Senior Sixth Rank Upper.

¶Obame Shrine. Its location is now unknown. In the first year of Gangyō (877), it was advanced to Junior Fifth Rank Lower from Senior Sixth Rank Upper.

¶Agahiko Shrine and Agahime Shrine. Both stand in Shikasai District. (Note: according to the register within the province, the two deities are enshrined in the same sanctuary. It now stands in Aga village.) They enshrine the two deities Agahiko and Agahime, both children of Ōnamuchi-no-Kami. (Note: the part after "enshrine" follows the Harima Fudoki.) In the fifth year of Gangyō, both were advanced from Senior Sixth Rank Upper to Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. The district names follow the register within the province.)

¶Mimasaka

¶Ōba District (Ōba-gun) (8 shrines)

¶Sawara Shrine. (Note: "hara" is also written with another character. The Mimasaka Kuninai Jinja Ki says it stands in Miwa district. It now stands at Taniguchi in Yashiro village and is called the Fourth Shrine (Shi-no-Miya).) It was probably founded by Wake no Kiyomaro, fourth-generation descendant of Sawara, who was granted the title of Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of the two provinces of Mimasaka and Bizen. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki, Sonpi Bunmyaku and Usa Takusenshū. Our view: those who received the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko rank after the Taika reform appear often in the histories. This title was granted especially as an honor, and did not carry actual fief. According to the Nihon Kōki, during the Hōki era Wake no Kiyomaro was made Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of Mimasaka and Bizen, and his great-great-grandfather Sawara and the others were posthumously granted the same. Kiyomaro, too, received actual fief. The Kuji Hongi says that in the sixth year of Wadō (713) the province of Bizen was divided to establish the Mimasaka Kuni-no-Miyatsuko, but it names no person. It probably refers to this. However, the land of Kibi was where the Wake clan lived for generations, and all their tombs are there, so the shrine was founded in this place. This is added for the sake of further study.) In the sixth year of Jōgan (864), it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Upper from Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: the original text gives Kasami Shrine, which is an error. The present text follows another book and the Shinkaiki.)

¶Katabe Shrine. (Note: "be" is also written with another character. The shrine records say it stands in Kawachi district. It now stands within the same shrine as the Sawara Shrine and is called the Fifth Shrine (Go-no-Miya).) In the sixth year of Jōgan, it was advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Lower to Junior Fifth Rank Upper.

¶Ichiawa Shrine (2 shrines). (Note: the shrine records say it stands in Kuse district. It now stands in Yashiro village and is called the Sixth Shrine (Roku-no-Miya).) It enshrines the two deities Ichiawa and Ōsasa. (Note: the deity names follow the accounts of the local people.) In the sixth year of Jōgan, Junior Fifth Rank Upper was added to Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: the original text gives Ichiawa-hara; one book lacks the character "hara." It is corrected here following the Engishiki.)

¶Yokomi Shrine. (Note: the shrine records say it stands in Tomisaitani village in Ōba district. It now stands in Yashiro village and is called the Tenth Shrine (Jū-no-Miya).)

¶Kuto Shrine. (Note: "to" is also written with another character. The shrine records say it stands in Yokota district. It now stands in Yashiro village and is called the Eighth Shrine (Hachi-no-Miya).)

¶Unagami Shrine. (Note: the shrine records say it stands in Yashiro village in Fuse district. It now stands in the Wasa area of that village and is called the Third Shrine (San-no-Miya).)

¶Nagata Shrine. (Note: the shrine records say it stands in Shimo-Nagata village in Fuse district. It now stands in Yashiro village and is called the Ninth Shrine (Kyū-no-Miya). According to the shrine records, the above eight shrines originally stood in their respective districts but now stand in one and the same village. This was done by later people. However, according to the local people, each of the eight seats has its own priests, the ritual keeps its ancient form, and Buddhist affairs are strictly avoided. They are probably all deities of the Wake clan. There may therefore be a reason why they were later enshrined together in one village. This is added for the sake of further study.) In the sixth year of Jōgan, all four shrines were advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Lower to Junior Fifth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. The original text attributes all eight shrines to Mino Province, which is an error. The present text follows another book and the Engishiki.) Under the Engi regulations, all eight seats were ranked as minor shrines. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Tomahigashi District (Tomahigashi-gun) (2 shrines)

¶Nakayama Shrine. (Note: "naka" is also written with another character. The shrine records say it stands in Nishi-Ichinomiya village in Tomada district. It now belongs to Nishi-Hōjō District and is called the Nakayama Myōjin.) The deity enshrined is the same as that of the Kibitsuhiko Shrine in Bitchū. (Note: following the Nakayama Jinja Ki. Our view: the three Bi provinces (Bizen, Bitchū and Bingo) all take the Kibitsu Shrine as their First Shrine. This province was newly established in the sixth year of Wadō by division from Bitchū, and at that time the deity was probably enshrined here by division. The name Nakayama is also derived from the name Kibi no Nakayama. Popular belief holds, from the ancient poem phrase "Kibi no Nakayama, where the true iron is forged," that the deity is Ishikoridome, ancestor of mirror-makers, or, by false association with Nakayama in Mino, that it is Kanayamahiko, but both are mistaken views.) In the second year of Jōgan (860), it was advanced from Senior Fifth Rank Lower to Junior Fourth Rank Lower. In the sixth year, it was ranked among the official shrines. The following year, Junior Third Rank was added. In the seventeenth year (875), it was advanced to Senior Third Rank. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of a renowned deity. (Note: following the Engishiki.) Later it was called the First Shrine of the province. (Note: following the headnotes to the Jinmyōchō and the Ichinomiya Ki.) In ancient times it was the custom always to offer a living sacrifice at its rites. (Note: following the Uji Shūi Monogatari. Our view: in ancient times birds and beasts were often used in worshipping the deities, and these were called ikenie. The reading of "gisei" as "ikenie" in the Wamyōshō is this. But the original text mistakenly relates this as the use of living human beings, which is a groundless account unworthy of discussion.) Every year on the sixteenth day of the First Month, a male and a female deer were always offered, and this was called the Deer Deity Festival (Shinroku-sai). (Note: following the shrine records.)

¶Takano Shrine. (Note: the Hakke Burui writes "ya" for "no." The shrine records say it stands in Nino-miya village in Tanaka district. It now belongs to Nishi-Nishijō District and is called the Takano Myōjin.) In the sixth year of Jōgan, Junior Fifth Rank Upper was added to Junior Fifth Rank Lower. In the seventeenth year, it was advanced to Senior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a minor shrine. (Note: following the Engishiki.) Later it was called the Second Shrine of the province. (Note: following the headnotes to the Jinmyōchō.) In ancient times, living sacrifices were likewise said to have been used at its rites. (Note: following the Uji Shūi Monogatari.)

¶Aida District (Aida-gun) (1 shrine)

¶Ame-no-Iwatowake Shrine. (Note: the shrine records say it stands in Miyaji village in Kawai district, and it is still the same today. It is called the Eleventh Shrine (Jūichi-no-Miya).) It probably enshrines Ame-no-Iwatsuwai-no-Mikoto, child of Kamimusubi-no-Mikoto. (Note: following the Shōjiroku and Engishiki. Our view: according to the Kuji Hongi, the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of Ōku and of Kibi no Nakatsuagata were both descendants of Kamimusubi. The enshrinement of this deity in this province and in Bizen may derive from this. This is added for the sake of further study.) In the fifth year of Jōgan (863), Junior Fifth Rank Upper was added to Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a minor shrine. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Shrines Not Listed in the Official Register (Mimasaka)

¶Nagi Shrine. (Note: "ki" is also written with another character.) It stands in Katsuta District. (Note: the shrine records say it stands in Narimatsu village in Hirooka district, and it now belongs to Shōhoku District. Tradition says the shrine originally stood on Mount Nagi in the village, but was later moved to the foot of that mountain.)

