Imperial Princes V

[Emperor Heizei] Three Sons

¶Emperor Heizei had three sons. The palace woman Fujii-no-Fujiko bore Imperial Prince Abo, and Ise-no-Tsuguko bore the third son, the deposed Crown Prince Takaoka, and the fourth son, Imperial Prince Kose. (Note: the Kōin Shōunroku, the Teiō Hennenki, and the Rekidai Kōki all list Takaoka as the eldest son, then Kose, then Abo. Here the order is fixed according to the Shoku Nihon Kōki and the Sandai Jitsuroku. The second son is not recorded in this history, and there is no way to investigate him. Moreover, one text of the Shōunroku lists Prince Mantaka and Prince Yamada after Abo, but they are not adopted here.)

Imperial Prince Abo

¶Imperial Prince Abo was modest by nature and combined talent in letters and in arms; he excelled in physical strength and was skilled at stringed instruments and singing. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) When Emperor Saga ascended the throne he was granted Fourth Rank. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi and the Nihon Kiryaku.) In the Kōnin Incident he was implicated and demoted to Dazai-no-in'gai-no-sochi, Supernumerary Governor-General of Dazaifu. In the early years of Tenchō he was summoned back to the capital. When Emperor Ninmyō came to the throne he advanced to Third Rank. In the first year of Jōwa (834) he became Jibu-kyō, Minister of the Bureau of Civil Administration, and was granted thirty-three chō of waste fields in Fuchi district, Tōtōmi province. Soon afterwards he became Shimotsuke-no-taishu, Prince-Governor of Shimotsuke, while retaining the post of Jibu-kyō. In the third year (836) he additionally became Kunai-kyō, Minister of the Imperial Household, and in the following year (837) he was transferred to Hyōbu-kyō, Minister of Military Affairs. In the seventh year (840) he became Danjō-no-in, Chief of the Board of Censors, and in the ninth year (842) he additionally became Kazusa-no-taishu, Prince-Governor of Kazusa. In the autumn of that year, Tomo-no-Kowamine, Tachihaki, Sword-bearer of the Crown Prince's Household, and Tachibana-no-Hayanari, Acting Governor of Tajima, and others plotted rebellion, but Abo secretly submitted a letter to the Grand Empress Dowager, of the Tachibana clan, reporting the incident. By edict Kowamine and the others were seized and sent into exile. In the tenth month Abo died, at the age of fifty-one. For the funeral, Wake-no-Matsuna, Sangi, Counsellor, and others were dispatched, and in recompense for his service in reporting the incident he was posthumously granted First Rank, and his family was generously consoled. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.)

¶His sons were Nakahira, Yukihira, Moruhira, and Narihira. (Note: the Kōin Shōunroku lists them in the order Yukihira, Moruhira, Narihira, but here the memorial submitted by Abo, recorded in the Sandai Jitsuroku, is followed.) During the Tenchō era Abo submitted a memorial, invoking the precedent of Imperial Prince Takaoka, and asked that surnames be granted to his sons. By edict Nakahira, Yukihira, Moruhira, and Narihira were granted the surname Ariwara-no-Ason. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. The Kugyō Bunin makes Yukihira the third son. The Sandai Jitsuroku and the Ōkagami Uragaki make Narihira the fifth son. The Gōke Shidai and the Eiga Monogatari likewise call Narihira "Zai-Gochū-jō," the Middle Captain, fifth in the Ariwara line. If so, Abo's sons cannot have been only these, but there is now no way to investigate. The Shōunroku makes Ōe-no-Otondo Abo's eldest son, but the details are left to Otondo's biography.) Nakahira became Kurōdo, Chamberlain (Note: following the Kōin Shōunroku), served in turn as governor of Buzen and of Suruga, and concurrently was Gyōbu-no-shō, Junior Assistant Minister of Justice. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) Moruhira held Junior Fourth Rank Upper and served as Minbu-no-taifu, Senior Assistant Minister of Popular Affairs, Sakyō-no-daibu, Master of the Left Capital Office, Sagami-no-kami, Governor of Sagami, and Shinano-no-kami, Governor of Shinano. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Yukihira has a separate biography, and Narihira appears in the biographies of poets.

The Deposed Crown Prince Takaoka

¶The deposed Crown Prince Takaoka (Note: one text writes the "oka" of Takaoka with a different character, 丘) was at first an Imperial Prince. In the third year of Daidō (808) he was granted six chō of land in Kuze district, Yamashiro province. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) When Emperor Saga ascended the throne he was made Crown Prince, but in the following year, when Fujiwara-no-Nakanari was put to death, the Crown Prince was deposed and returned to the status of Imperial Prince (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi), and his sons and daughters were also stripped of the title of royalty and granted the surname Ariwara-no-Ason. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the thirteenth year of Kōnin (822) he was granted Fourth Rank (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi and the Nihon Kiryaku), and soon afterwards he cut off his hair and became a monk (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki and the Sandai Jitsuroku), changed his name to Shin'nyo (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku), lived at Tōji (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki; the Genkō Shakusho says Tōdaiji), studied the Shingon school, and became an ajari, a master of the esoteric rites. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the second year of Jōwa (835), by imperial command, he was granted more than forty chō of land, both dry and irrigated, in the old capital of Heijō. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the early years of Jōgan, Takaoka submitted a memorial saying, "I wish to return to the two temples of Futaiji and Chōshōji the more than fifty-five chō of paddy land in Heijō that was granted in the fourth year of Daidō (809) to Kamitsukeno-no-Eino, Imperial Princess Isonokami, and others," and this was permitted. In the third year (861) (Note: one text says the fourth year) he went to Tang China in search of the Buddhist law, and remained in Tang for more than ten years without returning. His sons, Yoshibuchi and the others, since it was not known whether he lived or had died, submitted a memorial asking to return his fief households, but this was not granted. In the third year of Gangyō (879), Emperor Yōzei by edict accepted their request. In the fifth year (881), the student-monk Chūkan sent a letter from Tang, reporting, "Takaoka, on his way toward the Western Regions, reached the country of Ragotsu and died there." The emperor issued an edict deeply lamenting this. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. The Genkō Shakusho says that Takaoka went to Tang and visited eminent monks in various places but was not satisfied, and at last took his staff and set out westward. The Wakan Gōun Reki, composed by Gyōnen, a monk of Tōdaiji, says that he reached the country of Ragotsu and was harmed by a tiger.) Because Takaoka rose so young and so early to the position of Crown Prince, the people of the time called him the "Crouching Crown Prince," and the discerning saw in it an ill omen. And indeed, before long he was deposed. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki and the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶His sons Yoshibuchi and Yasusada were both granted the surname Ariwara-no-Ason. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Yoshibuchi, in the last years of Saikō, served in turn as Ōtoneri-no-kami, Director of the Palace Attendants, and Nakatsukasa-no-shō, Junior Assistant Minister of Central Affairs, and in the Tennan era became Jibu-no-taifu, Senior Assistant Minister of Civil Administration, and Kii-no-kami, Governor of Kii. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) In the Jōgan era he was appointed Yamato-no-kami, Governor of Yamato, and served in turn as Takumi-no-kami, Director of the Bureau of Artisans, and Ōkura-no-taifu, Senior Assistant Minister of the Treasury, and became Yamashiro-no-gon-no-kami, Provisional Governor of Yamashiro. As a child, Yoshibuchi had been taken up by Emperor Heizei on account of his father, and he felt that favor deeply. After the emperor died he constantly wished to build a temple beside the imperial tomb to pray for the emperor's repose, but since the matter was slow to come about, he for a time had a monk dwell there in his place. Even so he could not accomplish it, and at last he petitioned to build a temple on the old site of the hall where Takaoka had once lived, hoping to fulfill his long-held aim. By edict this was permitted. He therefore bought up the abandoned land of Heijō, opened it for cultivation as fields, and used the yield to meet the cost of repairs. But the government office held that this was contrary to the intent of the law and confiscated the fields, making them chokushi-den, fields held by imperial order. At this he again lodged an appeal, asking that they be granted to him as private fields in perpetuity, and by edict this was permitted. Soon afterwards he was appointed Jingi-haku, Head of the Department of Divinities, rose to Junior Fourth Rank Upper, and was again appointed Yamato-no-kami. In the seventeenth year (875) he died. (Note: the Kōin Shōunroku says that Yoshibuchi entered religion and changed his name to Henmyō, but this is mistaken, just like the claim that he went to Tang.) Yasusada served in turn as Dazai-no-shōni, Junior Vice-Governor of Dazaifu, Higo-no-kami, Governor of Higo, and Settsu-no-kami, Governor of Settsu, and rose to Senior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

Imperial Prince Kose

¶In the early years of Kōnin, Imperial Prince Kose was granted four thousand bundles of rice each from Iga and Ōmi. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) In the eighth month of the sixth year of Gangyō (882) he died. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

[Emperor Saga] Twenty-Two Sons

¶Emperor Saga had twenty-three sons. The Empress, of the Tachibana clan, bore Emperor Ninmyō (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki) and the third son, Imperial Prince Hidenaga. (Note: following the Kōin Shōunroku and the Ichidai Yōki. The Teiō Hennenki makes Hidenaga the child of Imperial Princess Takatsu, but this is mistaken. For details see the biographies of the consorts.) The consort Imperial Princess Takatsu bore the first son, Imperial Prince Nariyoshi. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. The Sandai Jitsuroku calls Nariyoshi the second son, but according to the Shoku Nihon Kōki, Emperor Ninmyō is counted as the second son, so it is clear that Nariyoshi was the first. Moreover, the Shōunroku and the Genji Keizu both list Emperor Ninmyō, Hidenaga, and Nariyoshi in that order, but this order was written according to the rank of the mothers, not the actual order of age. In general most works such as the Shōunroku follow this practice, and the same is done below.) The Nyōgo, Consort, Kudara-no-Kimyō bore the fourth son, Imperial Prince Tadayoshi (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki and the Nihon Kiryaku), and bore the fifth son, Imperial Prince Motoyoshi. (Note: following the Genji Keizu. The Shōunroku makes Motoyoshi the fourth son, but since the Shoku Nihon Kōki and the Nihon Kiryaku both call Tadayoshi the fourth son, he is placed as fifth according to the Genji Keizu. In the Shōunroku's order of the imperial sons, Imperial Princes are listed first, and those who were granted surnames are all listed afterwards even if they were older. Considering the various works of the national histories, from Emperor Saga onward Imperial Princes were in particular called by their order of birth, whereas those granted surnames did not share in this, and were called separately "the so-and-so-th Minamoto" or "the so-and-so-th son of the Minamoto." That is, those granted surnames were no longer treated as equals of the Imperial Princes. Therefore here the Shōunroku is uniformly followed, and Imperial Princes and those granted surnames are each arranged by age, and where there are discrepancies that can be examined in other works, they have been corrected.) The Kōi, Lady of the Wardrobe, Akishino-no-Takako bore Minamoto-no-Kiyoshi (Note: following the Ichidai Yōki and the Kōin Shōunroku), Yamada-no-Chikako bore Minamoto-no-Kei (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Genji Keizu), Iitaka-no-Yakamayu bore Minamoto-no-Tokiwa (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku and the Kōin Keizu) and Minamoto-no-Akira (Note: following the Kugyō Bunin and the Genji Keizu), the Naishi-no-kami, Principal Handmaid, Kudara-no-Kyōmyō bore Minamoto-no-Sadamu (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Kōin Shōunroku) and Minamoto-no-Shizumu (Note: following the Ichidai Yōki and the Genji Keizu), and the palace woman Kasa-no-Tsuguko bore Minamoto-no-Iku (Note: the Kugyō Bunin, the Ichidai Yōki, the Teiō Hennenki, and the Kōin Shōunroku say he was born of Ōhara-no-Matako). Ōhara-no-Matako bore Minamoto-no-Tōru and Minamoto-no-Tsutomu (Note: following the Ichidai Yōki, the Kōin Shōunroku, and the Genji Keizu), the Hiroi lady bore Minamoto-no-Makoto, the Kamitsukeno lady bore Minamoto-no-Hiromu (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Kōin Shōunroku), Abe-no-Yanagitsu bore Minamoto-no-Yutaka, the Tanaka lady bore Minamoto-no-Sumu (Note: following the Kōin Shōunroku and the Ichidai Yōki), the Awata lady bore Minamoto-no-Yasushi (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku), the Koreyoshi lady bore Minamoto-no-Masaru (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Teiō Hennenki. The Shōunroku says he was born of a lady of the Ōhara), and the Nagaoka lady bore Minamoto-no-Kashikoshi. (Note: following the Ichidai Yōki and the Teiō Hennenki.) Prince Atsushi and Minamoto-no-Tsugu (Note: following the Kōin Shōunroku) are both without a recorded mother.

Imperial Prince Nariyoshi

¶In the fifth year of Kōnin (814), Imperial Prince Nariyoshi was granted forty-nine chō of waste fields in Tsutaka district, Bizen province. (Note: following the Nihon Kōki.) In the first month of the tenth year of Jōgan (868) he died. From early on Nariyoshi suffered from an illness of the mind, and he ended his life without holding office. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) His son, Prince Masauchi, held Junior Fourth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Ruijū Kokushi.)

Imperial Prince Hidenaga

¶In the ninth year of Tenchō (832), Imperial Prince Hidenaga was granted Third Rank (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi) and was given 1,693 volumes of books that had been confiscated. (Note: following the Nihon Kiryaku.) When Emperor Ninmyō ascended the throne he became Nakatsukasa-kyō, Minister of Central Affairs, and later was changed to Danjō-no-in, Chief of the Board of Censors. In the first year of Jōwa (834) he was further granted more than 480 volumes of books of his maternal family, Tachibana-no-Naramaro, which had likewise been confiscated. In the second year (835) he was appointed Dazai-no-sochi, Governor-General of Dazaifu, while remaining Danjō-no-in. In the third year (836) he was granted twelve chō of public fields in Chiisagata district, Shinano province, 207 chō of waste fields in Ōmi and Kaga, and thirty-four chō of vacant land in Bizen, and in the following year (837) he was granted in addition forty-nine chō of abandoned fields in Ishikawa district, Kaga province. In the seventh year (840) he advanced to Second Rank, and in the ninth year (842) he was appointed Kōzuke-no-taishu, Prince-Governor of Kōzuke. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) During the Gangyō era, the commissioner for the allotment of fields mistakenly confiscated his reclaimed fields in Settsu; Hidenaga lodged a complaint, and they were returned to him. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the first month of the seventh year of Kanpyō (895) he died, at the age of seventy-nine. (Note: following the Ichidai Yōki and the Kōin Shōunroku.)

Imperial Prince Tadayoshi

¶In the first year of Jōwa (834), Imperial Prince Tadayoshi was granted Fourth Rank. In the third year (836) he became Kazusa-no-taishu, Prince-Governor of Kazusa; in the fifth year (838) he was transferred to Hitachi-no-taishu, Prince-Governor of Hitachi, and in the seventh year (840) he became Hyōbu-kyō, Minister of Military Affairs. In the third year of Kashō (850) he advanced to Third Rank. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) When Emperor Montoku ascended the throne he was permitted to wear a sword at court, and in the third year of Ninju (853) he again became Kazusa-no-taishu. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) When Emperor Seiwa ascended the throne Second Rank was added to his honors, and in the second year of Jōgan (860) he was transferred to Kōzuke-no-taishu, remaining Hyōbu-kyō. Earlier, an edict had been issued forbidding provincial governors to keep hawks for falconry, but Tadayoshi alone was specially permitted to hunt with two leashes of privately kept hawks outside the forbidden grounds of the home provinces. In the following year (861) he was granted fifty-seven chō of waste fields in Toshima district, Settsu province. In the fifth year (863) he was transferred to Shikibu-kyō, Minister of Ceremonial, while remaining Kōzuke-no-taishu. In the eighth year (866), by imperial command, he was permitted to keep two leashes of each kind of hawk; in the thirteenth year (871) he again became Kōzuke-no-taishu, and in the fourteenth year (872) he was appointed Dazai-no-sochi, Governor-General of Dazaifu, remaining Shikibu-kyō. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Later, because of illness, he submitted a memorial asking to resign (Note: following the Kankebunsō), but this was not granted. In the second month of the eighteenth year (876) he died. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) He was fifty-eight. (Note: following the Nihon Kiryaku and the Kōin Shōunroku.) Tadayoshi was beautiful in form and bearing, and the people of the time deeply mourned his death. (Note: following the Kōin Shōunroku.)

Imperial Prince Motoyoshi

¶Imperial Prince Motoyoshi died in the sixth month of the eighth year of Tenchō (831). (Note: following the Nihon Kiryaku and the Ichidai Yōki.)