¶Ōsasa Shrine. It stands in Tomahigashi District. (Note: the shrine records say it stands in Ōsasa village in Takakura district, and it now belongs to Higashi-Hōjō District. It stands on Mount Ōshino and is called the Ōtsuki Shrine.) In the fifth year of Jōgan, both shrines were advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Lower to Junior Fifth Rank Upper.

¶Sakisha Shrine. Its location is now unknown. In the sixth year of Jōgan, Junior Fifth Rank Upper was added to Junior Fifth Rank Lower.

¶Mikamo Shrine. It stands in Majima District. (Note: the shrine records say it stands in Mikamo village in Mikamo district. It is said to have originally stood on Miyaza-yama in that village, but later divided into two places: one at Machigashira in Mikamo village, and one at Nashisemushimidan in Shinjō village.) Tradition says it enshrines Ajisukitakahikone-no-Mikoto. (Note: the deity name follows the accounts of the local people.) In the seventeenth year of Jōgan, it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Upper from Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. The district name follows the shrine records.)

¶Mikamo Shrine. It stands in Majima District. (Note: the shrine records say it stands in Mikamo village in Mikamo district. It is said to have originally stood on Miyaza-yama in that village, but later divided into two places: one at Machigashira in Mikamo village, and one at Nashisemushimidan in Shinjō village.) Tradition says it enshrines Ajisukitakahikone-no-Mikoto. (Note: the deity name follows the accounts of the local people.) In the seventeenth year of Jōgan, it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Upper from Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. The district name follows the shrine records.)

¶Bizen

¶Oku District (Oku-gun) (3 shrines)

¶Ani Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Fujii village.) In the eighth year of Jōwa (841), it was counted among the renowned deities. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of a renowned deity. (Note: following the Engishiki. The Bizen Kuninai Jinmyōchō gives Senior Second Rank.)

¶Miwa Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Higashi-Sue village in the Sue district. Beside the shrine is Sakakidani, and in the valley is the Miwa Well, which may serve as evidence.) It enshrines Ōmononushi-no-Kami. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the accounts of the local people. Our view: according to the Kuji Hongi, in great antiquity Ōmononushi-no-Kami descended and dwelt in Chinu Prefecture and took to wife the daughter of Ōsuetsumi. According to the Nihon Shoki, Sue is the name of a village, read "Sue." This shrine now stands in the Sue district, which seems also to be connected. This is added for the sake of further study. The register within the province gives Junior Third Rank.)

¶Katayamahiko Shrine. (Note: the register within the province gives Junior Second Rank Kataya-yama Great Myōjin. It originally stood on Mount Kokufu. At the foot of the mountain was a village, which was likewise called Katayama-ke after the name of the shrine. Later it was renamed Haji village, and the shrine is said to have been moved there.) Tradition says it enshrines Kamo-no-Katayama-no-Mikogami. (Note: following the accounts of the local people, and collated with the Shōyūki. Our view: the Bizen Kokushi says it enshrines Ōyamakui-no-Mikoto, but no clear evidence has yet been obtained. However, among the auxiliary shrines of Kamigamo in Yamashiro Province there is a Katayama Mikosha, whose name is close to Katayamahiko, and it seems it may be the same deity. This is added for the sake of further study.) Under the Engi regulations, both seats were ranked as minor shrines. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Akasaka District (Akasaka-gun) (6 shrines)

¶Kamo Shrine (3 shrines). (Note: it now stands at Kamodani in Nihori Nishi village.) It probably enshrines Kamo-no-Mioya-no-Kami and Wakeikazuchi-no-Kami. (Note: following the headnotes to the Jinmyōchō.) It is said that the shrine officials of the Kamo shrine in Yamashiro Province managed the affairs of this shrine's rites generation after generation. (Note: following the Bizen Kokushi.)

¶Munakata Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Koresato village.) It is said to enshrine the three Munakata deities. (Note: following the accounts of the local people. The register within the province gives Junior Fourth Rank Upper.)

¶Isonokami Futsunomitama Shrine. (Note: the register within the province gives Junior Fourth Rank Lower Futsu Myōjin. It now stands in Isonokami village and is simply called the Futsu Myōjin.) It probably enshrines the sword with which Susanoo-no-Mikoto slew the great serpent, the so-called Orochi no Aramasa, also called Ame-no-Habakiri. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the headnotes to the Jinmyōchō. The alternate name follows the Kogo Shūi. Our view: the Nihon Shoki says that the sword that slew the great serpent is now with the Kanbe of Kibi, and this is that very sword. It also says it is at Isonokami, and this too refers to this place. The Kogo Shūi says it is at the Isonokami Shrine, which probably also refers to this shrine. In later ages the Isonokami shrine in Yamato Province became especially famous, and the account in the Kogo Shūi was suspected to refer to Isonokami in Yamato, and the view that the sword that slew the great serpent was moved there in the reign of Emperor Sujin is probably mistaken.)

¶Fuse Shrine. (Note: the register within the province gives Junior Second Rank Fuse Great Myōjin. It originally stood on Mount Ryūten in Naka-Senomi village, but later moved to Nihori Nishi village.) It probably enshrines Ōhodo-no-Miko, ancestor of the Fuse no Kimi. (Note: following the Kojiki and the Kibi Onko.) Under the Engi regulations, all six seats were ranked as minor shrines. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Wake District (Wake-gun) (1 shrine)

¶Kanne Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Kanne Motomura in the Kanne-ho district.) In the seventh year of Jōgan (865), it was advanced from Senior Sixth Rank Upper to Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a minor shrine. (Note: following the Engishiki. The register within the province gives Junior Second Rank.)

¶Jōtō District (Jōtō-gun) (4 shrines)

¶Ōmiwa Shrine (4 shrines). (Note: it now stands in Yomimi village. To the northeast of the shrine grounds there is a pine mountain, which is said to be its old site.) It is said to enshrine the four deities Ōmononushi, Sukunahikona, Mihotsuhime and Ōnamuchi. (Note: following the tradition of the shrine family. Our view: according to the order of enshrinement at the Ōmiwa shrine, Ōmononushi is the gentle spirit (nigimitama), and Ōnamuchi is probably the name of the rough spirit (aramitama). This is added for the sake of further study.) Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a minor shrine. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Mino District (Mino-gun) (8 shrines)

¶Iwatowake Shrine. (Note: the register within the province gives Junior Second Rank Amatsu Iwatowake Great Myōjin. It now stands in Tazumi village and was formerly called the Iwato Shrine.) It probably enshrines Ame-no-Iwatowake-no-Kami. (Note: following the Kojiki and Engishiki.)

¶Obari Shrine. (Note: it now stands in a separate hamlet belonging to Kami-Ifuku village in the Ifuku district, and is called the Kurioka Shrine. The inscription on the box containing the divine image, from the Hōtoku era, reads Obari Deity Great Myōjin.) It probably enshrines Ame-no-Hoakari-no-Mikoto, ancestor of the Owari no Muraji. (Note: collated with the Kojiki, Kuji Hongi and Engishiki. Our view: according to the Shōjiroku, one branch of the Owari clan bears the surname Ifukube. And according to the Wamyōshō, there is an Ifuku district in this province, and an Owari district in Oku province. This suggests that some of this clan lived in this province and enshrined their ancestral deity. The register within the province gives Senior Fifth Rank Lower.)

¶Tenjin Shrine. (Note: the register within the province gives Junior Fourth Rank Upper Ameko Myōjin. In one book "ko" is "tsu," which is correct. The shrine now stands on Tenjin-yama in Mino village.)

¶Ise Shrine. (Note: it now stands at Oyama Obata and is called the Ise Shrine. The register within the province gives Junior Fourth Rank Lower.)

¶Amahakari Shrine. (Note: the register within the province gives Junior Second Rank Lower Ameko Myōjin. "Two" is probably an error for "four," and "ko" is "kei" in one book, which is correct. The shrine now stands in Kitakata village and is called the Hachiman Shrine.) It is said to enshrine the two deities Taokihohoi and Hikosashiri. (Note: following the accounts of the local people.) These two deities served the heavenly ancestors and made palaces and various vessels using the heavenly measure (ame-no-mihakari), (Note: following the Kogo Shūi) hence the name.

¶Kuni Shrine. (Note: the register within the province gives Junior Fourth Rank Lower Kunitsu Myōjin. It now stands at Mikado, a hamlet belonging to Shimo-Ifuku village.)

¶Iwatowake Shrine. (Note: one book of the register within the province gives Amatsu Iwatowake. It now stands in Ōtomo village and is called the Togakushi Shrine.)

¶Owari Harina Mawakahime Shrine. (Note: the register within the province gives Junior Fourth Rank Lower Owari Harita Myōjin. In one book, four characters "Mawakahime" follow "Harita." The shrine originally stood at Hanazono in Yokkaichi, a hamlet belonging to Kitakata village, but later fell into decline. For that reason it was built within the precincts of the Misaki Shrine in the village. Another account says that north of the district is Mount Handa, and "Handa" is a corruption of "Harita," so it was probably the old shrine site.) It probably enshrines Shitsukimawakatobe-no-Mikoto, daughter of Takeinadane-no-Mikoto, ancestor of the Owari no Muraji, and her grandson Owari no Harinane no Muraji. Shitsukimawakatobe was also called Shiritsukitome, and was the consort of Ioki-no-Irihiko-no-Mikoto, a prince of Emperor Keikō. (Note: collated with the Kojiki and Kuji Hongi.) Under the Engi regulations, all eight seats were ranked as minor shrines. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Tsutaka District (Tsutaka-gun) (2 shrines)

¶Kamo Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Kami-Kamo village in the Kamo district.) It probably enshrines Kamowake-no-Mikoto, ancestor of the Kasa no Omi. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki, Shōjiroku and Engishiki.) In the reign of Emperor Ōjin, Kamowake received a fief in this place, and his descendants, the Kasa clan, lived here generation after generation. For that reason they enshrined him. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki. The register within the province gives Junior Fourth Rank Lower.)

¶Munakata Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Ōkubo village.) Under the Engi regulations, both seats were ranked as minor shrines. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Kojima District (Kojima-gun) (2 shrines)

¶Kamo Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Nagao village in the Kamo district.)

¶Tatsuchiura-ni-imasu Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Tanoura village. "Tsuchi" is probably an error for "no.") Under the Engi regulations, both seats were ranked as minor shrines. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Bitchū

¶Kuboya District (Kuboya-gun) (3 shrines)

¶Hyakushayama Shrine. (Note: it originally stood on Hyakushayama in Kambe village, but later moved to Koya, a hamlet belonging to Miwa village.)

¶Ashitaka Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Okitsushimayama in Shinooki village.)

¶Sugō Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Ogoruma-yama in Yūan, Neoi estate.) In the second year of Gangyō, Junior Fifth Rank Upper was added to Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Under the Engi regulations, all three seats were ranked as minor shrines. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Kaya District (Kaya-gun) (4 shrines)

¶Kibitsuhiko Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Kibi Nakayama in Miyauchi village. The summit is called Chausu-yama, and is in fact the royal tomb. The shrine was built facing it.) It enshrines Ōkibitsuhiko-no-Mikoto. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki, Kojiki, Engishiki and the Kibitsu shrine records.) In the reign of Emperor Sujin, Kibitsuhiko, together with his younger brother Wakatakehiko-no-Mikoto, distinguished himself by pacifying the province of Kibi. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and Kojiki.) For this reason a shrine was built and he was enshrined as a Myōjin. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki and Engishiki.) In the fourteenth year of Jōwa (847), he was granted Junior Fourth Rank Lower. The following year he was advanced to Junior Fourth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the second year of Ninju (852), he was advanced to the Fourth Rank (shihon), the shrine became an official shrine, and twenty households of fief were assigned. In the second year of Saikō (855), because the bells and mirror in the sacred storehouse sounded of their own accord, an envoy was sent to present offerings. In the first year of Tenan, the Third Rank was added. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) In the first year of Jōgan, he was advanced to the Second Rank. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of a renowned deity. (Note: following the Engishiki.) Later it was called the First Shrine of the province, (Note: following the Ichinomiya Ki) and was named the Kibitsu Shrine (Kibitsu-no-Miya). (Note: following the Hyakurenshō, Ichinomiya Ki and Shosha Konpon Ki.) In the third year of Tengyō, the First Rank was added, in return for prayers for the suppression of pirates during the Jōhei era. (Note: following the Chōkan Kanmon.) The shrine official, the Kaya no Ason, as descendants of Wakatakehiko-no-Mikoto, served the shrine generation after generation. (Note: following the Zenke Hiki cited in the Fusō Ryakki and the Genkō Shakusho. That they are descendants of Wakatakehiko follows the Nihon Shoki.) In the sixth year of Shōhei (1351), the shrine buildings suffered a fire. In the twenty-second year (1367), the steward Kaya no Munekatsu petitioned, asking that orders be issued without delay to the provincial military office, that warriors encroaching on the shrine lands be halted, and that the revenue be collected to repair the shrine and restore it to its former state. (Note: following the document of the sixth year of Jōji. Munekatsu's surname follows the Kibi Kokushi.)

¶Furugōri Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Nishiyama Miyayama, a hamlet belonging to Hattabe village. According to the old map of the Hattori district dating from the sixth year of Einin, east of the village was the Furugōri village, from which the shrine's name derives.) It is said to enshrine Kibi-no-Takehiko-no-Mikoto. (Note: following the shrine tradition.)

¶Nomata Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Tenjin-yama within the precincts of the Sōja in Hattabe village, and is called the Numata Tenjin. "Nomata" is none other than "Numata.") It is said to enshrine Ōtoshi-no-Miova-no-Kami, with the two deities Ōmononushi and Sukunahikona enshrined alongside. (Note: following the shrine tradition.) In high antiquity this land was waterlogged and became a marsh, which gradually changed into fields and at last yielded fertile land. Therefore a shrine was built in this place. (Note: following the Numata Jinja Ki.)

¶Tsuzumi Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Kami-Takada village and is called the Second Shrine (Ni-no-Miya).) Tradition says it enshrines Takatahime, with Kibitsuhiko-no-Mikoto enshrined alongside. Takatahime was the daughter of Sasamorihiko, a man of the province, and the consort of Kibitsuhiko. (Note: following the accounts of the local people.) Under the Engi regulations, all three seats were ranked as minor shrines. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Shimotsumichi District (Shimotsumichi-gun) (5 shrines)

¶Ishidatami Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Hatashimo village. In the shrine grounds is a huge rock, piled in many layers and towering high, which people call the Ishidatami (stone pavement). The shrine's name is based on this.)