Prince Atsushi

¶Prince Atsushi. (Note: the original text contains nothing further, and no deeds are recorded.)

Minamoto-no-Makoto

¶Minamoto-no-Makoto was one of the imperial sons and daughters, not yet made Imperial Princes and Princesses, who in the fifth month of the fifth year of Kōnin (814) were granted the surname Minamoto-no-Ason (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Ruijū Kokushi). The edict said: "I received the throne and succeeded to the heavenly rank. My virtue does not suffice to bring those close to me into affection, and my teaching has not reached far. As the years and months have repeatedly turned, my sons and daughters have gradually grown numerous. Before I had understood the way of a son, I became a father to others instead. It troubles me that I should recklessly burden the country with fiefs and idly waste the treasury. Therefore I intend to remove the title of Imperial Prince and grant the surname Ason. They shall be entered in the same registers, put to public service, and at the beginning of their service shall be given Sixth Rank. However, those who have already received the title of Imperial Prince shall not be changed. Children born later of the same mothers shall be treated in the same way. As for others who make a request, I shall decide specially." The nobles replied, "We fear that in later ages there will be those who say that Your Majesty made light of the branches of the imperial line," but the emperor did not answer. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) Makoto became the First Minamoto (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Kugyō Bunin), and the granting of the surname Minamoto to imperial sons began with this. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Makoto, together with Hiromu, Tokiwa, Sadahime, Kiyohime, Matahime, and Yoshihime, had originally been registered in the Right Capital, but in the following year all were transferred to Ichijō in the Left Capital. (Note: following the Nihon Kiryaku.) Makoto was by nature broad-minded and magnanimous, with a bearing that stood out from others. He loved reading, and excelled in the cursive and clerical scripts and in painting, especially of horses. The emperor himself taught him musical theory and had him master its deepest secrets. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the Tenchō era he was granted Junior Fourth Rank Upper and served in turn as Jijū, Chamberlain (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Ruijū Kokushi), was transferred to Jibu-kyō, Minister of Civil Administration, concurrently Harima-no-gon-no-kami, Provisional Governor of Harima, and was appointed Sangi, Counsellor, and Sahyōe-no-kami, Commander of the Left Gate Guards. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the early years of Jōwa he rose repeatedly until he reached Senior Third Rank, and served in turn as Sakonoe-no-chūjō, Middle Captain of the Left Palace Guards, Saemon-no-kami, Commander of the Left Gate Guards, Ōmi-no-kami, Governor of Ōmi, and Musashi-no-kami, Governor of Musashi. In the ninth year (842) he was appointed Chūnagon, Middle Counsellor. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki and the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the following year (843), on the first anniversary of Emperor Saga's death, the officials in charge submitted in advance the following memorial: "The day of the first-anniversary vigil of the Retired Emperor falls exactly on Mizunoe-Tora, the fifteenth day of the seventh month, which is the Retired Emperor's own honmyō ganjin, the day of the stem and branch of his birth year. Examining the practice of the court, we find that on the honmyō day of the Three Palaces (the Grand Empress Dowager, the Empress Dowager, and the Empress), inauspicious matters are avoided; all the more so when it is the day of the Grand Empress Dowager or of the present emperor. We therefore ask that the day of the memorial assembly be moved to the fourteenth, Kanoto-Ushi." All thought this proper, and the Grand Empress Dowager approved. But Makoto and the Sangi Minamoto-no-Hiromu and others submitted this memorial: "We have respectfully received the late emperor's final wishes and have been careful not to depart from their appointed day. Now that this discussion has arisen, we fear it secretly runs counter to his last testament. For the testament says, 'Do not be bound by worldly matters.' If so, why should we be bound by avoidances? It also says, 'The funeral procession must not exceed three days.' If at the time of his death a Tora day had fallen within the three days before the funeral, would that too have been avoided? And if in some later year a Tora day should fall on the anniversary, would that too be avoided?" At this time the emperor was suffering from a fever and could not discuss the matter in person, so he commanded Dainagon, Great Counsellor, Fujiwara-no-Yoshifusa to discuss it with the nobles, and Yoshifusa submitted: "That inauspicious matters are not conducted on the honmyō day of the Three Palaces is an ancient practice, and not without basis. Considering the testament respectfully, 'Do not be bound by worldly matters' probably refers to the petty affairs of the world, and not to the ancient norms of the court. If so, then if at the time of his death there had been circumstances to avoid within those three days, they would undoubtedly have been avoided. The first-anniversary assembly is held by the subjects dressed in mourning, and since all its conduct is of the nature of ill-omened affairs, it is avoided. How can the national memorial days of later years be discussed on the same footing? To be fixed on one point is not a well-informed argument." Makoto and the others could not rebut this, and in the end the proposal was not carried out. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the first year of Kashō (848) he was transferred to Dainagon, Great Counsellor. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki and the Sandai Jitsuroku.) When Emperor Montoku ascended the throne he was granted Junior Second Rank and concurrently became Kōtaishi-fu, Tutor to the Crown Prince. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku and the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the first year of Saikō (854) he additionally became Ukonoe-no-daishō, Commander of the Right Palace Guards. (Note: the Sandai Jitsuroku puts this in the Ninju era, but here the Montoku Jitsuroku and the Kugyō Bunin are followed.) In the first year of Tennan (857) he was appointed Sadaijin, Minister of the Left. (Note: the Sandai Jitsuroku puts this in the early years of Saikō, but here the Montoku Jitsuroku is followed.) He submitted a memorial asking to resign but was not permitted. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) Emperor Montoku once loved his son Imperial Prince Koretaka and was inclined to change the Crown Prince. One day, in a relaxed moment, he consulted Makoto, who replied, "If the Crown Prince has committed a fault, he should be removed. But if he has none, then nothing else should be discussed. Your servant cannot receive this decree." The emperor was greatly displeased, and the matter ended there. (Note: following the Ōkagami Uragaki.)