¶Miwa Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Yashiro, a hamlet belonging to Shimohara village.) It probably enshrines Ōmononushi-no-Kami. It was founded by those of the Miwa no Obito clan who lived in this province. (Note: collated with the Shōjiroku, Engishiki and the documents of the Shōsōin of Tōdaiji. Our view: according to the documents, in the eleventh year of Tenpyō (739), the household heads of Miwa district in Kuboya (here written Kubomi) District of this province were Miwa no Obito Hirotoko, Kan no Obito Haku and Kanbe no Akai. If we now examine the provincial map, Kuboya District adjoins Shimotsumichi District, and there is a Miwa village there, which is probably the old Miwa district, where the Miwa clan lived.)

¶Masaki Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Masaki-yama in Hatashimo village.)

¶Yokota Shrine. (Note: it now stands at Yokota in Kushiro village.) It is said to enshrine Ame-no-Hohi-no-Mikoto. (Note: following the Yokota Shaki.)

¶Anatoyama Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Takayamaichi village in Kawakami District and is called the Akahama Gongen. Behind the shrine is a stone gate about five jō deep. The local people call it the First Gate (Ichi-no-Kido), and there are also a Second Gate and a Third Gate. The so-called Anato is this.) Under the Engi regulations, all five seats were ranked as minor shrines. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Oda District (Oda-gun) (3 shrines)

¶Arita Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Arita village.) Tradition says it enshrines the three Munakata deities. (Note: following the Arita Shaki.)

¶Kamishima Shrine. (Note: it now stands at Sotoura on Kamishima and is called the Okiyo Myōjin. The original site was at Ōdomari on Takashima.) It is said to enshrine the spirit of the Great Ancestor (Taiso). (Note: following the Kamishima Shaki.) When the emperor marched east, he made an imperial visit to the Takashima Palace in Kibi and stayed there three years. That was this place. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.)

¶Unoe Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Kawaomo village, adjoining Unai village, and is called the Cormorant Shrine (U-no-Miya). "Unai" is probably a corruption of "Unoe.") It probably enshrines Sasamorihiko-no-Mikoto. It is said that when Kibitsuhiko-no-Mikoto attacked the rebels, one of the rebels dived into the water and fled, and Sasamorihiko pursued and captured him; because he plunged like a cormorant (u) diving into water, the place was so named. (Note: following the Ichinomiya Shaden Ki.) Under the Engi regulations, all three seats were likewise ranked as minor shrines. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Shitsuki District (Shitsuki-gun) (1 shrine)

¶Ashisukiyama Shrine. (Note: it is now extinct. The villages of Higashi and Nishi Yoshii were anciently dependencies of the Ashisuki district. Between the two villages is a mountain, upon which is the site of the Asa-no-Miya, which is said to be its probable old site.) Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a minor shrine. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Aga District (Aga-gun) (2 shrines)

¶Himesaka Kanachiana Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Akaba village and is called the Himemiya Myōjin.)

¶Ido Kanachiana Shrine. (Note: it now stands at Idono in Io village and is called the Iwayama Myōjin.) In the first year of Jōgan, when Izumo no Ason Minetsugu, the Tenyaku-no-kami (head of the Bureau of Medicine), was sent to collect stalactite, the location of the two shrines was in fact that place. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Under the Engi regulations, both seats were likewise ranked as minor shrines. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Shrines Not Listed in the Official Register (Bitchū)

¶Miyahara Shrine. It now stands in Kaya District. (Note: the district name follows the Bitchū Jinja Kō. It stands in Shimo-Ashimori village.) In the sixth year of Jōgan, it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower from Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and soon advanced to Junior Fifth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶Bingo

¶Yasuna District (Yasuna-gun) (2 shrines)

¶Takeinadaki Sayafutsu Shrine. (Note: it now stands at Haratani in Yamano village. This shrine probably enshrines Kushinadahime-no-Mikoto and Susanoo-no-Mikoto. According to the Engishiki, in Yamashiro Province there is a Takeinadahime shrine, and in Noto Province a Kushiinadakihime shrine, both said to enshrine Kushinadahime-no-Mikoto, and the name "Takeinadaki" is close to these. "Sayafutsu" probably means a sharp sword. Susanoo-no-Mikoto slew the great serpent with the Totsuka sword and obtained a precious sword, so perhaps this too gives rise to the title of a sword deity. This is added for the sake of further study.)

¶Amewake Toyohime Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Kōyōzan in Kawakita village, Kannabe post station.) In the second year of Gangyō, it was advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Lower to Junior Fifth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Under the Engi regulations, both seats were ranked as minor shrines. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Fukatsu District (Fukatsu-gun) (1 shrine)

¶Susanoo Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Tote village in Ekuma district, Honji District.) It enshrines Susanoo-no-Mikoto. It is also called the Enokuma no Kuni Shrine. It is said that this deity once lived in the northern sea and set out to go to the daughter of the deity of the southern sea. In that place there were two brothers, the elder poor and the younger rich. One night the deity visited the younger brother's house and asked for lodging, but was refused. He then visited the elder brother's house instead, and the elder brother spread millet stalks as a seat and cooked millet to entertain him. Afterwards the deity came to the elder brother's house leading his eight children, and asked, "Are all the people of your household well?" The elder brother answered, "There are my wife and daughter." The deity instructed him to have them wear a ring of cogon grass (chi-no-wa) at the waist. Then he went to the younger brother's house and destroyed his family. He told the elder brother, "I am the deity Susanoo. If an epidemic should spread, those who call themselves my descendants and wear a ring of cogon grass at the waist will be spared its harm." The origin of this shrine is said to lie here. (Note: the Shaku Nihongi and the Kojiki Uragaki both cite the Bingo Fudoki. Our view: the Fudoki and the Nihongi Sanso make Susanoo-no-Mikoto the Deity Mutō, and the two brothers Somin Shōrai and Kotan Shōrai. Both the names of the deity and of the persons are doubtful. Probably the book originally recorded what old people told, and it cannot be said that no errors were passed down. For that reason only the general sense is taken here.) Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a minor shrine. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Nuka District (Nuka-gun) (1 shrine)

¶Nihitsuhime Shrine. (Note: our view: in Kuyo village there is a shrine of the Kōya Gongen. The place is called Mount Nihitsu. It was probably the site of the old shrine, which later moved to Saijō town and is now extinct.) It is probably the same deity as the Niutsuhime shrine in Kii Province. (Note: following the Harima Fudoki cited in the Shaku Nihongi, and the Engishiki.) Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a minor shrine. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Numakuma District (Numakuma-gun) (3 shrines)

¶Takamoro Shrine. (Note: it now stands at Machimae in Imazu village and is called the Tsurugi Myōjin.) Tradition says it enshrines Susanoo-no-Mikoto. (Note: following the Bingo Shikisha Kō.) In the ninth year of Jōgan (867), it was advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Upper to Senior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶Nunakuma Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Tomo-no-ura and is called the Watari Myōjin.) It probably enshrines Watasu-no-Kami. (Note: following the Engishiki, Jinja Keimō and Fukuyama Shiryō. Our view: various books say this shrine enshrines Funadama-no-Kami, that is, Sarutahiko-no-Kami, but this is probably mistaken. Empress Jingū prayed here for safety at sea and named it the Watari Myōjin, so it is clearly a sea deity. Reading "watari" as "watasu" is the same as the "Watasu Deity" at the Watatsumi shrine of Oki Province, and probably refers to the sea deity Toyotamahime. This is added for the sake of further study.) On the day Empress Jingū attacked Korea, she moored her boat in this bay, presented a tomo (an archer's wrist guard) as a divine seal, and enshrined this deity, praying for safety at sea. (Note: following the Jinja Keimō, Wakan Sansai Zue and Hachimangū Hongi.)

¶Hikosasuki Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Hikoyama in Nagawa village and is called the Hiko Myōjin.) Under the Engi regulations, all three seats were likewise ranked as minor shrines. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Honji District (Honji-gun) (1 shrine)

¶Tarihiri Shrine. Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a minor shrine. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Ashida District (Ashida-gun) (2 shrines)

¶Kamunabi Shrine. (Note: also written with other characters. It now stands on Mount Mimuro in Deguchi village and is called the Kamunabi Myōjin.) Tradition says it enshrines Ōnamuchi-no-Mikoto, Sukunahikona-no-Mikoto and Kotoshironushi-no-Mikoto. (Note: following the Fukuyama Shiryō.) In the ninth year of Jōgan, it was advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Upper to Senior Fifth Rank Lower. In the second year of Gangyō, Senior Fifth Rank Upper was added. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶Kunitakayorihiko Shrine. (Note: it now stands at Kōzan in Chichiōichi town, Fujio village.) Under the Engi regulations, both seats were ranked as minor shrines. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Kōnu District (Kōnu-gun) (1 shrine)

¶Okami Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Igami-dani in Inakusa village.) It enshrines Takaokami-no-Kami.

¶Mikami District (Mikami-gun) (1 shrine)

¶Sorahiko Shrine. (Note: it now stands below Kuwazakiyama in Honmura.) It enshrines Hikohohodemi-no-Mikoto.

¶Eso District (Eso-gun) (1 shrine)

¶Takaokami Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Hōsoyama in Mukaiizumi village. It originally stood on Yakunimiyama in Miyauchi village, but later moved to its present site, and is called the Yakunimi Myōjin.) It enshrines Takaokami-no-Kami. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki, Engishiki and the accounts of the local people.)

¶Mitsuki District (Mitsuki-gun) (1 shrine)

¶Karakawa Shrine.

¶Sera District (Sera-gun) (1 shrine)

¶Warihime Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Hongō village.)

¶Mitani District (Mitani-gun) (1 shrine)

¶Chihayahime Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Ohakoyama in Mirasaka village. Some say that at Takasugi village there is a Ninomiya Chihayahiko Myōjin, but this "Ninomiya" is probably a name used in relation to the Mirasaka shrine, and it seems beyond doubt that the Mirasaka shrine is the original.)

¶Miyoshi District (Miyoshi-gun) (1 shrine)

¶Chihayahime Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Funoyama in Shimo-Funo village and is called the Furi Shrine. Another account says it originally stood at Himegatake Miyadan and was called the general tutelary shrine of the district. Even now the vicinity is called Chihaya-gaichi. Later the shrine fell into ruin, and it was moved into the Hachiman shrine on Mount Takao, and then behind that shrine, which is said to be the present site.)

¶Shrines Not Listed in the Official Register (Bingo)

¶Ōkura Shrine and Kanda Shrine. Both now stand in Honji District. (Note: the district name follows the Fukuyama Shiryō. The Ōkura shrine now stands at Koikedani in Oka village, and the Kanda shrine is in Amaki village and is called the Iwatsumi Shrine. In Amaki village there is a place named Kanda, and the origin of the shrine's name is probably a remnant of the Kanda district recorded in the Wamyōshō.) In the second year of Jōgan (860), both were advanced from Senior Sixth Rank Upper to Junior Fifth Rank Lower.

¶Ōmiwa Shrine and Amateru Marataketo Shrine. The locations of both shrines are now unknown. In the third year of Jōgan, both were advanced from Senior Sixth Rank Upper to Junior Fifth Rank Lower.

¶Okishima Shrine. (Note: our view: according to the Wamyōshō and the Geihan Tsūshi, this shrine should be in Mitsuki District, and "Innoshima" and "Okishima" share the same characters in different readings, but its location is now unknown. This is added for the sake of further study.) In the second year of Gangyō, it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶Aki

¶Saeki District (Saeki-gun) (2 shrines)

¶Hayatani Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Kami-Hirara village in Sasai District and is called the Second Shrine (Ni-no-Miya) Hayata Myōjin.) It probably enshrines Akihayatama-no-Mikoto, ancestor of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of this province. (Note: following the Kuji Hongi and the accounts of the local people. According to the local tradition, in high antiquity the goddess Ichikishimahime first descended to this place, and a divine crow accompanied her. At that time there was an old man named Iwaki who kept this divine crow. Later a shrine was built and the deity enshrined, and this is said to be this shrine. In a nearby place there is an Iwaki shrine, and "Iwaki" and "Aki" share a reading. "Hayatama," "Hayatani" and "Hayata" likewise share readings. The account seems to have some basis. This is added for the sake of further study.) In the second year of Kōnin (811), it was ranked among the renowned deities and received the offerings of the four seasons. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) In the first year of Jōgan, it was advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Upper to Junior Fourth Rank Lower. In the ninth year, it was advanced to Junior Fourth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the Engi era, as under the Kōnin regulations, it was ranked together among the major shrines. (Note: following the Engishiki.) In the third year of Tengyō, Senior Fourth Rank Lower was added, in return for prayers for the suppression of pirates during the Jōhei era. (Note: following the Chōkan Kanmon.) It is said that the shrine officials of the Itsukushima shrine managed its rites generation after generation. (Note: following the Aki Shikisha Kō and Geihan Tsūshi.)

¶Itsukishima Shrine, Itsukushima Shrine. (Note: it now stands on Miyajima in Sasai District.) It enshrines Ichikishimahime-no-Mikoto. (Note: following the Ichinomiya Ki and the headnotes to the Jinmyōchō.) Tagorihime-no-Mikoto and Takitsuhime-no-Mikoto are enshrined alongside. (Note: following the Shosha Konpon Ki, Itsukushima Michishiba Ki and Geihan Tsūshi. The Michishiba Ki and Tsūshi both say that within the shrine buildings Kuninotokotachi-no-Mikoto, Amaterasu-Ōmikami and Susanoo-no-Mikoto are also enshrined, and in a separate hall Ame-no-Oshihomimi-no-Mikoto, Ame-no-Hohi-no-Mikoto, Amatsuhikone-no-Mikoto, Ikutsuhikone-no-Mikoto and Kumano-no-Kusubi-no-Mikoto, but these were probably all added in later ages. They are therefore not adopted here.) Tradition says that in the reign of Empress Suiko a shrine was founded on Ongajima, that is, the present Itsukushima, that Saeki no Kuramoto first conducted the rites, and that his descendants managed the shrine's affairs generation after generation. (Note: following the Itsukushima shrine documents and the Shosha Konpon Ki. According to the tradition recorded in the Itsukushima Michishiba Ki, when Kuramoto was at Ongajima, a boat with brocade sails happened to come from the western sea. In the boat were three goddesses, who said, "We are the Great Deity of Itsukushima. We vow to protect the king for a hundred generations." Kuramoto was astonished and reported it. By chance there had also been an auspicious omen in the capital, and the emperor, finding it wondrous, ordered by edict that a shrine be built to enshrine them. This is added for the sake of further study.) In the second year of Kōnin, it was ranked among the renowned deities and received the offerings of the four seasons. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) In the first year of Jōgan, it was advanced from Senior Fifth Rank Lower to Junior Fourth Rank Lower. In the ninth year, Junior Fourth Rank Upper was added. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Under the Engi regulations it was still ranked as before, as a major shrine of a renowned deity. (Note: following the Engishiki.) Later it was called the First Shrine of the province. (Note: following the Genpei Jōsuiki and the Ichinomiya Ki.)