¶When Emperor Seiwa ascended the throne he advanced to Senior Second Rank. In the first year of Jōgan (859), by edict, the moor of Isachi in Settsu was granted to him as a hunting ground, and in the following year he was granted twenty-five chō of land in Uji district, Yamashiro province. In the sixth year (864), Dainagon Tomo-no-Yoshio, who had long been on bad terms with Makoto, sent an anonymous letter at this time denouncing him: "He is plotting rebellion in conspiracy with Minamoto-no-Tōru and Minamoto-no-Tsutomu, Uemon-no-kami, Commander of the Right Gate Guards." By this he sought to fabricate his guilt. In the spring of the following year (865), Kiyohara-no-Harutaki, a retainer of Makoto, was appointed Hyūga-no-jō, Third Officer of Hyūga, Sama-no-shōsakan Haji-no-Tadamichi, Junior Clerk of the Left Stables, was appointed Kai-no-gon-no-jō, Provisional Third Officer of Kai, and Saemon-fu-shō Kusakabe-no-Tōfuji, Clerk of the Left Gate Guards, was appointed Higo-no-gon-no-daisakan, Provisional Senior Clerk of Higo. All three were skilled in archery and horsemanship; outwardly it looked like promotion, but in fact it was an attempt to strip Makoto of his trusted men. In the spring of the eighth year (866), Yoshio had his son Nakatsune secretly set fire to the Ōtenmon Gate (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku), and falsely denounced this as Makoto's doing. (Note: following the Ōkagami Uragaki and the Uji Shūi Monogatari.) He then conspired with Udaijin, Minister of the Right, Fujiwara-no-Yoshimi, to surround Makoto's mansion. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Ōkagami Uragaki.) When the Sangi Fujiwara-no-Mototsune was summoned and given the order, Mototsune asked, "Does the Daijō-daijin, Chancellor (Fujiwara-no-Yoshifusa), know of this?" Yoshimi answered, "The Chancellor honors the Buddha and is merciful; he surely could not bring himself to decide this." Mototsune said, "This is no light matter. How can it be done without seeking his approval?" He went to Yoshifusa and told him. Yoshifusa was shocked, hurried to report to the emperor, and said, "Makoto helped Your Majesty to the throne, and his merit is by no means small. If he is to be put to death suddenly, this old servant does not understand what his crime is. If Makoto must be executed, I beg that this old servant first be made to answer for it." The emperor, hearing this, was greatly startled. (Note: following the Ōkagami Uragaki.) He therefore sent the Sangi Ōe-no-Otondo and Sachūben, Middle Controller of the Left, Fujiwara-no-Ienemune and others to Makoto's mansion to console him. Because the matter had arisen so suddenly, Makoto was terrified and at a loss, and presented more than forty of his servants and twelve fine horses to show that he had no intention of rebellion, but the court did not accept them. Before long the emperor learned of Yoshio's wickedness and exiled him to Izu. From then on Makoto greatly feared unforeseen disaster, closed his gates, and no longer went out. Since Makoto was by nature fond of falconry and riding, he was permitted to go often to Settsu to hunt and relieve his spirits, and was granted imperial permission to keep three leashes of hawks and two leashes of sparrowhawks. In the ninth year (867) he submitted a memorial asking to decline his offices. The reply by edict said: "You combine talent in letters and arms, and are a worthy minister bound by ties to the imperial house, of importance to the court. The late emperor (Emperor Saga) also knew well your free and easy nature and did not require you to labor busily at your duties. How much more so I, who from the time I was Crown Prince have long relied on your guidance, and everything up to this day has been due to your help. When I sent the former scholar Ōe-no-Otondo some years ago to convey my feelings fully, I thought you had understood my intention. Why, then, do you now trouble me with a request to resign? To nourish the heart with music and to forget old age in the pleasures of falconry accords with your own nature, and I have no intention of blaming it. In the old story, Kanboku lived at ease, and Marquis Wen of Wei honored him and slept with his pillow high; not to forget precedent is what is now desired. Do you therefore devote yourself still more sincerely, and do not again submit such a request to resign." Further, by edict he was given back twenty chō of the former site of the Mint in Sagara district, Yamashiro province, which had been confiscated in the seventh year, though copper mining was to continue as before. In the intercalary twelfth month of the tenth year (868), while hunting at Inano, his horse sank in mud and threw him, and he was left barely breathing. Those about him raised him and took him back to his mansion, but from this he fell ill and died a few days later, at the age of fifty-nine. Earlier he had built a single chamber at the foot of Kitayama, set up a bed there and placed a coffin, and closed off the walls on all four sides so that neither people nor animals could approach. When he died he was buried there as he was. By his will the funeral was plain, and it is said that people hardly knew when the lying in state or the placing in the coffin took place. On New Year's Day of the following year, the emperor did not receive the court congratulations and cancelled the banquet. Soon afterwards he sent the Sangi Minamoto-no-Iku and Daigaku-no-kami, Director of the University, Prince Kiyoyo and others to the mansion, where they proclaimed an edict and granted him posthumous Senior First Rank. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Because Makoto lived at the northern edge of Ichijō, he was called the Kitabe-no-Otodo, the Minister of the Northern Edge. (Note: following the Kugyō Bunin, the Kōin Shōunroku, and the Konjaku Monogatarishū. One text of the Shōunroku and the Ichidai Yōki write "Kitabe" as "Yamabe," but this is mistaken.)

¶His sons were Kanō, Taira, Yasushi, Tamotsu, Yoshimi, Tamotsu, Tō, and Masa (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku, with the Genji Keizu consulted as well), and Hiro. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. The order is not clear in this history, so he is for the time being listed here.) Kanō held Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Genji Keizu.) Taira rose to Junior Fourth Rank Upper, serving as Sagami-no-gon-no-kami, Provisional Governor of Sagami, and Daizen-no-daibu, Master of the Palace Table Office. Yasushi was at first named Kin; in the Jōgan era he became Utano-kami, Director of the Bureau of Court Music, and when he was transferred to Mutsu-no-kami, Governor of Mutsu, he asked to change his name to the present one. In the second year of Gangyō (878), when the Emishi burned Akita Castle, Dewa-no-kami, Governor of Dewa, Fujiwara-no-Okiyo submitted a request for relief, and repeated edicts commanded Yasushi to send out the troops of Mutsu to help. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Later he became Minbu-no-taifu, Senior Assistant Minister of Popular Affairs, and rose to Junior Fourth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) Tamotsu held Junior Fourth Rank Lower and served as Inaba-no-kami, Governor of Inaba (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Ruijū Kokushi) and Owari-no-gon-no-kami, Provisional Governor of Owari. Yoshimi held Junior Fifth Rank Upper and was Bizen-no-kami, Governor of Bizen. The second Tamotsu held Junior Fifth Rank Lower and was Wakasa-no-kami, Governor of Wakasa. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) Tō excelled at playing the sō, the thirteen-string zither (Note: following the Genji Keizu. One text of the genealogy makes Tō a son of a son of a son of Makoto, but this is probably mistaken), and was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the Engi era he became Musashi-no-gon-no-suke, Provisional Assistant Governor of Musashi, but after leaving his post he burned the government buildings, seized public property, and attacked the governor, Takamuko-no-Toshiharu, at the provincial office. (Note: following the Fusō Ryakki. This history does not record what followed the attack on Toshiharu, and there is now no way to investigate.) Masa was Kii-no-kami, Governor of Kii. (Note: following the Genji Keizu.) Hiro was dull by nature, and Makoto gave him up and did not treat him as his son. Later Makoto summoned him again, but Hiro did not come on the appointed day, and Makoto died in the meantime. In the Gangyō era, his elder brothers Taira, Yasushi, Tamotsu, and others submitted a request that a surname also be granted to Hiro and that he be entered in the registers, and by edict he was granted the surname Haru-no-Ason. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

Minamoto-no-Hiromu

¶Minamoto-no-Hiromu became the Second Minamoto. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Kugyō Bunin.) In the fifth year of Tenchō (828) he was granted Junior Fourth Rank Lower; in the seventh year (830) he became Kunai-kyō, Minister of the Imperial Household, and in the ninth year (832) he additionally became Harima-no-gon-no-kami, Provisional Governor of Harima. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the tenth year (833) he was transferred to Shinano-no-kami, Governor of Shinano. In the early years of Jōwa he was appointed Gyōbu-kyō, Minister of Justice, concurrently Mimasaka-no-kami, Governor of Mimasaka, and was transferred to Jibu-kyō, Minister of Civil Administration. In the ninth year (842) he was appointed Sangi, Counsellor, while his other offices remained as before. In the twelfth year (845) he additionally became Owari-no-kami, Governor of Owari, and in the thirteenth year (846) he additionally became Sadaiben, Senior Controller of the Left (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki and the Sandai Jitsuroku), and became chief commissioner for the allotment of fields in Yamashiro province. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the following year (847) he was granted Junior Third Rank. In the first year of Kashō (848) he became Chūnagon, Middle Counsellor. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki and the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the first year of Ninju (851) he advanced to Senior Third Rank (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku and the Sandai Jitsuroku), and in the first year of Jōgan (859) he was transferred to Dainagon, Great Counsellor. In the first month of the fifth year (863) he died, at the age of fifty-two. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Kugyō Bunin.) He was called the Hirohata Dainagon, the Great Counsellor of Hirohata. (Note: following the Kōin Shōunroku, the Kugyō Bunin, and the Ichidai Yōki. The Teiō Hennenki writes "Hirohata" as "Hirohachiman," but this is mistaken.) From childhood Hiromu was intelligent and loved to read the classics and histories, and was especially skilled in the clerical script. He was generous and kind by nature, understood well the workings of government, and was accurate in his judgments. It is said that the emperor, declaring that of all his sons Hiromu loved learning most, specially granted him books of the classics, so that Hiromu's house held twice the library of his other brothers. By nature he loved music, and each time he came off duty he enjoyed the zither and books as his companions. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