¶In the third year of Tengyō, in return for prayers for the suppression of pirates during the Jōhei era, it was granted Senior Fourth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Chōkan Kanmon.) In the first year of Kyūju (1154), the Mita district of Takata District was assigned as shrine land. In the first year of Nin'an (1166), the deeds to the shrine estate of Shidōhara were fixed. In the third year, the chief priest Saeki no Kagehiro petitioned: "When the main shrine was damaged, it was the custom always to report to the throne and, upon receiving an edict, to repair it. But now Kagehiro, continuing the wishes of his ancestors, has repaired it at his own expense and made it more magnificent than the old. I humbly fear that if it is damaged again hereafter, there will be no one to restore it. I humbly request that from now on, following the example of the other shrines, whenever there is damage, the officials of this province be invited to contribute through renewal and transfer of office, so that the repairs may be completed and the shrine never fall into decay." In the second year of Kaō (1170), the Mibu estate was dedicated and assigned for the prayer expenses of the imperial house and of Kenshunmon-in. In the first year of Angen (1175), more than thirteen chō of fields in the two villages of Haruki and Ichiori were fixed as fields for sacred offerings. In the second year, Nakahara no Narinaga dedicated seven districts of Takata District. (Note: following the Itsukushima shrine documents.) In the fourth year of Jōan (1174), Retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa made an imperial visit to the shrine together with Kenshunmon-in. This was due to Taira no Kiyomori's reverence for this deity. (Note: following the Gyokuyō, Hyakurenshō and Genpei Jōsuiki.) In the second year of Jishō (1178), because the Empress Consort was with child, offerings were presented. Soon Emperor Antoku was born. (Note: following the Sankaiki.) The following year, a court deliberation discussed ranking the shrine among the Twenty-Two Shrines but did not decide it. It was specially decided that a festival be held on the first Monkey day of the middle month of spring and of winter, and that offerings from the Kuraryō (Bureau of the Imperial Storehouse) be presented. (Note: following the Gyokuyō, Hyakurenshō and Genpei Jōsuiki.) In this year, Kiyomori's younger brother Taira no Yorimori dedicated the revenue of the Anma estate for the expense of daily offerings. (Note: following the Itsukushima shrine documents.) In the fourth year, Retired Emperor Takakura again made an imperial visit and presented a prayer in his own hand. (Note: following the Hyakurenshō, Kokon Chomonjū and Genpei Jōsuiki.)

¶At first, when Kiyomori was the governor of this province, he repaired the sanctuary. In a dream the deity granted him a naginata and warned, "With this you shall protect the imperial court. If you act without principle, your descendants will surely perish." Later it came to pass just so. (Note: following the Heike Monogatari.) In the fifth year of Bunji (1189), Minamoto no Yoritomo dedicated the Naibu estate for the expense of kagura, and prayed for victory in the war in Ōu. In the first year of Shōji (1199), fields for the monthly offerings and the sacred food were fixed. In the first year of Jōgen (1207), because the shrine suffered a fire, it was ordered by edict that the matter be entrusted to provincial administration and the shrine officials carry out the repairs. (Note: following the Itsukushima shrine documents.) In the first year of Jōō (1222), Fujiwara no Yoritsune assigned the stewardship (jitō-shiki) of Senyomatsu in this province to the main shrine. (Note: following the Azuma Kagami.) In the first year of Katei (1235), the shrine had earlier suffered a fire and the provincial governor was ordered to repair it, but this was long unfulfilled. At this point it was entrusted to the provincial administration, and everything was left to the shrine officials' construction. In the second year of Ninji (1241), the shrine officials submitted: "As for the construction of the main shrine, judging by the precedent of Jōgen, the inner shrine alone requires an expense of more than 17,050 koku. But the inner and outer shrines now to be built, though economized, will cost twice as much. The annual tribute of this province is more than 1,060 koku, of which 200 koku is required for provincial use, leaving only more than 860 koku. What can be obtained from officials' posts amounts to only more than 5,160 koku. To cover the expenses with this would take many generations before the work could be finished. Now the chief official Chikazane is already seventy years old, and his life is near its end. Although the earth and timber work is not yet finished, we wish to carry out the rite of transferring the deity without delay. Moreover, if he completes his term and leaves office, the construction cannot be completed. If both terms run out, the provincial administration will inevitably be delayed. With no way forward or back, we humbly await the emperor's decision." Two years later, the shrine land of Ihara village was assigned for the construction expenses, and half of that land was made to pay tribute. By this it came to be that everything was given to the main shrine in perpetuity. After Engen, Ashikaga Takauji undertook the construction, and it indeed reached Eimura. At the beginning of Kōwa, Ōuchi Yoshihiro presented the Shiba estate, which was likewise assigned to repair expenses. (Note: following the Itsukushima shrine documents.) In later ages the festival day was the first Boar day of the last ten days of the First Month, and the provincial governor sent an envoy to present offerings, but this later lapsed. (Note: following the Shūgaishō.) In addition, the two festivals of the middle month of spring and of winter followed the Jishō precedent, and the winter one was called the Enthronement Festival (Chinza-sai), whose ritual was the most honored. Because the provincial governor led his subordinate officials to present offerings, it was also called the Provincial Festival (Kokusai). The shrine officials included the posts of Tanamori (also called Sha-bugyō), Jōkei (two persons, one called the deputy for the offering envoy, the other the deputy for the chief priest), Hafurishi, Ōgyōji (also called Gokō-bugyō), Kengyō, Yokotake, Shuri-gyōji, and Kogyōji. In addition there were many dancers, musicians, female attendants, kagura men and priests. (Note: following the Itsukushima Michishiba Ki and Geihan Tsūshi.)

¶Aki District (Aki-gun) (1 shrine)

¶Take Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Fuchū village and is called the Third Shrine (San-no-Miya) or the Sōja Myōjin.) In the first year of Jōgan, it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Upper from Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and soon advanced to Junior Fourth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a major shrine of a renowned deity. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Shrines Not Listed in the Official Register (Aki)

¶Ōasa Tenjin Shrine. It stands in Yamagata District. (Note: the district name follows the Wamyōshō and the Aki Kuninai Jinmyōchō. It originally stood in Ōasa village, but later the shrine fell into decay, and it was therefore enshrined together with the Itoku Tenjin Shrine.)

¶Itsukishima Nakago Tenjin Shrine. Its location is now unknown.

¶Mikumari Tenjin Shrine. It now stands in Aki District. (Note: the district name follows the Geihan Tsūshi. It stands in Somahara in Fuchū village.)

¶Amanoyashiro Tenjin Shrine. It stands in Numata District. (Note: the district name follows the register within the province.) In the first year of Jōgan, all four shrines were advanced from Senior Sixth Rank Upper to Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: according to the register within the province, they are the Second Rank Ōasa Myōjin, Senior Second Rank Mizuwake Myōjin, and Third Rank Amatsuyashiro Myōjin. The rank of the Shimanaka-ko Tenjin is missing.)