¶His sons were Atsumu, Sen, Sō, Hitsu, Michi, Mare, Etsu, Gin, Naru, Akira, and Chikashi. (Note: following the Genji Keizu.) Atsumu served in turn as Jijū, Chamberlain, Daigaku-no-kami, Director of the University, Nakatsukasa-no-shō, Junior Assistant Minister of Central Affairs, and Gyōbu-no-taifu, Senior Assistant Minister of Justice. Sen held Junior Fifth Rank Lower (Note: the genealogy says Junior Fifth Rank Upper), and was Sahyōgo-no-kami, Director of the Left Armory, and Suō-no-suke, Assistant Governor of Suō. Sō held Junior Fifth Rank Upper and was Bingo-no-gon-no-kami, Provisional Governor of Bingo, and Echizen-no-gon-no-suke, Provisional Assistant Governor of Echizen. Hitsu held Junior Fifth Rank Upper, was Kunai-no-taifu, Senior Assistant Minister of the Imperial Household, and concurrently Yamato-no-gon-no-kami, Provisional Governor of Yamato. Michi held Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and was Jijū, Chamberlain, Shimotsuke-no-kami, Governor of Shimotsuke, and Shinano-no-kami, Governor of Shinano. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Mare, in the Kanpyō era, served in turn as Jijū and Kurōdo-no-tō, Head Chamberlain, concurrently held Shuri-no-daibu, Master of the Office of Palace Repairs, Sakonoe-no-chūjō, Middle Captain of the Left Palace Guards, Iyo-no-kami, Governor of Iyo, and Harima-no-kami, Governor of Harima, and was appointed Sangi. (Note: following the Kugyō Bunin and the Shokuji Bunin.) He asked that "part of the tax grain of Suō be set aside to pay for the materials for minting coins," and his memorial was approved. Soon he additionally became Sadaiben, and in the Shōtai era he rose to Junior Third Rank and Chūnagon, concurrently Minbu-kyō, Minister of Popular Affairs. Etsu rose to Junior Third Rank and became Tōgū-no-suke, Assistant Master of the Crown Prince's Household, Dazai-no-daini, Senior Vice-Governor of Dazaifu, Sangi, and Kunai-kyō, and concurrently held Sadaiben, Ōmi-no-kami, Iyo-no-kami, and other posts. (Note: following the Kugyō Bunin.) Gin held Junior Fifth Rank Lower. Naru held Junior Fifth Rank Upper and was Ōkura-no-shō, Junior Assistant Minister of the Treasury, and Kōzuke-no-suke, Assistant Governor of Kōzuke. Akira was Kurōdo, Chamberlain, and Kaga-no-kami, Governor of Kaga. Chikashi held Junior Fifth Rank Upper and was Kai-no-gon-no-kami, Provisional Governor of Kai, and chief of the Mint. (Note: following the Genji Keizu.)

Minamoto-no-Tokiwa

¶Minamoto-no-Tokiwa became the Third Minamoto. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku and the Kugyō Bunin.) He was by nature composed, with a clear and outstanding bearing, and was especially favored among all the emperor's sons. In the early years of Tenchō he was permitted by edict to wear a sword; in the fifth year (828) he was granted Junior Fourth Rank Lower, in the seventh year (830) he became Hyōbu-kyō, Minister of Military Affairs, and in the eighth year (831) he was granted Junior Third Rank. In the following year (832) he was appointed Chūnagon, Middle Counsellor, by exceptional promotion, while remaining Hyōbu-kyō. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) When Emperor Ninmyō ascended the throne he advanced to Senior Third Rank (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki and the Montoku Jitsuroku), and was granted five chō of idle land in Tsuzuki district, Yamashiro province. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the early years of Jōwa he became Dainagon, Great Counsellor, concurrently Sakonoe-no-taishō, Commander of the Left Palace Guards, and in the seventh year (840) he was appointed Udaijin, Minister of the Right, and concurrently Kōtaishi-fu, Tutor to the Crown Prince. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki and the Montoku Jitsuroku.) In the eighth year (841) he advanced to Junior Second Rank, and in the following year (842), when the Crown Prince was deposed and Imperial Prince Michiyasu (later Emperor Montoku) was installed as Crown Prince, Tokiwa remained Tutor. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the eleventh year (844) he was transferred to Sadaijin, Minister of the Left. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki and the Montoku Jitsuroku.) He submitted a memorial asking to reduce his fief households but was not permitted, and when he continued to ask earnestly it was granted, with a gracious reply. He also asked repeatedly to decline the post of commander, but this was not permitted. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) When Emperor Montoku ascended the throne he advanced to Senior Second Rank, and in the sixth month of the first year of Saikō (854) he died. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) He was forty-three. (Note: the Ichidai Yōki and the Rekidai Kōki give forty-four, and the Genji Keizu gives forty-one, but here, on the basis of the entry in the Shōjiroku for the sixth year of Kōnin, which says "age four," the Montoku Jitsuroku and the Nihon Kiryaku are followed.) He was posthumously granted Senior First Rank. By his will he declined to have the funeral supervised, but the posthumous rank was granted regardless. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) He was called the Higashi-Sanjō Sadaijin, the Minister of the Left of Higashi-Sanjō. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki and the Montoku Jitsuroku.) In office Tokiwa was composed in bearing and gentle in speech, and strove to recommend men of talent and to dismiss slanderers. People of the time judged that he had the stature of a chancellor. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) He once took part, by imperial command, in the compilation of the Nihon Kōki. (Note: following the preface of the Nihon Kōki as given in the Ruijū Kokushi.)

¶His sons were Oki, Ei, Naoshi, Suke, and Sonau. (Note: following the Genji Keizu.) Oki was handsome, stern and severe in outward appearance but generous and gentle within. He rose to Junior Fourth Rank Upper (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku) and served in turn as Jijū, Chamberlain (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki and the Sandai Jitsuroku), Ukonoe-no-chūjō, Middle Captain of the Right Palace Guards (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku and the Sandai Jitsuroku), and Kurōdo-no-tō, Head Chamberlain (Note: following the Genji Keizu and the Shokuji Bunin), and concurrently was governor of Sagami, Awa, and other provinces. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Ei held Junior Fourth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Ruijū Kokushi.) He served as Jijū (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku), Minbu-no-shō, Junior Assistant Minister of Popular Affairs, Shinano-no-kami, Governor of Shinano, Yamato-no-kami, Governor of Yamato, and others, and concurrently was Tajima-no-gon-no-kami, Provisional Governor of Tajima. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Naoshi served in turn as Jijū, Kurōdo-no-tō, Ukonoe-no-gon-no-chūjō, Provisional Middle Captain of the Right Palace Guards, Yamashiro-no-gon-no-kami, Higo-no-gon-no-kami, Sagami-no-kami, Mino-no-kami, Bitchū-no-kami, and others, was appointed Sangi (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Kugyō Bunin; Jijū, Kurōdo-no-tō, and Higo-no-gon-no-kami follow the Bunin), rose to Junior Third Rank, and concurrently was Minbu-kyō and Sanuki-no-gon-no-kami, Provisional Governor of Sanuki. (Note: following the Kugyō Bunin.) Suke held Junior Fifth Rank Lower and was Suō-no-suke, Assistant Governor of Suō. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Sonau held Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Genji Keizu.)

Minamoto-no-Yutaka

¶Minamoto-no-Yutaka (Note: he ought properly to be the Fourth Minamoto, but he is not recorded in the Kugyō Bunin, and there is no other means of investigating) devoted himself to study from childhood. The emperor loved literature, cherished and valued men of talent, and encouraged them to display their gifts. Immediately after his coming of age he was granted Senior Sixth Rank Upper, and, passing the examination, became a Monjōshō, student of letters. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the third year of Jōwa (836) he advanced to Junior Fourth Rank Upper, and in the sixth year (839) he was appointed Kaga-no-kami, Governor of Kaga (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki and the Sandai Jitsuroku), and was transferred to Awa-no-kami, Governor of Awa. (Note: the Shoku Nihon Kōki writes "Awa" as "Kaga," but here the entry for the fifth month of the eighteenth year of Jōgan in the Sandai Jitsuroku is followed.) In the eleventh year (844) he additionally became Jingi-haku, Head of the Department of Divinities, and in the fourteenth year (847) he was appointed Ukyō-no-daibu, Master of the Right Capital Office (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki and the Sandai Jitsuroku), and soon became Gyōbu-kyō, Minister of Justice. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the second year of Ninju (852) he additionally became Bitchū-no-kami, Governor of Bitchū (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku and the Sandai Jitsuroku), and in the second year of Saikō (855) he advanced to Senior Fourth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku. The Sandai Jitsuroku gives Senior Fourth Rank Lower, but this is mistaken.) In the fifth year of Jōgan (863) he was appointed Kunai-kyō, Minister of the Imperial Household, and in the twelfth year (870) he was transferred to Iyo-no-kami, Governor of Iyo. In the fifth month of the eighteenth year (876) he died, at the age of sixty-four. Yutaka was by nature earnest and upright, did not mix idly with others, and had no interest in politics, so his office and rank did not rise greatly. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) His sons were Kyō and Yū. (Note: following the Genji Keizu.) Kyō held Junior Fifth Rank Upper and was Kaga-no-gon-no-suke, Provisional Assistant Governor of Kaga. Yū held Junior Fifth Rank Lower and was Nagato-no-suke, Assistant Governor of Nagato. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