¶Ame-no-Iwatowake Shrine. It now stands in Yamagata District. (Note: the district name follows the accounts of the local people. It stands at Okuiwato in Miyasako, a hamlet adjoining Iwato village, and is called the Iwata Shrine.) It probably enshrines Toyoiwamado-no-Kami and Kushiiwamado-no-Kami. (Note: the deity names follow the Kojiki.)

¶Ariya Shrine. It stands in Numata District. (Note: the district name follows the register within the province.) In the fifth year of Jōgan, both were advanced from Senior Sixth Rank Upper to Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: according to the register within the province, the Third Rank Ariya Myōjin. The rank of the Ame-no-Iwatowake deity is missing.)

¶Akitsuhiko Shrine. Its location is now unknown.

¶Oishi Shrine. It stands in Numata District. (Note: the district name follows the register within the province.)

¶Itsushima Munakata Osen Shrine. (Note: it seems that the character "ki" is missing above "shima.") Its location is now unknown.

¶Utsugi Shrine. Its location is likewise unknown.

¶In the ninth year of Jōgan, all four shrines were advanced from Senior Sixth Rank Upper to Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: according to the register within the province, Senior Second Rank Akitsuhiko Myōjin, Fourth Rank Oishi Myōjin, Junior Third Rank Munakata Osen Myōjin, and Senior Third Rank Utsugi Myōjin.)

¶Fūhaku Shrine. It stands in Aki District. (Note: the district name follows the Wamyōshō and the register within the province.) In the seventh year of Gangyō (883), it was advanced from Senior Sixth Rank Upper to Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. The register within the province gives Fourth Rank Fūhaku Myōjin.)

¶Suō

¶Kumage District (Kumage-gun) (2 shrines)

¶Kumage Shrine. (Note: the one now standing at Katsuma in Yobisaka village is probably this.) In the ninth year of Tenpyō (737), because of an oracle, forty bundles of rice were assigned as sake expenses for the spring festival. (Note: following the documents of the Shōsōin of Tōdaiji.)

¶Iwaki Shrine. (Note: it now stands on the summit of Mount Iwaki in Shiota village and is called the Iwaki Gongen.) It probably enshrines Amatsuhikone-no-Mikoto, ancestor of the Kuni-no-Miyatsuko of the two provinces of Iwaki and Suō. (Note: collated with the Kojiki, Kuji Hongi and Engishiki. Our view: according to the Kuji Hongi, the Iwaki Kuni-no-Miyatsuko was established in the reign of Emperor Seimu, but in this province (Suō) it is said to have been in the reign of Emperor Ōjin. It was probably by dividing off a branch of the Iwaki Kuni-no-Miyatsuko clan that its ancestral deity was enshrined and called the Iwaki deity. This is added for the time being for further study.) In the ninth year of Jōgan, it was advanced from Senior Fifth Rank Upper to Junior Fourth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Under the Engi regulations, both seats were ranked as minor shrines. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Saba District (Saba-gun) (6 shrines)

¶Tamanoya Shrine (2 shrines). (Note: it now stands at Iai in Ōki village and is called the Tamanoya Myōjin.) It enshrines Ame-no-Akaru-tama-no-Mikoto, also called Kushiakaru-tama-no-Mikoto and also Haakaru-tama-no-Mikoto, ancestor of the Tamanoya no Sukune and grandson of Takamimusubi-no-Kami. He was one of the five deities of the Itsutomo-no-O who descended from heaven. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki, Kojiki, Shōjiroku, Kogo Shūi and the headnotes to the Jinmyōchō. According to the local people, one seat enshrines Ame-no-Kagami-no-Mikoto, but no clear evidence has yet been obtained, and this is added for further study.) In the ninth year of Tenpyō, the shrine's tax rice came to more than 3,830 bundles, of which more than 830 bundles were used for the shrine's expenses. Also, because of an oracle, more than 39 koku of grain rent from the sacred fields were exempted, and 200 bundles of Ioseine rice were granted to the Negi and the Tamatsukuribe. (Note: following the documents of the Shōsōin of Tōdaiji.) In the first year of Daidō, ten households of fief were assigned within the province. (Note: following the Shinshō Kyakuchokufu.) In the ninth year of Jōgan, it was advanced from Junior Fourth Rank Lower to Junior Third Rank. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a minor shrine. (Note: following the Engishiki.) Later it was called the First Shrine of the province. (Note: following the Konjaku Monogatari and the Ichinomiya Ki.) In the first year of Kōhō (964), it was advanced from Senior Second Rank to Junior First Rank. (Note: following the Nihon Kiryaku.) The two clans of Tamanoya and Tamatsukuri, descendants of the deity, served generation after generation as chief shrine official (jingūji) and Negi. (Note: following the documents of the Shōsōin of Tōdaiji, the Konjaku Monogatari and the Genkō Shakusho.)

¶Izumo Shrine (2 shrines). (Note: it now stands in Ninomiya village and is called the Second Shrine (Ni-no-Miya).) Tradition says it enshrines the two deities Ōnamuchi and Kotoshironushi. (Note: following the accounts of the local people and the Jinmyōchō Kō.) It was founded in the first year of Reiki (715). (Note: following the shrine's own records and the Hachiman shrine tradition.) In the ninth year of Tenpyō, because of an oracle, twenty bundles of grain were dedicated to cover the expenses of the spring and autumn festivals. (Note: following the documents of the Shōsōin of Tōdaiji.) In the ninth year of Jōgan, it was advanced from Senior Fifth Rank Upper to Junior Fourth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Later it was called the Second Shrine of the province. (Note: following the Hakke Burui and Jinmyōchō Kō.)

¶Misaka Shrine. (Note: "mi" is also written with another character. It now stands at Higuchi in Kishimi village.) It probably enshrines Ōnamuchi-no-Mikoto. (Note: following the Harima Fudoki and the shrine tradition.) In the ninth year of Tenpyō, because of an oracle, twenty bundles of rice were dedicated as expenses for the spring and autumn festivals. (Note: following the documents of the Shōsōin of Tōdaiji.) In the sixth year of Jōwa (839), it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the ninth year of Jōgan, it was advanced from Junior Fourth Rank Lower to Junior Third Rank. In the third year of Tengyō, in return for prayers for the suppression of pirates during the Jōhei era, Senior Third Rank was added. (Note: following the Chōkan Kanmon.)

¶Tsurugi Shrine. (Note: it now stands at Yamazaki in Takai village.) Tradition says it enshrines Susanoo-no-Mikoto. It is said that on the day Empress Jingū attacked Korea, the Yatsuka sword was made the sacred body (shintai), and victory in battle was prayed for to this deity. (Note: following the shrine's own tradition.) In the ninth year of Jōgan, it was granted Senior Fifth Rank Lower from Senior Fifth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Under the Engi regulations, the four seats were likewise ranked as minor shrines. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Yoshiki District (Yoshiki-gun) (1 shrine)

¶Nikabe Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Miyanoshita village and is called the Third Shrine (San-no-Miya).) In the second year of Tenan (858), it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower from Senior Sixth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) In the ninth year of Jōgan, it was advanced to Junior Fourth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a minor shrine. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Tsuno District (Tsuno-gun) (1 shrine)

¶Futamata Shrine. (Note: it now stands at Futamata in Ōmukai village.) Tradition says it enshrines Ōmononushi-no-Kami. (Note: following the Shikinai Jinkō and the accounts of the local people.) In the second year of Tenan, it became an official shrine. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) In the ninth year of Jōgan, it was advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Upper to Senior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Under the Engi regulations it was ranked as a minor shrine. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Shrines Not Listed in the Official Register (Suō)

¶Himi Shrine. It now stands in Tsuno District. (Note: it stands at Akio in Suma village. There are three shrines, the Upper Shrine, Middle Shrine and Young Shrine (Wakamiya), together called the Tsuyushima Shrine. Beside the shrine there is still a Himi village.) In the ninth year of Jōgan, it was granted Junior Fourth Rank Lower from Senior Fifth Rank Upper.