Minamoto-no-Akira

¶Minamoto-no-Akira became the Fifth Minamoto. (Note: following the Kugyō Bunin.) He was by nature intelligent, and the emperor valued him exceptionally and encouraged him to read; he pursued his studies together with the university student Yamada-no-Haruki, and eventually read widely in the writings of the many schools of thought. In the ninth year of Tenchō (832) he became Daigaku-no-kami, Director of the University. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) During the Jōwa era he concurrently served as governor of Kaga, Ōmi, Harima, and other provinces, was appointed Sakyō-no-daibu, Master of the Left Capital Office, was transferred to Gyōbu-kyō, Minister of Justice, and then additionally became Ecchū-no-kami, Governor of Etchū. In the first year of Kashō (848) he was transferred to Awa-no-kami, Governor of Awa, and in the second year (849) he was appointed Sangi (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki and the Montoku Jitsuroku), while his other offices remained as before. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) When the emperor died, Akira, overcome with grief, abandoned his studies and entered religion, changing his name to Sonen. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) He lived at Yokawa (Note: following the Kōin Shōunroku and the Kugyō Bunin) and was called the Yokawa Saishō Nyūdō, the Counsellor-Priest of Yokawa. (Note: following the Kugyō Bunin and the Genji Keizu.) In the twelfth month of the second year of Ninju (852) he died at Yokawa. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku. "Yokawa" follows the Kugyō Bunin.) He was thirty-nine. (Note: based on the entry for the sixth year of Kōnin in the Shōjiroku. The Genji Keizu gives fifty and the Kugyō Bunin ninety, but both are mistaken.)

¶His sons were Jo, Ken, and Ei. (Note: following the Genji Keizu. In the Sandai Jitsuroku there is a place where "Ken" is written "En," and the genealogy repeats that error and treats Ken and En as separate persons, but here this has been corrected. Moreover, Tokiwa also has a son named Ei, so they cannot have had the same name, and one of the two must be mistaken.) Jo, in the Jōgan and Gangyō eras, served in turn as Kurōdo-no-tō, Head Chamberlain, and Sangi, concurrently held offices including Sadaiben, Sakonoe-no-chūjō, Ōmi-no-gon-no-kami, Kengyō Yamashiro Handenshi, Superintendent of the Allotment of Fields in Yamashiro, Uemon-no-kami, Commander of the Right Gate Guards, and Sanuki-no-kami, Governor of Sanuki, and rose to Senior Fourth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. Kurōdo-no-tō follows the Kugyō Bunin.) Ken held Junior Fifth Rank Upper in succession and became Ōkura-no-taifu, Senior Assistant Minister of the Treasury, and Sagami-no-suke, Assistant Governor of Sagami. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. Junior Fifth Rank Upper follows the Ruijū Kokushi.) Ei held Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Genji Keizu.)

Minamoto-no-Sadamu

¶Minamoto-no-Sadamu became the Sixth Minamoto. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Kugyō Bunin.) He was clever from birth, and the emperor had him made a son of Emperor Junna. Emperor Junna loved him, cherished him more than his own children, and made his favored consort, of the Nagahara clan, his substitute mother, so that the people of the time said Sadamu had two sets of parents. In the fourth year of Tenchō (827), Emperor Junna submitted a memorial asking that, without regard to the earlier edict, the title of Imperial Prince be specially granted and that Sadamu be treated exceptionally, but this was not granted. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the following year (828) he was granted the surname Minamoto-no-Ason (Note: following the Kugyō Bunin), and in the ninth year (832) he was raised by promotion to Junior Second Rank and became Mimasaka-no-kami, Governor of Mimasaka. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) In the tenth year (833) he was appointed Sangi (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki and the Sandai Jitsuroku) and concurrently Jibu-kyō. (Note: the Kugyō Bunin puts this in the ninth year and the Sandai Jitsuroku in the eleventh, but here the Shoku Nihon Kōki is followed.) In the first year of Jōwa (834) he was transferred to Nakatsukasa-kyō, Minister of Central Affairs, and in the fifth year (838) he additionally became Harima-no-kami, Governor of Harima. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki and the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the seventh year (840), when Emperor Junna died, Sadamu submitted a memorial asking to resign his office. By edict he was relieved of the post of Sangi (Note: the Shoku Nihon Kōki says that "he also gave up the post of Nakatsukasa-kyō," but here the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Kugyō Bunin are followed), and he was specially granted a fief of one hundred households. In the fourteenth year (847) he was again appointed Sangi, and in the following year (848) he additionally became Owari-no-kami, Governor of Owari. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki and the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the second year of Kashō (849) he was appointed Chūnagon, Middle Counsellor, but after resigning to observe mourning for his mother he was returned to duty even while in mourning. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) When Emperor Montoku ascended the throne he was permitted by edict to wear a sword and advanced to Senior Third Rank. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) In the third year of Ninju (853) he additionally became Sahyōe-no-kami, Commander of the Left Gate Guards. (Note: the Kugyō Bunin says that in the second year of Ninju he additionally became Uhyōe-no-kami and was relieved of the post of Nakatsukasa-kyō, and became Sahyōe-no-kami in the third year, but here the Sandai Jitsuroku is followed.) In the first year of Tennan (857) he fell ill with scabies (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku) and submitted a memorial resigning as Sahyōe-no-kami. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Montoku Jitsuroku.) In the second year (858) he additionally became Ukonoe-no-taishō, Commander of the Right Palace Guards, and in the first year of Jōgan (859) he was appointed Dainagon, Great Counsellor. In the third year (861), by edict, he was permitted to keep, privately, two leashes each of hawks and sparrowhawks and to hunt outside the forbidden grounds of Yamashiro, Kawachi, Izumi, Settsu, and other provinces. In the first month of the fifth year (863) he died, at the age of forty-nine. Iyo-no-kami, Governor of Iyo, Prince Buzen, and Taguchi-no-Munenori, of Junior Fifth Rank Lower, and others were sent to his mansion, where they proclaimed an edict and granted him posthumous Junior Second Rank. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) He was called the Shijō Dainagon, the Great Counsellor of Shijō, and also the Yamamomo Dainagon, the Great Counsellor of the Bayberry (Note: following the Kugyō Bunin and the Genji Keizu), and also the Kayanoin Dainagon, the Great Counsellor of Kayanoin. (Note: following the Kugyō Bunin.) Because Sadamu was raised deep within the palace, he did not know the hardships of the world and would not ask about the affairs of his household at all. By nature he was gentle and elegant and loved music; he constantly had bells and drums arranged in his garden and, each time he returned from court, played music for his pleasure. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) His sons were Tsutsumu and Yū (Note: following the Genji Keizu. Yutaka's second son is also named Yū, so they cannot have had the same name, and one of the two must be mistaken), Itaru (Note: the Sonpi Bunmyaku writes "Itaru" with a different character, but here the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Genji Keizu are followed), Sei, and Shō. Tsutsumu was Kurōdo, Chamberlain, and Monjōshō, student of letters (Note: following the Genji Keizu), and later Minbu-no-taifu, Senior Assistant Minister of Popular Affairs, and Shinano-no-kami, Governor of Shinano. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Yū was Kurōdo (Note: following the Genji Keizu), rose to Junior Fourth Rank Upper, served in turn as Jijū, Uhyōe-no-suke, Assistant Commander of the Right Gate Guards, Nakatsukasa-no-taifu, Senior Assistant Minister of Central Affairs, and Ukyō-no-daibu, Master of the Right Capital Office, and concurrently was Sagami-no-kami, Governor of Sagami. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Sei served in turn as Utano-kami, Director of the Bureau of Court Music, and was appointed Dazai-no-shōni, Junior Vice-Governor of Dazaifu. In the Ninna era, because a tribute of cormorants was delivered after the deadline, he should have been sentenced to one hundred strokes of the staff, but the Ministry of Justice reported the matter and had him pay nine kin of copper as ransom. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Ruijū Kokushi.) Shō was Jijū and Nakatsukasa-no-shō, Junior Assistant Minister of Central Affairs (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku), and Udaiben, Senior Controller of the Right. (Note: following the Genji Keizu.)