¶Akata Shrine. It now stands in Yoshiki District. (Note: it stands at Akata in Yoshiki village and is called the Fourth Shrine (Shi-no-Miya).)

¶Yamada Shrine. It now stands in Tsuno District. (Note: it stands on Miyayama in Kanogami village and is called the Yamada Gongen Shrine.)

¶In the second year of Gangyō, all were added to Junior Fifth Rank Lower from Senior Sixth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. The district names follow the accounts of the local people.)

¶Nagato

¶Toyoura District (Toyoura-gun) (5 shrines)

¶Sumiyoshi-ni-imasu Aramitama Shrine (3 shrines). Also called the Mikage Shrine. (Note: following the Engishiki and Ruijū Kokushi. Our view: the Sandai Jitsuroku, in its entry for the seventeenth year of Jōgan, writes "Sumiyoshi Ara-no-Kami Mitama," but the Ruijū Kokushi writes "kage" for "tama." "Kage" and "kage" (shadow and shade) have the same meaning, and it is clear that the Mikage Shrine is this main shrine. The shrine now stands in Yamada village in Toyonishi District and is called the Sumiyoshi Myōjin.) It enshrines the rough spirits (aramitama) of the three Sumiyoshi deities. When Empress Jingū returned after pacifying Korea, by an oracle a shrine was built in Yamada village in Anato, with Homutachi, ancestor of the Anato no Atai, as chief priest; this is the shrine. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki.) In the first year of Jōgan, it was granted Junior Fifth Rank Upper from Junior Fifth Rank Lower. In the seventeenth year, it was advanced to Senior Fifth Rank Lower, and soon advanced from Junior Fourth Rank Lower to Junior Fourth Rank Upper. In the second year of Ninna (886), Senior Fourth Rank Lower was added. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Under the Engi regulations, all three seats were ranked as major shrines of renowned deities. As a rule, of the households of fief of the Sumiyoshi deity of Settsu Province that were in this province, the corvée laborers of the fief households were made to transport the grain rent, but only those of this district's fief households were retained and assigned to this shrine. (Note: following the Engishiki.) Later it was called the First Shrine of the province. (Note: following the shrine documents and the Ichinomiya Ki.) As a rule, this shrine took the Yoshinaga estate in Yoshimo village as its shrine land. The Yoshinaga estate was dedicated by Minamoto no Yoritomo during the Bunji era. Later, because of the matter of foreign invasion, the shrine land was placed under the guard station. At the beginning of Engen, the shrine official petitioned: "We request that it be restored." By old precedent, repairs of this shrine were funded from the regular provincial taxes. At that time, in the Karyaku era, a temporary hall was set up and the deity transferred, but with the years it was damaged. The shrine official again petitioned: "We request that repairs be made as usual. Otherwise, we ask that separate expenses be granted and the shrine family carry out the construction." (Note: following the shrine documents. Our view: according to the Michiyuki Furi, Gyōnōshō and other books, this shrine holds a festival on the last day of the Twelfth Month every year. That night the sea water of Hayatomo Bay recedes of its own accord, and the shrine official, carrying a torch, goes down to the sea bed, gathers seaweed, and offers it at the New Year's sacred meal. This is called the Young Seaweed Gathering Rite (Wakame-kari no Shinji). Because the tide recedes without fail at the same time each year, people regard it as a divine marvel.)

¶Imi-no-Miya Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Chōfu in Toyohigashi District, and east of the shrine is Toyoura beach.) It enshrines Empress Jingū. (Note: following the preface to the waka of Ashikaga Takauji held by the shrine, the Shosha Konpon Ki and the Michiyuki Furi. The Hachimangū Hongi and Hōfu Shiryaku both say that this shrine enshrines Emperor Chūai, and that in the Jinki era Empress Jingū was enshrined alongside. Afterwards the empress was enshrined in the central hall, with Emperor Chūai on the left and Emperor Ōjin on the right. It is not known on what this is based, and it is added for further study.) At first, when Emperor Chūai marched west, he was with the empress at the Toyoura Palace, which was this place. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the Michiyuki Furi.) In the fifteenth year of Jōgan (873), Junior Fifth Rank Upper was added to Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Later it was called the Second Shrine of the province. (Note: following the Hakke Burui, Shosha Konpon Ki and Hachimangū Hongi.) In the eleventh year of Shōhei (1356), Minamoto no Norimitsu, Uma-no-Gon-no-Kami, dedicated fifty chō of private fields in Takeno estate, Chikugo Province, to this shrine. (Note: following the shrine documents. Our view: according to the Michiyuki Furi, Hachimangū Hongi and other books, at this shrine from the first to the fifteenth day of the Twelfth Month each year, the shrine officials practised especially strict purification. All the villagers were forbidden bells, drums, song and dance, did not dare to make noise, and did not light lamps at night. This was called the Onsai Rite (Onsai Shinji). It is probably a custom handed down from antiquity.)

¶Muraya Shrine. (Note: it now stands in Kuroi village.) It is probably the same deity as is enshrined at the Muraya shrine in Shikinoshimo District of Yamato Province. (Note: following the Nihon Shoki and the accounts of the local people.) Under the Engi regulations, both seats were ranked as minor shrines. (Note: following the Engishiki.)

¶Shrines Not Listed in the Official Register (Nagato)

¶Kazume Shrine. (Note: the one now called the Miyazaki Shrine, at Kazumezaki in Kajiura village, Asa District, is probably this.)

¶Fukuga Shrine and Maminomine Shrine. It is not known in which districts they stand. (Note: our view: the place of the Hachiman shrine now in Ōmine village, Mine District, is called Usunomine, and perhaps it was originally the location of this shrine, and Hachiman was later enshrined with it. This is added for further study.)

¶Mibu Shrine. It now stands in Mine District. (Note: it stands at Katata in Shimogō, Kiman village.) In the first year of Ninju (851), all four shrines were granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.)

¶Takechi Ishiuchi-no-Mikoto Shrine. (Note: the one now called the Sugimori Ishiuchi Deity at Isatokusada village, Mine District, is probably this.)

¶Oku Shrine. Its location is now unknown.

¶Tochi Shrine. It now stands in Abu District. (Note: it stands on the old castle site of Kawashima estate.)

¶In the fifteenth year of Jōgan, all three shrines were advanced to Junior Fifth Rank Lower from Senior Sixth Rank Upper.

¶Miyagi Shrine. (Note: the one now called the Sanmyōbara Myōjin at Sanmyōhara in Kanendō-men village, Abu District, is probably this. "Sanmyō" and "Miyagi" are close in reading.) In the second year of Ninna, it was advanced from Junior Fifth Rank Lower to Junior Fifth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. The district name follows the accounts of the local people.)