Minamoto-no-Shizumu

¶In the second year of Jōwa (835), Minamoto-no-Shizumu was granted Junior Fourth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Ruijū Kokushi.) In the fourth year (837) he entered Jingoji temple and became a monk (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki), and was called Hakuun Zenji, the Zen Master of the White Cloud. (Note: following the Sonpi Bunmyaku, the Genji Keizu, and the Ichidai Yōki.)

Minamoto-no-Iku

¶Minamoto-no-Iku became the Eighth Minamoto. (Note: following the Kugyō Bunin.) In the fifth year of Jōwa (838) he was granted Junior Fourth Rank Upper, and in the tenth year (843) he became Kaga-no-kami, Governor of Kaga. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) In the third year of Kashō (850) he was transferred to Yamashiro-no-kami, Governor of Yamashiro (Note: following the Kugyō Bunin), and in the first year of Ninju (851) he was appointed Sakyō-no-daibu, Master of the Left Capital Office. During the Saikō era he additionally became Mimasaka-no-kami, Governor of Mimasaka (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku) and was transferred to Jibu-kyō, Minister of Civil Administration. (Note: following the Kugyō Bunin.) In the second year of Tennan (858) he was granted Senior Fourth Rank Lower, and in the early years of Jōgan he was transferred to Ōkura-kyō, Minister of the Treasury. In the third year (861) he became Chikuzen-no-kami, Governor of Chikuzen, and soon additionally became Sanuki-no-gon-no-kami, Provisional Governor of Sanuki. In the sixth year (864) he was appointed Sangi, in the ninth year (867) he additionally became Sagami-no-kami, Governor of Sagami, and soon afterwards additionally became Uemon-no-kami, Commander of the Right Gate Guards. In the fourteenth year (872), because of illness, he resigned as Uemon-no-kami and shaved his head. In the eighth month he died. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) He was fifty-two. (Note: following the Kugyō Bunin.) His two sons were Ka and Ken. (Note: following the Genji Keizu.) Ka held Senior Fifth Rank Lower and was Jijū, Chamberlain, Kaga-no-gon-no-kami, Provisional Governor of Kaga, and Bizen-no-gon-no-kami, Provisional Governor of Bizen. Ken held Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Ruijū Kokushi.)

Minamoto-no-Sumu

¶Minamoto-no-Sumu, because his mother was of the Tanaka clan, was called Tanaka-no-Kimi, Lord Tanaka, in the world. His sons were Osamu, Kage, Kan, and Jun. Osamu held Junior Fourth Rank Upper and was Jijū, Chamberlain, Ōtoneri-no-kami, Director of the Palace Attendants, and Inaba-no-gon-no-kami, Provisional Governor of Inaba. (Note: following the Genji Keizu. Jijū and Inaba-no-gon-no-kami follow the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Kage was granted Junior Fifth Rank Lower. He married Ki-no-Kaneko, the wet nurse of Emperor Yōzei, and had a son, Masuru. One day, while Masuru was attending in the imperial hall, he suffered kakusatsu, being beaten to death on the spot, but the circumstances were kept secret and the details are not known. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Kan was Kurōdo, Chamberlain. Jun held Junior Fifth Rank Lower and was Musashi-no-gon-no-suke, Provisional Assistant Governor of Musashi. (Note: following the Genji Keizu.)

Minamoto-no-Yasushi

¶Minamoto-no-Yasushi practiced archery and did not care for studying writing. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) In the twelfth year of Jōwa (845) he was granted Junior Fourth Rank Upper, and in the third year of Kashō (850) he became Bitchū-no-kami, Governor of Bitchū. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki and the Montoku Jitsuroku.) In the fourth month of the third year of Ninju (853) he died, at the age of thirty-three. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) He had a son, Rai. (Note: following the Genji Keizu.) Rai held Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku, the Ruijū Kokushi, and the Genji Keizu.)

Minamoto-no-Kiyoshi

¶Minamoto-no-Kiyoshi was granted Senior Fourth Rank Lower. Later he became a monk and was called Akishino Zenji, the Zen Master of Akishino. (Note: following the Kōin Shōunroku, the Genji Keizu, and the Ichidai Yōki. The Gōdanshō contains an account of Tachibana-no-Hiromi meeting a hidden son of Emperor Saga, and also says that when asked who the "Recluse" (Ingunshi) was, Ōe-no-Masafusa answered, "He would be of the Saga Genji line." Further, the entry for the eighth month of the fourth year of Jishō in the Gyokukai records the words of Kiyohara-no-Yorinari, Dai-geki, Senior Secretary of the Council of State: "In the Jōgan era, when the Daigokuden, the Great Hall of State, was destroyed by fire, people said, 'The capital should be moved.' The Recluse of Saga heard this and said, 'Emperor Kanmu established the palace anew because he judged this place fit to be the capital for ages to come; it should not now be rebuilt elsewhere,' and the discussion of moving the capital was dropped." From this the Recluse's lifetime was not far from the emperor's own. There are points in the Gōdanshō account that deserve adoption, but no clear document is found stating that he was the emperor's son, so for the time being doubt is left standing, awaiting later investigation.)

Minamoto-no-Tōru

¶Minamoto-no-Tōru became the Twelfth Minamoto. (Note: following the Kugyō Bunin.) The emperor had him made a son of Emperor Ninmyō. In the fifth year of Jōwa (838), on the day the Crown Prince came of age, he too came of age in the palace, was granted Senior Fourth Rank Lower, and received a certificate of rank in the emperor's own hand. In the fifth year he became Jijū, Chamberlain. (Note: following the Shoku Nihongi.) In the eighth year (841) he was appointed Sagami-no-kami, Governor of Sagami (Note: following the Kugyō Bunin), and in the fourteenth year (847) he was transferred to Ōmi-no-kami, Governor of Ōmi (Note: following the Kugyō Bunin and the Shoku Nihon Kōki), and soon became Mimasaka-no-kami, Governor of Mimasaka. In the first year of Kashō (848) he additionally became Ukonoe-no-chūjō, Middle Captain of the Right Palace Guards, and in the third year (850) he advanced to Junior Third Rank (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki) and was appointed Uemon-no-kami, Commander of the Right Gate Guards. (Note: following the Kugyō Bunin.) In the first year of Saikō (854) he was transferred to Ise-no-kami, Governor of Ise (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku), and in the third year (856) he was appointed Sangi, while his other offices remained as before. (Note: following the Kugyō Bunin.) In the early years of Jōgan he advanced to Senior Third Rank and repeatedly held concurrently the governorship of Ōmi. In that year, by edict, he was permitted to hunt on the moor of Uda in Yamato province. In the fifth year (863) he additionally became Saemon-no-kami, Commander of the Left Gate Guards, and in the sixth year (864) he was appointed Chūnagon, Middle Counsellor, and concurrently Mutsu-Dewa Azechi, Inspector of Mutsu and Dewa, and by imperial command was permitted to keep three leashes of hawks and two leashes of sparrowhawks. In the twelfth year (870) he was transferred to Dainagon, Great Counsellor, and in the fourteenth year (872), in recognition of meritorious service by a close relative, he was appointed Sadaijin, Minister of the Left, by edict. In the fifteenth year (873) he advanced to Junior Second Rank and concurrently became Tutor to the Crown Prince. He submitted a memorial asking to return one thousand households of his fief (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku), but this was not granted, with a gracious reply. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Kankebunsō.) In the first year of Gangyō (877), when Emperor Yōzei ascended the throne, he was granted Senior Second Rank (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Kugyō Bunin), and he repeatedly submitted memorials asking to resign but was not permitted. In the eighth year (884), when the emperor (Emperor Yōzei) abdicated and left the palace, the Imperial Princes and all the civil and military officials formed ranks and welcomed Emperor Kōkō at his residence as a prince. Fujiwara-no-Mototsune, the Daijō-daijin, Chancellor, went first to pay his respects, removed his sword, and entered the residence. At this time Tōru, together with Imperial Prince Motoyasu, Hyōbu-kyō, Minister of Military Affairs, was waiting at the emperor's side still wearing a sword; they looked at each other in great alarm and each removed his sword. (Note: Tōru seems to have already been permitted to wear a sword before this, but the various works do not record it, and there is now no way to investigate.) The emperor thereupon permitted all three to wear swords by edict. Tōru had closed his gate and had not attended court since the winter of the eighteenth year of Jōgan, but in the sixth month of this year he attended for the first time and took up the business of government. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. This history does not record why Tōru did not attend court after the accession of Emperor Yōzei, and there is no way to investigate. He probably waited on Emperor Kōkō at his residence at the time of his installation, and by that occasion he was restored to government by edict.) When Emperor Uda ascended the throne he advanced to Junior First Rank, and in the sixth year of Kanpyō (894) he was permitted to enter and leave the palace while riding in a hand-drawn carriage. (Note: following the Kugyō Bunin.) In the eighth month of the seventh year (895) he died, at the age of seventy-four. (Note: following the Fusō Ryakki and the Kugyō Bunin. The Ichidai Yōki gives seventy-three, and the Rekidai Kōki seventy-two.) He was posthumously granted Senior First Rank. (Note: following the Kugyō Bunin.) Tōru built a villa at Uji, and three emperors, Yōzei, Uda, and Suzaku, once made visits there. Later the regent Fujiwara-no-Michiie wished to take it over, and in the time of his son Yorimichi it was turned into a temple and named Byōdōin. (Note: following the Ribuōki as cited in the Kachō Yojō.) He also built a mountain villa at Saga and named it Seikakan; after Emperor Seiwa abdicated he often lived there. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) He also built the Kawara-no-in at Higashi-Rokujō and lived there. (Note: following the Kenshō's commentary on the Kokinwakashū.) Its towers and the arrangement of the garden stones were made with the utmost lavishness and skill. (Note: following the Zoku Kojidan.) He had fish and shellfish caught and released into the pond, and each month had twenty koku of seawater drawn from Naniwa and boiled daily to make salt, in imitation of the scenery of Shiogama Bay in Mutsu. (Note: following the Kenshō's commentary on the Kokinwakashū.) In the world he was called the Kawara Sadaijin, the Minister of the Left of Kawara. (Note: following the Kokinwakashū and the Jikkinshō.) After his death the mansion was presented to the Retired Emperor Uda. (Note: following the Kenshō's commentary on the Kokinwakashū and the Zoku Kojidan.)

¶His sons were Tan, Noboru, Haku, Nozomu, and Sō. (Note: following the Genji Keizu. The Sonpi Bunmyaku makes Tan a son of Kiyoshi, and the Genji Keizu makes Noboru a younger brother of Haku, but both are mistaken, and here the Kugyō Bunin is followed.) Tan rose to Junior Third Rank and Dainagon, Great Counsellor, and concurrently was Mutsu-Dewa Azechi. Noboru became Senior Third Rank and Dainagon, concurrently Minbu-kyō, Minister of Popular Affairs. (Note: following the Kugyō Bunin.) Noboru had a son named Koreshige, whom Emperor Kōkō took as an adopted son and granted the surname Minamoto-no-Ason. (Note: following the Kugyō Bunin and the Genji Keizu.) In the early years of Tengyō he was appointed Gon-Chūnagon, Provisional Middle Counsellor, concurrently Minbu-kyō, and rose to Junior Third Rank. In the fourth year (941) he died. (Note: following the Kugyō Bunin.) Haku was Jijū, Chamberlain. Nozomu held Junior Fifth Rank Upper and was Tosa-no-gon-no-kami, Provisional Governor of Tosa. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) Sō (Note: the Fusō Ryakki and the Honchō Monzui both write this with the character for "Tsugu," but here the Chōyō Gunsai and the Genji Keizu are followed) held Junior Fourth Rank Lower and was Hyōbu-no-taifu, Senior Assistant Minister of Military Affairs. (Note: following the Fusō Ryakki and the Genji Keizu.) By nature he loved wine and was one of the eight drinking companions at the Teiji-in. (Note: following the Fusō Ryakki and the Chōyō Gunsai.)

Minamoto-no-Tsutomu

¶Minamoto-no-Tsutomu became the Thirteenth Minamoto. (Note: following the Kugyō Bunin.) In the fourteenth year of Jōwa (847) he was granted Junior Fourth Rank Upper (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki) and became Yamashiro-no-kami, Governor of Yamashiro. (Note: following the Kugyō Bunin.) In the first year of Ninju (851) he was appointed Awa-no-kami, Governor of Awa, and during the Saikō era he was appointed Ukonoe-no-chūjō, Middle Captain of the Right Palace Guards, and was transferred to Iyo-no-kami, Governor of Iyo, while remaining Middle Captain. In the second year of Tennan (858) he became Kunai-kyō, Minister of the Imperial Household. (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku.) When Emperor Montoku died, together with Kageyu-no-suke, Assistant Director of the Bureau of Audit, Fujiwara-no-Yoroshi, he supervised the Left and Right Stables, and was appointed Uhyōe-no-kami, Commander of the Right Gate Guards. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the Jōgan era he became Sagami-no-kami, Governor of Sagami, was appointed Sangi, and concurrently held Uemon-no-kami and Ōmi-no-kami. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Kugyō Bunin.) In the seventeenth year (875) he advanced to Junior Third Rank, and in the early years of Gangyō he additionally became Harima-no-gon-no-kami, Provisional Governor of Harima. In the fifth month of the fifth year (881) he died. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) He was fifty-eight. He was called the Nishi-Shichijō Saishō, the Counsellor of West Seventh Avenue. (Note: following the Genji Keizu and the Kugyō Bunin.) His sons were On, Geki, Kan, and Gyō. (Note: following the Genji Keizu.) On was Jijū, Chamberlain, and Ise-no-suke, Assistant Governor of Ise. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku. The Genji Keizu says Iyo-no-kami, but this is mistaken.) Geki held Junior Fifth Rank Lower. Kan held Junior Fourth Rank Upper and was Uma-no-kami, Director of the Right Stables. Gyō was Chikuzen-no-kami, Governor of Chikuzen. (Note: following the Genji Keizu.)

Minamoto-no-Kei

¶Minamoto-no-Kei, because of the favor shown his mother, was raised with great care, and by imperial command his elder brother Tokiwa undertook his upbringing. Tokiwa treated him as if he were his own child and gave generous support. He invited learned university students to be his teachers and had him read books. Kei especially loved literature and excelled at archery, and his character was grave and dignified, so that all his brothers respected him and held him in high regard. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) In the first year of Ninju (851) he was granted Senior Sixth Rank Upper (Note: following the Montoku Jitsuroku) and advanced to Junior Fourth Rank Upper. During the Saikō era he was appointed Ecchū-no-kami, Governor of Etchū (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku and the Montoku Jitsuroku); in the first year of Jōgan (859) he was transferred to Kaga-no-kami, Governor of Kaga, in the fifth year (863) he was appointed Sagami-no-kami, Governor of Sagami, and in the eleventh year (869) he was transferred to Echizen-no-kami, Governor of Echizen, but in none of these posts did he in fact go to his province. By nature he had deep faith in Buddhism and had promised to take religious vows together with his nephew Naoshi, but before he could do so he fell ill and at last entered religion. In the eighth month he died, at the age of forty-one. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) His sons were Ki and Jin, both of Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Genji Keizu. The Ruijū Kokushi says, "On the Tsuchinoe-Uma day of the eleventh month of the first year of Gangyō, Junior Fifth Rank Lower was granted to Minamoto-no-Ki, of Senior Sixth Rank Lower," so it seems that "Ki" in the first instance is a mistake for another character of the same sound. Moreover, Makoto also has a son named Jin, so they cannot have had the same name, and this too seems to contain an error.)

Minamoto-no-Masaru

¶In the tenth year of Tenchō (833), Minamoto-no-Masaru was granted twenty-seven chō of waste fields in Kudara district, Settsu province. In the second year of Kashō (849) he was granted Junior Fourth Rank Upper. (Note: following the Shoku Nihon Kōki.) He resigned his office and became a monk, changing his name to Yuren (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku), and was called Takeda Zenji, the Zen Master of Takeda. (Note: following the Kōin Shōunroku and the Genji Keizu.) He was by nature intelligent, read widely in Buddhist scripture, and also loved the learning of Laozi and Zhuangzi; he was especially skilled in ingenuity, and everything he made reached the utmost refinement. In the seventh month of the second year of Ninna (886) he died. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.) He had a son, Ryō (Note: following the Genji Keizu), who held Junior Fifth Rank Lower. (Note: following the Sandai Jitsuroku.)

Minamoto-no-Kashikoshi

¶Minamoto-no-Kashikoshi. (Note: the original text contains nothing further, and no deeds are recorded.)

Minamoto-no-Tsugu

¶Minamoto-no-Tsugu was granted Junior Third Rank. (Note: following the Kōin Shōunroku and the Genji Keizu.)